{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a 7 membrane-spanning domain, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which regulates chemotaxis and effector functions of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (reviewed in Oppermann 1 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Upon activation by its cognate chemokines, CCL5 (formerly regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES]), CCL3, and CCL4 (formerly macrophage inflammatory proteins 1␣ and 1␤, respectively), 2 CCR5 leads to cellular signaling through G pro- teins 3 as well as G protein-independent pathways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "4 In addition to its physiologic functions, CCR5 is also the main coreceptor of HIV, in association with CD4, 5 a cell-surface glycoprotein that partici- pates in molecular complexes involved in both T-cell development and antigen recognition by T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "CD4 is a single-membrane spanning domain receptor interacting with class II major histocom- patibility complex (MHC) molecules 6 and with its cognate ligand interleukin-16 (IL-16)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "So far, no specific physiologic function has been attributed to the CCR5-CD4 complex."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the context of immune cell chemotaxis in vivo, recent studies have shown that the sustained (hours) lymphocyte motility within lymph nodes is driven by the lymphoid chemokine-rich environment and mediated by the activation of chemokine receptors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "7 Paradoxically, studies in reconstituted models have shown that stimulated chemokine receptors, including CCR5, are rapidly desensitized (seconds to min- utes) via phosphorylation and ␤-arrestin translocation before being internalized and eventually degraded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1,8-10 In fact, an adaptive mecha- nism to escape inactivation and maintain prolonged reactivity in vivo upon sustained stimulation has been reported for other GPCRs, based on the retention of important stocks of functional receptors within intracel- lular compartments (reviewed in Achour et al 11 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Initially described for protease-activated receptors (such as the thrombin receptor 12 ), this phenomenon was subsequently reported for dopamine D1 receptors in tubular renal cells 13 and for ␦-opioid receptors in neurons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "14 The list of GPCRs displaying a predominant intracellular localization is rapidly growing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "11 A common feature for most of these prevalent intracellular GPCRs is their capacity of interacting with a vast array of membrane- associated or cytoplasmic proteins that facilitate their translocation to the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "15 Often, these proteins possess their own functions, in addition to aiding GPCR expression at the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "11 Among them, type I single-transmembrane domain proteins with a large N-terminal extracellular domain and a short C terminus are particularly frequent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This group includes receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), which facilitate cell-surface expression of a class B GPCRs 16 ; the receptor transporting proteins (RTPs) and receptor expression- enhancing protein 1 (REEP1), which permit functional cell-surface targeting of odorant 17 and taste receptors 18 ; the M10 MHC class I molecules, which are necessary for the correct trafficking of pheromone receptors to the plasma membrane 19 ; and the MC2R accessory protein (MRAP), which interacts with the melanocortin 2 receptor, regulating its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "20 In the current study we investigated the subcellular distribution of endogenous CCR5 receptor in human T lymphocytes and in a monocytic cell line and found that this receptor is predominantly intracellular."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0002__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We also report that CCR5 and CD4 can associate within intracellular compartments and that this association en- hances the export of CCR5 to the cell surface."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "THP-1 and HeLa-P4R5 cells were kind gifts from Philip Strange (School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom) and Florence Submitted February 26, 2008; accepted December 1, 2008."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Prepublished online as Blood First Edition paper, December 8, 2008; DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-02- 141275."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The online version of this article contains a data supplement."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked ''advertisement'' in accordance with 18 USC section 1734."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Margottin (Institut Cochin, Paris, France), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Cell-culture media were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA) and chemicals from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO) unless otherwise specified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells were cultured in F12 medium, HeLa-P4R5 in Dulbecco modified minimal essential medium (DMEM) and THP-1 cells in RPMI 1640, in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 g/mL streptomy- cin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Transfections of CHO-K1 and HeLa-P4R5 cells were performed using GeneJuice-Transfection Reagent (Novagen, Gibbstown, NJ)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Constructs for bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experi- ments were described previously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "21 Briefly, CCR5 and CXCR4 coding regions were amplified from their respective cDNAs using appropriate sense and antisense primers, containing unique HindIII or BamH1 sites, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The fragments were then subcloned in frame between the HindIII and BamH1 sites of a plasmid for YFP (Clontech/BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA) or for a humanized form of Renilla luciferase (Biosignal; PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Waltham, MA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The plasmid for CCR5⌬Cter-YFP was obtained by the amplification of a shorter fragment (corresponding to met1-gly301 CCR5) using a more proximal antisense primer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For CD4-Luc and CD4-YFP constructs, the stop codon of the CD4 sequence was suppressed and replaced by a restriction site using site- directed mutagenesis (QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit; Strat- agene, La Jolla, CA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The coding regions of all constructs were entirely sequenced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The GABABR1-YFP and OBR-YFP constructs were kind gifts from Michel Bouvier (Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérolo- gie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC) and Ralf Jockers (Institut Cochin, Paris, France), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The constructs for GFP-tagged wild- type VPU and phosphorylation mutant VPU 2/6 22 were kind gifts from Florence Margottin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The plasmid for ER-DsRed was purchased from Clontech/BD Biosciences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mouse monoclonal antibodies were as follows: 2D7 anti-human CCR5 (555991; BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) directed against the second extracellular loop of CCR5, OKT4 anti-human CD4 (for fluorescence- activated cell sorting [FACS] and immunofluorescence, 140048; eBio- science, San Diego, CA), 12G5 anti-human CXCR4 (ab 21 555; Abcam, Cambridge, MA), 1F6 anti-human CD4 (for immunoblot experiments, NCL-L-CD4-1F6; Novocastra, Newcastle, United Kingdom), anti-GFP (11-814-460-001; Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rat monoclo- nal antibodies were as follows: 1/85a Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated anti- human CCR5 (313712; Biolegend, San Diego, CA), which recognizes the N-terminal extremity of CCR5, 23 Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated rat IgG2a, k isotype control (400526; Biolegend), 3F10 anti-hemagglutinin (anti-HA) (1-867-423; Roche)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were as follows: anti- giantin (ab24586; Abcam) anti-TGN46 (ab16052; Abcam), anti-GPR78/ BiP (ab21685; Abcam), anti-phospho-p44/42 (Thr202/Tyr204) MAP kinase (9101; Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), anti ERK 1-2 (06-182; Cell Signaling), Cy3-conjugated anti-goat immunoglobulin (305-167-003; Jack- son Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA), peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (315-035-003; Jackson Immunoresearch), peroxidase-conjugated anti- goat IgG (28 169; Anaspec, San Jose, CA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Goat polyclonal antibodies were as follows: anti-calnexin (C-20; sc-6465; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), anti-actin (I-19; sc-1616; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), peroxidase- conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (111-035-003; Jackson Immunoresearch), Cy5- conjugated anti-mouse IgG (610-110-121; Rockland, Gilbertsville, PA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Donkey polyclonal antibodies were as follow: Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (711-167-003; Jackson Immunoresearch), Cy3-conjugated anti-rat IgG (712-166-153; Jackson Immunoresearch), Alexa-Fluor R 488-conjugated anti- mouse IgG (HϩL; A-21202; Molecular Probes/Invitrogen, Eugene, OR)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Human T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volun- teers by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, followed by negative depletion on magnetic beads (Human T lymphocyte Enrichment set DM; Becton Dickinson)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "T cells were activated by incubation for 48 hours with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody-coated beads (Dynabeads Human CD3/ CD28 T-Cell Expander Kit; Invitrogen), at a bead:cell ratio of 1:3, in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with pooled human AB serum and antibiotics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proportion of surface CCR5, and CD4 on resting or activated T lymphocytes, THP-1 cells, and CHO-K1 cells expressing exogenous receptors was determined by analyzing in parallel, intact and permeabilized cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For total staining, 10 6 cells were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and permeabilized for 1 hour at 4°C in PBS, containing 2% FBS, and 0.2% Triton X-100, as described."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "24 Cells were then incubated on ice for 1 hour in 100 L PBS, 2% FBS with the 1/85a Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated anti-human CCR5 antibody (1:50) or the OKT4 anti-human CD4 (1:100) and control isotypes at the same dilutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For CD4, this step was followed by 1 hour incubation with Cy5-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:100)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For extracellular staining, cells were incubated on ice for 1 hour with PBS, 2% FBS without Triton X-100 and subsequently incubated with the appropriate antibodies, as above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "After washing with PBS, cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and processed on a Cytomycs FC500 FACS analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To study the impact of CD4 coexpression on CCR5 targeting at the cell surface, CHO-K1 cells were cotransfected with plasmids coding for CCR5-Luc (at fixed concentration) and CD4-YFP (at increasing concentra- tions)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thirty-six hours after transfection, cells were incubated on ice for 1 hour with 0.5 g/mL of the 2D7 anti-human CCR5 antibody, followed by incubation with Cy5-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:100)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine the effect of CD4 coexpression on CXCR4 targeting at the cell surface, CHO-K1 were cotransfected with plasmids coding for CXCR4-Luc (at fixed concentration) and CD4-YFP (at increasing concen- trations)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "FACS experiments were conducted, as described above for CCR5, by incubating cells for 1 hour with 0.5 g/mL 12G5 anti-human CXCR4 antibody, followed by incubation with Cy5-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:100)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The level of endogenous CCR5 at the cell surface of THP-1 cells after CD4 silencing was measured with the 1/85a Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated anti-CCR5 antibody as described above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The proportion of surface CCR5 was evaluated by analyzing both intact and permeabilized cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For each analysis, 10 000 cells were sorted and the data analyzed using the Cytomics RXP software."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CHO-K1 cells were seeded on glass cover slips in 6-well plates (2 ϫ 10 5 per well), transfected with the indicated plasmids, and processed for immunofluorescence 48 h after transfection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subsequently cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at 4°C or in methanol for 5 minutes at Ϫ20°C, according to the antibody used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After quenching with 50 mM NH 4 Cl in PBS for 15 minutes, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated with PBS-bovine serum albumin (BSA) 1% with or without 0.1% saponin and labeled with the indicated antibodies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The subcellular localization of endogenous CCR5 and CD4 in T lympho- cytes and THP-1 cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence in cells maintained in suspension."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature and quenching (as described above), cells were incubated with PBS-BSA1% or PBS-BSA1% containing 0.05% of Tween 20, for permeabilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "25 Cells were then incubated for 1 hour with the 2D7 anti-human CCR5 or the OKT4 anti-human CD4 antibodies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies, cells were washed with PBS and mounted on slides."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All images were obtained using a confocal Leica TCS SP2 AOBS microscope, 63ϫ/1.4 NA oil objective, and analyzed using Metamorph 7 software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cells growing in 100-mm dishes were lysed in 50 mM HEPES (N-2- hydroxyethylpiperazine-NЈ-2-ethanesulfonic acid), pH 7.4, 250 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 0.5% NP40, 10% glycerol, 0.5% deoxycholic acid (lysis buffer), containing Complete protease inhibi- tors (Roche Applied Science), on ice for 1 hour."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After centrifugation at 13 000g for 20 minutes, the supernatant was collected and protein concentration determined (BCA protein assay; Pierce, Rockford, IL)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Supernatants were incubated with anti-GFP antibody (2 g) for 3 hours at 4°C and then incubated with protein G-Sepharose beads for 1 hour at 4°C."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After centrifugation, the immunobead-bound material was washed 3 times with lysis buffer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The immunoprecipitates were resolved in 10% SDS- PAGE gels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "After transfer on nitrocellulose, blots were probed with the appropriate antibodies, all used at 1:1000 dilution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0019__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Immunoblots were revealed by luminescence (ECL; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CHO-K1 grown in 6-well plates were transfected with the plasmid encoding CCR5-Luc with or without the plasmid for CD4-YFP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After overnight starvation, cells were detached with 10 mM EDTA in PBS, centrifuged (1400g for 5 minutes) and resuspended in Hank-balanced salt solution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Aliquots were subjected to luciferase activity measurements to determine average CCR5-Luc concentration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After addition of 5 M coelenterazine h (Interchim, Montluçon, France), emitted light was mea- sured in a Mithras LB940 reader (Berthold Instruments, Oak Ridge, TN)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Other aliquots of cells were stimulated with MIP-1␤ (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ) for various periods of time, chilled on ice, centrifuged (8000g for 1 minute at 4°C) and analyzed for ERK activation as described."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "26 Briefly, after resuspension in ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, containing 2.5 mM orthovanadate, 2.5 mM EDTA, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors, cells were lysed in 2ϫ Laemmli sample buffer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Proteins were denatured (5 minutes at 95°C) separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred on nitrocellulose membranes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0020__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Membranes were probed with phospho-p44/42 MAPK or MAPK 1-2 antibodies and autoradiograms quantified using the ImageJ 1.38X software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CHO-K1 cells (5 ϫ 10 5 per well of a 6-well plates) were transfected with 30 ng plasmid DNA coding for the BRET donor (CD4-Luc) and increasing amounts of BRET acceptor plasmids (CCR5-YFP, CCR5⌬Cter-YFP, GABABR1-YFP; 10-1000 ng per well) or YFP (0.5-100 ng per well)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were washed in PBS, detached using 10 mM EDTA in PBS, centrifuged (1400g for 5 minutes), resus- pended in Hank-balanced salt solution and distributed in 96-well plates (PerkinElmer plates; 10 5 cells per well)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After addition of the luciferase substrate, coelenterazine h (5 M final concentration), luminescence and fluorescence were measured simultaneously (at 485 and 530 nm, respec- tively) in a Mithras LB940 plate reader"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The BRET ratio was calculated as: ([emission at 530 nm/emission at 485 nm] - [background at 530 nm/ background at 485 nm]), where background corresponds to signals in cells expressing the Rluc fusion protein alone under the same experimental conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For better readability, results were expressed in milli-BRET units (mBRET), 1 mBRET corresponding to the BRET ratio multiplied by 1000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "BRET ratios were plotted as a function of ([YFP-YFP 0 ]/YFP 0 )/(Rluc/ Rluc 0 ), where YFP is the fluorescence signal at 530 nm after excitation at 485 nm, and Rluc the signal at 485 nm after addition of coelenterazine h. YFP 0 and Rluc 0 correspond to the same values in cells expressing the Rluc fusion protein alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0021__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In some experiments, cells were incubated 14 hours before the BRET assay with brefeldin A (BFA) at 2 g/mL."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "THP-1 cells were transfected using the Amaxa nucleofector system, in Amaxa solution V (program U010), with 0.5 M siRNA oligonucleotides (S1: 5Ј-GAACUGACCUGUACAGCUUUU-3Ј; S2: 5Ј-GAGCGGAUGU- CUCAGAUCAUU-3Ј; S3: 5Ј-UAACUAAAGGUCCAAUCCAAUU-3Ј) targeting human CD4 or an unrelated oligonucleotide (5Ј-UAGCGAC- UAAACACAUCAA-3Ј, all from Dharmacon, Lafayette, CO)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For each experiment, 2 rounds of transfection were performed: 2 ϫ 10 6 cells were transfected a first time, cultured for 72 hours, resuspended and transfected again using the same protocol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Assays were conducted 7 days after the first transfection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For RNA interference experiments on human T cells, 4 ϫ 10 6 freshly purified T lymphocytes were transfected using the Amaxa nucleofec- tor system, in Amaxa solution T (program U14) with 1 M S1 and S3 oligonucleotides, as indicated above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "After nucleofection, cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, antibiotics and interleukin-7 (5 ng/mL; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) for 72 hours and then activated for 48 hours with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody- coated beads as described above."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Data are expressed as a mean value plus or minus SEM."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data were analyzed using Student t test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine the cellular distribution of CCR5, both purified T lymphocytes from healthy donors and cells of the human THP-1 monocytic cell line, expressing endogenous CCR5 were analyzed by FACS (Figure 1A and Table S1, available on the Blood website; see the Supplemental Materials link at the top of the online article)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In freshly prepared unstimulated T lymphocytes, the proportion of surface CCR5 was very low, with approximately 95% of total receptors being intracellular, as measured by fluorescence analysis of intact or permeabilized cells with a CCR5-specific antibody."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As shown in previous studies, 27 surface CCR5 increased after stimula- tion with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies (from 5% to Ϸ11%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In THP-1 cells, CCR5 was also principally present within intracel- lular compartments, with approximately 90% of the receptor being found within internal compartments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These observations were obtained with 2 different antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes (Table S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The same procedure was used to measure in parallel the distribution of the CD4 molecule."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As expected, in both T lympho- cytes and monocytes, CD4 was predominantly expressed at the cell surface (up to 92% in activated T lymphocytes)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To confirm these findings, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy studies were conducted on the same cells subjected (P) or not (NP) to membrane permeabilization (Figure 1B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whereas the CD4 staining was comparable in permeabilized and nonpermeabilized cells, the major proportion of CCR5 appeared to be intracellular in both T lymphocytes and THP-1 cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Jurkat T-cell line, which does not express CCR5, was used as negative control for staining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Colocalization studies were also conducted and demonstrated that endogenous CCR5 colocalized with both Golgi (Giantin) and ER (Bip) markers in THP-1 cells, although additional subcellular localizations cannot be excluded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CCR5 distribution was finally analyzed in transiently transfected CHO cells, which will be used in this study as a reconstitution model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As found for the endogenous receptor in T lymphocytes and THP-1 cells, exogenous CCR5 was predominantly intracellular in CHO cells under our experimental conditions, whether wild-type receptor, or a form tagged at the C terminus with a yellow variant of the green fluorescent protein (YFP), were expressed (Figure S1 and Table S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Confocal microscopic analyses of transfected CHO cells confirmed that both wild-type CCR5 and CCR5-YFP colocalized with a panel of both Golgi and ER markers (Figure S2)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "From the data above, it appears that both endogenous and exogenous CCR5 are prone to intracellu- lar retention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As indicated in the introduction, the cell surface expression of many predominantly intracellular GPCRs can be markedly en- hanced by the association with other proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or the Golgi apparatus, and remain associated with them, once the receptors have reached the cell surface."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "11,15 We thus investigated whether CD4, in addition to its intrinsic immuno- logic functions, might also interact with CCR5 in the ER and facilitate its export to the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this purpose, we made use of a natural mutant of CCR5, lacking its C-terminal intracellu- lar tail, 28 that is completely retained in the ER, 29 as supported by the complete absence of cell-surface detection by antibodies in immu- nofluorescence and FACS experiments (Figure 2A,B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "CHO cells were transiently transfected with a construct encoding CD4, in addition to plasmids for either wild-type or truncated CCR5, harboring a N-terminal HA epitope and a C-terminal YFP (HA- CCR5-YFP and HA-CCR5⌬Cter-YFP constructs, respectively)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In these cells, similar amounts of CD4 were coimmunoprecipitated with both the full-length and truncated forms of CCR5 (Figure 2D) and both HA-CCR5⌬Cter-YFP and HA-CCR5-YFP colocalized with CD4 within intracellular compartments (Figure 2C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We confirmed that the CD4-CCR5 association in CHO cells, evidenced by coimmunoprecipitation studies, was not due to nonspecific hydrophobic interaction, by showing that mixing cell lysates expressing either molecule did not allow coimmunoprecipitation (Figure S3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CD4-CCR5 interaction was further examined in live CHO cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "CD4 fused to Renilla luciferase (CD4-Luc) was expressed in the presence of increasing concentrations of BRET acceptors, consisting of either HA-CCR5-YFP or HA-CCR5⌬Cter-YFP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In both cases, hyperbolic saturation curves were obtained, indicating specific interactions (Figure 2E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "BRET signals markedly depend on the relative distance of donor and acceptor, 30 explaining why maximal BRET values were different in wild-type CCR5 and the truncated mutant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, the value of the YFP:Luc ratio, for which half-maximal BRET was obtained, was comparable, indicat- ing that these 2 forms of CCR5 display the same propensity to associate with CD4."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Free YFP and the GABABR1 receptor fused to YFP (GABABR1-YFP) were used as negative controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although GABABR1 is constitutively retained in the ER 31 like HA- CCR5⌬Cter-YFP, only a weak nonsaturable interaction with CD4- Luc could be measured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, in the presence of free YFP, only a linear nonspecific BRET signal was obtained."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bystander BRET signals may occur upon random collisions in cells expressing Downloaded from http://ashpublications.org/blood/article-pdf/113/9/1938/1485891/zh800909001938.pdf by guest on 16 May 2024 nonphysiologic high levels of BRET pairs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "30 To rule out this possibility, we verified that the levels of BRET donor and acceptor proteins at BRET saturating concentration were comparable or below those of endogenous CD4 and CCR5 in human monocytic THP-1 cells (Figure S4A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To confirm that the measured BRET signals are a result of interactions occurring in the ER, cells were pretreated with BFA, a drug which induces Golgi apparatus disassembly and redistribution of Golgi-derived vesicles to the ER."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Golgi apparatus was indeed dismantled after BFA treatment (Figure 3A), and FACS analysis could not detect almost any surface receptor in cells expressing HA-CCR5-YFP (Figure 3B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite these effects, BRET values remained comparable whether or not cells were treated with BFA (Figure 3C)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that CCR5 and CD4 associate within intracellular compartments, likely in the ER, before they are exported to the cell surface."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We next examined whether CD4 might enhance the proportion of surface CCR5 in a reconstituted CHO-K1 cell model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A fixed concentration of a plasmid coding for luciferase-tagged CCR5 (CCR5-Luc) was cotransfected with increasing amounts of a CD4-YFP construct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surface CCR5 values, measured by FACS with an anti-CCR5 antibody in cells coexpressing CD4-YFP, were plotted as a function of the CD4-YFP-associated fluorescence (Figure 4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In cotransfected cells, surface CCR5 progressively increased with increasing levels of CD4-YFP to reach a maximum, corresponding to an augmentation of more than 100%, and then returned gradually to basal values for higher levels of CD4-YFP (Figure 4B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The descending portion of the curve was not due to a decreased number of CD4 molecules that could reach the cell surface, since in the same cells, surface CD4 increased linearly with increasing amounts of total CD4-YFP (Figure S4B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Through- out the experiments, we verified that the amount of CCR5-Luc remained constant by measuring luciferase-associated activity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In control experiments, with either free YFP or with the single transmembrane domain leptin receptor fused to YFP (OBR-YFP), no enhancement of surface CCR5 was observed (Figure 4A,B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As for BRET experiments, the effect of CD4 on surface CCR5 expression was achieved at physiologic concentrations of the 2 proteins (Figure S4A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HIV can use a second chemokine Downloaded from http://ashpublications.org/blood/article-pdf/113/9/1938/1485891/zh800909001938.pdf by guest on 16 May 2024 coreceptor, in conjunction with CD4, to infect target cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "32 This receptor, CXCR4, also displays a predominant intracellular distri- bution in human T lymphocytes and THP-1 monocytes 33 (and data not shown) and can form stable complexes with CD4, which are detectable by coimmunoprecipitation experiments 34 (Figure 4C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, contrasting with what was observed for CCR5, its surface expression was not positively modulated by CD4 in transfected cells (Figure 4D)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The functional significance of the enhancement of surface CCR5, due to the presence of CD4, was estimated by measuring ERK1-2 activation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "CHO cells expressing identical amounts of CCR5-Luc, determined by comparing luciferase activity, and a concentration of CD4-YFP corresponding to its maximal effect on CCR5 export, were stimulated or not with nonsaturating concentra- tions of MIP-1␤ for increasing periods of time up to 10 minutes (Figure 5)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The maximal activation of the MAP kinase doubled in cells coexpressing CD4 and, in addition, it was also reached much faster (compare lanes 3 [time ϭ 1 minute] in Figure 5A and corresponding histograms in Figure 5B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We next examined whether the effect of CD4 on CCR5 surface targeting also occurs in cells expressing endogenous receptors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We reasoned that a substantial decrease of CD4 molecules in these cells might affect the density of CCR5 at the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A panel of 3 interfering RNAs (siRNAs) was used, which targeted the CD4 sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "THP-1 cells were submitted to 2 consecutive nucleofec- tions and tested after a week to achieve sufficient inhibition of CD4 synthesis and decay of CCR5 molecules already present at the cell surface before the effect of siRNAs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A significant reduction of 70 to 80% of total CD4 was obtained with 2 specific siRNAs, compared with the control (Figure 6A,B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the cells showing reduced CD4, surface CCR5 was significantly decreased by 25% to 50%, compared with the control and to cells expressing the ineffective siRNA (Figure 6C,D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unexpectedly, cells treated with the 2 siRNAs active on CD4 expression showed a significant enhance- ment of 20% to 60% of total CCR5 (Figure S5) suggesting a possible feedback regulation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These results support the hypothesis that CD4 molecules can modulate the proportion of surface CCR5 in cells expressing both molecules."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a physiopathologic context, the HIV-1-encoded Vpu protein was reported to induce rapid degradation of CD4 shortly after its synthesis 35 via the ER- associated protein degradation pathway."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "36 In line with our findings above, the specific targeting of CD4 molecules to the proteasome by overexpressed Vpu should affect the surface expression of CCR5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A stable HeLa cell line, expressing both CCR5 and CD4 (HeLa-P4R5), was transiently transfected with either wild-type GFP-tagged Vpu or a GFP-fused mutant Vpu that had lost its capacity for down-regulating CD4 36 or free GFP (Figure S6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After 48-hour transfection, surface expression of CCR5 was quantified by FACS in cells expressing comparable levels of green fluores- cence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Expression of Vpu-GFP induced comparable and significant reduction of both total CD4 and surface CCR5, whereas the control mutant Vpu was ineffective."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the contribution of CD4 to the cell-surface expression of CCR5 was explored in primary human cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "T cells purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were nucleo- fected with appropriate siRNAs, activated to enhance the cell- surface expression of CCR5 and analyzed for both total CD4 content and proportion of cell-surface CCR5 (Figure 6E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In line with the results obtained with THP-1 cells, for all 3 tested donors, the siRNA-mediated reduction of CD4 was associated with a decreased proportion of CCR5 at the cell surface compared with the control, ranging from 30% to 65%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although previously unreported, the predominant intracellular localization observed here for CCR5 was described for other GPCRs and might constitute a more general feature than previously appreciated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The physiologic significance of this phenomenon may vary as a function of the receptor and the tissue where it occurs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, thrombin receptors are irreversibly activated by cleavage, internalized and degraded in lysosomes, whereas intracellular receptors are protected from activation by the protease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Replenish- ment of plasma membrane thrombin receptors is thus correlated with recovery of thrombin responsiveness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "12 In neurons, only a small fraction of ␦-opioid receptors is localized at the neuronal plasma membrane, 37 consistent with their low physiologic involve- ment in acute pain response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "38 Cell-surface translocation of ␦-opi- oid receptors from intracellular compartments might account for the enhanced effect of drugs, specifically targeting this receptor, during chronic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0044__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "37 Similarly, what we describe here for CCR5 may represent a mechanism for maintaining a sustained sensitivity of leukocytes to chemokine guidance within tissues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From a mechanistic point of view, 2 important issues must be addressed to fully understand this phenomenon, namely, what are the molecular tethers, which retain receptors within intracellular compartments, and what are the intracellular events that allow their release."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "So far, only 2 proteins directly and specifically involved in the control of GPCR cell-surface export via intracellular retention have been identified."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second extracellular loop of the protease- activated PAR2 receptor was shown to interact with the N-terminal domain of the Golgi-resident type I transmembrane protein p24A, and to be retained in the Golgi because of this interaction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Upon activation of cell-surface PAR2, the small G protein ARF1 is recruited in its GDP-bound form, to Golgi membranes, where a specific exchange factor activates ARF1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This process results in the dissociation of PAR2 from p24A and receptor sorting to the plasma membrane."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "39"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a different context, during development, a GPCR- retaining protein was reported to control the surface receptor availability of Frizzled, a GPCR, which promotes caudalizing signals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This ER-resident protein, Shisa, is specifically expressed in head ectoderm, where it binds to and inhibits cell-surface traffick- ing of Frizzled."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Shisa-mediated receptor retention thus constitutes a mechanism to control head-tail polarity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "40"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Other recent examples of regulatory retaining proteins have been reported for growth-factor receptors, 41 the gamma secretase complex, 42 and the glutamate transporter, 43 suggesting that this field may rapidly evolve."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A clear picture of the cellular mechanisms, which allow the release of intracellular GPCRs and their cell-surface translocation, is still missing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Various cellular signals were reported to elicit \"acute\" effects, such as the rise in intracellular calcium by either release from intracellular stores or direct opening of ion channels, in the case of ␦-opioid receptors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "44 Similarly, in tubular renal cells, dopamine D1 receptors can be recruited from cytosolic stores to the plasma membrane upon agonist activation of cell-surface recep- tors 13 or via atrial natriuretic peptide-dependent heterologous Downloaded from http://ashpublications.org/blood/article-pdf/113/9/1938/1485891/zh800909001938.pdf by guest on 16 May 2024 proteins engaged in the secretory pathway, 47 a vast array of membrane-associated or cytoplasmic proteins has been identified, which interact with GPCRs within intracellular compartments and facilitate their cell-surface expression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The list of these proteins, which also includes RAMPs, RTPs, REEP, MRAP, and M10 MHC class I molecules, already mentioned in the introduction, is rapidly growing."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "11 Based on the data reported in the present study, the CD4 molecule may be a new member of this list."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CCR5-CD4 association has been known for a long time, as these molecules combine to form a receptor for HIV at the cell surface of mononuclear blood cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "5 Although still a matter of debate, studies based on different experimental approaches have suggested the existence of a physical, constitutive, virus- independent, CCR5-CD4 association at the cell surface of both transfected 34,48 and primary cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "49,50 The association of HIV coreceptors is likely mediated by interactions involving the extra- cellular globular domain of CD4 and the extracellular regions of CCR5, 34,48,51 but it has not yet been determined whether these interactions occur once the HIV coreceptors have reached the plasma membrane or if they are established within intracellular compartments before their export to the cell surface."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our data strongly support the hypothesis that CCR5-CD4 interaction occurs within intracellular compartments, likely in the ER."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Facilitating the export of CCR5 to the cell surface is clearly not the principal biologic function of CD4 and it is possible that the surface expression of CCR5 is enhanced by the interaction with other proteins, which eventually interact with CCR5 along the biosynthetic pathway."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, it remains to be established whether CCR5 might also be rapidly mobilized by cell signaling events, as for the dopaminergic and opioid receptors mentioned above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From a mechanistic point of view, CD4-CCR5 association in the ER might facilitate further interactions with components of the biosynthetic pathway, likely via the carboxyterminal tail of CCR5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, although not involved in the interaction with CD4, the CCR5 tail was reported to contain a bipartite motif critical for CCR5 cell-surface expression, 52 and we confirmed that the CCR5⌬Cter mutant was completely retained within intracellular compartments, even in the presence of excess CD4 (not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Interestingly, the effect of CD4 on surface CCR5 was concentration- dependent, displaying a bell-shaped pattern comparable with that observed for calnexin and the ER-membrane-associated protein, DRIP78, on the maturation and trafficking of dopaminergic recep- tors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "46,53 The existence of an optimal concentration of chaperones or escort proteins likely reflects the requirement of a specific stoichiometry between these proteins, the receptors, and other components of the biosynthetic machinery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0051__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In the case of CD4, an alternative possible explanation may be that, at high concentra- tions, CD4 itself can saturate the export machinery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For many years, no functional explanation was proposed of how HIV may have selected a composite receptor to infect human immune cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recently, a plausible explanation for the formation of the second major HIV receptor, constituted by CD4 and CXCR4 on T lymphocytes, came from the observation that CXCR4 associ- ates with the T-cell receptor to signal in T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "54 Thus, the stable proximity of CXCR4 and CD4 at the cell surface of lymphocytes likely arises from the bridging of these proteins via a common interactor, the T-cell receptor."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Interestingly, based on our findings, a different explanation emerges for CCR5: the physiologic constitu- tive association of CCR5 and CD4 in the ER of blood mononuclear cells, and the subsequent translocation of the resulting complexes at the plasma membrane might be promoted by the escort properties of CD4 for CCR5."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_570__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 13, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [13, 13, 13], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) is an important mediator of chemotaxis and the primary coreceptor for HIV-1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A recent report by other researchers suggested that primary T cells harbor pools of intracellular CCR5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With the use of a series of complementary techniques to measure CCR5 expression (antibody labeling, Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), we established that intracellular pools of CCR5 do not exist and that the results obtained by the other researchers were false-positives that arose because of the generation of irrelevant binding sites for anti-CCR5 antibodies during fixation and permeabilization of cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "[ 1, 2, 3] The G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) recruits and activates leukocytes by responding to its chemokine ligands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "[ 1, 2] It is also the primary coreceptor for HIV-1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "[ 1, 3] Like other GPCRs, CCR5 is desensitized after ligation through clathrin-dependent endocytosis leading to intracellular sequestration before receptor recycling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "[ 4, 5] Receptor down-modulation is an important component of the anti-HIV activity of both native chemokines [6, 7] and highly potent chemokine analogues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "[ 8, 9] Certain GPCRs are stored in intracellular pools to provide rapid, renewable resources for surface expression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "[ 4, 10] Most studies of CCR5 suggest the receptor is predominantly localized at the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "[ 1, 2, 6, 7] On the basis of a series of experiments in which anti-CCR5 antibodies were used to detect CCR5 in fixed and permeabilized cells, Achour et al. [ 11] recently reported that CCR5 is predominantly intracellular in T cells, proposing that receptor storage is a mechanism for maintaining sustained sensitivity of leukocytes to chemokines within tissue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "[ 11] To investigate this new concept, we studied the expression of CCR5 protein and CCR5 RNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Like Achour et al. [ 11], we found apparent high levels of intracellular CCR5 with the use of flow cytometry in fixed, permeabilized T cells, but these results were not consistent with the low levels of CCR5 mRNA and the results of Western blotting."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0053__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "We conclude that large intracellular pools of CCR5 are not present within circulating human T cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_570__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In initial flow cytometric experiments, human PBMCs were gated for expression of both CD3 and CD4 or CD8 and were stained with 3 monoclonal anti-CCR5 antibodies recognizing different domains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "[ 14-17] In agreement with the findings of Achour et al. [ 11], we found that, although cells from each donor indicated variable but universally low levels of CCR5 staining on nonpermeabilized cells, uniformly strong signals were obtained on fixed and permeabilized cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Control GHOST (3) parental cell lines that do not express CCR5, however, also gave positive results when the same anti-CCR5 antibodies were used to stain fixed and permeabilized cells."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Only human T cells with detectable cell surface CCR5 have CCR5 RNA by quantitative PCR and protein by Western blot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We flow-sorted PBMCs into CD3+CCR5+ and CD3+CCR5- populations, with gates set to population extremes to minimize contamination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The CCR5- population had 0.1%-2.6% contamination with surface CCR5+ cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Consistent with this low level of contamination, median CCR5 copy number in the CCR5- population determined by quantitative PCR was between 40 and 95 times lower than that measured in the positive population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Total cell lysates were also prepared and analyzed by Western blot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "As negative and positive controls, lysates were prepared from parental GHOST (3) cells and CCR5-transfected GHOST (3) cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "A band corresponding to CCR5 (~42 kDa) was visible in the positive control sample but not in the negative control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Under the same conditions, the corresponding band was apparent in the cell surface CCR5+ but not in the cell surface CCR5- populations of sorted T cells from each of 3 donors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0054__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "The cell surface CCR5- populations remained negative for CCR5 by Western blot up to the highest loaded dose tested (120 µg protein per lane)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_570__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__critique__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fixing and permeabilization can lead to false-positive signals with anti-CCR5 antibodies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To investigate how apparently high levels of intracellular CCR5 can be detected by anti-CCR5 antibodies on fixed and permeabilized cells, we carried out labeling experiments on either unmodified Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (CHO-WT) or CHO cells stably transduced to express CCR5 (CHO-CCR5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "[ 18] Under mild fixation and permeabilization conditions, CHO-WT cells are negative for CCR5, and CHO-CCR5 cells are labeled at the cell surface as has been seen previously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "[ 1, 2, 6, 7] However, when the same cells are fixed and permeabilized under the same conditions as those used by Achour et al. [ 11] in the flow cytometric experiments, the CHO-WT cells become positive, with significant staining in the nucleus, and the CHO-CCR5 cells remain positive at the cell surface but show similar staining in the nucleus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Presumably this strong off-target staining, which occurs under certain fixation/permeabilization conditions, is the explanation as to why both Achour et al. [ 11] and our group found intracellular CCR5 signals in fixed and permeabilized T cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_570__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The report of high-level intracellular stores of CCR5 in human T cells by Achour et al. [ 11] was surprising for several reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, induction of CCR5 surface expression on activated CD4+ T cells is delayed for 5-8 days after activation, implying that intracellular pools are not readily mobilized to the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "[ 19, 20] Second, recovery of surface CCR5 is very slow after ligand-induced receptor internalization, [9] implying that surface ligation also saturates the intracellular pool that is accessible to the surface."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We conclude that intracellular pools of CCR5 in human T cells do not exist and that instead, in agreement with several previous studies, [1, 2, 6, 7] CCR5 expression is restricted to a limited population of circulating T cells and predominantly located at the cell surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our findings indicate that the results obtained by Achour et al. [ 11] were almost certainly because of the generation of irrelevant antibody binding sites during the fixing and permeabilization procedure, a phenomenon that is a recognized source of false-positive results in antibody-based experiments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__critique__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "[ 21]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_570__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A recent study by Pilch-Cooper et al. [ 1] refuting the existence of intracellular pools of CCR5 in human T cells challenged some of our observations reported in Blood [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although these authors observed the same intracellular accumulation of CCR5 using our cell permeabilization and fixation conditions before FACS analysis, this intracellular labeling was likely nonspecific binding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This was based on the observations that our experimental conditions in their hands led to nonspecific signals in osteosarcoma cells, which do not express CCR5, and that confocal immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy studies in untransfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells showed an off-target nuclear signal [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Correct permeabilization conditions are indeed critical to observe intraluminal epitopes while avoiding background."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, we do not believe that these results challenge our previous conclusions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_570__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, antibody combinations showing background, such as fluochrome-conjugated anti-CCR5 2D7 antibodies used in FACS studies or nonconjugated 1/85a antibody in IF experiments [1] were not used in Achour et al. [ 2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, our multiple controls were not considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our Figure 1A [2] the strong signal obtained in permeabilized T lymphocytes with 2 different anti-CCR5 antibodies was not found for the anti-CD4 antibody, excluding a general nonspecific signal [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our confocal IF studies in T cells and THP-1 monocytes, revealed abundant intracellular CCR5, whereas no signal was visible in control CCR5-negative Jurkat T cells (Figure 1B) [2] and IF studies on CCR5-expressing CHO cells did not reveal any nuclear staining with the CCR5 antibody (supplemental Figure 2) [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, the authors apparently misinterpreted their own confocal IF experiments, which clearly showed abundant intracellular CCR5 (supplemental Figure 1 top panels in Pilch-Cooper et al. [ 1])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_570__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nevertheless, we conducted new FACS and IF experiments in THP-1 and CHO cells (Figure 1), using the “mild” permeabilization procedure recommended by the authors [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Confirming the specificity of CCR5 labeling, YFP-tagged CCR5 expressed in CHO cells was labeled by antibodies, and no off-target signal was visible by confocal IF, including in CHO cells transfected with control plasmid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Under these conditions, intracellular endogenous CCR5 was visible in THP-1 cells and again no staining was observed in CCR5-negative Jurkat cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After mild permeabilization, FACS studies performed with the antibody combinations used in our previous study did not show any background in CHO cells and confirmed the presence of endogenous intracellular CCR5 in THP-1 cells (Figure 1C)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_570__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 8, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "570", "paragraph_id": "triad_570__response__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The existence of abundant intracellular stores of CCR5 is consistent with similar observations for many G protein-coupled receptors, the family of receptors CCR5 belongs to [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, intracellular stores of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 were reported in human T lymphocytes [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Interestingly, L-selectin stimulation of T cells induced cell surface mobilization of CXCR4 within 10 minutes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because such a fast effect, incompatible with receptor neosynthesis, represents major evidence for the existence of internal stores, we performed a similar experiment using THP-1 monocytes (Figure 1D-F)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Adhesion of THP-1 cells on fibronectin-coated slides for 10 minutes was sufficient to increase 5-fold the fluorescence signal of surface CCR5, whereas surface CD4 was not affected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Golgi apparatus disassembly, induced by pretreating cells with brefeldin A, inhibited the phenomenon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These experiments were conducted without cell permeabilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This finding and our previous data [2] confirm that intracellular pools of CCR5 do exist in blood cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Rapidly mobilizable stores of chemokine receptors may represent a physiologic mechanism to escape desensitization on sustained activation and/or to facilitate blood cell extravasation into peripheral tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Internal pools of CCR5 also represent a challenging problem to solve for the development of anti-HIV drugs targeting this coreceptor."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_570__response__p0060__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Studying the regulation of these intracellular pools is of primary importance to accelerate the development of such drugs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_570/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2025492240_W2015385795_W2015635507", "triad_name": "triad_570", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_570__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In chloroplasts molecular oxygen is reduced to Superoxide at the reducing sides of the photosystems in higher plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Superoxide radical anion is efficiently removed by Superoxide dismutase, and the generated hydrogen peroxide is detoxified to water by ascorbate peroxidase (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is well established that the synthesis rate of hydrogen peroxide is significantly increased in stress situations generated by air pollutants, high light, chilling etc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Asada and co-workers calculated that without recycling of ascorbate H2O2 would deplete the available ascorbate pool via ascorbate peroxidase within min- utes [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This necessitates a reducing system to regenerate as- corbate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The primary product of ascorbate peroxidase is monodehydroascorbate (MDA), which is rapidly returned into the ascorbate pool either by NADPH-dependent MDA reductase or non-enzymatically by reduced ferredoxin (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "DHA, dehydroascorbate; DHA reductase, dehydroas- corbate reductase; MDA, monodehydroascorbate; MDA reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase of 10 5 M _1 s _1 [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0001__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In plant extracts a glutathione-dependent DHA reductase activity has been observed [3] which will re- cycle DHA to ascorbate (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An increase of DHA reduc- tase activity and an accumulation of DHA have been fre- quently implied as biochemical indicators of oxidative stress in plant metabolism [4] but a characterization of DHA reduc- tase has remained elusive because of rapid loss of enzyme activity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here we report that plant cells do not possess and do not require a specific DHA reductase."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All chemicals and reagents were of the highest purity available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Trypsin inhibitor from soybean (Kunitz type) was obtained from Boehringer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Antibodies raised against thioredoxin m and / from spin- ach chloroplasts were generous gifts from Dr. B. Buchanan, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, CA, USA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Samples of spinach thioredox- in m and / were supplied by Dr. P. Schürmann, University of Neuchätel, Switzerland, which is gratefully acknowledged."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Antibodies raised against trypsin inhibitor were produced in cooperation with Dr. Giorgio Tiscar, University of Bari, Italy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "NADP-malate dehydrogen- ase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were isolated from spinach leaves and assayed by published procedures [5,6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Spinach leaves were pur- chased on local markets and lots of 100 g leaf material were extracted in 200 ml of potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.8) in a Waring blender."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The homogenate was passed through four layers of miracloth and centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 20 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Isolation of chloroplasts from spinach leaves followed the method described by Mourioux and Douce [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Activity staining of dehydroascorbate reduction following native gel electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels was performed by a method described by De Tullio et al. [ 8], which involves the reactions between the ascorbate formed, cyanoferrate(III), and ferric chloride."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Immobilon P-membrane (Millipore) was used for Western blots and antisera were applied in 1:1000 dilution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate and diaminobenzidine (from Sigma) were used to determine the first antibody."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recently we described the purification of an apparently novel protein with glutathione-dependent DHA reductase ac- tivity from spinach chloroplasts [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "N-terminal sequence anal- ysis of this protein revealed that it is highly homologous with trypsin inhibitors of the Kunitz type."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both the isolated protein from spinach chloroplasts and commercially available soy- bean trypsin inhibitor showed DHA reductase activity in the reduced state and acted as trypsin inhibitors in the oxidized state [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Their redox behavior must be due to the presence of conserved cysteine or cystine residues, respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Redox changes between a dithiol and disulfide also supply the reduc- ing equivalents for the reduction of DHA to ascorbate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In the case of a trypsin inhibitor from potato two cysteines are ar- ranged in a C P F C sequence, reminiscent of the redox-active sites found in thioredoxin (C G P C), glutaredoxin (C P Y C), and protein disulfide isomerase (C G P C) [2,9,10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "All the 0014-5793/97/S17.00 © 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "All rights reserved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0005__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "latter proteins have been shown to possess DHA reductase activity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In mammalian cells proteins with DHA reductase activity have been described which were subsequently charac- terized as glutaredoxin [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, when we isolated glutaredoxin from green plant tissue it was observed that spin- ach glutaredoxin possesses no DHA reductase activity [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The structural differences between mammalian and plant glu- taredoxins responsible for their different reactivity are cur- rently under investigation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recently, Kato et al. reported the isolation of a new DHA reductase from rice bran."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The deter- mined N-terminal amino acid sequence was not similar to the N-termini of other known DHA reducing proteins [13]. But it must be taken into account that proteins from storage tissue frequently possess extra amino acids at the N-termini which are not present in the corresponding proteins in tissues of developed plants [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unfortunately, it was not investigated whether the rice bran protein with DHA reducing activity possesses additionally thioredoxin, glutaredoxin or protein di- sulfide isomerase activity [13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, further investigations are necessary to elucidate the real nature of this protein from rice bran."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Millimolar concentrations of DHA have been measured in the stromal compartment [15]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In view of these considerable concentrations and our knowledge that thioredoxins can be oxidized by DHA [9] we investigated whether DHA interferes with the thioredoxin-dependent redox regulation of C 0 2 fix- ation, sulfate assimilation, ATP synthesis, etc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The thioredox- in system is vital for chloroplast metabolism because redox control of at least 12 different enzymes is achieved by the reductive cleavage of regulatory disulfide bridges in these tar- get enzymes [16]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, as shown in Fig. 2, the thioredoxin- dependent activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase is inhib- ited by 50% in presence of 50 μΜ DHA and reduced to less than 10% by 1 mM DHA."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, in the presence of the milli- molar concentrations of DHA reported in stroma NADP-ma- late dehydrogenase would be completely inactive, resulting in serious consequences for the chloroplast metabolism because the enzyme is part of the defence system protecting plant cells against photoinhibition [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Another thioredoxin-dependent enzyme, glutamate synthase, is also inhibited by DHA (not shown), but DHA does not inhibit all thioredoxin-dependent stromal target enzymes with the same efficiency."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Calvin- Benson cycle enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is not inhib- ited when the regulatory sites of the enzyme are protected in its protein complex with thioredoxin (Fig. 3) [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here, each subunit of the tetrameric enzyme possesses a single regulatory disulfide bridge whereas in dimeric NADP-malate dehydro- genase each subunit contains two different regulatory disulfide bridges and only one of these sites is shielded by thioredoxin [18,5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, when DHA was added to reduced thioredox- in prior to fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activation, thioredox- in-dependent activation of the target did not occur because of the oxidation of thioredoxin by DHA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Obviously, DHA must be regarded as a toxic substance which disturbs the various regulatory functions of the thioredoxin system in chloroplast metabolism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consequently, chloroplasts should be equipped with a DHA reductase which keeps the DHA concentration at least below 50 μΜ. However, all proteins with DHA re- ductase activity isolated from chloroplasts possess apparent K m values for DHA in the millimolar range [9,13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ques- tion arises which other mechanisms would prevent DHA ac- cumulation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has been observed repeatedly that DHA reductase activ- ity measured in crude extracts or in enriched fractions of spinach leaves is very unstable [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To ensure that DHA re- ductase was not being overlooked throughout a purification procedure as described [9,12] we analyzed DHA reductase activity patterns in cell-free protein extracts from isolated chloroplasts by native gel electrophoresis combined with ac- tivity staining for DHA reduction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In protein extracts of spin- ach chloroplasts we detected three different DHA reductase activities (Fig. 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Western blot analysis revealed that two signals are due to thioredoxin / and thioredoxin m and that the third signal represents a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No additional DHA reductase species could be detected by this experimental procedure."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, it is concluded that no specific DHA reductase is present in spinach chloroplasts but all measurable DHA reductase activity is due to these different redox-active proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Lack of a specific detoxifying enzyme would be highly surprising if DHA concentrations were really in the millimolar range."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The origin of DHA is the non-enzymatic disproportiona- tion of MDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the formation of DHA is determined by the half-life of MDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Molecular oxygen is reduced to super- oxide at the photosystems, thylakoid-bound Superoxide dis- mutase and ascorbate peroxidase remove Superoxide and hy- drogen peroxide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The generated MDA is a substrate either of reduced ferredoxin or of thylakoid-bound MDA reductase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, MDA will be preferentially removed at its formation site."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In case MDA escapes, a stromal MDA reductase pre- vents an accumulation of MDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both MDA reductase and reduced ferredoxin remove MDA with rate constants of 10 7 - 10 8 M _ 1 s _ 1 [19] whereas the disproportionation rate of MDA is only 10 5 M _ 1 s _ 1 [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The enzyme equipment of the chloroplasts can, therefore, be regarded as very efficient and it is improbable that significant amounts of DHA will accumulate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is supported by the fact that the measured MDA concentration in chloroplasts is about 10~8 M."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is, therefore, not a priori necessary to require a specific DHA reductase in chloroplasts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless it is thinkable that the capacity of MDA scavenging is overcome under certain stress circumstances and that a DHA reductase would still be desirable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In these situations it must be taken into account that glutathione non-enzymatically reduces DHA to ascorbate at high rates, especially at alkaline pH which prevails in the light [20]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is important to consider that in biological solutions as- corbate is rapidly oxidized to DHA within minutes at phys- iological pH. Only under acidic conditions (pH 2) ascorbate is stable enough to be measured which explains why it cannot be quantified enzymatically [21,22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In studies of oxidative stress in chloroplasts many steps are necessary to isolate the cell organelles and considerable time elapses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, it is impossible by presently available methods to prepare samples without artifactual generation of DHA during the experimental pro- cedure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This fact readily explains the high concentrations of DHA measured in chloroplast and plant extracts [21,22]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Increasing DHA concentrations and/or DHA reductase ac- tivity have been regarded as biochemical indicators of increas- ing oxidative stress in chloroplast metabolism [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As outlined in this report, both indicators are misleading and falsify the interpretations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, in leaf extracts no extra DHA re- ductase was detected outside the chloroplasts (Fig. 4, lane 4)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We have to conclude that plant cells do not possess any spe- cific dehydroascorbate reductase and that the activities meas- ured in total leaf extracts are due to unrelated proteins present in chloroplasts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It cannot be excluded, however, that addi- tional proteins with ««specific DHA reductase activity exist outside the chloroplasts [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Unspecific DHA reductase activ- ity associated with several unrelated proteins may explain why, unexpectedly, DHA reductase activity was not elevated in extracts of stress-treated plants [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "To circumvent the poor reproducibility of DHA reducíase determination DHA pools have been analyzed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This approach also has difficulties as in some studies DHA was not detectable at all in plant leaf extracts [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0017__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "These results support our opinion that DHA is not a constitutive metabolite occurring in considerable amounts in plant metabolism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, the regeneration of ascorbate is obviously not coupled to a glutathione-dependent DHA reductase (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The glutathione reductase present in leaves is not directly involved in the regeneration of ascorbate and is prob- ably not of importance in avoiding oxidative stress as fre- quently discussed [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This offers an explanation why increased levels of glutathione reductase in transgenic plants do not confer increased tolerance against oxidative stress [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The above arguments should help to avoid future misconceptions about a stress defense in plant biology."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_776__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ascorbate, an essential antioxidant in plant tissues, is oxidised to dehydroascorbate (DHA) via successive reversible transfers with monodehydroascorbate (MDHA) as a free radical intermediate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rapid regeneration of ascorbate from its oxidised forms is required to support antioxidant capacity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MDHA radicals have a relatively short lifetime and disproportionate at neutral pH values and above to DHA and ascorbate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MDHA radicals can be reduced directly to ascorbate by reduced ferredoxin and by NAD(P)H-dependent monodehydroascorbate reductases, which are found in several cellular locations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "DHA can be reduced directly by reduced glutathione at alkaline pH values and also by enzymes which catalyse this conversion (dehydroascorbate reductases, DHAR)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has recently been argued that DHA detected in chloroplast extracts is artefactual, that in vivo DHA levels are negligible and that this metabolite is formed purely artefactually during extraction of plant tissues [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This hypothesis was largely based on the observation that, at concentrations thought to exist in the chloroplast, DHA could cause oxidative inactivation of two enzymes known to be regulated by the thioredoxin system [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors therefore concluded that DHA accumulation must be avoided [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This conclusion is erroneous, however, since it does not take into account the dynamic nature of the regulation of the thiol-mediated enzymes of the chloroplasts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is well established that the stromal enzymes regulated by the thioredoxin system require ongoing reduction to remain active (e.g. [2,3])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Data obtained by addition of oxidants to enzymes removed from a continuous system of thioredoxin reduction are not relevant to in vivo conditions in the chloroplast, where the activation state of thiol-regulated enzymes reflects differences between reductive and oxidative fluxes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, it is important that DHA is reduced back to ascorbate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It does not, however, mean that DHA cannot exist in vivo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors’ data show that DHA can oxidise thioredoxin and thioredoxin-activated enzymes; this simply means that, like ferredoxin, NADPH and reduced glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin can act as an intermediate in re-reducing the oxidised forms of ascorbate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The argument that glutathione reductase (GR) is unimportant because DHAR may not exist is an unjustified extension of the hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The citation of the review of Allen [4] as stating that GR does not contribute to oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic plants is erroneous."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Glutathione has many roles in the chloroplast, including participation in redox reactions other than those directly associated with the ascorbate pool, and in the control of gene expression [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Irrespective of the nature of the interactions between ascorbate and glutathione the latter pool can only be kept predominantly in the reduced state (as is found in all organisms) by the action of GR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Little, if any, oxidised glutathione (GSSG) is found in isolated chloroplasts [6] and the glutathione pool is well over 90% reduced in leaves [7,8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In animal tissues such as kidney and red blood cells the GSH to GSSG ratio is higher than 500 [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Even in the system found to have the highest proportion of GSSG, blood plasma,"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0023__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "the predominant form of glutathione is GSH [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the AA/MDHA redox couple may function effectively without association to the GSH/GSSG redox couple in certain circumstances, the significance of GSH as a reductant in ascorbate regeneration is established in relation to stress tolerance [11-14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A tropical fig mutant devoid of DHAR activity was found to be sensitive to high light [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further evidence to support critical roles for DHAR, GSH and GR in maintaining the foliar ascorbate pool has been obtained in transformed plants overexpressing GR which have higher foliar ascorbate contents [8] and improved tolerance to oxidative stress [7,8,13,14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, compensation of one antioxidant by the other can be observed, for example, decreases in the meristematic activity of Arabidopsis roots caused by GSH depletion were alleviated by adding ascorbic acid [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ascorbate breakdown occurs via DHA which is catabolised to two- and four-carbon products such as oxalate and tartrate [16,17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These can accumulate to relatively high levels in plant tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While the reactions through which ascorbate is catabolised in plants remain obscure, degradation is considered to occur by enzymic degradation of DHA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "DHA is therefore a fundamental component of ascorbate turnover as well as the ascorbate redox system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While it is possible that, even under acidic extraction conditions, some over-estimation of tissue DHA contents is inevitable, the above considerations suggest that DHA is formed in vivo and is an important component of ascorbate metabolism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further evidence to support this view is the existence of a high affinity DHA transporter on the plasma membrane [18]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "DHARs that catalyse the reduction of DHA by GSH have been purified from rice, spinach and potato [19-22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several other proteins such as glutaredoxins (thiol transferases), protein disulphide isomerases, and even a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor have been shown to have DHAR activity [23,24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nevertheless, the amino acid sequence of the rice DHAR is quite distinct from these other enzymes [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Kato et al. [ 22] provided convincing proof that a specific DHAR enzyme does exist in a wide range of plant tissues."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The argument put forward that this is artefactual because seed tissue contains many such DHAR-like proteins [1] is specious."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The authors ignore the data by Kato et al. [ 22] showing that the protein is present in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues, as well as being detectable in barley and rice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, we have found the presence of near perfect matches of the N-terminal sequence data from Kato et al. [ 22] with sequences from the Arabidopsis EST cDNA database using TFASTA from the GCG suite of programs [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The best of a group of very similar matches is as follows:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All significant sequences matches were near N-termini of derived EST protein sequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These matching Arabidopsis EST cDNAs were translated and in stretches of derived amino acid sequence of up to 120 residues no matches to trypsin inhibitors, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin or protein disulphide reductase were detected, despite these sequences being well represented from plants in the EMBL and GenBank data bases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This rules out the authors’ arguments that Kato et al. [ 20] had purified an artefactual DHAR."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "So it is likely that DHAR does exist, although the chloroplast isoform may prove elusive for some time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The absence of detectable DHAR enzyme on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels stained for DHAR activity and not ascribed to artefacts cannot be taken as definitive proof that a bona fide DHAR does not exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The enzyme may simply not withstand this type of extraction and assay protocol or may be too dilute to detect in this assay system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, the argument that DHAR activity is often found not to increase in stressed plants is evidence that only incidental activities from other proteins are being measured [26-29]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These considerations support the view that DHA and DHAR exist in leaves and other plant tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The oxidising ability of DHA does not preclude its presence in chloroplasts where redox regulation of photosynthetic enzymes requires the dynamic interaction of reducing and oxidising components."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_776__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First of all we did not suggest that DHA will not exist in plant cells at all."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We outlined that it is improbable that significant amounts of DHA will accumulate, a conclusion drawn not only from ample biochemical evidence found in the literature [1] but from data showing that a steady-state concentration of 50 WM will substantially inhibit the regulatory action of plant light-dependent regulation of processes such as CO2 fixation, sulfate assimilation, and nitrate assimilation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Foyer and Mullineaux argue [2] that this observation was derived from assays not describing the situation in vivo because thioredoxin reductase was not added to regenerate reduced thioredoxin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They assume that the stromal enzymes regulated by the thioredoxin system require ongoing reduction to remain active."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This would imply that in light the reductively activated target enzymes are permanently deactivated by oxidants and require repeated activation by thioredoxins in vivo."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the last 10 years knowledge about the action of thioredoxin has improved substantially enough (e.g. by demonstration of complex formation between thioredoxin and target enzymes) to indicate that the very opposite is the case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A detailed explanation is beyond the scope of this comment but the reader’s attention is drawn to a recent review summarizing the biochemical action of thioredoxins [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among the known proteins possessing DHA reductase activity are thioredoxins, a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor, glutaredoxins (thiol transferases), and protein disulfide isomerases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All these proteins are characterized by a very similar redox-active site of the general amino acid sequence Cys-X-X-Cys."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Reversible redox changes between the dithiol form and disulfide form supply the reducing equivalents for DHA reduction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If we isolated one of these proteins using the common DHA reductase assay and did not know their original function in plant metabolism we, too, would regard it as DHA reductase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Many more enzymes containing Cys-X-X-Cys motifs might be able to reduce DHA but in the absence of pertinent experiments have not been recognized."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This offers an explanation of why DHA-reducing proteins have been found in unpredictable numbers in plant tissues [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In line with these arguments we suggested further experiments to establish unambiguously the identity of the DHA-reducing protein isolated by Kato et al. [ 5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We point, for example, to the identification of a putative DHA reductase as a 3K-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [5,6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our contribution, we may not have been precise enough in discussing this point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We never stated that we consider the activity described by Kato et al. to be artifactual but do maintain that it could be the side activity of some different enzyme."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The sequence similarity mentioned by Foyer and Mullineaux does not prove a DHA reductase proper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Extraction of plant samples with a phosphate buffer at physiological pH in a Waring blender is certainly not a procedure to denature proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One of the most gentle methods to observe different isoforms of an enzyme is non-denaturing gel electrophoresis when the protein extracts are applied without delay."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, a specific and original DHA reductase should be measurable by activity staining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That we did observe the side activities of unrelated proteins obviously repudiates the argument that the investigated protein samples were too diluted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, different chromatographic methods have been tried to isolate a specific DHA reductase but all these efforts failed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The link between DHA formation, recycling of DHA to ascorbate by glutathione-dependent DHA reductase, and reduction of GSSG to GSH by glutathione reductase is commonly regarded as essential for the ascorbate regeneration system in plants."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because of the questionable existence of an original DHA reductase in plants we discussed whether the ascorbate-glutathione cycle is overestimated among processes constituting the defense system against oxidative stress in plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this context it is thinkable that the role of glutathione reductase to avoid oxidative stress is overestimated, too, but this in no way downplays the central role of glutathione reductase to maintain a reducing environment and it does not exclude that glutathione is required in other processes in plant cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "776", "paragraph_id": "triad_776__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These considerations support our view that one has to be careful in accepting either changing DHA pools or DHA reductase activities as indicators of oxidative stress in plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is, in fact, in agreement with the statement of Foyer and Mullineaux [2] who remark: “that DHA reductase activity is often found not to increase in stressed plants is evidence that only incidental activities from other proteins are being measured”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The remaining problem is to distinguish between incidental and specific DHA reductase activities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_776__response__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A postulated specific, yet elusive and unmeasurable chloroplast enzyme is in our opinion not reliable enough as indicator of oxidative stress in plants."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_776/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2046938998_W1999876250_W2125620225", "triad_name": "triad_776", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_776__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hybridization and introgression have long been recognized by botanists as important factors influencing evolution (e.g. Abbott 1992; Arnold 1997; Ellstrand & Schierenbeck 2000), whereas its importance in animal evolution has been a subject of extensive debate (Arnold 1992; Dowling & Secor 1997; Seehausen 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recently, numerous studies have demonstrated that closely related animal species often share a history of introgressive hybridization (e.g. Melo-Ferreira et al. 2005; Roca et al. 2005; Berthier et al. 2006; Patterson et al. 2006), indicating that hybridization may be frequent in some cases before the completion of reproductive isolation in animals."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Even though it seems that natural hybridization and introgression are more common in animals than previously assumed, it is still not known how widespread this phenomenon is and whether particular taxa or biogeographical regions are more prone to it."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A recent spatially explicit simulation study (Currat et al. 2008) demonstrated that massive introgression of neutral genes can occur during the invasion of an occupied area as long as interbreeding is not severely prevented between the invading and the local species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, it was found that introgression occurs almost exclusively from the local to the invading species, regardless of the relative densities of the two species."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Introgressive hybridization can have a variety of consequences, but its greatest evolutionary importance might lie in it being the source of new genetic variability within taxa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, under different circumstances it might cause a merging of the hybridizing species (Arnold 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For the latter reason, conservation policy generally discourages hybridization between species because hybridization can jeopardize the continued integrity of the hybridizing species (O'Brien & Mayr 1991; Leonard & Wayne 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The wolves of the Great Lakes region in the USA were almost exterminated at the beginning of the last century due to habitat depletion associated with the spread of agriculture and direct persecution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, they have recovered under the protection of the US Endangered Species Act to currently > 3000 individuals, resulting in an extensive debate concerning their potential delisting."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over the last century, coyotes have invaded this region and hybridized with wolves (Lehman et al. 1991, Leonard & Wayne 2008)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At present, there is still no general consensus about which species of wolf-like canid currently inhabits the Great Lakes region and if the integrity of the population is under threat by hybridization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Great Lakes (GL) wolf is morphologically distinct from both western gray wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) (Nowak 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It has been suggested that the GL wolf is either (i) a smaller subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus lycaon), possibly resulting from hybridization between gray wolves (C. lupus) and red wolves (Canis rufus) (Nowak 2002); (ii) a hybrid zone between gray wolves (C. lupus) and coyotes (C. latrans) (e.g. Lehman et al. 1991; Roy et al. 1994); or (iii) a distinct species (C. lycaon) closely related to, and perhaps conspecific with, the red wolf (C. rufus)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This unique wolf- like canid is hypothesized to have evolved from a coyote- like ancestor, thus representing a small wolf indigenous to North America (Wilson et al. 2000; Kyle et al. 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here we use maternally, paternally and biparentally inherited molecular markers to analyse modern and his- toric pre-bottleneck and pre-coyote invasion GL wolves, western gray wolves and coyotes in order to evaluate (i) alternative hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origin of the GL wolves; (ii) ongoing hybridization between GL wolves, western gray wolves and coyotes in the Great Lakes region; and (iii) population integrity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The modern samples used in this study included western gray wolves from the Northwest Territories and Alberta, Canada; GL wolves from Ontario and Quebec, Canada and Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York, USA; coyotes from New York, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Colorado, Nevada and Illinois, USA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Western coyotes from Nebraska, Colorado, Nevada and Illinois correspond to the original distribution of North American coyotes, whereas eastern coyotes from New York and Massachusetts represent the recent northeastward range expansion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The GL wolf samples from Canada and Minnesota were from Lehman et al. ( 1991) and Roy et al. ( 1994)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Historic samples consisting of skulls from the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, included 18 GL wolf samples from Ontario and Quebec, Canada and Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and New York and a historic gray wolf from Labrador (Fig. 1, Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The historic GL wolves were all collected before coyotes became established in the region."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Whole genomic DNA was extracted from recent muscle tissue samples using a modified phenol/chloroform protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Extraction of historic specimens followed Leonard et al. ( 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Amplification of 420-425 bp of the 5′ end of the mito- chondrial control region followed Vilà et al. ( 1999) for the Museum no."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Twenty-six unlinked biparentally inherited autosomal microsatellites were typed for 58 gray wolves, 195 GL wolves, 48 eastern coyotes, 78 western coyotes and 13 historic GL wolves: Ren94K11, C17.402, Ren239K24, C18.460, Ren274F18, Ren181K04, C11.873, Ren73F08, C02.894, Ren204K13, Ren160J02, Ren106I06 (Breen et al. 2001), FH3109, FH2887, FH2914, FH2785, FH2759 (Guyon et al. 2003), Ren37H09, Ren49F22 (Jouquand et al. 2000), c2017 (Francisco et al. 1996), u109, u225, u250, u253 (Ostrander et al. 1993), vWF (Shibuya et al. 1994) and PEZ05 (PerkinElmer, Zoogen; see NHGRI Dog Genome Project at http://research. nhgri.nih."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "gov/dog_genome/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Amplification of the microsatellite loci followed Björnerfeldt et al. ( 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "PCR products were pooled in seven different batches for genotyping."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Allelic dropout, where one allele at a heterozygous locus fails to amplify, is the most common error associated with amplifications from low concentration DNA, such as historic DNA, resulting in a potential misinterpretation of a heter- ozygous individual as being homozygous at that particular locus (Taberlet et al. 1996)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, we only scored historic genotypes as homozygous when the same single allele was amplified in at least four replicate PCRs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When only one allele was amplified from a sample fewer than four replicates - due to PCR failure and depletion of DNA extract - we scored the genotype as consisting of the observed allele and one missing allele."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Allele frequencies for differentiation an- alysis (θ ST ; see below) were then calculated relative to the total number of scored alleles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is justified by observations that, despite higher rates of allele dropout in loci with large fragments, dropout was random with respect to allele sizes within a locus (Sefc et al. 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of six Y-chromosomal microsatellites were typed for all males and samples of unknown sex (final sample size: 30 gray wolves, 111 GL wolves, 25 eastern coyotes, 41 western coyotes, 4 historic GL wolves): 650-79.3, 990-35 (Bannasch et al. 2005), MS41A, MS41B, MS34A, MS34B (Sundqvist et al. 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All amplifications were carried out in 10-μL reactions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The PCR mix for 650-79.3 and 990-35 included 1× Smart Taq buffer (QIAGEN), 2.5 mm MgCl 2, 0.25 μm of each dNTP, 0.4 μm of each primer, 0.25 U Smart Taq (QIAGEN) and 1 μL of DNA template (~10 ng)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The PCR profile for 650-79.3 included an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 15 min followed by 38 cycles (30 s annealing temperature at 65 °C, extension at 72 °C for 1 min, followed by denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s) and a final annealing step at 65 °C for 1 min and an extension step at 72 °C for 10 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For 990-35 the annealing temperature was 57 °C."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ampli- fication of MS41A, MS41B, MS34A and MS34B followed Hailer & Leonard (2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For genotyping, the PCR products 650-79.3 and 990-35 were pooled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Genotyping was carried out on a MegaBACE 1000 instrument (Amersham Bio- sciences)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Genotypes were identified using the software Genetic Profiler version 2.2 (Amersham Biosciences)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Genetic diversity indices for mtDNA sequences and Y- chromosomal data [number of haplotypes (H), haplotype diversity (H D ), and, for mtDNA sequences, nucleotide diversity (π)] were calculated in Arlequin version 3.0 (Excoffier et al. 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Microsatellite variability in modern samples was estimated as the number of alleles (N A ), allelic richness (A R ), observed (H O ) and expected (H E ) heterozygosity, using Arlequin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used Micro-Checker 2.2 (van Oosterhout et al. 2004) to test for errors due to stuttering, large allelic dropout and the presence of null alleles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for each microsatellite locus were calculated in Arlequin with Markov chains of 100 000 steps following 1000 dememorization steps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We also estimated the probability of linkage disequilibrium between loci in Arlequin based on 10 000 permutations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "P values were corrected for multiple testing following the method of Benjamini & Hochberg (1995)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mitochondrial sequences were checked and aligned manually to minimize the number of indels using the program Sequencher version 4.6 (Gene Codes)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The best-fit model of nucleotide substitution suggested by Model- Generator version 0.85 (Keane et al. 2006) was HKY + I + G (Hasegawa et al. 1985) with base frequencies A = 0.27609, C = 0.29369, G = 0.15267 and T = 0.27755, proportion of invariable sites I = 0.50, and a gamma shape parameter α = 0.43."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Pairwise HKY + I + G distances between individual sequences computed in paup (Swofford 2002) were imported into mega 4 (Tamura et al. 2007) to visualize phylogenetic relationships by means of a neighbour-joining (NJ) tree."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Due to complete linkage of all loci on the Y-chromosome, composite Y-chromosome genotypes represent haplotypes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Phylogenetic relationships among the Y-chromosomal haplotypes were visualized by a full median-joining network (Bandelt et al. 1995, Bandelt et al. 1999) with max- imum parsimony post-processing (Polzin & Daneschmand 2003) as implemented in Network (version 4.5; available at www.fluxus-engineering.com/sharenet.htm), putting equal weight on each locus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We analysed the genetic structure based on autosomal microsatellites (excluding the historic samples) with the Bayesian model-based clustering method implemented in Structure 2.2 (Falush et al. 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The log likelihood of our data [ln Pr(X|K)] was estimated, given different numbers of genetic clusters K, using an admixture model with inde- pendent allele frequencies and ignoring prior population information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To assess the possible range of K, short [20 000 burn-in cycles, 100 000 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations] runs for K = 1-17 were repeated five times."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on the results of these initial runs, 10 long runs (20 000 burn-in cycles, 1 000 000 MCMC iterations) were run for K = 1-7."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Following Evanno et al. ( 2005) we calculated ΔK, which corresponds to the rate of change of the likelihood between successive K values."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The modal value of this dis- tribution was considered as the uppermost level of genetic structuring (Evanno et al. 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To visualize the distribution of genetic variation in the autosomal microsatellites across individuals, we performed a factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) in Genetix 4.05 (Belkhir et al. 1996-2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Population bottlenecks are expected to cause hetorozygosity excess compared to expectations based on the observed number of alleles at microsatellite loci (Cornuet & Luikart 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used Wilcoxon tests to evaluate whether the number of loci with excess heterozygosity was significantly larger than expected assuming a two-phase mutation model with 90% single-step mutation (SSM) and 10% infinite allele model (IAM, Luikart et al. 1998) implemented in the program Bottleneck (Piry et al. 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess whether the genetic composition of the historic GL wolves differed significantly from that of the modern samples, we calculated locus-by-locus θ ST (Weir & Cockerham 1984) from allele frequencies at 20 microsatellite loci (the loci with the largest fragment sizes did not amplify in any of the historic samples) and evaluated the significance with 10 000 permutations as implemented in Arlequin 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Global θ ST was calculated as the ratio of the average locus specific V a (variances among groups) and the averages of total variances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Locus-by-locus probabilities were combined to a global P value by means of Stouffer 's Z-transform test (Stouffer et al. 1949; also see Whitlock 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We used this approach because the standard amova in Arlequin is very sensitive to missing data, which is the case in our historic sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For comparative purpose, we also estimated microsatellite θ ST between the historic GL samples and the modern gray wolves, eastern and western coyotes, respectively using the locus-by-locus approach as described above and between modern GL samples and modern gray wolves, eastern and western coyotes using standard amova in Arlequin 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, we estimated θ ST between historic and modern GL wolves from mtDNA haplotypes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The NJ tree (Fig. 2a) shows two clades with bootstrap support of 100%, of which one contains all western gray wolf haplotypes (the 'wolf clade') and the other all coyote haplotypes (the 'coyote clade')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, GL wolves from all locations around the Great Lakes were found in both clades, with 75 and 142 individuals possessing haplotype in American gray wolves (Leonard et al. 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Haplotype diversity in GL wolves was much higher than that in western gray wolves, and was highest in eastern and western coyotes (Table 2)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The occurrence of both wolf- and coyote-clade haplotypes in GL wolves resulted in extraordinarily high nucleotide diversity compared to the other taxa (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Differentiation between historic and modern GL wolf haplotypes was significant with θ ST = 0.2404 and P < 0.0001."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As in the mitochondrial data, no clear geographical substructuring was evident within GL wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each of the four historic GL wolves which were successfully genotyped at all six Y-chromosome loci had a unique haplotype in the wolf-clade."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Within the coyote clade, two major GL wolf clusters were evident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The first cluster, which includes the most frequent as well as eight additional GL-specific haplotypes, is closely related to four divergent western coyotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the second cluster, the most frequent haplotype is shared between GL-wolves and eastern coyotes and is closely related to, but not nested within, the majority of the western coyotes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Microsatellite diversity was similar in the western gray wolves, GL wolves, eastern and western coyotes (Table 3), with slightly less diversity in wolves than in coyotes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Slight, but significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations at, and linkage disequilibrium between, several loci indicate some degree of population substructure within and introgression into GL wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Extreme hetero- zygote deficiency at loci Ren239K24 and u225 in the eastern coyotes and Ren239K24 in the western coyotes might indicate the presence of null alleles; however, this should not have a large effect on the assignment tests performed (Carlsson 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Structure analyses showed a peak in ΔK (Evanno et al. 2005) for K = 2, corresponding to two clusters, which sepa- rated wolves (western gray wolf plus GL wolf) and coyotes (Fig. 3a-c)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the log-likelihood values [ln Pr(X|K)] consistently increased up to K = 4, where the curve reached a plateau such that ln Pr(X|K) for values of K > 4 were almost identical (Fig. 3a)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For K = 3, the three clusters separated gray wolf, GL wolf and coyote, and for K = 4, clusters corresponded to gray wolf, GL wolf, eastern and western coyotes (Fig 3c)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although ΔK for K of 3 and 4 were lower than for K = 2 (Fig. 3b), the distribution of samples into three and four clusters corresponded well to geographical groupings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We assume that the drop in ΔK reflects less sub- structure within wolves and within coyotes than between the two species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This conclusion is also suggested by the FCA analysis where axis 1 explained most of the variance and clearly differentiated wolves from coyotes (Fig. 3d)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Axis 2 separated GL wolves from western gray wolves and eastern from western coyotes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both Structure and FCA analyses showed that GL wolves were distinct from western Canadian wolves, but the clear separation may in part be due to the lack of wolf samples from intervening areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Supporting this conclusion is the presence of admixed genotypes in Alberta and further east in Ontario that show western wolf and GL wolf influences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, the most geographically disparate wolf populations in Northwest Territories and southeast in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan showed little evidence of admixture (Fig. 3c)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the overall distinction between western gray wolves, GL wolves and coyotes, GL individuals with mixed ancestry were identified in Structure based on the autosomal microsatellite data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These individuals, that are likely F 1 - hybrids, have varied combinations of Y-chromosomal and mtDNA haplotypes, which indicates a prior history of hybridization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surprisingly, some GL wolf individuals with high proportions of eastern coyote autosomal DNA had wolf-like Y-chromosomal and mtDNA haplotypes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, some GL wolf individuals with high proportions of western gray wolf autosomal DNA had coyote-clade Y- chromosomal and mtDNA haplotypes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All these data point to recurrent incidents of hybridization in the ancestry of these individuals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although we detect evidence for past episodic and ongoing hybridization between GL wolves, coyotes and western wolves, there is no indication of a unique hybrid origin of the GL wolf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the GL wolves owed their origin to a discrete episode of past hybridization, we would expect them to have consistently mosaic genotypes in the structure analysis and an intermediate position between western wolves and coyotes in the FCA plot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Rather, our results are consistent with previous studies that showed varying degrees of ongoing and historic introgression across the Great Lakes area."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, as in Lehman et al. ( 1991), our microsat- ellite results suggest introgression of coyote genetic material into GL wolves is much more prominent north of the Great Lakes (Ontario, Quebec) than in the south (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, the Great Lakes area appears to be a zone of limited hybridization between gray wolves, GL wolves and coyotes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The test for heterozygosity excess revealed no evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck in the GL wolves (P = 0.945)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although it is known that GL wolves experienced a severe bottleneck in the last century, the allelic signal has apparently been eroded due to high levels of introgression from both coyotes and other wolf populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Alternatively, the bottleneck may have been limited in geographical scope to the US Great Lakes states which were rapidly repopulated by wolves from Canada that have suffered less of a popu- lation decline."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Modern GL wolves differed significantly from the modern western gray wolves (θ ST = 0.0775, P < 0.0001), eastern (θ ST = 0.1419, P < 0.0001) and western coyotes (θ ST = 0.1329, P < 0.0001), indicating genetic isolation between GL wolves and both coyotes and western gray wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The average number of alleles scored per historic sample (at 20 loci) was 33 (SD 6.7, range 17-40)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The average number of alleles used to calculate θ ST per microsatellite locus was 20.5 (SD 2.6, range 16-26)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Using the subset of 20 microsatellite loci which amplified most successfully from the historic material, the genetic composition of the historic GL wolves differed significantly from that of western gray wolves (θ ST = 0.0572, P < 0.0001), eastern (θ ST = 0.1225, P < 0.0001) and western coyotes (θ ST = 0.0898, P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The majority of the 20 analysed loci were significantly differentiated between the historic GL wolves and the western gray wolves (13 loci), eastern (19 loci) and western coyotes (17 loci) (Appendix)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In contrast, only five loci showed significant differentiation between the historic and modern GL wolves (Appendix), whereas the remaining 15 loci were not differentiated between the historic and modern samples, despite the observed highly significant mitochondrial differentiation (see above and Leonard & Wayne 2008)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Apparently, some degree of genetic continuity has been retained over the last century despite population bottlenecks and current hybridization with coyotes and other wolf populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Nonetheless, despite the low number of significantly differentiated loci and the low global θ ST value of 0.0355, differentiation between the historic and the recent GL sample was significant with a global P < 0.0001."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The autosomal microsatellite data clearly indicate that the GL wolves should be considered gray wolves, despite the high proportion of coyote-like mitochondrial and Y- chromosomal haplotypes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The numerous GL wolf haplotypes (or haplotype groups) in the coyote clade in the mtDNA and Y-chromosomal data, in particular the ones present in the historic samples and not shared with western coyotes, point to recurrent incidents of ancient introgression from coyotes into the GL wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since western coyotes apparently show no distinct phylogeographical substructuring (Lehman & Wayne 1991), this lack of haplotype sharing between historic GL wolves and western coyotes indicates that sufficient time has passed since introgression for new haplotypes to evolve, rather than being an artefact due to insufficient geographical sampling of coyotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We do not find evidence for a unique grouping of GL wolves in microsatellite, mtDNA or Y-chromosome analyses that would support the past presence of a unique species of wolf in the Great Lakes area (Wilson et al. 2000; Kyle et al. 2006), nor do we find evidence for a unique episode of hybridization that might have led to the intermediate phenotype of wolves throughout the region (Nowak 2002)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Great Lakes wolves constitute a small-sized wolf ecotype that is adapted to the intermediate prey base of the region (Schmitz & Lavigne 1987)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Abundant evidence for ecological based factors explaining phenotypic and genetic diversity of gray wolves in the New and Old World is accumulating (Carmichael et al. 2001, Geffen et al. 2004; Pilot et al. 2006; Musiani et al. 2007; Carmichael et al. 2007; Muñoz-Fuentes et al. 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, ecotypes asso- ciated with coastal habitats, Arctic islands, tundra, boreal forest and the Pleistocene megafauna have been identified (Musiani et al. 2007; Carmichael et al. 2007; Leonard et al. 2007; Muñoz-Fuentes et al. 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many of these ecotypes have evolved recently, in the past 10 000 years with the retreat of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The GL wolves, however, have likely had a long history, perhaps 300 000 years, based on mtDNA sequence divergence (Leonard & Wayne 2008)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, the Great Lakes ecotype may have persisted for a long time period despite genetic exchange with coyotes and other gray wolves."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The presence of coyote clade haplotypes in historic GL wolves suggests an ancient history of interbreeding between coyotes and GL wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hybridization between GL wolves and coyotes may be more likely when the former is relatively rare (Lehman et al. 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This condition may have occurred repeatedly with the recurrent cycles of glaciation and deglaciation in the Pleistocene and the associated change in range and the relative abundance of the two species in eastern North America."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our results are consistent with the idea that glacial cycles repeatedly pushed the GL wolves southward into the original range of coyotes where they experienced introgression from the resident species."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the reason why hybridization between coyotes and wolves is so extensive in the Great Lakes area and not elsewhere in Canada or the USA where the species now co-exist is uncertain, but it may have to do with the smaller disparity in size between GL wolves and coyotes (e.g. Lehman et al. 1991; Roy et al. 1994; Pilgrim et al. 1998; Hailer & Leonard 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to evidence for ancient introgression of coyote mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA into GL wolves, our results suggest extensive recent and ongoing hybridization between GL wolves and both coyotes and other populations of gray wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Microsatellite genotypes and mtDNA haplotypes suggested the presence of recently admixed wolves in the Great Lakes region (Fig. 3c, d)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, significant mitochondrial differentiation between historic and modern GL wolves is consistent with extensive recent gene flow between GL wolves and eastern coyotes and other wolf populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, little recent gene flow between GL wolves and eastern coyotes is indicated by Y- chromosomal data, suggestive of sex-biased introgression (see Lehman et al. 1991)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The recent gene flow between GL wolves and eastern coyotes is surprising given that coyote abundance is usually limited by wolves in areas where they coexist by direct killing (e.g. Paquet 1992) and interference competition (Murray Berger & Gese 2007)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, once coyotes are established in an area, their extirpation is unlikely as spatial heterogeneity in habitat and in wolf distribution facilitate the persistence of coyotes in wolf-abundant areas (Murray Berger & Gese 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Coyotes are usually found in more urban and agricultural regions, whereas wolves occur in more remote pristine areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These habitats are closely juxtaposed in the Great Lakes region and consequently, coyotes and GL wolves often live in close proximity, increasing the opportunity for interspecific interactions and matings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The extent of hybridization varies throughout the Great Lakes area."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Microsatellite data indicate that the wolves north of the Great Lakes are much more impacted by hybridization with coyotes and other gray wolf popula- tions than areas to the south, a result supported by previous mtDNA analyses (Lehman et al. 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A clear cline in body size from large individuals in the northwest to small individuals in the southeast has been observed and hypothesized to result from varying degrees of hybridiza- tion between North American wolf-like canids (Kyle et al. 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the extent to which this morphological cline is due to differential hybridization or adaptation and environmental constraints (Schmitz & Lavigne 1987) remains to be determined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A similar cline in body size has been observed in wolves from Minnesota, again interpreted as corresponding to different degrees of hybridization between GL wolves and western gray wolves (Mech & Paul 2008), although contrary to the situation in Ontario, the Minnesota wolves appear less impacted by hybridization in our analysis (Fig. 2c)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A substantial change in the frequency of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between historic and recent GL wolves was previously described (Leonard & Wayne 2008), and was further supported by the haplotype distributions and levels of mtDNA differentiation found in the present study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The dramatic change in haplotype composition reflects recent hybridization and introgression of both coyote and western gray wolf mtDNA into the GL wolf population (Leonard & Wayne 2008) and hence a change in the genetic composition of that population (Leonard & Wayne 2008, 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Autosomal microsatellite data detected comparatively slight - but significant - genetic differentiation between historic and modern GL wolves, but high levels of differentiation between GL wolves and western gray wolves, eastern and western coyotes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This suggests that, despite population bottlenecks in the early 1900s and gene flow from coyotes and western gray wolves, the GL population has retained genetic distinction from coyotes and wolves elsewhere."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Gene flow that occurred after the bottleneck could have in part restored previous genotypic diversity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is also possible that the demographic bottleneck in US GL wolves was not sufficient to create a signal of a bottleneck over the entire Great Lakes population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These two factors are not mutually exclusive and both may have contributed to the lack of signal for demographic change."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The exact level of introgression of coyote and/or western gray wolf nuclear genetic material is unknown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the discovery of admixed individuals in the microsatellite analysis, and the mixed profile of Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplotypes in GL wolves shows that recent introgression must have occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition to the data presented here, the results of Roy et al. ( 1994) which found lower microsatellite differentiation between wolves and coyotes in the Great Lakes area than elsewhere, also support recent hybridization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With evidence for ancient hybridization, introgression into GL wolves was apparently not only a human-mediated phenomenon."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, despite high levels of introgression from coyotes, autosomal markers support GL wolves as a discrete wolf taxon."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3232__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) analysed molecular genetic data of the wolf in the Great Lakes (GL) region of the USA and concluded that the animal was a unique ecotype of grey wolf and that genetic data supported the population as a discrete wolf taxon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, some of the literature that the researchers used to support their position actually did not, and additional confusion arises from indefinite use of terminology."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Herein, we discuss the problems with designation of a wolf population as a taxon or ecotype without proper definition and assessment of criteria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) wrote ‘The GL wolf is morphologically distinct from both western grey wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) (Nowak 2002)’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, Nowak (2002) did not draw this conclusion nor did his plots of the first and second canonical variables show this (Nowak 2002: Figures 6 and 8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nowak’s (2002: Figure 8) could be interpreted as indicating either overlap between western C. lupus and wolves from Michigan or a continuum between the two types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, similar analyses by Nowak (2009: Figures 15.1 and 15.2) show complete overlap between Minnesota wolves and western wolves and partial overlap between Michigan wolves and Minnesota and western wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Regardless, skull morphology (size and dimensions) is influenced by genetics and environment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Morphological variation is not a definitive indicator of phylogenetic ancestry (and hence taxonomy) or local adaptation (and hence ecotype status) without controlled experimentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Morphology may indicate ancestry (and be useful in taxonomy—e.g. domestic animal breeds differ in morphology because of ancestry) or environment (and reflect ecology—e.g. nutrition will influence body size), but these factors must be empirically assessed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A second discrepancy is found in the Note at the end of Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) stating ‘Additional genetic analyses of the GL wolf was recently published by Wheeldon & White (2009) which further supports the conclusions presented here’."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the contrary, Wheeldon & White (2009) concluded that the genetic makeup of historic (c. 100 years ago) and extant wolves of the GL region resulted from hybridization between grey wolves (C. lupus) and eastern wolves (Canis lycaon), whereas Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) reported that the wolf of the GL region has experienced a high degree of ancient and recent hybridization with western grey wolves and coyotes (Canis latrans, see also Leonard & Wayne 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The genetic data (and mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, data in particular,) used in these analyses are complicated, and the discrepancy of interpretations arises to some extent from assignment of mtDNA haplotypes to named taxa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) found some recent wolves of the GL region had mtDNA haplotypes that occurred in a mtDNA clade with mtDNA haplotypes of western grey wolves, and others had mtDNA haplotypes that occurred in a mtDNA clade with mtDNA haplotypes of coyotes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Historic wolves of the GL region had only mtDNA haplotypes that occurred in an mtDNA clade with mtDNA haplotypes of coyotes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, Wheeldon & White (2009) reported some of the same coyote clade mtDNA haplotypes (i.e. C1 and C13) in historic wolves of the GL region that they interpreted as C. lycaon haplotypes of New World origin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These haplotypes and others were identified by Leonard & Wayne (2008) in wolves of the GL region."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Leonard & Wayne (2008) recognized mtDNA haplotypes of historic wolves in the GL region as ‘genetically distinct’, with an average mtDNA control-region sequence divergence about 6% different from coyotes and 19% different from grey wolves, and they referred to them as the ‘GL wolf’."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, Koblmuller et al. ( 2009: Fig. 2) found that historic GL-wolf mtDNA haplotypes cluster in phylogenetic analysis with coyote mtDNA haplotypes, not as a distinct monophyletic group."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wheeldon & White (2009) considered historic mtDNA haplotypes in wolves of the GL region as C. lycaon."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These mtDNA analyses were appropriate and the authors (Leonard & Wayne 2008; Koblmuller et al. 2009; Wheeldon & White 2009) considered legitimate hypotheses to explain the patterns observed."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the relationships are not definitive, as evidenced by the different interpretations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is very important to note that it is not uncommon for mtDNA phylogenetic relationships to be different from the overall relationships of species or populations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, there are paraphyletic mtDNA phylogenies between distinct species: mule deer ⁄ blacktailed deer Odocoileus hemionus and white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Cronin et al. 1988) and grizzly ⁄ brown bears Ursus arctos, and polar bears Ursus maritimus (Cronin et al. 1991)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The point is that mtDNA and other molecular patterns can help understand current and historic processes, but do not necessarily reflect species and population status."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The use of molecular markers other than mtDNA (as Koblmuller et al. 2009 and Wheeldon & White 2009 did) helps to overcome this limitation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We note that the mtDNA and Y-chromosome DNA sequence data and microsatellite DNA allele frequencies analysed by Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) were not accessible in these studies, and should be made available for other workers to assess the results and replicate analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A third problem with the Koblmuller’s et al. ( 2009) study is undefined terminology and unclear application of taxonomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) used the terms ‘ecotype’, ‘species and subspecies’, ‘unique population’, ‘wolf-like canid’, ‘discrete wolf taxon’, ‘population integrity’, ‘morphologically distinct’ and ‘hybridization and introgression’ without clear definitions or criteria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We recognize that authors must use terms to communicate effectively, and some terms’ meanings are assumed to be self evident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also recognize that Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) and other authors on wolf taxonomy acknowledged the potential problems of interpreting historical and extant patterns of molecular variation (limited samples, lineage sorting, ancient and current hybridization, uncertain use of species and subspecies designations)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, clear and consistent definition of terminology is necessary for formal taxonomic designation or quantification of population status for legal and regulatory implications (e.g. endangered species status of wolves of the GL region)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Full discussion and definition of these terms is beyond the scope of this article (see Cronin 2006, 2007), but a few comments are warranted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With regard to the taxonomic names and origins of the wolf of the GL region, Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) discussed alternative origins (Kyle et al. 2006) considering their molecular data:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is a small subspecies (C. l. lycaon) of C. lupus (perhaps from C. lupus · Canis rufus hybridization)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is a distinct species (C. lycaon)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is a hybrid between C. lupus and C. latrans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding subspecies status, it is widely acknowledged that designation of subspecies is quite subjective and many currently named subspecies have not been rigorously assessed (e.g. Wilson & Brown 1953; Mayr 1970; Cronin 1993, 2006, 2007; Zink 2004 and references therein)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Also, because there is not a consensus on the species status of C. lycaon and C. rufus (e.g. Schwartz & Vucetich 2009) interbreeding between the various C. lupus, C. rufus and C. lycaon populations could be considered as either mixing of differentiated groups or simply gene flow among C. lupus populations, albeit complicated by potential gene flow with C. latrans."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We suggest that for North American Canis it is wise to avoid typological thinking and designation of formal taxonomic names to what are essentially geographic populations with varying levels of past and present gene flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this context, it is important to use the terms ‘hybridization and introgression’ carefully to differentiate interbreeding between groups differentiated with definitive criteria from simple gene flow over geography."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Koblmuller et al. ’s (2009) consideration of the wolf of the GL region as both a ‘unique population or ecotype’ and a ‘taxon’ is also problematic because of the lack of definition and criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One definition of ecotypes is populations with convergent morphological, demographic and behavioural adaptations to similar ecological conditions (Cronin et al. 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is a reasonable ecological designation, although adaptation has not actually been demonstrated in the case of the wolf of the GL region."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The morphological differences between the GL wolves and other wolves could be due to either local adaptation (supporting an ecotype designation) or hybridization with coyotes (not supporting an ecotype designation unless the hybrids subsequently adapt to local conditions)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The important point is that ecotypes are designated based on ecological criteria, not phylogenetic criteria, and therefore are not taxonomic units."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) also describe molecular data that support recognition of the wolves of the GL region as a ‘discrete wolf taxon’ (without naming the taxonomic level or name)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Taxonomy is based on phylogenetic relationships, so members of a taxon share more recent common ancestry with each other than with other taxa."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because of gene flow and recent common ancestral populations, phylogenetic relationships at, and below, the species level are seldom definitive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Considering the mixed ancestry of the extant wolves of the GL region including historic GL wolves, other wolves, and coyotes, it is not surprising these wolves have a gene pool different from other wild canids."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, there is apparent contradiction by Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) in that they call the wolves of the GL region a discrete taxon but note there is likely recent and ongoing interbreeding with coyotes and other wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If they are discrete, there would not be continued gene flow with other groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regardless, one could call the wolves of the GL region a taxon (based on ancestry and phylogeny) or an ecotype (based on local adaptation) but the term applied needs definition and assessment of clear criteria."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We suggest that the wolves in the GL region can simply be called a wolf population with mixed ancestry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Continuing research on the patterns and processes occurring in the complex mix of canids in the GL region may allow more definitive identification of taxon or ecotype status."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 6, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This view allows more focus on the population’s ecological and demographic status and does not prevent management and conservation (e.g. the Endangered Species Act can consider distinct population segments in addition to species and subspecies)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As discussed by Schwartz & Vucetich (2009), Koblmuller et al. ( 2009) used the term population integrity without clear definition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Integrity could refer to taxonomic ‘purity’ or individual and population fitness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is generally acknowledged that the GL wolf population is fit, with abundant genetic variation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, molecular genetic data indicate the wolf of the GL region is not taxonomically ‘pure’ as there is evidence of past and ongoing gene flow among various proposed species and subspecies (Leonard & Wayne 2008; Wheeldon & White 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We suggest maintaining a fit wolf population is an important management consideration, regardless of ancestry and molecular genetic patterns (see Schwartz & Vucetich 2009; Wheeldon & White 2009)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__critique__p0076__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Designation of the population as a species, subspecies, taxon, or ecotype will remain largely subjective without rigorous use of definitions and assessment of measurable criteria for each term."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3232__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cronin & Mech (2009) suggested that in our recent study on the genetics of the Great Lakes wolves (Koblmueller et al. 2009) we misrepresented the literature in two cases and engaged in ‘indefinite use of terminology’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nowak (2002) used morphological data to assess the status of wolves from Eastern North America."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the basis of this analysis and historical data, he clearly advocates recognizing the Great Lakes wolf as subspecies Canis lupus lycaon."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For this reason, we find it appropriate to use this citation in support of morphological differentiation between C. l. lycaon and other subspecies of gray wolves in North America."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For a discussion of morphological and ecological differences in Great Lakes wolves, see Kolenosky & Standfield (1975)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second ‘discrepancy’ Cronin & Mech raised concerns the sentence ‘Note added in proof’ in which we state the genetic data of Wheeldon & White (2009) support our conclusions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Wheeldon & White (2009) sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial control region from three historic Great Lakes area wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They identified two haplotypes, both of which were identical to sequences found in our much larger sample of historic Great Lakes area wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For this reason and considering the importance of authenticity in ancient DNA studies, we find our statement appropriate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As this statement was a note in proof, we wanted to limit our comment to a sentence, but thought it was necessary to direct the reader to another relevant, recently published article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As discussed by Cronin & Mech, Wheeldon & White’s (2009) conclusions differ from our own with regard to the history and origin of the Great Lakes wolves."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0078__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We maintain that the discrepancy in interpretation reflects different a priori assumptions about the phylogenetic relationships among North American canids."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA control region sequences, previous and recent studies suggest widespread hybridization between coyotes and current and historic Great Lakes wolves (Lehman et al. 1991; Wilson et al. 2000, 2003; Leonard & Wayne 2008; Kays et al. 2009; Rutledge et al. 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such hybridization causes reticulations in mtDNA phylogenetic trees and confounds evolutionary inference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonetheless, primarily on the basis of a clustering of mtDNA sequences of wolves from the Algonquin Provincial Park and surrounding areas (plus red wolves) with coyotes and a weakly supported genetic similarity based on microsatellites loci, Wilson et al. ( 2000) hypothesized that the Great Lakes wolf (including the red wolf C. rufus) is a distinct species that has evolved in North America and is closely related to the coyote."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This underlying assumption is maintained in subsequent publications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We (Koblmueller et al. 2009) feel that the separate origin hypothesis is controversial and the data are not sufficient to support Wheeldon & White’s (2009) a priori assumptions about the phylogenetic position of Great Lakes wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The intent of our study was to use more genetic markers (in our case additional autosomal and Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci) to clarify the evolutionary history of these ‘problematic’ taxa in an objective fashion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0079__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As argued in our study, we suggest that these new data support the Great Lakes wolf as a distinct ecotype of the gray wolf."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The strongest argument for a sister group relationship of Great Lakes wolves (plus red wolves) and coyotes has been the finding that historic Great Lakes wolves were dominated by mitochondrial haplotypes closely related to western coyotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as explained by Cronin & Mech in the fourth paragraph of their comment, analyses of a single genetic marker ‘do not necessarily reflect species and population status’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Introgressive hybridization leading to complete replacement of mtDNA (through drift or selection) on a regional scale (e.g. Melo-Ferreira et al. 2005; Nyingi & Agnese 2007; Good et al. 2008) or even throughout a species’ distribution range (e.g. Nevado et al. 2009) seems to be more common than previously thought."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To obtain a more complete picture of the history of these wolves and their relationships with other wolves and coyotes, more data, in addition to mtDNA, are required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Wheeldon & White (2009) attempted to satisfy this requirement by typing eight nuclear microsatellites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Unfortunately, those loci were not sufficiently informative (see their PCA scatterplot, figure 1 in Wheeldon & White 2009)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Our study included the analysis of 26 independent autosomal microsatellite markers, which allowed us to draw much stronger conclusions, clearly demonstrating that Great Lakes wolves are related more closely to western gray wolves than to coyotes, despite ongoing gene flow in the Great Lakes region."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0080__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This scenario also is supported by our Y-chromosomal data (although we regret that only four historic Great Lakes wolf samples could be successfully genotyped at all six Y-chromosomal loci)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We strongly believe that all published data should be made available to any interested party."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many of the mitochondrial DNA sequences included in Koblmueller et al. ( 2009) were taken from the literature (for details see Material and Methods section)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mtDNA haplotypes novel to our study have been submitted to GenBank (GQ849369-GQ849391)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No Y-chromosome DNA sequences are available because none was generated in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our Y-chromosome haplotypes are based on length polymorphisms at six microsatellite loci (again, we refer interested parties to the Materials and Methods section of Koblmueller et al. 2009 for more details)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0081__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Requests for data not in public repositories (e.g. there is no generally recognized public repository for length polymorphism data) should be made directly to the authors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cronin and Mech suggest that instead of clarifying the taxonomy of the wolves from around the Great Lakes, which was one of our goals, we create confusion through ‘undefined terminology and unclear application of taxonomy’ and then suggest that ‘for North American Canis, it is wise to avoid typological thinking and designation of formal taxonomic names’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The species level status of gray wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) have been consistently supported in the literature and genetic studies have found little evidence of hybridization between them outside the Great Lakes area (Pilgrim et al. 1998; Hailer & Leonard 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Discarding this large body of work and calling them all Canis sp. does not clarify the situation, but obscure it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For this reason, we use the well defined species designations of gray wolves and coyotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The taxonomy of the Great Lakes wolves is less clear and a number of different evolutionary scenarios have been proposed (see above)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Testing among these different hypotheses was the subject of our study, and for that reason, we did not initially advocate a specific taxonomy of Great Lakes wolves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We found that the genetic data were not compatible with the hypothesis that the Great Lakes area wolves are a recently evolved species related more closely to coyotes than to wolves."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Rather, our data show Great Lakes area wolves are gray wolves (Canis lupus)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Within gray wolves, genetic partitions have been identified that are associated with habitat (i.e. Carmichael et al. 2001, 2007; Pilot et al. 2006; Leonard et al. 2007; Musiani et al. 2007; Munoz-Fuentes et al. 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0082__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "These habitat-associated genetic units have not currently been given subspecific status; they have just been referred to as ‘ecotypes’ in previous studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In gray wolves, the criteria for designating subspecies are not clearly defined, but historically have been based on phenotypic rather than genetic data."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For this reason, we refer to the Great Lakes wolf as an ‘ecotype’ to emphasize the association between genetics and ecological factors and do not attempt to define subspecies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3232", "paragraph_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cronin & Mech say ‘phylogenetic relationships at the species level are seldom definitive’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We operate on the working hypothesis that ‘species’ exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A philosophical discussion on the existence of species is beyond the scope of this response (see Hey 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We agree with Cronin & Mech that ‘maintaining a fit wolf population is an important management consideration’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The data we present in Koblmueller et al. ( 2009) are all neutral genetic markers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They show that Great Lakes wolf-like canids are closely related to gray wolves that have in the past, and are today, hybridizing with coyotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These data do not directly allow an assessment of fitness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The observation that the wolves around the Great Lakes began hybridizing with coyotes after a period of persecution and habitat modification by humans may suggest causality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Furthermore, the level of hybridization and introgression was not uniform across the region."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3232__response__p0084__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "For these reasons, we suggested in Koblmueller et al. ( 2009) and maintain here that ‘more information on the variation in ecological factors and the extent of hybridization in the different regions could help determine, which circumstances favour hybridization, and provide guidelines for management to maintain Great Lakes wolf integrity in the future’."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3232/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2035256754_W2115465522_W1807210279", "triad_name": "triad_3232", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3232__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 18, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [18, 18, 18], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Low back pain (LBP) is a common, challenging medical and socioeconomic problem in working-age adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1,2 LBP is the significant cause of years lived with disability, work absenteeism and high compensation in modern societies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "2,3 Although the majority of LBP patients recover within six weeks without medical treatment, almost 20% of these cases become chronic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "4 More than 90% of chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients presenting to the primary care have non- specific LBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "4 Physical and psychosocial factors are commonly associ- ated with CLBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "2 However, trunk muscle weakness or delayed activation, an important deficit of the neural control unit of the spinal stabilizing system, and impairment in lumbar pro- prioception have been frequently reported as a contributing factor of persistent LBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "5---12 The consequences of altered trunk muscle activation, and impaired hip strategy and lum- bar proprioception may be the determining factors in the alterations in static balance ability in CLBP patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "5---9,11---13 Balance ability is the performance of maintaining the cen- tre of gravity of the body within the base of support."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "11 Compared with the asymptomatic controls, CLBP patients presented a higher velocity of centre of pressure (CoP) and a larger CoP area, which is thought to represent a decreased ability to control postural balance, during one- legged stand condition 6 and greater difficulty adapting to changing conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "14 Therefore, treatment interventions improving trunk muscle strength and proprioception may improve the pain-related and balance outcomes of CLBP individuals who do not have problems in visual and vestibular systems which play important roles for controlling postural balance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "15 Although there is no a clear conclusion on which type of non-pharmacologic therapy is the most effective for treat- ing CLBP, exercise therapy is recommended as a first-line intervention for CLBP patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "2,16 Proprioceptive neuromus- cular facilitation (PNF) training has been used for treating CLBP cases by physical therapists to gain neuromuscular responses by facilitating proprioceptors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "17---22 The patterns of PNF training have diagonal and spiral directions that has been proposed to hasten the performance of numer- ous muscles through its patterns and to be more effective than conventional single-direction exercises."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "17 They also are in accordance with the topographic arrangement of the muscles being used in daily activities and sports."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "17,19,23 Moreover, PNF training may stimulate the proprioceptors of the muscles and joints in the lumbar region and may be useful for improving sensorimotor regulation and balance performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "21 Previous studies suggested three commonly applied PNF techniques for CLBP, namely, rhythmic stabiliza- tion (RS), combination of isotonics (COI) and 'chop and lift' (CL) as described previously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "17---24 Many authors have proposed the effectiveness of the PNF training in pain-related outcomes, trunk muscle activity and range of motion to manage CLBP."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0001__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "18---22,25 However, studies supporting the effect of PNF training on the balance ability in CLBP are scarce."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the authors' knowledge, only Young et al. 22 reported that PNF training improved the balance of seniors with CLBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the authors 22 used the CoP measurement device, which is recommended as an optimal outcome for postural balance, 26,27 they did not screen other potential disorders, such as vestibular and visual disorders, or lower extremity strength, which could affect the bal- ance of CLBP patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, the blinding method to eliminate the measurement bias was not stated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Addi- tionally, they investigated the effects of PNF training in seniors with CLBP, but the findings could not be general- ized to other age groups, especially working-age adults."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A robust methodology to evaluate the effects of the PNF train- ing on pain-related and balance parameters in working-age people is still needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a three-week PNF training in pain inten- sity, functional disability and static balance in working-age patients with CLBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It was hypothesized that CLBP partici- pants receiving three-week PNF training may have greater decreased pain intensity, and improving functional ability and static balance than those receiving the general trunk exercises."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conducted at the Physical Therapy Laboratory at Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand, this study was an assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled trial, with two measurement points: baseline assessment and at the end of the three-week intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research at Mae Fah Luang University (REH 59122), Chiang Rai, Thailand, based on the Declaration of Helsinki."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This trial was prospectively registered at the Thai Clinical Trial Registry (TCTR20161219001) in December 2016."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Between February and May 2017, CLBP patients were recruited to the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An advertisement was used in the Physical Therapy Department of Mae Fah Luang University Hospital in Chiang Rai, Thailand, for the purpose of patient recruitment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Male or female non-specific CLBP patients, aged 18---50 years, with pain intensity at least two points of the 0---10 numerical rating scale (NRS) were invited to par- ticipate in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A medical doctor who was unaware of the intervention screened the patients using oral illness his- tory taking and a physical examination for eligibility before participation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The patients were excluded if they presented any of the following criteria: history of lumbopelvic surgery, specific LBP (e.g., disc herniation, spondylolisthesis and sacroiliac joint dysfunction) screened by using an X-ray investigation and clinical tests, cancer, autoimmune dis- eases, neurologic deficits, lower limb arthritis, vestibular and visual disorders, pregnancy, cardiopulmonary disorders or having exercise contraindications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Those who regularly performed PNF or general trunk exercise training were also excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "All eligible participants signed an informed con- sent form before participation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A repeated measures ANOVA formula was used to calculate the sample size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The sample size was estimated with a 90% power of test, an alpha level of 0.05 and standard deviation (SD) of 1.30 and 0.96 for the PNF training and the control groups, respectively to detect a between-group clinically significant change in two scores of the 11-point NRS at three- weeks intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "28 The attrition rate of 10% was added to the estimation to confirm it even with a potential drop-out."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In total, a sample size of 44 was obtained."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Before starting the study, participants were randomly allocated into two groups: three-week PNF training (22 par- ticipants) and control (22 participants) groups, using block randomization with block sizes of two and four."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ran- domization results were concealed in sealed and opaque envelopes with consecutive numbering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Randomization was performed by a researcher assistant who was unaware of the intervention and evaluation processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All training ses- sions of both groups were conducted at the Physical Therapy Laboratory three times a week over three weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The exer- cise interventions of both groups were implemented by a researcher with over 10-year experience of exercise ther- apy in LBP who was unaware of the outcome measurement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All participants were scheduled and checked for their inter- vention adherence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The three-week PNF training intervention was modified from the study of Areeudomwong et al. 18 This training aimed at improving trunk muscle strength, trunk stabilization and controlled movements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "17,18,23 For three weeks, the partici- pants attended each individual training session lasting for about 30---40 min three times a week."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They received three sets of 15 repetitions for each PNF training, with a 30 s rest between repetitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A 60 s rest after completing the 15 rep- etitions was provided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The training intervention was divided into three phases and progression of training was based on the individual's performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For week 1, the participants were trained in alternate isometric contractions of the trunk flexors and extensors against maximum force."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The training was provided by the physical therapist for 10 s in a sitting position (Fig. 1A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For week 2, the participants concentrated in alternating isometric concentric and eccentric contractions of the trunk agonistic muscles with a 5 s resisted concentric contraction of the trunk flexors in forward bending, followed by a 5 s resisted eccentric contraction of the trunk flexors in the return to trunk neutral position and a 5 s hold resisted iso- metric contraction of the trunk muscles in a neutral position."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The same method was applied in the backward bending of the trunk (Fig. 1B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For week 3, the participants focused on training the upper extremities by alternately performing the chop and lift movement patterns in diagonal and spiral directions for 10 s. The maximum resistance was generated by the physical therapist (Fig. 1C)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The general trunk exercise programme consisted of trunk curl-up (Fig. 2A), diagonal trunk curl (Fig. 2B) and single- legged extension (Fig. 2C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These exercises promote the strengthening of the lumbopelvic muscles, as proposed by Imai et al. 29 and Koumantakis et al. 30 The participants attended three exercises lasting for about 30 min three times a week over three weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All exercises were per- formed in three sets of 10 repetitions, with a 30 s rest between repetitions and a 60 s rest between sets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All the participants were asked for any adverse effects of the intervention upon the completion of intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They were also asked to avoid medications and other treatments throughout the study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A log book was given to each participant for recording other co-interventions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All outcome measures were assessed by an assessor who was blinded to the randomization procedure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The primary out- come measure was pain intensity, which was estimated using the 11-point NRS, with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very severe pain)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "31 It showed high reliability (r = 0.95---0.96) and validity (r = 0.86---0.95)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "32 The participants circled the numerical value on the segmented scale to indicate pain level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A clinically important change for the 11-point NRS is approximately two points for the CLBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "28 The secondary outcomes were composed of disability and static balance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The Thai version of the Roland---Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) was employed to assess disability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "33 The questionnaire consists of 24 items to assess disability specific to LBP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The participants put a tick on the blank in front of each item if they had such disability on the evaluation day."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The total score ranged from 0 (no dis- ability) to 24 (maximum disability)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0014__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The Thai RMDQ showed high reliability (K = 0.71---0.93)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "the CoP over the assessment period in the X- and Y-axes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ellipse sway area and CoP velocity are the recommended outcome measures for postural balance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "26,27,35 The OLST was performed three times for each condition, with a 30 s rest period between trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "26 The average value of the OLST trials in each condition represented the static balance, with a less ellipse sway area and CoP velocity indi- cating better balance performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prior to data collection, the reliability test for the mea- surement of the OLST was determined by the assessor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Intra-rater reliability showed high reliability (ICC = 0.90; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.70---0.97, p < 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The characteristics of the participants were presented using descriptive statistics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data were analyzed using SPSS ver- sion 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and based on the intention-to-treat approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mean, SD and the 95% CI of the values were calculated for each variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Shapiro---Wilk test showed that all data were normally dis- tributed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A 2 × 2 (group × time) repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare between-group differences for each outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If a significant interaction effect was observed, multiple comparisons with Bonferroni adjustment would be applied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The significance level was set to 0.05."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The effect size (ES) was calculated using the difference between two means divided by a pooled SD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The interpretation of the ES was performed on the basis of Cohen's recommendation, where d = 0.20 is the small ES, d = 0.50 is the medium ES and d = 0.80 is the large ES."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0017__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "36"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fifty CLBP patients were initially screened for eligibility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Forty-four eligible participants met the inclusion criteria, willed to participate in this study, and were allocated to either the PNF training or the control group equally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Six patients were excluded from the study because they had disc herniation and sacroiliac joint dysfunction (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All participants attended the three weeks of the study, and none of the participants reported any adverse effects and used other co-interventions during the intervention period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Table 1 showed the baseline characteristics of the partici- pants and they were homogenous between the groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The effect of the significant group × time interaction on pain intensity was observed (p < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The PNF training group showed a statistically significant higher reduction in pain intensity than the control group after the completion of three-week intervention period (between-group differ- ence 1.22 ± 0.32 points, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.88, p < 0.001) (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A moderate effect size was found (d = 0.50)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A sig- nificant interaction effect on functional disability was also found (p < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The PNF training group demonstrated a statistically significant greater reduced functional disability than the controls after the three-week intervention period ceased (between-group difference 2.23 ± 0.50 score, 95% CI: 1.22 to 3.24, p < 0.001) (Table 2) with a moderate effect size (d = 0.56)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In measuring the CoP outcomes while per- forming OLST with the EO condition, significant interaction effects on the ellipse sway area and CoP velocity were detected (p < 0.001)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The PNF training group provided a sta- tistically significant greater reduction in the ellipse sway area and CoP velocity than the controls (between-group difference 129.09 ± 27.33 mm 2 , 95% CI: 64.93 to 175.25, p = 0.003 for ellipse sway area and between-group differ- ence 6.68 ± 1.12 mm/s, 95% CI: 4.41 to 8.95, p = 0.004 for CoP velocity) (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moderate effect sizes (d = 0.56 and d = 0.67 for the ellipse sway area and CoP velocity, respec- tively) were demonstrated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 2 shows the results of the CoP outcomes while per- forming OLST with the EC condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A significant group by time interaction effect of the ellipse sway area (p = 0.02) and CoP velocity (p = 0.007) was found."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The PNF training group provided a statistically significant greater reduction in all CoP outcomes than the control group (between---group difference 336.27 ± 112.28 mm 2 , 95% CI: 109.67 to 562.87, p = 0.005 for the ellipse sway area and between-group dif- ference 6.77 ± 1.37 mm/s, 95% CI: 4.01 to 9.54, p < 0.001 for"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study investigated the effectiveness of a three-week PNF training programme on pain-related and static balance parameters among working-age individuals with CLBP."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The findings of this study supported our hypothesis that the PNF training provided positive, but small, effects not only by decreasing pain intensity and disability but also by improving static balance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The selection of the PNF training aimed at promoting the activation of the trunk muscles through the diagonal and spiral directions, consistent with the topographic arrange- ment of the muscles being used in daily living."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "17 The previous studies found that impaired trunk muscle activation and coordination resulting in excessive movement and instabil- ity of the lumbar spine may be associated with greater pain and functional disability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "37---39 Moreover, altered trunk mus- cle activation was found to be related to a disturbance in mechanoreceptors and possibly to an association with inac- curate information processing from the higher centres of the central nervous system related to motor control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "8,38,39 Three-week PNF training group of the present study had statistically significant more decreased pain and functional disability than the controls."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The ES for the between-group differences was moderate, suggesting a moderate clinical effect of three-week PNF training for treating CLBP patients; however, the between group differences did not surpass the reported of clinically important change of two points of the NRS 28 and 3.5 scores of the RMDQ. 40 This finding is in agreement with those of other studies despite some dif- ferences in the training protocols and outcome measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "George et al. 25 revealed an additional positive effects of a three-week PNF training for trunk muscles plus general trunk exercises on pain intensity measured by a visual ana- logue scale (VAS) and function measured by the Oswestry Disability Index compared with general trunk exercises alone in CLBP patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Young et al. 22 reported that a six-week PNF training improved pain intensity measured by a VAS in seniors with CLBP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The RS, COI and CL techniques were chosen for this study, and they could hasten the perfor- mance of numerous muscles through their patterns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "17,23 The RS technique may promote trunk stability, and the COI and CL techniques promote muscle co-contraction and mobi- lization to enhance joint controlled mobility and human movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "17,23 Therefore, the improvements in pain inten- sity and function may result from the better activation of the trunk muscles to increase lumbar stabilization in daily activities."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "18,23,25 The finding of this study showed a greater improvement in the static balance in the EO and EC conditions after three-week PNF training than in the controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This result is consistent with the study of George et al., 25 which reported better static balance after receiving a PNF programme than after trunk strengthening exercises in seniors with CLBP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The previous studies showed that pain, altered lumbopelvic mus- cle activation and impairment of the lumbar proprioception could be contributing factors in the lack of balance ability of CLBP patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "13,35,41 Ruhe et al. 35 reported a linear relation- ship between increasing pain and increasing COP velocity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mok et al. 13 proposed that CLBP patients present impaired hip strategy during balance challenge which may be because of decreased lumbar proprioception and improper activation of lumbopelvic muscles."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Balance dysfunction in CLBP indi- viduals may associate with altered proprioceptive input or central processing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "41 The improvements in static balance in this study may be related to the significant subsidence of pain intensity 35 and improved muscle activity, such as the transversus abdominis and lumbar erector spinae muscles, to stabilize the lumbar spine as described previously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "18,25 Additionally, PNF training is speculated to stimulate the pro- prioceptors of the muscles and joints of the lumbar spine, and it may improve sensorimotor regulation and balance performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "21"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study has several advantages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the study was designed as an assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial to eliminate selection and measurement bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "42 Second, this study used the criteria to exclude other conditions that could affect balance ability, such as vestibular disorders, visual disorders, or lower limb problems, to include CLBP patients who did not have such conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, as all par- ticipants completed the interventions, participant attrition was not an issue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study has its limitations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It only considered the effects of PNF training on pain, disability and static bal- ance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further studies should examine other outcomes, such as quality of life, fear of movement, or dynamic balance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The application of a three-week PNF training programme could provide a greater reduction in pain intensity, and improving the functional ability and static balance than the general trunk exercises in working-age patients with CLBP."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the magnitudes of difference do not reach the clini- cal meaningful level, the therapists should prescribe either intervention to the patients based on its effectiveness and costs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4026__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First we like to compliment the authors on their efforts for addressing the issue to determine the long term effects of PNF-training in patients with chronic low back pain [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless we need to address some remarks and comments in the hope the authors can clarify and provide some further details."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the method the PNF training protocol is described as: 'modified from the studies of Areeudomwong et al.' [ 2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study in turn is describing the method as 'modified from the studies of Kofotolis and Kellis [3] and Voight et al.' [ 4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The description is illustrated with photos, the Figures 1a, b and c. The illustrations and the description of the techniques are not synchronized."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Described by the authors is in week 1: '...to alternate isometric contractions...' Isometric is defined as: 'tension built up in a muscle, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens' [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence no movement is intended during this technique: 'Rhythmic Stabilization', in which a grip on both sides is required to address also the antagonists without movement [6-8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The description in the text and the picture connects more to a grip variation fitting to the technique 'Stabilizing reversal' in which one needs a change of hands to facilitate the alternating muscle activation of agonists and antagonists [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Week 2 is described as: '...alternating concentric and eccentric contractions of trunk agonistic muscles...' this means that there is a consistent resistance for the agonists, in this case either the flexors or the extensors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Concentric contractions are defined as contractions in which the muscle generates force as it shortens and eccentric contractions, in which the muscle generates force as it lengthens [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The whole description in the text fits to the technique 'combinations of isotonics', in which there is no change of the therapist hands to the antagonist, since the objective is to facilitate only the agonists in an intra-muscular coordination of shortening and lengthening without relaxation in between [6,9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the figures 1-b, there is clearly no eccentric stimulus recognizable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The two pictures in figures 1-b rather illustrate the technique of 'dynamic reversals', in which alternating isotonic (concentric) contractions are performed addressing the agonist and antagonist in alternation to enhance the inter-muscular coordination of these two groups of muscles [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In figure 1-c, the illustration of the chop and lift would require a specific manual facilitation which is missing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The PNF-concept clearly describes a goal oriented use of basic principles of facilitations such as, manual contact with a lumbrical grip, traction and/or approximation to achieve an irradiation into the target pattern from the trunk to reinforce the addressed muscles [6,10,11]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The appropriate use of these principles and procedures for facilitation is totally missing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The same mistakes occur in the publication of Areeudomwong et al. [ 2] and of Kofotolis and Kellis [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The publication of Voight et al. [ 4] is not describing a protocol for a specified indication, but represents merely an opinion article about biomechanical and neurophysiological explanations of the chop and lift procedure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A critical view on the description and illustrations from Voight et al. [ 4] is required since they are clearly different from those originally described by Knott and Voss [12] and later by Voss et al. [ 13], or Adler et al. [ 6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Incomplete and improper use of the PNF-concept is frequently recognized and has been addressed [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The PNF-concept has been defined as a comprehensive rehabilitation approach focusing on a motor learning effect [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This comprehensive approach is defined by a specific use of basic principles & procedures for facilitation while using specific techniques to address specified treatment objectives [6,14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore the reference of Adler et al. [ 6] is used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This reference is one of the instruction books advocated by the international PNF association (IPNFA) (IPNFA.org/PNF-literature/PNF-text books)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Comparing the description from Areeudomwong et al. [ 2], from Kofotolis and Kellis [3] and from Voight et al. [ 4] with those from Adler et al. [ 6], demonstrates the flaws in the performances used in the first three publications."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would recommend all researchers addressing the use of components from the PNF-concept to use adequate PNF-techniques and facilitations as defined and described by Knott and Voss [12] and their successors, Adler et al. [ 6] and the IPNFA [14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4026__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to sincerely thank you for the opportunity to extensively discuss based on the comments of Smedes et al. [ 1] regarding our recently published article [2], which examined the effects of PNF training including techniques on rhythmic stabilization, combination of isotonics, chop, and lift in working-age people suffering from chronic low back pain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In that letter to the editor, the authors commented on our publication that the performed PNF techniques deviated from the original methods proposed by Knott and Voss [3], and Adler et al. [ 4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, the figure describing each technique illustrated was not matched with the text we wrote."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors stated that the description and figure of rhythmic stabilization in our article should be stabilizing reversal because Figure 1a demonstrated a grip variation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At this point, when we considered Figure 1, it is clearly defined for demonstrating rhythmic stabilization without a grip variation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The figure showed rhythmic stabilization to facilitate co-contraction of both trunk flexors and extensors."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The description of the rhythmic stabilization technique in our article was shortened due to the word limitation of the journal of publication; the concept of this technique and hand grip placement were not altered from the original established by Adler et al. [ 4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In our experiment, the therapist informed the patients to resist agonists isometrically using one hand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "When the patients responded ultimately, another hand was started to resist antagonists without movement as the resistance changes by commanding the patient \"stay still, match the therapist again in the front or the back.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do agree with the comments on Figure 1b for the unclear situation on eccentric contraction facilitation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, we did that in our treatment session but did not put the figure into the manuscript because the number of figures has been limited by the journal of publication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In brief, after complete concentric stimulations of trunk flexors and extensors at the end of a desired range of motion, the therapist applied resistance for trunk flexors or extensors in eccentric fashion and asked the patients to move slowly to the starting position without relaxation between the different types of muscle activations and the hands remain on the same surface."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For figure 1c, the chop and lift used in our study were based on dynamic reversals to facilitate controlled movements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We disagree with the comments on our study for the incorrect use of PNF-techniques and mistaking principles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We strictly followed the PNF-concept to promote trunk stabilization and controlled trunk mobility that proposed problems of chronic low back pain [4-9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Manual contact via lumbrical grip, visual cue and approximation, and traction were also used for stimulating desired responses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4026", "paragraph_id": "triad_4026__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4026__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we would like to thank the authors for giving us the opportunity to describe and provide more information on our study to the readers who are interested in PNF techniques for applying to their treatments for eliminating the suffering of chronic low back pain patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4026/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2896713588_W2916729135_W2916635532", "triad_name": "triad_4026", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4026__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To evaluate the magnitude and progression of dental changes associated with long-term mandibular advancement splint (MAS) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Retrospective study of adults treated for primary snoring or mild to severe OSA with MAS for a minimum of 8 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The series of dental casts of patients were analyzed with a digital caliper for changes in overbite, overjet, dental arch crowding and width, and inter-arch relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The progression of these changes over time was determined and initial patient and dental characteristics were evaluated as predictors of the observed dental side effects of treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of 77 patients (average age at start of treatment: 47.5 ± 10.2 years, 62 males) were included in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The average treatment length was 11.1 ± 2.8 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Over the total treatment interval evaluated there was a signifi cant (p < 0.001) reduction in the overbite (2.3 ± 1.6 mm), overjet (1.9 ± 1.9 mm), and mandibular crowding (1.3 ± 1.8 mm)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A corresponding signifi cant (p < 0.001) increase of mandibular intercanine (0.7 ± 1.5 mm) and intermolar (1.1 ± 1.4 mm) width as well as incidence of anterior crossbite and posterior open bite was observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Overbite and mandibular intermolar distance were observed to decrease less with time, while overjet, mandibular intercanine distance, and lower arch crowding all decreased continuously at a constant rate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After an average observation period of over 11 years, clinically signifi cant changes in occlusion were observed and were progressive in nature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather than reaching a discernible end-point, the dental side effects of MAS therapy continue with ongoing MAS use."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "O bstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often leads to poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, hypertension, and stroke."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 Oral appliances, which function to hold the mandible in a forward position and enlarge the airway during sleep, are indicated as a primary treatment option for snoring and mild to moderate OSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These appliances are also being implemented as a alternative for pa- tients with severe OSA who are unwilling or unable to toler- ate continuous positive airway pressure for the management of their disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "1 To this end a number of recent studies have docu- mented the effi cacy of mandibular advancement splints (MAS) in improvements in daytime sleepiness, AHI, and mean arterial blood pressure and/or cardiovascular health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2-10 The MAS is the main type of oral appliance currently used, and though well tolerated, has identifi ed short-term and long- term side effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Initial transient effects may include excess salivation or mouth dryness, temporomandibular joint and den- tal discomfort and irritation of intra-oral tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "11 The skeletal and dental changes that occur after prolonged MAS treatment have been previously described in terms of appliance design, amount of mandibular protrusion, and duration of wear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0005__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "12-15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With the longest observation period yet to be reported, the results from this study confi rm that long-term MAS treatment leads to signifi cant changes in occlusion for the majority of patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These dental changes were found to be progressive in nature, and continue with ongoing MAS use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "degrees of changes in mandibular crowding, posterior occlu- sal contacts and in mandibular arch width."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The progression at which these changes occur is still unclear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It has been pro- posed that dental changes may decrease with time, 16,19 while others 20 have found that changes tend to be progressive in na- ture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Interestingly, Battagel, in a study of 30 patients averag- ing 3.64 years of MAS use, found no statistically significant correlation between the duration of MAS wear and the change in OB and OJ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "15 However these previous attempts to classify the time course of occlusal changes with MAS use may have been over too short an observation period to appreciate their progression."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Though MAS adherence rates vary, potential reasons for discontinuing treatment are occlusal side effects and compli- cations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "21 It is hoped that an improved understanding of the progression of these dental changes may help in designing op- timal treatment protocols that allow for maximum adherence to prescribed MAS treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present study characterizes the dental changes associated with MAS therapy over the longest observation period published to date, as well as an examination of the progression of these side effects over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The specific aims of this study are to report on the magni- tude and progression of dental changes associated with long- term MAS treatment, as well as to investigate the relationship between the observed changes, the initial occlusion, and the BMI."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "De-identified demographic data and dental study casts of patients (Table 1) who were treated a minimum of years with a MAS for snoring or OSA were retrieved from the Sleep Apnea Dental Clinic at the University of British Columbia and the private practice of a co-author."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In these clinics it is typical protocol to produce dental casts for any follow-up ap- pointment requiring major repair or replacement of the MAS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus patients had a variable number of intermediate records available; however, all had ≥ 8 years between their initial and most recent set of records."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients were excluded if they had missing dental study casts from either their initial or most re- cent set of records, and most patients reported wearing the ap- pliance nightly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The total period of MAS use was calculated as the interval between initial appliance placement and the date of the most recent study casts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Initial severity of OSA for treated patients ranged from primary snoring to severe OSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0009__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The Clinical Research Ethics Board of the University of Brit- ish Columbia approved this study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All patients were treated with a custom made, titratable, bi- block mandibular advancement appliance (Klearway; Space Maintainers Laboratories Canada Ltd., Calgary, Canada), made of thermoplastic material with embedded metal clasps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The up- per and lower members of the appliance are connected via an adjustable screw assembly, which fits in the area of the palatal vault and allows for titration in 0.25-mm increments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ini- tial mandibular advancement was set at two-thirds of maximum mandibular protrusion, and then further advancements were prescribed by 0.25-mm increments until self-reported reso- lution of snoring and daytime sleepiness symptoms, or until uncomfortable for the patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Improvement in OSA was then often verified by a follow-up overnight sleep study with the appliance in place."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The dental study casts were measured with a digital caliper with a resolution of 0.1 mm by a single investigator."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Charac- teristics assessed included OJ and OB (mean values for the central incisors were used), dental crowding, intermolar and intercanine distances, as well as the number of posterior teeth with open occlusal contacts and anterior teeth in crossbite."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "18 Fifteen sets of models were measured a second time after a 2-week interval to assess method error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Descriptive measures and paired t-tests were used to report changes over the entire observation period (final - initial records), while method er- rors were calculated using Dahlberg's formula."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the influence of initial patient characteristics on the magnitude of occlusal changes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In an examination of all available data points, a mixed-effect polynomial regression analysis was used to analyze the data for the rate at which changes occur over the course of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "To determine the influence of ini- tial occlusion on the rate of change, patients were also further subdivided into groups of normal or excessive initial OJ and OB for this analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0011__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The records of a total of 77 patients with an average treat- ment time of 11.1 years were included for analysis in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Twenty-six patients presented with mild and moderate OSA, while 28 had severe OSA prior to initiation of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The remaining 23 patients were either snorers or had only base- line oximetry performed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They were predominantly male and mildly obese (mean BMI 29 kg/m 2 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further description of the patient's baseline characteristics can be seen in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The as- sessed method error for the dental measurements ranged from 0.13 to 0.64 mm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over the total treatment interval evaluated there was a sig- nificant change in the relationship between the upper and lower arches where a decrease in the OJ and OB was observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ad- ditionally the lower arch was found to have expanded signifi- cantly, as measured by increases in mandibular intercanine and intermolar distances, as well as a decrease in mandibular arch Long-Term Occlusal Effects of Mandibular Advancement Splints crowding (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "No signifi cant changes were observed in maxillary variables."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two important characteristics that anecdotally weigh heavily in a patient's perception of the quality of occlusion, posterior openbite and anterior crossbite, both demonstrated signifi cant changes in the sample population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A posterior openbite, which for the purposes of this study is defi ned by the loss of occlusal contact on at least 2 posterior teeth, developed in 51% (39/77) of the sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly 62% (48/77) of the sample developed an anterior crossbite of at least one tooth-defi ned as a lack of positive horizontal overlap of the upper anterior teeth over the lower anterior teeth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However of those patients that developed a crossbite, an average of 4 teeth were involved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the occlusal parameters that changed signifi cantly dur- ing treatment (p < 0.001), additional analysis was performed to characterize how these changes progressed with time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mixed effects polynomial regression analyses were performed to deter- mine the relationship of these variables to time in treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The scope of the population data for both OJ and OB are illustrated in Figure 1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Once this relationship was established the rate of change per year could be calculated, demonstrating signifi cant differences in how these changes progressed over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Looking at the entire sample population, OB was observed to decrease less with time, while OJ decreased continuously at a constant rate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The progression in OB and OJ changes were further exam- ined in terms of initial occlusal characteristics (Figures 2 and 3, respectively), which revealed that the initial amount of OJ had no effect on the progression of change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However the initial amount of OB did alter the pattern of future changes, as patients with a small initial OB were found to have the rate of change fi rst decrease, and then later increase in magnitude as treatment time was extended beyond 9 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conversely, patients with The data for each individual patient is connected by a gray line."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The overall relationship of all data is represented by the black line, demonstrating the decreasing but leveling off, and linear rate of changes for overbite and overjet respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Examining the mandibular arch characteristics, we found sig- nifi cant change over time in the intercanine width, which contin- uously increased at a constant rate, while mandibular intermolar distance was found to increase most rapidly initially and then taper off with small increases occurring after 12 years of treat- ment time (Figures 4 and 5) The changes in the rate at which mandibular arch crowding decreases appears to be more com- plex, with early rapid decrease followed by small changes until after 12 years of treatment when the rate rises again (Figure 6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In assessing initial patient characteristics for predictors of occlusal changes, we found that patient age, sex, and pre- treatment BMI were unrelated to the amount of both OJ and OB reduction, as well as the occurrence of anterior crossbite or posterior openbite."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The amount of total change in overjet was signifi cantly correlated to initial AHI (r = 0.28), though no other relationships with occlusal variables were found."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Initial OJ was not signifi cantly related to the occurrence of anterior crossbite or posterior openbite."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Initial OJ was positively correlated to the total observed change in both OB (r = 0.28) and OJ (r = 0.33)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Initial overbite was signifi cantly negatively correlated (r = -0.37) to anterior crossbite and positively cor- related (r = 0.44) to total observed change in overbite caused by MAS treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present results demonstrate the dental changes associ- ated with MAS treatment of OSA over the longest observation The magnitude of the changes presently reported are slightly greater than those previously described for long-term (> 5 years) studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Martinez et al. found a mean OB reduction of 0.81 mm and OJ reduction of 1.1 mm from 15 OSA patients with 4.8 years of MAS use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "16 Similarly, Marklund found reduc- tions in both OB and OJ of 0.6 mm from a 5-year follow-up of 187 OSA patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "18 Almeida and colleagues 18 in an exami- nation of 70 patients over a 7-year period recorded reductions of 1.91 mm and 1.24 mm in overbite and overjet, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These minor differences may be due in part to varying observa- tion periods and smaller sample sizes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The smaller amounts of change reported by Marklund 17 maybe further influenced by her use of monoblock, non-adjustable appliances."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, the dental changes occurring from MAS use are not limited to decreases in OB and OJ, but rather include a number of parameters of the dentition (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mandibu- lar crowding decreases, just as mandibular intercanine and in- termolar width increase over the course of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also found on average that an openbite developed on more than two lower posterior teeth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These findings are in line with those pre- viously reported by other long-term studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "16,18,22 The physiol- ogy of biologic tooth movement has been well characterized, 23 and it is understood that even very low applied forces, if applied for a sustained amount of time (such as for several hours dur- ing nighttime wear of an appliance) will result in tooth move- ment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All MAS appliances position the mandible forward and retain it in place by contacting the dentition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The force required to suspended the mandible and associated soft tissues thus is transmitted to the dental arches and likely results in the occlusal changes reported."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "24 It should be understood then that the den- tal side effects of MAS treatment are a product of protruding the mandible to achieve a therapeutic effect rather than spe- cific appliance design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "25 This is likely why studies examining side effects comparing different appliance designs have found very little difference in terms of magnitude of these second- ary effects of dental movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "12,13 Indeed, by extension into the orthodontic literature, one can see that attempts to provide more or less tooth-appliance contact or even rigidly splinting the mandibular teeth together with a cast metal framework does little to mitigate the dental movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0020__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "26 All but one of the 77 patients examined experienced greater than 0.2 mm of occlusal change in terms of overjet and overbite, which speaks to the confidence at which one can expect to see dental movement with this type of therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The development of posterior open bite and anterior teeth in crossbite were also common among the patients of this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A posterior openbite may occur as the lower arch, and in particu- lar the lower incisors are protruded forward as a result of pro- longed MAS treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Commonly observed in the orthodontic treatment of retrognathic malocclusions with functional appli- ances, 27 this type of tooth movement causes an occlusal inter- ference as the patient is now unable to close the posterior teeth down together completely due to the premature contact of the anterior teeth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, crossbites of anterior teeth will occur as the lower arch moves forward and the overjet and overbite are reduced to the point where the lower teeth protrude beyond the upper anterior teeth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These two facets of occlusion have also been previously reported in the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Vezina et al. re- ported both anterior and posterior openbite in a small propor- tion of patients who had been treated with MAS for an average of over 3.5 years, though no openbites were found in patients treated for 6 months or less."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "12 Rose and colleagues, after a treat- ment period of at least two years in 34 patients, found a poste- rior openbite had developed in 26% of the patients studied."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "25 Upon examining the time frame at which occlusal changes occur with MAS treatment, we found that the reduction in over- jet is progressive and continues at a constant rate so as long as the MAS treatment continues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is a logical finding con- sidering that the main mechanism of action with a MAS ap- pears to be the protrusion of the mandible and associated soft tissues, improving the caliber of the upper airway. 28 As long as this continues to occur, forces will also continue to be applied to the teeth resulting in tooth movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Overbite however was found to decrease less with time in our sample population."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This may be explained by the inseparable relationship of overjet and overbite."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the mandible and lower arch are protruded forward, the overbite will decrease less and less until eventually there is no longer any further vertical overlap of the anterior teeth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At this point the lower arch can continue to be protruded for- ward without any further interference from the upper anterior teeth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our results align with those of Marklund, who reported on the progression of occlusal changes in a subset of 51 patients treated for at least 5 years with a mono-block style of MAS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "17 Marklund found overall that dental side effects increased with treatment time as well as more frequent use of the device."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She also stated that overjet decreased continuously during the ob- served 5-year treatment period, whereas overbite changes di- minished with time in the sample population studied."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conflicting results were previously reported by Pantin et al. in a retrospective survey of 106 patients recalled and examined following an average duration of MAS treatment of 31 ± 18 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "19 They found that the proportion of patients with oc- clusal change increased with length of use of the mandibular advancement splint up to 2 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Beyond 2 years, the propor- tion remained relatively constant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The authors further stated that this implies that a patient's period of greatest vulnerability to these complications is within the first 2 years of treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This key difference with the present study may be partially ex- plained by differences in study design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unlike our longitudinal examination of patients, Pantin et al. performed a cross-sec- tional analysis, where patients were examined only once at a particular point in time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally very few (n = 27) of these patients were in MAS treatment longer than 48 months."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pre-treatment BMI was found to be unrelated to any ob- served occlusal changes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may not be surprising consider- ing the extended observation period, throughout which patients may see their BMI vary widely, masking any direct relationship that may exist between these variables."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found that the initial AHI was positively related to the magnitude of observed reduc- tion in overjet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The influence of AHI on change in overjet may be explained by the fact that patients with more severe OSA 1290 Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 12, 2014 BT Pliska, H Nam, H Chen et al. could be more likely to have their mandibles advanced a greater amount to see a relief in symptoms compared to patients with a milder degree of the disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "29 It has been previously shown that the relationship between the force applied to the arches and amount of mandibular advancement is almost linear, with the force increasing with increasing mandibular advancement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "24 In Mandibular advancement splints are an effective, noninva- sive treatment option for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present findings make it clear that many of the significant dental changes that occur will continue to progress over the duration of treatment, and as MAS treatment of OSA will con- tinue indefinitely, the prudent clinician will be aware of these changes and discuss them openly with patients in their care."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4353__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It was with interest that we reviewed the December 15, 2014, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine article by Pliska et al. entitled “Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Mandibular Advancement Splints: Occlusal Effects and Progression of Changes Associated with a Decade of Treatment.” [ 1] As noted in the accompanying commentary, mandibular advancement devices (MAD) are now utilized as one first-line option for mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) and may be used in specific cases for severe OSAS [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consideration of potential long-term consequences of MADs assumes greater importance, and the authors have thus done a service via this addition to the sleep medicine literature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4353__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a more limited setting, we have also been aware of these occlusal changes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We would like to offer an alternative, but perhaps not mutually exclusive, explanation for the progressive declines in incisor overjet and overbite with resulting posterior open bites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We hypothesize that it may not be the teeth moving with time but rather a persistent posturing forward of the mandible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is recognized that mornings after wearing an MAD that patients may have a difficult time posturing the mandible back to the normal occlusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If not addressed by the patient or dental sleep specialist, this could eventuate in an irreversible anterior mandibular position with altered occlusion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4353__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One limitation to the Pliska study is an absence of occlusal bite records, and accordingly no documentation of the condyle position in the glenoid fossae."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the dental casts were hand articulated during measurements, it could be difficult to ascertain whether teeth moved or if the mandible postured forward to a stable but inappropriate position."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, we would argue that an MAD itself (particularly a fixed device) should act to stabilize teeth position and thus reduce the likelihood of movement over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4353__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regardless of the etiology, this paper brings to the forefront the necessity for careful and continued long-term management plans in patients using MADs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, the first author of this letter (an oral maxillofacial surgeon with over a quarter century of experience in dental sleep medicine) has further strengthened his protocol for follow-up care as a consequence of Pliska and co-authors’ study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, as the accompanying Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine commentary stated, this is an area fertile for investigation [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Computer imaging for dental and facial skeleton treatment planning is now available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Techniques such as this offer the prospect for further research studies, as well as improved documentation and follow-up in patient care."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4353__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Dr. Ford and colleagues [1] for their interest and commentary regarding our article [2] detailing the occlusal changes associated with long-term use of mandibular advancement splints (MAS)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also are thankful for the opportunity to clarify what is a common misconception regarding these associated dental changes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4353__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__response__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As described in their letter, it is a usual clinical finding for patients to feel some muscle fatigue and difficulty fully occluding their teeth in the morning following a night of MAS use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is especially true if patients are new to this form of therapy, and this feeling fades within a few hours."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we do believe that the changes we reported are in fact due to the teeth moving orthodontically within the bone, and this position is well supported by the available literature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4353__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While it is true that the dental casts in our study were not mounted into centric relation on an articulator, they were all orthodontically trimmed to a wax bite taken in centric occlusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previously, Marklund has reported no significant changes between centric relation and centric occlusion with MAS use [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Regardless, the appropriate method to distinguish dental movement from “an irreversible anterior mandibular position” is with radiographic imaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such studies employing cephalometric analysis of MAS treatment consistently demonstrate the forward movement and proclination of the mandibular dentition, while the maxillary teeth are tipped posteriorly [4][5][6][7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Pointedly however, similar changes in the forward position of the mandible are not observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Robertson described the occlusal changes of 100 patients (age 49 ± 8.5 years) over a period of up to 30 months, stating that occlusal changes can be attributed to appliance-induced dental changes and not forward mandibular repositioning [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Rose in an examination of 34 patients (age 52.9 ± 9.6 years) after an average of 30 months of MAS treatment found significant alterations in the occlusion, but no skeletal changes in the position of the mandible were noted [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0037__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Similarly, Hammond noted no change in mandibular position in 64 adult patients who had been using MAS on average for 25 months, stating neither an orthopedic effect nor a functional adaptation from prolonged MAS use was observed [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4353__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our research team is currently finalizing work on a study investigating the cephalometric changes associated with long-term (+10 years) MAS use of a similar population, the results of which will be forthcoming."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We believe that such an examination will help to confirm the conclusions drawn from these previously published shorter-term studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4353__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4353", "paragraph_id": "triad_4353__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As MAS use becomes increasingly popular with an ever-wider range of OSAS patients, the treating clinician should be well aware of the expected occlusal changes which are irreversible in the absence of corrective orthodontic treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4353__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, we believe that for the vast majority of patients, the health benefits and improved quality of life afforded by MAS treatment of their OSAS far outweigh the inconvenience of these noted dental changes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4353/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045001996_W2326967599_W2092276371", "triad_name": "triad_4353", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4353__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One of the most important endeavours inspiring neurosci- entists has been the characterization of the functional neuroanatomy of the human brain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this mission, the advent of neuroimaging proved paramount for supporting the exploration of brain-behaviour relationships, which for the past 20 years has been providing powerful insights con- cerning the anatomical bases of normal and pathological cognition."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a result of this effort, the study of brain-func- tion relationships has experienced profound transform- ations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conceptually, the adoption of a connectional (hodological) systems perspective has derived a formulation of cognition subserved by hierarchically organized inter- active brain networks (Bassett et al., 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Methodologically, the development of novel computational approaches has begun the characterization of complex interaction patterns subtended by structural and functional brain networks and addressed their roles in cognition and behaviour."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additionally, this novel perspective has insti- gated the compilation of brain maps, integrating informa- tion on interactive properties operating dynamically across complex hierarchical neural systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Anticipating this transformation, pioneering work pub- lished 20 years ago in Brain (Godefroy et al., 1998) con- ceptualized the regularities characterizing different classes of elementary associations between brain structures and their ability to substantiate specific human behaviours (or the lack thereof) as 'brain modes'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the original paper, brain modes were defined as pre- established sets of functional interactions between cerebral regions contributing to the emergence of a neurological symptom."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These entities were conceived as the means to unveil the brain's functional organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each mode was considered with regards to specific cognitive processes or behaviours."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Anticipating the importance of a connectional perspective, this notion and the framework it generated must now be considered among the first attempts to con- ceptualize neurological symptoms as emerging from inter- actions between multiple anatomical structures organized in networks (Geschwind, 1965; Catani and Ffytche, 2005; Bartolomeo, 2011), as opposed to models emphasizing in- dividual regional contributions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Originally, four classes of brain modes: unicity, equiva- lence, association and summation, were intended to cap- ture the full array of potential brain-behaviour relationships (Fig. 1 and Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The unicity mode defined the simplest brain-function association in which a single function was linked to a single injured brain struc- ture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The equivalence mode, the most frequently observed in clinical practice, epitomized a situation in which damage to two separate structures provoked in both cases a similar behavioural deficit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The association mode described the scenario involving two brain regions in which both had to be damaged in order to generate a neurological deficit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, the summation mode charac- terized an interaction type in which lesions in two or more brain regions resulted in specific behavioural or clinical deficits; nonetheless, when these same structures were all simultaneously damaged, deficits proved greater than the sum of the individual lesion effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The originally described brain modes can be illustrated by examples of neurological and neuropsychological observa- tions in humans, yet some exceptions and limitations apply."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The simplest brain mode, unicity, could depict the func- tional contributions of isolated nodes, which are hardly present in the highly and intricately connected mammalian nervous systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, this mode has been theoretically hypothesized but remains to be documented clinically."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The equivalence brain mode has been documented theoret- ically and also clinically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, in the original paper describing brain modes, single lesions localized at two dif- ferent levels along the cortico-spinal tract were character- ized as equally responsible for motor weakness (Godefroy et al., 1998; see also Arnoux et al., 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Likewise, other associations compatible with this brain mode have been documented as subtending symptoms such as aphasia, memory loss, executive and attentional deficits (Alexander et al., 1987; Mesulam, 1990; Kremin, 1994; Kreisler et al., 2000; Godefroy et al., 2009; Martinaud et al., 2009; Toba et al., 2018a, b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For instance, verbal paraphasias have been linked to either temporal or caudate lesions, whereas non-fluent aphasia depends on the presence of frontal or putamen lesions (Kreisler et al., 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The association brain mode has been identified theoretically but remains to be better documented clinically, as it requires rare-to- find patients with selective lesions damaging multiple re- gions within the same network."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This mode was originally illustrated in patients with unilateral lenticulostriate lesions (Godefroy et al., 1992) showing executive function impair- ment only when, additionally, they suffered an associated cortical infarct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It has also been documented in cases of Balint syndrome, reduplicative paramnesia, confabulations and global aphasia (Shallice, 1988; Wolfe et al., 1994; 'Brain modes' revisited BRAIN 2020: 143; 1088-1098 | 1089 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/143/4/1088/5640486 by Institut Armand-Frappier user on 16 May 2024 Caplan, 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, Wolfe et al. ( 1994) explored a patient with bilateral subcortical lacunae in the basal gang- lia and periventricular white matter, who presented a crit- ical level of dysexecutive syndrome after the occurrence of posterior cortical lesions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the summation mode has been documented both theoretically and clinically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For ex- ample, in language impairments, non-fluent aphasia was associated with lesions of putamen and surrounding struc- tures while mutism was associated with large lesion of the three frontal gyri and putamen (Kreisler et al., 2000; Seghier et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, confirming the accuracy of naturally occur- ring lesions to illustrate specific brain modes requires de- tailed documentation concerning the role of lesion-spared regions, which has not always been available in neuro- logical clinical records, as it requires the detailed whole- brain characterization of structurally and functionally sound versus impaired areas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As with any pioneering work, the first conceptualization of brain modes suffered from a number of limitations, in part caused by shortcomings in the statistical and computational approaches available at the time they were first character- ized."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, many of these limitations can now be overcome with the use of more current methodological approaches."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, original lesion analyses were conducted only on regions of interest corresponding to anatomical structures, or to regions demarcated by brain landmarks such as sulci or gyri, as attempts to decrease region of interest size led to poor interexaminer agreement (Godefroy et al., 1998)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, recent lesion analyses can now be conducted at the voxel level, hence delineated at a much higher spatial resolution, allowing a more precise characterization of brain modes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the past use of structural instead of functional parcellation schemes re- sulted in regions with mixed functions, providing less in- formative evidence concerning the behavioural contributions of the analysed regions of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This risk can be limited by using parcellation schemes based on both structural and functional MRI (see Glasser et al., 2016 for an example), further verified with perturbational approaches such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (Toba et al., 2017)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, the original characteriza- tion of brain modes could not distinguish between grey and white matter, a limitation that is especially meaningful for the equivalence brain mode associated with white matter disconnections."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, however, the advent of diffu- sion tensor imaging (DTI) and the adoption of hodological approaches to address brain-behavioural relationships (Boes et al., 2015; Fox, 2018) has provided new insights to overcome this original limitation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fourth, lesion Table 1 'Brain modes' (Godefroy et al., 1998) and their equivalents in a multivariate approach (game-theory MSA)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/143/4/1088/5640486 by Institut Armand-Frappier user on 16 May 2024 characterization approaches used in the late 1990s were unable to grade the magnitude of the neural damage, hence ignoring the crucial role of lesion volume threshold effects on neurological deficits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As such information be- comes available for other anatomical grey and white matter systems, this important aspect will be better con- trolled (see Arnoux et al., 2018 for an example of the threshold level of cortico-spinal tract injury generating sig- nificantly enduring motor deficits at 6 months)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fifth, multi- variate analyses proposed in the original characterization of brain modes were based on one particular type of statistical approach, the so-called Classification and Regression Tree (CART) (Breiman et al., 1984)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This method was able to disentangle important factors in terms of explanatory power in a model, and provided naturally the type of lo- gical relationships between selected regions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the CART approach requires large datasets and additional stat- istical analyses to assess the strength of brain-behavioural associations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The latter limitations can now be overcome by current multivariate methods for lesion-deficit mapping providing more appropriate and reliable analysis tools (see below)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the time they were first described, brain modes repre- sented a major conceptual advance in the field, aiming to represent any known lesion effects by their four original types."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nonetheless, multivariate CART approaches origin- ally used for their characterization failed to identify 'para- doxical lesion cancellation' effects, initially reported in feline models (Sprague, 1966; Payne et al., 1996; Hilgetag et al., 2002) and later extended to human neurological pa- tients (Kinsbourne, 1977, 1987; Vuilleumier et al., 1996; Weddell, 2004; Johnson et al., 2008; Jha and Brown, 2011), known as the 'Sprague Effect' (Box 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This phenomenon described the paradoxical improve- ment of performance deficits caused by a circumscribed lesion thanks to a reversible or permanent suppression of activity in a second brain area interacting with the former (for reviews see Payne and Rushmore, 2004; Valero-Cabré et al., 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Inspired by predictions of interhemispheric rivalry in spatial attention in the feline visual system, this brain mode was also characterized in humans using causal reversible perturbation by TMS (Hilgetag et al., 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Intending to transiently impair lateralized visual detection performance in one visual hemifield with inhibitory repeti- tive TMS on the contralateral intraparietal sulcus, these authors found paradoxical improvements for ipsilateral visual targets."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This unexpected result revealed that a revers- ible focal suppression of human brain activity could pro- duce attentional and perceptual gains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further studies in animals reported paradoxical cancellation of lesion-induced"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Experimental animal studies in the 1960s were the first to illustrate that interactions between brain regions were unpredictable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In an effort to understand the independent and joint contributions of the visual cortex and the midbrain superior colliculus to visual behav- iour, James Sprague subjected either region to lesions, and then sequentially combined the lesions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A surprising result emerged when the longstanding and seemingly intractable deficit in the de- tection and orienting to right-sided visual targets produced by lesion of left visual cortex was cancelled by ablation of the right superior colliculus (Sprague, 1966)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This result was subsequently referred to as the Sprague effect, and was conceived by Sprague and others to be a product of manipulating mutually inhibitory bilateral interactions between brain structures (Sprague, 1966; Lomber and Payne, 1996; Hilgetag et al., 1999; Lomber et al., 2002; Rushmore et al., 2006; Valero-Cabré et al., 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This experimental work was used in part to formulate mechanistic understanding of visuospatial neglect (Kinsbourne, 1974, 1977, 1987, 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Later findings in neurologically intact human participants (Hilgetag et al., 2001) and in human clinical cases (Vuilleumier et al., 1996; Weddell, 2004) provided considerable evidence that the mechanisms underlying the Sprague effect contributed to analogous interactions in humans."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Kinsbourne's ideas and the aforementioned clinical cases exerted major influences in understanding the brain- wide impact of unilateral brain damage in humans, wherein damage was presumed to reduce activity in connected brain regions in the ipsilateral hemisphere and increase activity in the contralateral hemi- sphere through disruption of inhibitory circuits (Murase et al., 2004; Nowak et al., 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Until now, the best evidence of the Sprague effect has been observed at the interhemispheric level."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This approach guided the later use and interpretation of non-in- vasive brain stimulation studies, in which focal inhibitory stimula- tion [including low frequency TMS, continuous theta burst TMS, or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)] aims to transiently take offline focal cortical regions while recording behavioural performance (Valero-Cabré et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This ap- proach has been successfully applied to the intact brain hemi- sphere in patients with unilateral brain damage (Oliveri et al., 1999; Brighina et al., 2003; Koch et al., 2008; Sparing et al., 2009; Koch et al., 2012; Cazzoli et al., 2012) and proved to re- store neurological deficits caused by focal brain lesions, such as hemispatial neglect."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All these studies demonstrate that the mutual inhibition/masking summation brain mode has already opened new avenues for therapeutic uses of non-invasive brain stimulation technologies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, this new brain mode has also opened perspectives of improving visuospatial orienting abilities in healthy humans (Hilgetag et al., 2001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Looking to the future, we should envision that reversible neuromodulation technologies [TMS, repetitive TMS or tDCS/tACS), which are currently helping to investigate the cognitive role of cortical regions embedded in brain networks, could also be used to probe or unearth existing and novel brain modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, the use of these same tech- nologies for the modulation of specific site or sites implementing a given brain mode may prove useful to develop novel strategies for the restitution of neurological function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "deficits with secondary focal lesions, direct cortical cooling or non-invasive TMS deactivations of spared cortical and subcortical attentional orienting systems (Rushmore et al., 2006; reviewed in Valero-Cabré et al., 2019)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We here propose to name this additional brain mode 'mutual inhibition' or alternatively 'masking summation' and add it to the palette of existing typologies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since their inception, brain modes were conceived of as elementary building blocks that, adequately combined in complex fashions, could account for any specific neuro- logical deficits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here we revisit brain modes from the per- spectives of logic and propositional calculus as well as graph theory approaches and the concept of circuit 'motifs'."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We suggest that analogies between brain modes and elementary units used especially in the graph theory framework are particularly suited for analysing and extend- ing the existing typologies, and further exploring their im- plications for cognitive neuroanatomy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From the perspective of logic, some of the brain modes can be characterized as standard forms of logical relation- ships between unary and binary factors, and represented with a standard truth table."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, with respect to a brain function, 'unicity' can be associated with identity; 'equivalence' may be equated to conjunction (AND); 'asso- ciation' could be associated to disjunction (OR); and 'mutual inhibition/masking summation' corresponds to the opposite of an exclusive disjunction (NOT XOR or XNOR)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 'summation' brain mode may not be fully captured by binary logical operators as its outcome de- pends on the graded interactions between the nodes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Of note, other authors have proposed weighted extensions of logical functions that can express partial conjunctions and disjunctions (Dujmović and Larsen, 2007) and which could be used to describe such relations in the context of the summation mode."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Generally, in order to characterize the graded effects of brain modes, one might also use arith- metic (rather than logical) operations, which can be ex- tended and turned into actual circuit models capturing the observed effects (cf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Zavaglia and Hilgetag, 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the graph theory framework, brain modes can be based on different 'brain motifs' (Fig. 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These represent plausible types of interregional relationships with the ability to influence a given brain function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this regard, the uni- city mode would be the equivalent of a node (i.e. brain region) defined as the only contributor to a brain function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Damage of a unique contributor generates a level of behav- ioural deficit that depends on the magnitude of the im- paired contribution and the extent of the lesion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hence, the unicity mode could be well suited to describe brain- behaviour interactions in which function emerges from single nodes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The equivalence mode is observed when be- havioural performance in a given task benefits from mul- tiple contributions by different nodes, which contribute similarly to a behaviour."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The association mode represents the case of joint contributions of two (or several) nodes to a given behaviour, in which a critical level of clinical deficit manifests only when both nodes are injured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The summa- tion mode is observed when two conditions apply to a given set of nodes: (i) each node provides a specific contri- bution to a given behaviour; and (ii) their contributions are both redundant (overlapping) and synergistic (complemen- tary)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Last, in the masking summation mode, two nodes interacting with each other contribute to a brain function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Clinical deficits appear present only when one of the two nodes is lesioned; however, symptoms can paradoxically wear off when the two nodes are jointly damaged, by the fact that they are linked by rivalrous mutually inhibitory interactions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Taken together, the equivalence, association, summation and/masking summation modes characterize a hodological framework in which behaviours (or the lack thereof during neurological diseases) emerge from nodes organized in networks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such interactions can be summar- ized in a simple two-node circuit model (Fig. 2) that for- malizes arithmetically the strength of functional interactions and contributions of the nodes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, the number and complexity of brain motifs, and the elementary types of brain modes they implement, depends on the number of regions involved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the number of nodes increases, the complexity of directed network motifs and their contribu- tion patterns escalates (Fig. 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To conclude, the generalization and combination of brain-behaviour relationships by means of propositional calculus allows a partial description of the brain modes space, but does not facilitate the modelling of non-binary relationships, which grows in complexity as the number of interacting areas increases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this context, other frame- works, such as graph theory, should be explored to better characterize these entities and further extend the variety of their typologies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Multivariate modelling integrating different anatomical variables and considering the presence or absence of damage to multiple brain regions simultaneously may help to extend the analysis of brain modes (Godefroy et al., 1992in three different scenarios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Left: Only node A contributes to a brain function Fn; middle: two nodes (A and B) contribute to a brain function Fn, hence nodes could present functional overlap; right: only node B contributes to brain function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( 2) Top, middle and bottom rows, from left to right: Plausible brain motifs between two interacting nodes according to nine different scenarios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Three different general patterns can characterize interactions between nodes A and B via directed connections to influence function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Top row: Node A projects to node B; middle row: nodes A and B mutually project to each other; bottom row: node B projects to node A. Moreover, these three patterns can be combined with three types of nodal functional outputs to influence function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Top row: Only node A directly contributes to function Fn; middle row: both nodes A and B contribute to function Fn; bottom row: only node B contributes to function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Single black arrows represent a node (A or B) interacting unidirectionally and serially with the other node, to ultimately influence brain function Fn; bidirectional black arrows represent nodes contributing in parallel to ultimately influence brain function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Depending on the type of interaction, the functional contribution provided by nodes A and B could be higher (synergy) than the sum of their individual functional contributions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Joint contributions may not necessarily be the exact sum of individual contributions; indeed, this scenario would be equivalent to the absence of functional interaction between nodes A and B, hence depicted as independent nodes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Notice that for synergistic (complementary) functional contributions, nodes should interact via structural connections."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0029__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Importantly, several brain motifs represented here may produce similar behavioural outcomes despite different underlying network structures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The full set of directed two-node motifs is represented for symmetry reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is tempting to compare brain modes with brain motifs (particularly for those depicted above involving two brain regions) and search for common features that could substantiate the former as being the same as the latter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the 'unicity' mode, an independent (non-interacting) node A should be the unique contributor to a brain function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the 'equivalence' mode, both nodes A and B should contribute to a brain function Fn without redundancy, for instance, by A contributing to Fn serially through B. In the 'association' mode, both nodes A and B should contribute in parallel to brain function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, in the 'summation' mode, both nodes should also contribute in parallel to a brain function Fn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additionally, however, they should interact, redundantly or synergistically."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In any case, the mapping between these two notions, brain modes and brain motifs, is not always straightforward and some of the brain motifs presented in this figure and the many that could be theoretically conceived with more than two nodes, cannot be unequivocally characterized in terms of a single 'brain mode', especially if one aims to take into account the number and type of functional interactions between the nodes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "A possibility to reveal the rich set of functional interactions of some brain motifs consist in removing connections between nodes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In particular, this is possible in computationally implemented 'ground-truth' models, by systematically exploring the parametric space of possibilities, and 'virtually' damaging nodes and links in all possible ways to then use such evidence to infer the network structure from associated changes in brain function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "However, it is more difficult to infer all these different 'motifs' directly from changes in brain function after perturbing different nodes and/or the links between them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "( B) Algorithmic summary of brain motifs and modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0030__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Summary of the minimal circuit interactions of two brain nodes A and B potentially contributing to a brain function Fn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The equation formalizes the strength of the interactions and functional contributions of the nodes, and appropriate settings of the path coefficients might capture all brain modes and motifs displayed in (B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifically, setting all paths except k AF to zero corresponds to unicity; setting k AB and k BA to zero correspond to association; while leaving all coefficients non-zero can yield, with the right parameter settings, equivalence, summation or masked summation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "modes while helping to describe new typologies (see Table 1 showing applications of a multivariate method to explore brain-behaviour relationships and Box 2 for critical issues concerning formalization of lesion parameters in multivariate modelling) (Bzdok et al., 2017; Price et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, the use of brain modes as sets of elementary types of associations on brain-func- tion relationships would constrain multivariate approaches increasing their ability to deliver reliable outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, promoting a rigorous use of multivariate meth- ods for such endeavours requires raising awareness of some critical issues impacting on their practical implementation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, defining the 'hypothesis space' is an essential step for making accurate inferences and predictions of brain-be- haviour relationships in the context of complex models such as those introduced by multivariate methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recently published attempts have used hypothesis-based approaches pre-selecting a few sets of regions, composing a coalition of contributors, which can then be tested to- gether as part of the same model (Toba et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonetheless, more advanced methodological avenues use bias-free identification strategies, that can test sets of re- gional contributors, grouped as part of specific coalitions, without a priori assumptions (Zavaglia et al., 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Considering the large spectrum of multivariate methods, Bayesian approaches based on a priori defined hypotheses have been useful to narrow down the number of relevant brain sites included in multivariate models (Chen and Herskovits, 2010; Duering et al., 2013, 2014; Arnoux et al, 2018)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nonetheless, hypothesis-free identification meth- ods based on machine learning algorithms play a major role in formal hypothesis and model generation (Xu et al., 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, in the equivalence brain mode, when multiple lesion sites cause the same impairment, ma- chine learning tools can generate predictive multivariate models, incorporating simultaneously information from multiple voxels without the need of a priori hypotheses (Hope et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2013; Price et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Interestingly, this same approach can be used to identify key variables and generate predictive models, con- tributing to the identification and classification of new brain modes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, by integrating structural/functional neuroimaging, neurophysiological recordings and non-inva- sive brain stimulation, multivariate machine learning tools will reach full potential and drive a better understanding of functional anatomy (Price et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nonetheless, these approaches are also costly in terms of computational time and need of independent training datasets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, ma- chine learning algorithms operating as 'black boxes' often run into serious risks of inferring irrelevant relations due to overfitting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Last but not least, to date, even the most sophisticated multivariate machine learning lesion analysis methods are unable to disambiguate the independent effects of different lesion sites in absence of patient datasets show- ing such dissociations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, artificial ground-truth models (Mah et al., 2014) may help overcome some of the former limitations, and may become the 'gold standard' method to characterize and validate past and future brain mode typologies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, the original conceptualization of brain modes was tested via simulated populations of patients, and later con- firmed in datasets from real-life stroke patients with motor disabilities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Different ground truth models able to manipu- late the variability of anatomical patterns have been pro- posed (Inoue et al., 2014; Mah et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Sperber and Karnath, 2017; Pustina et al., 2018)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, computationally implemented ground-truth syn- thetic models have the potential to reveal complex func- tional interactions between brain regions and explore the parametric space of possibilities by removing, with graded levels of severity in all possible ways, 'virtual' nodes and/or connections between sets of chosen regions of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Such evidence can then be used to infer network structure from associated changes in brain function."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Last but not least, these same methods can prove useful for lesion-deficit ana- tomical mapping and ultimately for clinical predictions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ponder carefully the risk of characterizing regions of interest as being either totally lesioned or completely spared by using fixed binarized damage thresholds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Employ a conservative lesion parametrization strategy, particu- larly when operating at the voxel level; this is a particularly sensitive issue for perilesional areas in the absence of func- tional MRI data informing on tissue viability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Implement whenever possible a transnosological approach, which compares complementary lesion datasets from distinct neurological conditions characterized by different symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Prioritize the use of continuous over discrete or binarized variables when estimating the magnitude of behavioural per- formance or quantifying the severity of clinical scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consider two potential scenarios with regards to the localiza- tion of"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two decades after its first theorization in 1998, the concept of brain modes remains a guiding framework in which to better characterize brain-behaviour associations and study their implementation in plausible structural and functional networks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Significant conceptual and methodological ad- vances in multivariate analysis place the systems neurosci- ence community in an excellent position to reframe the inventory of the brain modes and critically evaluate the exhaustiveness of these relationships to define a compre- hensive set of brain-behaviour associations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In particular, current brain mode typologies could be refined by compar- ing predictions made by computational lesion studies im- plementing a theoretical model (based on simulations of reliable structural and functional interactions among brain regions) with empirical results from brain lesion datasets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, as we look to the future, we can anticipate the need to apply brain modes to personalized clinical rehabili- tation programmes (Nachev et al., 2018)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More specifically, data on brain modes hold the potential to inform compu- tational modelling and web-based platforms able to simu- late large-scale networks using biologically plausible structural and functional connectivities (Sanz Leon et al., 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This type of environment (for example in The Virtual Brain; thevirtualbrain.org) allows the construction of personalized configurations of structural and functional systems, and the study of brain dynamics under the influ- ence of focal and network perturbations or disorders, simu- lating, for example, epilepsy or the cognitive consequences of stroke (Falcon et al., 2015)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "They may provide predictive tools to investigate the impact of brain structural alter- ations on neural dynamics (Alstott et al., 2009; Aerts et al., 2016), study the remapping of function-specific brain modes and contribute to the planning of better strategies for cognitive rehabilitation or neurosurgical interventions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We look forward to the realization of the potential of the brain modes approach over the next 20 years."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_562__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For over 150 years, neuroscientists have evaluated the behavioural effects of brain damage to understand the anatomical representation of cognitive functions in the human brain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Early localizationist theories assumed lesion-behaviour relations in which essentially one region (e.g. primary visual cortex) codes for one behaviour (vision)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Meanwhile, the view prevails that many cognitive functions are organized in anatomically distributed networks and that brain areas inside such networks can interact in different ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Godefroy et al. ( 1998) systematically categorized classes of associations between brain structures inside a network and cognitive functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They suggested four possible interregional interaction modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The recent paper of Toba et al. ( 2019) in Brain added a fifth possible relationship, termed ‘mutual inhibition’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Paired brain regions that behave according to this latter mode inhibit each other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Therefore, if one of the brain regions is inactivated because of damage, the other area becomes disinhibited, which induces a cognitive deficit."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0047__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The striking aspect about this interaction mode is that a cognitive deficit might recede back to non-pathological functioning if the brain is affected by even more damage."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_562__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 8, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More exactly, if the second, disinhibited region also becomes damaged, normal cognitive functioning is supposed to be restored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Toba et al. ( 2019) based this mutual inhibition mode on findings from the animal literature as well as on more recent findings in neurological patients with brain damage."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, caution is advised with respect to the latter, i.e. the ‘evidence’ mentioned for mutual inhibition in humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because of the brain’s vascular system, the anatomy of brain lesions is highly systematic; accordingly, the damage status between brain areas is dependent [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because of this dependence, post-stroke symptoms are to some degree associated with most or even all areas in the brain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These associations can both be positive or negative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This is even the case if only damage to a small, confined area with only a non-paradoxical positive lesion-deficit relation is the actual cause of a symptom."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Only true ‘causal inference’ of lesion-brain relations could provide entirely unbiased lesion-brain inference [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0048__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "However, common inference methods in lesion behaviour mapping—both mass-univariate and multivariate methods—are blind to the causality behind the data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_562__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Therefore, these methods might also, to a small extent, associate a deficit with regions where damage is not causally related to the deficit; they might wrongfully identify paradoxical lesion effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A simple and efficient way to illustrate this issue is by using simulation studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Simulations allow one to validate lesion-behaviour inference by a priori defining in which way brain damage shall induce a symptom."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, one might decide to only include non-paradoxical positive lesion-brain relations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We performed such a simulation and intended to simulate cognitive functions following the four classical brain modes according to Godefroy et al. ( 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Importantly, all brain-deficit relations were non-paradoxical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Yet, surprisingly, we found a considerable amount of paradoxical, negative signal in the data in all analyses using multivariate lesion-behaviour mapping (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The multivariate analyses in the simulation examples identified simple paradoxical brain-deficit relations, but it did only consider direct lesion-behaviour relations, not the relations between interregional interactions and a deficit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Could artefacts also arise on this more complex level? It seems so."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0049__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Assuming a systematic anatomy of lesions, situations are imaginable where a putative inhibitory inter-regional effect can be found in the data, while in fact such effect does not exist."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_562__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 2 illustrates such an example, where only a simple single-region brain-deficit relation underlies a deficit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the data can also be perfectly explained by assuming interregional inhibition between two areas."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To conclude, hypothesis-free interpretation of lesion-behaviour data can be misleading, and it might wrongfully identify paradoxical lesion effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Still, as Toba et al. ( 2019) pointed out, multivariate lesion-behaviour modelling can be a powerful method to identify paradoxical lesion effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, this requires careful fine-tuning."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This can be achieved by simulation-based evaluation of lesion-brain inference methods, which can also test a method’s sensitivity and specificity in identifying paradoxical lesion effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Toba et al. ( 2019) highlight the benefits of multi-perturbation Shapley value analysis (MSA) in identifying the five different brain modes, including paradoxical facilitation in ‘mutual inhibition’ between areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0050__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, as this method still remains to be validated for this use, to date, paradoxical findings should be interpreted with caution, and only in combination with a strong theoretical background [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_562__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to its use in anatomo-functional mapping, multivariate methods—including MSA—provide an undisputedly powerful tool in prediction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When predicting long-term post-stroke outcome to guide rehabilitation and patient care, the primary aim is to maximize prediction performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this aim, we do not need to care if multivariate algorithms identify the actual anatomical cause of post-stroke behavioural changes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If we want to predict weather, the saying ‘When swallows fly high, the weather will be dry’ can be helpful, and from a purely use-oriented perspective there is no need to ask if it is the birds that cause rain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Likewise, we might accept that multivariate algorithms to some extent use features that do not represent the true neural correlates of a deficit, as long as the association of feature and predicted variable is found across the whole population, and therefore predictive of the outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A powerful advantage of MSA may now arise if there are indeed interregional interactions corresponding to brain modes to be found in lesion-behaviour data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If such brain modes are predictive of stroke outcome, MSA might outperform any competing multivariate algorithms that are incapable of representing brain modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Going further, one might ask if the signal captured by MSA qualitatively differs from the signal captured by other prediction algorithms [7][9][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "If this is the case, qualitatively complementary algorithms can be combined to surpass the performance of each individual prediction algorithm alone [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "However, to investigate such purposes, publicly available MSA software is required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__critique__p0051__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Moreover, predictions might benefit from a focus on interregional interactions beyond only two brain regions [1][8], up to full multi-region networks that might underlie some cognitive functions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_562__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sir,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Sperber and Karnath (2020) for their stimulating comments in response to our recent article (Toba et al., 2019) in which we reappraised and extended the notion of ‘brain modes’ proposed by Godefroy et al. ( 1998) two decades ago."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors ask two fundamental and important questions: do inhibitory interactions in the human brain really exist, and can such interactions be reliably revealed with the help of multivariate lesion inferences?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here, we answer both questions strongly in the affirmative."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, do inhibitory interactions exist in the human brain?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Strong evidence for such interactions comes from so-called ‘paradoxical’ lesion effects (Kapur, 1996, 2011), which are classically perceived of as unexpected behavioural improvements caused by focal lesions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, such ‘paradoxical’ effects, while initially appearing surprising and counter-intuitive, are in fact the predictable result of inhibitory interactions (single or multiple) in the brain, such as those driven by the fibres of the corpus callosum or the midbrain’s intercollicular commissure, or by multiple inhibitory interactions among basal ganglia regions (see Valero-Cabre et al., 2020, for review)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, such interactions are an essential aspect of the fifth brain mode (Toba et al., 2019), and may reveal inhibitory contributions of a single brain region or several regions in the emergence of a brain function, evaluated via behavioural performance measures (Toba et al., 2017, 2020)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While classical studies conducted in the cat particularly argue in favour of inhibitory interactions driven by the midbrain’s collicular commissure (Sprague, 1966; Payne and Rushmore, 2004), single case studies (Vuilleumier et al., 1996; Weddell, 2004) and experimental neuromodulation experiments (Nyffeler et al., 2019, to cite a recent example) also attest in favour of the biological plausibility of inhibitory interactions in human brain systems, particularly those linking homotopic regions of both hemispheres via transcallosal commissural projections (for a review see Valero-Cabre et al., 2020)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, interhemispheric interactions have thus far provided the most solid examples of the fifth brain mode of ‘mutual inhibition’ included in our review (Toba et al., 2019)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, mutually inhibitory transcallosal interactions appear to be wired into the human connectome and appear to be of functional relevance (see indirect evidence in Lunven et al., 2015; Nyffeler et al., 2019; Bartolomeo, 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the extent to which this brain mode substantiates other inhibitory or competitive interactions, particularly within the same lobe or the same hemisphere, remains to be illustrated via clinical cases, which to date, remain rare (for evidence from experimental perturbation approaches see Walsh et al., 1998; Maniglia et al., 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, can inhibitory interactions be reliably revealed by lesion inferences?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this context, Sperber and Karnath raise two issues and illustrate them with ad hoc simulations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their first example, they suggest that inhibitory interactions may be misinferred because of lesion pattern correlations even when inhibitory interactions are not a priori present in a ground truth model (Fig. 1 in Sperber and Karnath, 2020)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For this demonstration, they implemented the four brain modes of Toba et al. ( 2019) that do not explicitly involve inhibitory interactions (namely ‘unicity’, ‘association’, ‘summation’ and ‘equivalence’), choosing an implementation that differs from the one suggested by the definitions in Toba et al. ( 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We reanalysed their example with the help of the estimated Multiperturbation Shapley value Analysis (MSA; Keinan et al., 2004, 2006), a multivariate lesion inference approach based on coalitional game theory, and find that the analysis substantially reduces the misinference of negative contributions found by Sperber and Karnath (Supplementary Fig. 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, in their simulations, Sperber and Karnath added a significant amount of noise to the actual signal (70% signal and 30% noise)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We find that this added noise is responsible for some part of the negative contributions they report and, when removed, MSA infers the actual positive contributions built into the model largely correctly (Supplementary Fig. 1B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We conclude that misinferences of negative contributions in clinical lesion data can be largely avoided when using a reliable multivariate inference approach in conjunction with lesion data that are processed to be as free from noise as possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A more systematic quantitative investigation of these factors in the context of comparing different lesion inference approaches should be the subject of upcoming studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their second example, Sperber and Karnath suggest that inhibitory interactions may be deduced even though positive functional contributions of brain regions may provide a more parsimonious explanation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They set up a two-way scenario where a hypothetical brain function X may be affected either by lesion of a region x, or by disinhibition of a second region (Fig. 2 in Sperber and Karnath, 2020)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, our reanalysis of the example with MSA delivers results that are consistent with either scenario (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Particularly, region x makes a large positive contribution to the putative function, such that a lesion of x would induce functional deficit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conversely, region 2 makes a negative contribution to the function, such that releasing this region from inhibition would increase a functional deficit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, the analysis reveals that regions x and 2 have a ‘synergistic’ interaction, specifically indicating functional competition, as a contribution of region x may suppress the contribution of region 2 and vice versa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, even with the limited information given in the example of Sperber and Karnath, the analysis correctly infers the contributions and interactions consistent with the two scenarios, including the potential presence of negative functional contributions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Naturally, however, the analysis cannot decide which scenario the authors intended to be the actual causal explanation, as both are equally possible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "562", "paragraph_id": "triad_562__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This finding highlights the fact that lesion inferences operate in the space of behavioural data and therefore cannot directly reveal physiological-anatomical interactions without further context (Zavaglia and Hilgetag, 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, we agree with Sperber and Karnath that a hypothesis-free interpretation of paradoxical lesion-behaviour relations captured by MSA or other inference approaches can be misleading and may pose a risk of spurious findings."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Consequently, the accurate identification of relationships between brain function and specific neuroarchitectures (i.e. ‘brain modes’) must rely on a priori hypotheses (Sperber, 2020)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_562__response__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this context, more realistic computational models of brain function and systematic ground truth simulations of functional perturbations will be a powerful strategy for elucidating the validity of lesion inference approaches and revealing the fundamental brain modes underlying brain function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_562/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2998003821_W3026174589_W3027742950", "triad_name": "triad_562", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_562__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Non- alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive form of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a critical health problem worldwide as it affects approximately 25% of the global population."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "NASH is closely associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome; it is characterised by the accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and fibrosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "NASH can progress to severe fatal diseases, such as hepatocellular carci- noma and liver cirrhosis if left untreated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1- 4 Moreover, the number of patients with NASH is likely to increase, considering that the number of patients with NAFLD is expected to grow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "5 In contrast to medical needs, no effective pharmacological treatment option has been ap- proved for NASH."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "6 Previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between prolonged exposure to active glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans) and the development of metabolic syndrome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "7- 10 Al- though cortisol is predominantly produced in the adrenal cortex, it can also be produced locally in other tissues through the action of 11β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β- HSD1), which is an enzyme expressed in metabolically active tissues, such as liver and adipose tissue, and facilitates the conversion of cortisone into corti- sol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "11,12 In fact, a previous study that measured [ 13 C 4 ] cortisol after dosing 5 mg [ 13 C 4 ] cortisone demonstrated that the oral administra- tion of MK- 0916, an 11β- HSD1 inhibitor, effectively reduced [ 13 C 4 ] cortisol levels in plasma."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0002__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "13 Therefore, 11β- HSD1 has been consid- ered a key target for treating metabolic syndrome."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recent findings suggest that 11β- HSD1 inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic option for patients with NASH."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A preclini- cal study on rats showed that the inhibition of 11β- HSD1 may im- prove NAFLD by reducing inflammation, restoring lipid metabolic homeostasis, and alleviating hepatic steatosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "14 Moreover, ran- domised, placebo- controlled trials have repeatedly demonstrated that compared to placebo, 11β- HSD1 inhibitors successfully re- duce liver fat content in patients with NAFLD, NASH, and type 2 diabetes mellitus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "15,16 J2H- 1702 (also known as SKI2852) is a novel (the half maximal in- hibitory concentration = 2.9 nM or 1.58 ng/mL) 11β- HSD1 inhibitor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "17 J2H- 1702 significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and im- proved liver fibrosis in diet- and toxicity- induced NASH mouse mod- els."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "18 Considering that fibrosis is the most significant factor affecting the survival of patients with NASH, 19,20 we believe that these results provide evidence for the potential of J2H- 1702 as a therapeutic op- tion for patients with NASH."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Furthermore, preclinical studies have demonstrated that J2H- 1702 successfully inhibits hepatic glucone- ogenesis and improves lipid profiles and metabolic parameters (e.g. cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, postprandial glucose, blood haemoglobinA1c, body weight) in mice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0003__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "17,21 Therefore, J2H- 1702 may provide additional therapeutic benefits for NASH patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Therefore, we performed a phase 1 study to assess the phar- macokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), safety, and tolerability of J2H- 1702 after a single- dose oral administration in healthy male Korean participants."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Healthy Korean men aged 19- 45 years with a body mass index of 18- 27.0 kg/m 2 participated in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Eligible participants were evaluated based on their medical history, physical examination, vital signs (blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature), 12- lead electrocardiogram (ECG), clinical laboratory tests, serology (hepati- tis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis) and urinary drug screening."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Participants were excluded if they had (i) any clinically significant history of gastrointestinal disease or surgery that may affect drug absorption; (ii) history or a positive screening result for drug abuse; (iii) use of any drugs, including prescribed or herbal medicine, within 14 days and non- prescribed drugs within 7 days before the first drug administration; (iv) consumption of caf- feine- or grapefruit- containing products within 3 days before admin- istration and (v) use of drugs that induce or inhibit drug- metabolising enzymes, such as barbiturates, within 1 month before the first drug administration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ha- nyang University Seoul Hospital (IRB no. HYUH- 2020- 05- 012- 004) and was performed in accordance with the principles of the Decla- ration of Helsinki and Korean Good Clinical Practice (www.cris.nih."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "go.kr, registration number: KCT0005295)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All the participants pro- vided written informed consent prior to the study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This was a dose block- randomised, double- blind, placebo- controlled, dose- escalation phase I study of a single oral admin- istration of 25, 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg J2H- 1702 in healthy participants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Eligible participants were admitted to the Clinical Trial Centre in Hanyang University Seoul Hospital 2 days before dosing (Day 2) and discharged 2 days after dosing (Day 3) when protocol- specified procedures up to 48 h post- dose were completed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Base- line serum cortisol and 24- h urinary- free cortisol (UFC) levels were measured 1 day before dosing (Day 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Each dose group included 10 participants who were block- randomised to J2H- 1702 or pla- cebo at a ratio of 8:2 by the data manager."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The allocation code was concealed from investigators, clinical research assistants, field workers, care providers, and participants until the final data analysis was completed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All participants received an assigned sin- gle dose of J2H- 1702 after overnight fasting (≥10 h) with 200 mL water, and food intake was prohibited for up to 4 h after adminis- tration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The lowest no- observed adverse effect level of J2H- 1702 determined in a preclinical toxicity study was 40 mg/kg in dogs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This can be translated into a human equivalent dose of 21.6 mg/ kg, which is 1296 mg, assuming a 60 kg adult."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To ensure the safety of the starting dose, we applied a safety factor of 50, which was calculated as 25.9 mg."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, the starting dose in the present study was set to 25 mg, which is considered adequately safe."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The 13652036, 2023, 11-12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.17726 by Stanford University, Wiley Online Library on [03/10/2025]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License administered dose was increased in an ascending order."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0008__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The inves- tigators decided whether to escalate the dose based on the safety data collected up to 48 h post- dose, which was reviewed by an independent safety monitoring committee."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants who completed the PD sampling as planned without any major protocol deviation were included in the analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To evaluate the PD, we indirectly assessed the 11β- HSD1 activ- ity by measuring urinary metabolites of cortisol (tetrahydrocortisol [THF] and 5α- reduced tetrahydrocortisol [5α- THF]) and cortisone (tetrahydrocortisone [THE])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The 11β- HSD1 activity was calculated as (THF + 5α- THF)/THE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In order to measure THF, 5α- THF, and THE, urine samples were obtained at predetermined time intervals (i.e. 0- 6, 6- 12, 12- 24, and 24- 48 h post- dose)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also monitored the serum cortisol concentration to evaluate the PD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because serum cortisol levels are subject to diurnal varia- tion, serum samples were obtained at baseline (Day 1), 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h and at 0 (pre- dose), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h post- dose to calculate the time- matched change in serum cortisol from baseline."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PD parameters such as the maximum time- matched change from baseline in serum cortisol (ΔE max ), the area under the time- matched change from baseline in serum cortisol- time curve from 0 to the last measurable time point (ΔAUEC last ), AUEC from 0 to 4 h (ΔAUEC 0- 4 h ) and time to reach ΔE max were calculated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "ΔAUEC 0- 4 h was included in the PD analysis because a previous 13 C 4 isotope study using an 11β- HSD1 inhibitor showed that hepatic 11β- HSD1 inhibition could be observed within 4 h post- dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "13 Additionally, change from baseline in 24 h- UFC (Δ24 h- UFC = 24 h- UFC at Day 1- 24 h- UFC at baseline) was also included in the PD analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These parameters were calculated using the Phoenix WinNonlin software (version 8.1; Certara USA, Inc.)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Plasma and urine concentrations of J2H- 1702 were determined using a validated liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrom- etry (LC- MS/MS) method developed by Global Clinical Central Lab Co., Ltd. Solifenacin succinate was used as an internal stand- ard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Approximately 50 μL of sample plasma was thoroughly mixed with 50 μL of solifenacin (100 ng/mL in 50% methanol) and 1 mL of acetonitrile, and centrifuged at 17,532 g for 5 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then, 100 μL of supernatant was collected and diluted in 200 μL of water and mixed properly using a vortex mixer for 1 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One microliter of the residual material was injected into the LC- MS/MS system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Next, 100 μL of sample urine was thoroughly mixed with 10 μL of solifenacin (500 ng/mL in 50% methanol), 50 μL of 1 N- Sodium hydroxide standard solution, and 700 μL of tert- Butyl methyl ether."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The material was frozen (<−70°C) after centrifugation at 17,532 g for 5 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The supernatant was collected and subjected to N 2 evaporation at 40°C."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0013__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The residual material was then recon- stituted with 800 μL of 50% acetonitrile and injected into the LC- MS/MS system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A mobile phase of 5 mM ammonium acetate in water (0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile was used at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min through a Poroshell 120 EC- C18 (3 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm; Agilent Technologies)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The MS/MS system was operated with an electrospray ioniser in positive ionisation mode."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "J2H- 1702 was evaluated by multiple reaction monitoring using Triple Quad 6500 (AB Sciex)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The mass transitions for J2H- 1702 and solifenacin were m/z 544.0 → 258.2 (394.2 for urine) and 363.2 → 110.2, respec- tively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The lower limit of quantification for J2H- 1702 was 5 ng/ mL, with linear calibration curves in the concentration range of 5- 5000 ng/mL (r > 0.99)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The accuracy and precision were 100.31%- 108.15% and 0.77%- 4.88% for plasma and 98.98%- 106.21% and 1.48%- 5.47% for urine, respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0014__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The human plasma and urine samples measured in the present study were accurate and reliable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "PKs were assessed using plasma and urine concentrations of J2H- 1702."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Serial blood samples were collected in sodium heparin tubes at 0 (pre- dose), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post- dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Approximately 6 mL of blood was collected in sodium heparin tubes at each point and then centrifuged (1880 g and 4°C for 10 min) to separate three plasma aliquots (1 mL each), which were stored at <−70°C until analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, urine samples were col- lected for up to 48 h post- dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Two urine aliquots (1 mL each) per time interval (0- 6, 6- 12, 12- 24, and 24- 48 h post- dose) were stored at <−70°C until analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The PK parameters of J2H- 1702 were determined by a non- compartmental method using the Phoenix WinNonlin software (version 8.1; Certara USA, Inc.)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The maximum plasma concentra- tion (C max ) and time to reach C max (T max ) were determined based on observed concentrations and actual times."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The area under the plasma concentration- time curve (AUC) from time zero to the last measurable time point (AUC last ) was determined using the linear- up/log- down trapezoidal rule."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC inf ) was calculated as AUC last + C t /λ"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "z , where C t is the last measurable concentration and λ z the terminal elimination rate constant estimated from linear regression of the log- linear por- tion of the plasma concentration- time curve."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "AUC extrapolated (AUC extrap ) was defined as C t /λ"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "z divided by AUC inf ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The terminal half- life (t 1/2 ) was calculated as the natural logarithm of 2 divided by λ z ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The apparent clearance was calculated as the dose divided by the AUC inf ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0016__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "For urinary PK parameters, the amount of unchanged J2H- 1702 excreted in urine (A e ), a fraction of unchanged J2H- 1702 excreted in urine (f e ) and renal clearance (CL R = A e /AUC inf ) were evaluated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We observed a time delay between the PKs and PDs of J2H- 1702 in that the maximum inhibition of 11β- HSD1 activity was observed much later than the T max of J2H- 1702 (Table 1, Figure 1 and Fig- ure S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found no correlation between the PK (i.e. C max and AU- C last ) and PD (i.e. 11β- HSD1 activity, ΔE max , ΔAUEC last , ΔAUEC 0- 4 h , and Δ24 h- UFC) parameters (Table 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this study, genetic variants were observed in six genes (UGT1A1, CYP3A5, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, and CYP2D6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The genetic vari- ants were categorised into four phenotypes, which were normal me- tabolizer, intermediate metabolizer, poor metabolizer and unknown phenotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For all six genes that were analysed, no significant differ- ence was found in dose- normalised AUC inf among the phenotypes (Figure S4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring vital signs, physical examinations, 12- lead ECG (QT correction was performed using the Fridericia formula), clinical laboratory tests, and TEAEs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ad- ditionally, to evaluate the possible activation of the cortisol- negative feedback loop at the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), aldosterone and testosterone levels were measured on Day 1 (pre- dose) and Day 3 (48 h post- dose)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The TEAEs were classified and recorded using the Medical Diction- ary for Regulatory Activities (version 23.0)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All safety and tolerabil- ity results were reviewed by the investigators and comprehensively judged for their relationship with J2H- 1702 and clinical significance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Precise statistical sample size estimation was not required be- cause of the exploratory nature of this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Demographic, PK, and PD characteristics are described as arithmetic means and standard deviations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Safety and tolerability profiles were analysed using frequencies and percentages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Comparison of PD parameters with placebo was performed using a one- way analysis of variance with Dunnett's test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The paired t- test and Wilcoxon signed- rank test were used for within- treatment group comparisons (i.e., Day 1 vs. Day 3; Day −1 vs. Day 1, respectively)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To evaluate dose pro- portionality, we conducted linear regression analysis with a power model using log- transformed C max and AUCs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the 95% confi- dence interval (CIs) of the gradient of the regression line was 1, the PK parameter was considered to be dose- proportional."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The relationship between PK and PD was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The effect of PGx on PK was assessed using non- parametric analysis (i.e. Kruskal- Wallis test or Mann- Whitney test; the mean ranks of each phenotype were compared with those of normal metabolizers)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of 50 individuals were enrolled in the study between 4 Au- gust 2020 and 8 November 2020."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The final visit of the last partici- pant was on 11 December 2020."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One participant in the 200 mg dose group withdrew consent and dropped out after receiving the study drug."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a result, 49 participants completed the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The dropout participant was included in the PD and safety analysis because he had received the study drug and had completed the PD sampling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, he was excluded from the PK and PK- PD analyses because he did not complete PK sampling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The mean ± standard deviations of age, weight, height, and body mass index of the participants were 26.5 ± 5.8 years, 71.2 ± 9.8 kg, 174.4 ± 6.4 cm, and 23.3 ± 2.4 kg/m 2 , respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0023__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Demographic characteristics were comparable among the treatment groups (p > 0.05)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "TA B L E 1 Summary of pharmacodynamic parameters of J2H- 1702 after a single oral administration in healthy participants."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the J2H- 1702 group, we observed an initial decrease, which lasted up to 1.5- 4 h post- dose, in serum cortisol levels compared to baseline (Day 1), whereas it remained similar in the placebo group (Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Correspondingly, AUEC 0- 4 h was significantly lower on Day 1 than that at baseline (Day 1) after J2H- 1702 treatment, whereas AUEC 0- 4 h remained comparable after placebo treatment (Figure S2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, among the baseline- corrected PD parameters (i.e. ΔE max , ΔAUEC last , ΔAUEC 0- 4 h , and Δ24 h- UFC), only ΔE max in 50 mg dose group and ΔAUEC 0- 4 h in 25, 50, and 300 mg dose groups were sig- nificantly lower compared to that in placebo."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After a single oral administration, the peak plasma concentration of J2H- 1702 was observed at 2- 2.9 h. Semi- log concentration- time curve of J2H- 1702 showed typical first- order elimination kinetics, with a mean elimination half- life of 9.8- 14.7 h. The fraction of un- changed J2H- 1702 excreted into urine was negligible (<0.05%) in all dose groups, indicating that J2H- 1702 was predominantly elimi- nated through non- renal pathways (Table 2, Figure 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Systemic exposure to J2H- 1702 (i.e. C max , AUC last and AUC inf ) increased in a dose- dependent manner, as the 95% CIs of the regression slope for log- transformed C max , AUC last and AUC inf were 0.63- 1.04, 0.67- 1.12 and 0.70- 1.12, respectively (Table S1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overall, J2H- 1702 was well tolerated after a single oral administra- tion of up to 300 mg."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A total of 11 TEAEs were observed in seven participants (14%; 25 mg, two participants; 50 mg, one participant; 100 mg, three participants; 200 mg, one participant; 300 mg, none; placebo, none), all of which were mild in severity and resolved spon- taneously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The most common TEAE was diarrhoea (four partici- pants, 8%), followed by dizziness (two participants, 4%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Regarding the upregulation of the HPA axis, a significant increase in ACTH and aldosterone (approximately twofold of ULN) was observed in one participant (R14003) in J2H- 1702 200 mg group on Day 3 (2 days after dosing) without any other clinical signs or symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this participant, ACTH and aldosterone levels returned to normal lev- els within 4 days without any treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, testosterone levels were not affected at any dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "No other clinically relevant abnormalities or changes were observed in the ECG parameters (in- cluding QT prolongation), vital signs, physical examination, or clinical laboratory tests."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F I G U R E 2 Time course of mean serum cortisol before and after a single oral administration of J2H- 1702 (or placebo) up to 24 h post- dose (insets: up to 4 h post- dose)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Error bars denote the standard deviations (○ = baseline, Day 1; ● = Day 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is the first human study to comprehensively evaluate the PDs, PKs, safety, and tolerability of J2H- 1702 after a single oral admin- istration (25- 300 mg) in healthy male participants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Intensive blood and urine sampling allowed us to successfully assess the PD and PK characteristics of J2H- 1702."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although all TEAEs were more frequently reported in the J2H- 1702- treated groups than those in the placebo group, there was no dose- dependent increase in the frequency or intensity of TA B L E 2 Summary of pharmacokinetic parameters of J2H- 1702 after a single oral administration in healthy participants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To evaluate the PD of J2H- 1702, we indirectly assessed the he- patic 11β- HSD1 activity by measuring the urinary (THF + 5α- THF)/ THE ratio."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "27 Our results demonstrated that J2H- 1702 successfully inhibited the 11β- HSD1 activity in the liver and the effect was long- lasting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Peak inhibition of 11β- HSD1 activity occurred between 12 and 24 h post- dose, and the inhibitory effect was sustained even during 24- 48 h post- dose (Figure S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This indicates that for J2H- 1702, the half- life of the inhibitory effect may be longer than the t 1/2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Consistent with our findings, a prior clinical study with ASP3662, an 11β- HSD1 inhibitor, showed that a return to baseline of 11β- HSD1 activity was not achieved even after 16 days of discontinuing the study drug."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "28 Additionally, the discrepancies observed between T max (2- 2.9 h post- dose) and time to reach the maximal inhibitory effect of 11β- HSD1 activity (12- 24 h post- dose) could be attributed to the time required for the drug distribution from the systemic circulation to the site of action in the liver."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to the marked decrease in 11β- HSD1 activity, the vari- ations in the PD parameters with regard to serum and urinary cortisol levels were not as considerable after J2H- 1702 administration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This could be attributed to the negative feedback control of the HPA axis by cortisol, as mentioned previously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The attenuated activity of 11β- HSD1 could be translated as an increase in cortisol clearance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There- fore, increased clearance may trigger an increase in ACTH secretion, ultimately elevating the levels of circulating cortisol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This hypothesis is supported by the previously mentioned increase in ACTH and al- dosterone levels in the J2H- 1702 treated groups, in contrast to the the circulating cortisol levels."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After a single oral administration, mean t 1/2 of J2H- 1702 was shorter or similar compared with other 11b HSD1 inhibitors (ASP3662: 14.81- 37.74 h, ABT- 384: 10.4- 15.2 h, AMG- 221: 6.9- 9.3 h, BI- 187004: 13.4- 33.5 h), 28,30- 32 and the systemic exposure to J2H- 1702 was relatively dose- proportional."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, to accu- rately assess dose proportionality, further evaluation is warranted in a multiple- dose study, as the PKs of J2H- 1702 were not dose- proportional after multiple dosing in mice and dogs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "17 Interestingly, the CL/F and V d /F ratios were relatively high in J2H- 1702 (50 mg)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This may be explained by the fact that one participant (R12007) hav- ing markedly low exposure to J2H- 1702 showed high CL/F and V d /F (C max : 23.67 ng/mL, AUC last : 173.49 h·ng/mL, AUC inf : 252.46 h·ng/ mL, CL/F: 198.05 L/h, V d /F: 1804.63 L) in the 50 mg dose group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When excluding this participant from the PK analysis, the CL/F and V d /F at J2H- 1702 50 mg were comparable to those of other dose groups (mean ± SD for CL/F and V d /F at J2H- 1702 50 mg were 8.7 ± 1.8 L/h and 132 ± 57.2 L, respectively, for J2H- 1702 50 mg)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No specific abnormalities were reported during the dosing process and the reasons for the participant having a higher CL/F and V d /F ratios are unclear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the absorption of J2H- 1702 may have been affected because the participant had diarrhoea on the day of administration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All six genetic variants observed in this study (UGT1A1, CYP3A5, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, and CYP2D6) were not associated with the systemic exposure (dose- normalised AUC inf ) of J2H- 1702."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This result is in line with the preclinical finding that the major metabolic pathway of J2H- 1702 is through CYP3A4."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, we believe J2H- 1702 can be conveniently used regardless of the patient's CYP2C19 genotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This contrasts with the findings of BMS- 823778, an 11β- HSD1 inhibitor candidate for type 2 diabetes treatment, which is significantly affected by CYP2C19 polymorphism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "33 This study has a few limitations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, because the primary PK parameters were observed in the plasma, it is unclear whether J2H- 1702 was well distributed in the liver, which is the target tis- sue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, a preclinical study with mice showed that J2H- 1702 is well distributed in the liver (tissue- to- plasma concentration ratio in the liver = 31.0)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "17 Given the available information, we can infer that J2H- 1702 was well distributed in the human liver as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sec- ond, because this study was conducted on healthy participants, it can be argued that the results may not be applicable to patients with NASH."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, 11β- HSD1 inhibitors consistently have been shown to lower 11β- HSD1 activity in patients with metabolic dis- eases, including NASH."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "15,32,34 Based on these results, we believe that the inhibitory effect of J2H- 1702 would likely be reproduced in patients with NASH."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As previously mentioned, a phase 2 study of J2H- 1702 is currently being conducted with patients with NASH in three dose groups (50, 100, and 200 mg)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As our study has shown that J2H- 1702 successfully decreased 11β- HSD1 activity in all dose groups and that J2H- 1702 was well tolerated up to 300 mg, we be- lieve that the dose levels set for the phase 2 study are sufficient to explore the efficacy of J2H- 1702 in NASH patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, as the study included only Korean men, it was not feasible to assess the effects of race and sex on the PKs, PDs, safety, and tolerability of J2H- 1702."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, further clinical studies involving diverse races and sexes are required to comprehensively understand the clinical pharmacology of J2H- 1702."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, our study demonstrated that J2H- 1702 was safe and well- tolerated and provided preliminary evidence of its ability to in- hibit the activity of 11β- HSD1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These findings provide a basis for future clinical development of J2H- 1702 as a novel therapeutic op- tion for the treatment of NASH."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, further investigations are required to validate this hypothesis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Yun Kim: Formal analysis (equal); investigation (supporting); meth- odology (equal); writing - original draft (equal); writing - review and editing (supporting)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Shi- Ra Lee: Data curation (lead); investigation (supporting); project administration (equal); writing - original draft (supporting); writing - review and editing (supporting)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Sang Won Lee: Conceptualization (lead); formal analysis (equal); funding ac- quisition (lead); investigation (lead); project administration (equal); software (lead); visualization (equal); writing - original draft (equal); writing - review and editing (lead)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study was funded by J2H Biotech, Suwon- si, Gyeonggi- do, Republic of Korea, the manufacturer of J2H- 1702."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This work was supported by the research fund of Hanyang University (HY- 202300000001159)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All authors have nothing to declare."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2362__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With a global prevalence of 30% [1], metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a worldwide epidemic closely associated with the epidemics of metabolic syndrome, obesity and type 2 diabetes [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MASLD is set to become a major socio-economic burden as its most severe form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), is associated with significant morbidity/mortality such as major adverse cardiovascular events, major adverse liver outcomes, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplant and death."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To date, the management of patients with MASH remains challenging because of the absence of approved therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2362__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Excessive levels of glucocorticoids have been associated with an increased risk of MASLD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These hormones can mediate intrahepatic fat disposition through several mechanisms such as stimulation of de novo lipogenesis and lipolysis, increased food intake, increased glucogenesis, and inhibition of β-oxidation [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is highly expressed in the liver and adipose tissue, and converts the inactive glucocorticoid hormone, cortisone, to the active cortisol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a consequence, 11β-HSD1 has been considered a potential target for MASH for over a decade."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It has been hypothesized that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 selectively lowers cortisol within the tissues without affecting the normal variations of plasma cortisol during stress response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Several 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been evaluated in different therapeutic indications such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity [3][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These trials have reported many beneficial effects such as weight loss [5][6], decrease in liver chemistry tests [5], and improvement in lipid and glycaemic profiles [6][7] suggesting potential overall metabolic benefit of this therapeutic class."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, none of them has been approved to date, mostly due to limited efficacy results and potential safety concerns related to activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Previous studies have reported a mild activation of the HPA, returning to normal after stopping study drug [5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0044__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Further long-term studies with close monitoring of the HPA are warranted to fully assess the potential impact of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2362__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Kim et al. [ 8] reported the results of a human study of J2H-1702, a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, which appeared to be well tolerated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous animal studies suggested the potential of this drug candidate for the treatment of MASH and liver fibrosis [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite evidence of target engagement, previous early phase 2 studies, assessing the efficacy of other 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, reported either non-significant or mild efficacy on liver fat content reduction [5][7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Longer duration of 11β-HSD1 inhibition might be needed to achieve a clinically meaningful benefit, and the potential effect on fibrosis regression of J2H-1702 vindicates further development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Several questions remain such as the potential role of 11β-HSD1 genetic polymorphisms in the therapeutic response [10]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, the human study by Kim et al. [ 8], together with the ongoing phase 2 trial assessing the efficacy of J2H-1702 in patients with MASH, provide a good opportunity to further assess this therapeutic target in MASH as their potential benefit is still not well understood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__critique__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If successful, this class of drugs could be positioned as an add-on therapy in the future armamentarium of MASH treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2362__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the editorial highlighting hypercortisolism as a potential target of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The complex pathophysiology of MAFLD, involving insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, and genetic, environmental, and social factors, results in heterogeneous and variable disease progression [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Considering the complex and heterogeneous nature of MASLD, monotherapy may not be optimal for all patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For some patients, combination therapy may be a more promising approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The logical next step in development may be the development of safe, effective combination therapies based on therapeutic candidates developed to date."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As Drs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0046__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Harrison and Dubourg stated, there has been consideration about the impact of glucocorticoids on the onset of this condition and the potential of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors as a therapeutic approach for MASLD [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2362__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "J2H-1702, a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, has shown reduction of hepatic lipid accumulation and improvement in liver fibrosis in preclinical mouse model studies [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, J2H-1702 controlled the production of cortisol in hepatic stellate cells to diminish TGF-β1-mediated fibrogenic morphology and signalling in a multicellular hepatic spheroid model that mimics fibrotic microenvironment [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, in a diet- and toxicity-induced mouse model, J2H-1702 reduced fibrosis along with steatosis and inflammation [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Since fibrosis has a strong association with long-term outcomes, J2H-1702 demonstrates the potential to be a part of the treatment for this condition [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Furthermore, our study showed that a single administration of J2H-1702 successfully reduced 11β-HSD1 activity in humans [7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, J2H-1702 can be considered promising in treating MASH."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2362__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, we agree that there is a need to assess the long-term effect of 11β-HSD1 inhibition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A phase IIa clinical trial aims to evaluate safety and efficacy of J2H-1702 after repeated administration for 12 weeks in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is ongoing (Registration number: KCT0007904) [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clinical benefits will be assessed by analysing the changes from baseline in liver fat content (%), liver fibrosis (kPa), NAFLD fibrosis score, ALT/AST/lipid profiles and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Results of this clinical trial might answer some questions on its efficacy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2362__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2362", "paragraph_id": "triad_2362__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2362__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, concurrent development of biomarkers enabling appropriate treatment selection should be accompanied regarding the complex and heterogenous pathophysiology of MASLD."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2362/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387001940_W4388869891_W4388870428", "triad_name": "triad_2362", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2362__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a progressive decline in b-cell function and increased insulin resistance that contribute to chronic hyperglycemia and subsequent diabetic complica- tions 1 ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, antidiabetes strategies so far have mainly focused on improving b-cell function and insulin resistance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among them, glucagon-like petide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) ago- nists, especially the so-called long-acting GLP-1R agonists, such as liraglutide, have been gaining attention because they enhance insulin secretion glucose-dependently and concurrently amelio- rate insulin resistance through bodyweight reduction 2,3 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previ- ous studies showed that the glucose-lowering effects of the long-acting GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, rely on remaining b-cell function, as evaluated by postprandial levels of C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) 4 , the fasting C-peptide index (CPI) or the CPR/plasma glucose ratio 5-8 and glucagon-stimulated increments of CPR 7 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These findings suggest that the earlier initiation of long-acting GLP-1R agonists results in greater glucose-lowering effects in patients with type 2 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A meta-analysis of clinical trials on GLP-1R agonists and basal insulin combination therapy showed that they improve gly- cated hemoglobin (HbA1c) similarly to basal-bolus insulin therapy with a reduced risk of hypoglycemia and bodyweight gain 9 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, it is conceivable that long-acting GLP-1R agonists are effective in type 2 diabetes patients with reduced remaining b-cell function when used with basal insulin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "How- ever, this has not been tested in clinical trials or in clinical settings, and requires further investigation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The current retro- spective study was designed to evaluate: (i) the HbA1c-lower- ing effects of liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy in type 2 diabetes patients who had previously received insulin therapy, both multiple-dose insulin (MDI) and basal insulin-supported oral therapy (BOT); and (ii) the possible association of remaining b-cell function with the HbA1c-lowering effects of the therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of 72 type 2 diabetes patients who received a prescrip- tion change from insulin therapy, MDI or BOT to liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy at Kansai Electric Power Hospital (Osaka, Japan) between September 2014 and February 2016 were retrospectively analyzed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients with type 1 dia- betes, pregnancy, pancreatic disease, liver disease, renal disease, malignancy or receiving diabetogenic medication were excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients with severe renal failure (creatinine clearance rate < 30 mL/min) and/or those undergoing dialysis were also excluded, as serum CPR levels are modified in these conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Physical and laboratory data including HbA1c were acquired before and 12 - 3, 24 - 3, 36 - 3 and 54 - 3 weeks after the initiation of liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A schematic diagram of the study participants is summarized in Figure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Of the 72 patients, 15 discontinued liraglutide as a result of hyperglycemia (1 patient), gastrointestinal side-effects (4 patients) and other reasons (10 patients); 12 patients contin- ued liraglutide therapy while receiving additional oral antidia- betic drugs (OAD) or insulin during 54 weeks, and the remaining 45 patients continued liraglutide therapy without additional OADs or bolus insulin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There were 37 patients whose HbA1c values at week 54 were available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0003__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "No hypo- glycemia requiring hospitalization occurred during the study period."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HbA1c was measured using high-performance liquid chro- matography with cation-exchange resins that separate the stable form of b-N1-mono-deoxyfructosyl Hb."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results are shown as National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program values as recommended by the Japan Diabetes Society 10 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The CPI, which is closely correlated with other indices of b-cell function, such as homeostatic model assessment of b-cell function and insulinogenic index 11-13 , and has been widely used as a practi- cal index to estimate b-cell function in clinical settings 14 , was calculated as follows: 100 9 fasting CPR / fasting plasma glu- cose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The patients continued pre-existing insulin therapy up until the night before the measurement of fasting serum CPR in the morning to avoid hyperglycemia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "CPR was measured using Lumipulse Presto C-peptide (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Other laboratory measurements including plasma glu- cose were measured by standard assays."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The patient characteristics and results are reported as the mean - standard error of the mean (SEM)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The statistical anal- ysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics 22 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Repeated measures were analyzed using a mixed-effects model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Clinical parameters were com- pared between the two groups at single time-points using the Mann-Whitney U-test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "P-values < 0.05 were considered statisti- cally significant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for the CPI."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The sensitivity, specificity, cut-off point and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were also calculated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the 57 patients who initiated and continued liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy for 54 weeks, we ana- lyzed 37 patients who did not take additional OADs or bolus insulin (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After the initiation of liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy, HbA1c slightly improved (baseline 8.5 - 0.3% and at 54 weeks 8.0 - 0.2%; P = 0.138), with significant reductions in bodyweight (baseline 73.3 - 2.8 kg and at 54 weeks 68.6 - 2.4 kg; P < 0.01), insulin dose (baseline 25.9 - 3.1 units/day and at 54 weeks 16.2 - 1.4 units/day; P < 0.01) and insulin dose per bodyweight (baseline 0.34 - 0.04 units/kg bodyweight/day and at 54 weeks 823 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/jdi Liraglutide and b-cell function 0.23 - 0.02 units/kg bodyweight/day; P < 0.01; Figure 2a-d, black lines)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We then addressed whether remaining b-cell function affects the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% at 54 weeks after the initia- tion of liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among the 37 patients, the patients who achieved HbA1c < 7.0% showed higher HbA1c values and bodyweight throughout the observation period, although it did not reach statistical significance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These patients had a total insulin dose similar to patients who did not achieve HbA1c < 7.0%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Impor- tantly, the baseline values of the b-cell function index, CPI, were significantly higher in patients who achieved HbA1c < 7.0% than in those who did not achieve HbA1c < 7.0% (1.50 - 0.22 vs 0.98 - 0.10; P = 0.04; Fig- ure 2e)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the cut-off CPI value for the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% was 1.103 ng/mL (area under the curve 0.752; 95% confidence interval 0.548-0.957; sensitivity 86% and speci- ficity 67%; Figure 2f)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also carried out a subgroup analysis that showed that the changes in HbA1c from baseline to 54 weeks were affected only by baseline HbA1c, and did not differ by the baseline val- ues of age, body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes duration, the insulin dose or the type of pre-existing insulin therapy (MDI vs BOT; Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the changes in bodyweight and insulin dose were significantly affected by baseline BMI, insulin dose and insulin therapy type, the bodyweight and insulin dose at 54 weeks were not affected by baseline insulin therapy type (Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, the dose of liraglutide did not differ by the baseline age (≥65 years, 0.86 - 0.03 mg and <65 years, 0.81 - 0.03 mg; P = 0.421), the medians of baseline HbA1c (≥8.2%, 0.82 - 0.03 mg and <8.2%, 0.85 - 0.03 mg; P = 0.538), baseline BMI (≥26.36 kg/m 2 , 0.87 - 0.02 mg and <26.36 kg/m 2 , 0.81 - 0.03 mg; P = 0.298), type 2 diabetes duration (≥16 years, 0.82 - 0.03 mg and <16 years, 0.85 - 0.03 mg; P = 0.620), baseline insulin dose (≥0.4 units/kg bodyweight/day, 0.85 - 0.03 mg and <0.4 units/kg bodyweight/day, 0.82 - 0.03 mg; P = 0.538) or the type of pre-existing insulin therapy (MDI 0.85 - 0.02 mg and BOT 0.79 - 0.05 mg; P = 0.332)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ratio of basal insulin and liraglutide (units of basal insulin per mg of liraglutide) did not differ by baseline age (≥65 years, 20.74 - 2.47 and <65 years, 18.13 - 2.34; P = 0.354), the medians of baseline HbA1c (≥8.2%, 21.93 - 2.75 and <8.2%, 17.16 - 1.92; P = 0.159), type 2 diabetes duration (≥16 years, 21.88 - 2.28 and <16 years, 17.22 - 2.53; P = 0.258) or the type of pre-existing insulin therapy (MDI 21.24 - 2.06 and BOT, 15.76 - 2.92; P = 0.204), but it differed by the medians of baseline BMI (≥26.36 kg/m 2 , 23.22 - 2.70 and <26.36 kg/m 2 , 15.80"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The current study showed that the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% by liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy was affected by remaining b-cell function, and that the cut-off value of the b-cell function index, CPI, for this target was 1.103, suggesting that the therapy requires additional OAD or bolus insulin in patients with CPI < 1.103 to achieve HbA1c < 7.0% 1 year after initiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The present study also suggested that liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy improves HbA1c and bodyweight regardless of baseline charac- teristics, such as age, BMI, type 2 diabetes duration, insulin therapy type and the insulin dose."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Liraglutide exerts glucose-lowering effects by enhancing basal and postprandial insulin secretion from pancreatic b-cells 2,15 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, it is conceivable that remaining b-cell function is one of the critical determinants in the glucose-lowering effects of liraglutide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our groups and others previously reported that liraglutide exerts greater HbA1c-lowering effects among non- insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with ample b-cell func- tion 5,7,16 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, whether these HbA1c-lowering effects depend on remaining b-cell function in patients receiving basal insulin is unknown."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As clearly shown in the current study, the HbA1c-lowering effects depend on remaining b-cell func- tion, even in patients receiving liraglutide with basal insulin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, the cut-off CPI value for the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% by liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy (i.e., 1.103) is lower than that of liraglutide - sulfony- lurea therapy (i.e., 1.86) 7 , suggesting that basal insulin can compensate for the b-cell function required for liraglutide to enhance basal insulin secretion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as suggested by the current study, liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy might require additional bolus insulin to fully compensate insu- lin insufficiency in individuals with reduced b-cell function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, it would be interesting to evaluate the b-cell function requirement for the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% in individu- als receiving both basal and bolus insulin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More than 70% of the 37 patients examined in the current study stopped receiving pre-existing OADs and/or bolus insulin, and no washout peri- ods were implemented before the initiation of the basal insulin and liraglutide combination therapy, making it difficult to eval- uate patients' responses based on changes in HbA1c from base- line to 54 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition to the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% at 54 weeks, we also evaluated CPI in HbA1c tertiles at 54 weeks, and found that the lowest HbA1c tertile had the highest CPI (Figure S2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Insulin therapy, especially MDI, has been the most powerful tool for glycemic control, but the risk of hypoglycemia and increased bodyweight have been problems in the management of type 2 diabetes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "GLP-1R agonist and basal insulin combination therapy has been gaining attention, because it carries lower risks for hypoglycemia and bodyweight gain, and improves quality of life because of less frequent injections and exerts HbA1c-lower- ing effects similarly to MDI according to randomized controlled trials 17 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consistent with the results of randomized controlled tri- als, liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy improved HbA1c, and decreased bodyweight and the insulin dose when switched from MDI or BOT in the current study (Figure 2) and in recent clinical trials in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients 18,19 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy is effective regardless of baseline age, BMI, disease duration, insulin dose and the type of insulin injections (Figure 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, the ratio of basal insulin and liraglutide was not affected by baseline values of age, HbA1c, type 2 diabetes duration or the type of pre-existing insulin therapy, suggesting a broad indication for a fixed-ratio combination of liraglutide and basal insulin in Japa- nese type 2 diabetes patients similar to type 2 diabetes patients of other ethnicities 20,21 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ratio of basal insulin and liraglutide significantly differ between individuals with baseline BMI ≥ 26.36 kg/m 2 and those < 26.36 kg/m 2 ; and between individuals with baseline insulin dose ≥ 0.4 unit/kg/day and those with < 0.4 unit/kg/day, suggesting that the ratio should be determined in light of obesity and subsequent insulin resistance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, it is important to note that liraglutide up to 0.9 mg q.d., unlike up to 1.8 mg q.d."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "in other countries, is currently approved in Japan and that the results need to be interpreted accordingly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There were several limitations to the current study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the sample size of the current study was limited, as liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy had only been approved in Japan for <3 years."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, just 19% of the patients achieved HbA1c < 7.0% at 54 weeks, partly due to the new guideline of HbA1c targets for the elderly announced by the Japan Diabetes Society in May 2016 (e.g., HbA1c 6.5-7.5% for individuals aged ≥65-years and individuals aged<75 years with normal cognitive function and activities of daily living, and with the use of insu- lin, sulfonylurea and glinide) 22 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, because of the retrospec- tive nature of the study, there is no pre-fixed rule for dose adjustments of basal insulin by the physician-in-charge."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There- fore, it is difficult to exclude the possibility that dose adjust- ments of basal insulin affected the overall results, including the CPI cut-off value, although the basal insulin dose did not differ regardless of HbA1c < 7.0% achievement (Figure 2c,d)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addi- tion, there is no pre-fixed rule for prescription changes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The inclusion of the 12 patients originally excluded as a result of additional OADs or bolus insulin showed that baseline CPI was higher in the group achieving HbA1c < 7.0%, although it did not reach statistical significance (Figure S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Five out of the 12 excluded patients had baseline CPI values (1.71 - 0.13) that were higher than the mean CPI value of the group achieving HbA1c < 7.0% (Table 1)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These five patients had higher base- line insulin dose per bodyweight (0.47 - 0.08 units/kg body- weight/day) and younger baseline age (52.2 - 1.6 years), despite a similar baseline HbA1c (8.1 - 0.4%) compared with the group achieving HbA1c < 7.0% (Table 1), suggesting that additional factors (e.g., overeating and insulin resistance) might also con- tribute to achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% by liraglutide and basal insulin combination therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fourth, linear associations of CPI with b-cell function at higher fasting glucose ranges were not investigated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, fasting glucose levels in the current study participants were similar to or lower than those described in previous studies evaluating remaining b-cell function to avoid insulin injections and those investigating associations of CPI with other indices of b-cell function 12,13,23 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite these limita- tions, the current findings strongly suggest that liraglutide requires some remaining b-cell function to exert glucose-lower- ing effects, even when used with basal insulin, and suggest that liraglutide and basal insulin therapy requires additional OAD or bolus insulin to achieve ideal HbA1c target."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, the current study found that the patients who achieved HbA1c < 7.0% by liraglutide and basal insulin combi- nation therapy had more remaining b-cell function, and sug- gests that the earlier introduction of liraglutide allows better glycemic control outcomes, even when used with basal insulin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4771__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to comment on the recent article of Usui et al. and highlight findings of our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Usui et al. showed that the glucose-lowering effect of liraglutide as add-on therapy to insulin relies on the remaining b-cell function in type 2 diabetes [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Counterintuitively, this effect was not dependent on disease duration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4771__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We retrospectively analyzed data from our cohort of type 2 diabetes patients (n = 69) at Slingeland Hospital, Doetinchem, the Netherlands, who instantaneously switched from insulin to liraglutide between 2010 and 2016."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Inclusion criteria for switch were body mass index ≥35 kg/m2 and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >53 mmol/mol (>7.0%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Response was defined as a decrease in HbA1c; non-responding necessitates discontinuing liraglutide due to insufficient glycemic control or side-effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Effects on weight and HbA1c were analyzed with a mixed model, and response by a multivariate Cox survival analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4771__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean age of the patients was 62 years (standard deviation 7.9 years), and 54% were men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The median disease duration was 13 years (interquartile range 25–75, range 6–17.7 years), and the mean HbA1c was 68.8 mmol/mol (8.4%) during insulin therapy at a median daily dose of 96 units (range 54–129 units)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4771__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, the response rates were 65, 63, 51 and 23% for the total cohort, and 84, 84, 76 and 41% for patients with disease duration <10 years (n = 25)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Responders’ median weight reduction at 3, 6 and 12 months was 1 kg (range 0–4.5 kg), 3 kg (range 0–6.3 kg) and 5 kg (range 1–11 kg), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Responders’ median HbA1c reduction at 3, 6 and 12 months was 4 mmol/mol (range 0–12.2 mmol/mol), 8.5 mmol/mol (range 2–26.5 mmol/mol) and 7 mmol/mol (range 1–18 mmol/mol), respectively, and 2.5% (range 0–3%), 2.9% (range 2.3–4.6%) and 2.8% (range 2.2–3.8%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Insufficient glycemic control was the main reason for non-responding (89%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4771__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Longitudinal analysis adjusted for age and sex showed a significant positive association of disease duration with HbA1c (0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.07–0.58)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Survival analysis, adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, showed a significant association between disease duration and non-responding to liraglutide, with a hazard ratio of 2.39 (95% confidence interval 1.20–4.76) when disease duration was dichotomized in <10 years or ≥10 years (Figure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4771__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Intriguingly, the present results seem to conflict with the finding of Usui et al. not establishing a relationship between disease duration and successful therapy of liraglutide in combination with insulin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "On the contrary, our results fit with their finding that liraglutide is most effective in patients with the highest remaining b-cell function, as it is well known that b-cell function declines with disease duration."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We conclude that instantaneously switching from insulin to liraglutide is an option for severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes with a short disease duration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4771__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to thank Wilbrink et al. [ 1] for their interest and comments on our recent article regarding the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)-lowering effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide with basal insulin among Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have reported that the HbA1c-lowering effects of liraglutide/basal insulin combination rely on remaining b-cell function, and that the cut-off value of the C-peptide immunoreactivity index, a b-cell function-related index frequently used in Japanese clinical settings, is 1.10 for the achievement of HbA1c < 7.0% at 54 weeks after initiating the liraglutide/basal insulin combination [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our study, we found that changes in HbA1c were not affected by type 2 diabetes duration, unlike the Wilbrink et al. study (Figure 1b)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This discrepancy might be due to several reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "First, we studied patients receiving liraglutide/basal insulin combination in replacement of multiple daily injection insulin therapy or basal insulin-supported oral therapy, whereas Wilbrink et al. studied those receiving liraglutide in replacement of insulin therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We previously showed that discontinuation of liraglutide as a result of hyperglycemia after switching from insulin is affected by remaining b-cell function and type 2 diabetes duration [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In addition, we also reported that the HbA1c-lowering effects of liraglutide monotherapy and sulfonylurea combination rely on remaining b-cell function and type 2 diabetes duration (Figure 1a) in a study in which 74% of the study patients had been taking insulin before initiating liraglutide [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Importantly, the C-peptide immunoreactivity index cut-off value for HbA1c < 7.0% achievement by liraglutide monotherapy and sulfonylurea combination was higher than that of liraglutide/basal combination (1.86 and 1.10, respectively) [2, 4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "It is widely accepted that b-cell function progressively declines over time in type 2 diabetes patients, making it difficult to obtain appropriate glycemic control without insulin use [5, 6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "It is possible that basal insulin co-administration compensated for the decline in b-cell function associated with longer type 2 diabetes duration in our study [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0029__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Indeed, it was shown that the addition of basal insulin significantly improved HbA1c in individuals inadequately controlled by liraglutide [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4771__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the discrepancy between our study and the Wilbrink et al. study might be due to ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Type 2 diabetes in East Asian patients is characterized primarily by non-obesity and b-cell dysfunction, unlike type 2 diabetes in Caucasian patients, which is characterized by obesity and insulin resistance [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As impaired b-cell function is observed even in the early stage of type 2 diabetes in East Asian patients, type 2 diabetes duration might have less significance in predicting the HbA1c-lowering effects of liraglutide."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4771__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4771", "paragraph_id": "triad_4771__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, the discrepancy might be due to limited sample size (the Usui study on liraglutide/basal insulin, n = 38; the Usui study on liraglutide monotherapy or sulfonylurea combination, n = 88; and the Wilbrink et al. study, n = 69)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Dependence of HbA1c-lowering effects of liraglutide/basal insulin combination on type 2 diabetes duration awaits further investigation by studies with larger sample sizes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4771__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nevertheless, it is conceivable that liraglutide exerts greater HbA1c-lowering effects in the early stage of type 2 diabetes when ample b-cell function remains, and that addition of basal insulin or other antidiabetic drugs is required when b-cell function becomes substantially reduced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4771/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2767555800_W2848938039_W2817932215", "triad_name": "triad_4771", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4771__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Infertility is a prevalent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 75% of these women, it occurs due to oligo-ovulation or anovulation [1-3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PCOS is often associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A common sign of PCOS, which is not included in the diagnostic criteria, is insulin resistance (IR): women with PCOS have increased visceral and subcutaneous body fat due to higher androgen levels, so obesity plays a significant role in explaining the metabolic characteristics of PCOS [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These patients present elevated levels of low- density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and cholesterol and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The maintenance of reproductive function is related to an optimal body weight in women: underweight as well as overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of anovulatory infertility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During ovarian stimulation, the FSH requirement is increased, Nutrients 2023, 15, 4444."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204444 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients fewer oocytes are collected, serum estradiol concentrations are decreased, frequent cycles are cancelled, and low pregnancy rates have been observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The treatment of infertility caused by PCOS includes lifestyle changes, pharmacological and surgical therapies, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) [5-9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It has also been reported that obese women are at an increased risk of miscarriage after IVF or ICSI."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The reduced fertility in these patients may also be related to other factors, such as reduced oocyte and/or embryo quality, defects in endometrial development, and implanta- tion abnormalities."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, PCOS may have significant implications for pregnancy outcomes and the long-term health of PCOS-affected women and their offspring [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "IVF has become a viable alternative for women with PCOS when ovulation induction treatment has failed or there are coexisting tubal or male infertility factors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the harmful effect of obesity, weight loss has been strongly promoted as one of the most effective means of increasing fertility in infertile overweight or obese women and improving the outcomes of assisted reproductive treatment among obese women."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ovarian stimulation in PCOS patients is a crucial and challenging process since the ovaries of such patients generally exhibit an excessive and uncontrolled response to hor- monal stimulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "OHSS is the main risk for PCOS patients undergoing IVF; in a review, an odds ratio of 6.8 was calculated for the development of OHSS in association with polycystic ovarian morphology [11,12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although OHSS is relatively rare, women with this iatrogenic disease should be moni- tored carefully to avoid life-threatening complications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The evaluation of risk factors, such as PCOS and a high antral follicle count, is important [13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, to reduce the risks, it is important to improve pregravid, prenatal, and intrapartum care."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Approximately 60% of PCOS patients are overweight/obese (classification ranges are described in Table 1), and weight gain often precedes the onset of PCOS' clinical manifestations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This suggests that obesity (especially the abdominal type) interferes with the pathophysiology and the clinical expression of the syndrome; the mechanisms underlying this association are complex and not completely understood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It has been observed that women with central obesity take longer to become pregnant and have more impaired ovulation, qualitative and quantitative defects in oocyte maturation, altered fertilization, disrupted meiosis, and mitochondrial dynamics abnormalities, leading to abnormal embryo preimplantation and lower birth rates [8,10,14-16]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is a great deal of evidence that PCOS women with central obesity have higher levels of IR, dyslipidemia, and hyperandrogenism [7,17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The temporary development of dyslipidemia and IR is a normal physiological response during pregnancy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Obese/overweight PCOS patients may face an additional risk of developing gestational complications related to these metabolic disorders [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, dyslipidemia has a negative impact on IVF clinical outcomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A high pre-pregnancy weight is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, urinary infection, macrosomia, increased hospitalization, and Caesarean section and thus increased complexity of surgery (prolonged operative time and an increased risk of bleeding, wound infection, and wound dehiscence), increased difficulty of loco-regional anesthesia, and the increased use of general anesthesia, resulting in increased intraoperative mortality rates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, a BMI > 24.9 kg/m 2 (especially when associated with PCOS) significantly reduces IVF success rates, increases risks during hormonal stimulation for IVF (OHSS, incongruous response to stimulation, and increased thrombotic risk), and increases the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications (abortion, malformative disorders, preterm delivery, placental abruption, intrauterine death, the premature rupture of membranes, fetal macrosomia, increased risk of operative vaginal delivery and caesarean section, and neonatal hypoglycemia) [1,21,22]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to the aforementioned factors, obesity alone is a risk factor in pregnancy, predisposing individuals to arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypercoagulability, the regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, and hepatic steatosis [10,22]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifically, obese/overweight PCOS patients have an all-or-none response to hormonal stimulation aimed at IVF: hyperstimulation or a nonresponse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, such patients show low fertilization rates, poor embryo quality, and low pregnancy rates [8,15,23]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Weight loss is an effective treatment for PCOS; in fact, losing 5% or more of body weight reduces its symptoms and associated risks [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several therapeutic strategies aim to reduce weight and body mass index (BMI), simultaneously improving reproductive functionality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Weight loss has been shown to improve reproductive outcomes by enhancing fertility, regularizing menstrual cycles, and increasing the likelihood of spontaneous ovulation/conception in anovulatory overweight/obese women [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is probably due to the effects of a reduc- tion in fat and/or lean mass, changes in some endocrinological and metabolic parameters, and a decrease in inflammatory status [8,24]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "PCOS patients show increased inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), white blood cell count (WBC), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, the adipose tissue (especially visceral) is considered an endocrine organ, producing and releasing several adipokines and cytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, TNF-α, and IL-6) [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These proinflammatory molecules result in the development of metabolic diseases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A con- dition of obesity/overweight determines endocrine mechanisms that alter inflammatory responses, interfering with both ovarian and endometrial function."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, the loss of fat mass (which is an endocrine organ) could cause a decrease in inflammatory status (by decreasing IL-6 and thus reducing CRP synthesis), resulting in improved reproductive function [24,26]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pharmacological strategies are insulin-sensitizing drugs (metformin or D-chiro-inositol) and anti-androgens [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Metformin is efficient but has gastroenteric side effects and is considered a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy category B drug [7,27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Lifestyle modifications (dietary intervention and exercise) should be the first-line treatment in overweight/obese PCOS patients because of the low potential costs, absence of adverse effects, and potential for long-term management [21,28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is no or limited evidence that one specific dietary composition is better than another in PCOS, but it seems that only low-carbohydrate diets can lead to a significant decrease in IR and in circulating markers of inflammation in overweight/obese PCOS patients [4,29]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different diet regimens, namely the very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) and Mediterranean diet (MD), on PCOS patients prior to IVF cycles, specifically regarding anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal parameters and the safety of IVF techniques (rate of OHSS)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was a nonrandomized controlled study in which 84 obese/overweight PCOS patients were recruited to evaluate a possible effect of two dietary therapies, VLKCD and Mediterranean, which they underwent before access to IVF techniques."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 90 and 120 days since the beginning of both diets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The out- come measures were anthropometric measures (body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and abdominal circumference); hormone levels (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), FSH/LH ratio, estradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), 17-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, androstenedione, testos- terone); metabolic parameters (cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides); Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA index); and reproductive parameters (menstrual regularity, antral follicle count (AFC), AMH, and risk of developing OHSS)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For FSH, LH, estradiol, 17-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, androstenedione, and testos- terone measurements, chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was performed, while AMH was analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A blood sample was taken within 5 days of the start of the menstrual cycle (early follicular phase)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In patients with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, sampling was done randomly, or rather on any day of the menstrual cycle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "During the evaluation of the hormone profile, the patients had not undergone IVF-related treatment with exogenous hormones."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Oligomenorrhea is a condition involving a menstrual interval of 35 days or more, secondary amenorrhea comprises a menstrual interval of 90 days or more, and polymen- orrhea comprises a menstrual interval of less than 25 days [30]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The menstrual regularity of patients in an IVF center can be objectively assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography (echography ultrasound WS80A, Samsung; ultrasound probe V5-9, Samsung) or the study of the ovaries and subsequent endometrial changes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Notably, the objectivity of this exami- nation was enhanced by the fact that it was performed by the same surgeon, a specialist in gynecology and obstetrics experienced in IVF."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "AFC was assessed by transvaginal ultrasound (echography ultrasound WS80A, Sam- sung; ultrasound probe V5-9, Samsung, Suwon, South Korea) within 5 days of the start of the menstrual cycle (early follicular phase) or randomly in patients with amenorrhea."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the case of the patients recruited for the study, the ultrasound examination was always performed by the same surgeon previously mentioned, to avoid operator-dependent bias."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electronic scale (INNOFIT INN-112) and height to the nearest 1 cm using a stadiometer (ADE MZ10042 Portable Stadiometer)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "BMI was calculated in kg/m 2 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All circumferences were assessed with a measuring tape."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Waist circumference (WC) (cm) was measured in a standing position, keeping the abdomen relaxed, with the arms at the sides."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The narrowest circumference was measured between the thighs and the iliac crest (generally a few centimeters above the navel)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is one of the indicators of abdominal body fat."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The hip circumference (cm) was measured while standing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The operator stood sideways to take the maximum gluteal circumference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "WHR was obtained by dividing the circumference of the waist by the circumference of the hips; this is another indicator of abdominal body fat."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The thigh circumference (cm) was measured by having the subject stand, carrying their weight mainly on the limb that was not measured; the circumference was taken below the gluteal crease (higher circumference)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The abdomen circumference was measured 2 cm below the navel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The patient was standing up and had to keep their abdomen relaxed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0020__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In order to limit measurement error, the measurements were performed three times, and the average value was considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In total, 84 patients seeking infertility treatment at the Complex Organizational Unit (UOC) of Reproductive Pathophysiology and Andrology, which carries out its activities within the Sandro Pertini Hospital (Rome, Italy), were recruited."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Before starting the study (year 2022), all patients signed an informed consent form after being informed in detail about the study process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The study was approved by the local ethics committee \"Lazio 2\", protocol 0137603/2022 (5 July 2022), and respected the Helsinki declaration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The patients participating in the study had the following characteristics: (i) age between 18 and 39 years; (ii) condition of overweight or obesity (BMI > 24.9 kg/m 2 ) at the beginning of the treatment; (iii) diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome according to the criteria established in 2003 by the Rotterdam European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE); (iv) nonuse of contraceptive methods during the experimental period; (v) motivation to lose weight; (vi) hyperinsulinemia."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During patient selection, exclusion criteria were based on all those concomitant dis- eases and conditions that could constitute a bias: pregnancy, lactation, liver, kidney and heart disease, episodes of gout or hyperuricemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen- secreting tumors, Cushing's syndrome, decompensated thyroidopathies, hyperprolactine- mia, diabetes mellitus 1 and 2, endometriosis, and the use of ongoing insulin-sensitizing drugs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An additional criterion for exclusion from the study was a lack of motivation to follow the proposed diet plan."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, although the VLCKD represents a possible therapeutic strategy for li- pedema, it should be noted that the presence of this condition was absent in all patients recruited [31,32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since there are no known blood or urinary biomarkers or specific diagnos- tic tests for the diagnosis of lipedema, the assessment was performed through the patients' history, visual inspection, and physical examination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The following criteria were evaluated by the nutritional biologist and gynecological surgeon: the excessive, bilateral, and sym- metrical presence of subcutaneous adipose tissue between the iliac crest and malleoli and on the arms; the abrupt cessation of such enlargement of the lower and upper limbs at the wrists and ankles; the loss of the concave spaces on either side of the Achilles tendon; the presence of bruising; alterations in the appearance, temperature, and texture of the skin; abnormal gait and limited mobility; negative Stemmer's sign; and punctate edema and/or chronic venous insufficiency [33,34]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 84 patients were divided into two study groups: 42 patients received VLCKD therapy treatment and 42 patients received Mediterranean diet therapy treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After careful counseling, patients chose whether to follow the diet regimen or not and, if they did, they chose which one (VLCKD or Mediterranean)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During counseling, the patient was informed that a BMI value > 24.9 kg/m 2 (especially when associated with PCOS) significantly reduces IVF success rates, increases risks during hormonal stimulation aimed at IVF, and increases the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, patients were thoroughly informed about all the diet's features."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, under the internal regulation of the UOC, hormone stimulation aimed at IVF cannot be carried out in patients with BMI > 30 kg/m 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Only the female component of infertility was considered, while the male infertility factor was neglected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, embryo quality, implantation rates, and pregnancy outcomes were not evaluated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All data were analyzed at baseline before the beginning of both diets and are sum- marized in Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Statistical analysis (Student's t test) found no statistically significant difference between the two groups."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this regard, the groups appeared to be homogeneous at baseline."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all patients, the protocol induced follicular growth by gonadotropin stimulation (mild stimulation with starting dose of 150 IU of recombinant gonadotropin), adding a GnRH antagonist at day 5 of stimulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each patient was monitored from day 5 of stimulation on alternate days by dosing estradiol and progesterone and via ultrasound monitoring for possible dosage adjustments during therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When the ultrasound and hormone parameters were found to be likely compatible with oocyte maturity (follicular diameter 18-20 mm and 200 pg/mL of E2 per follicle, presumably containing mature oocytes in MII stage), the trigger was set and oocyte pick-up was performed 32-36 h after trigger administration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The usual trigger drug is recombinant hCG (250 mcg)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In case of OHSS risk, the drug administered is GnRH agonist (0.2 mg/mL)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The route of administration of all the aforementioned drugs was subcutaneous and the patients could perform it independently."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The objectives of the study were multiple: (i) the evaluation of the speed with which the adopted diet leads to the improvement of anthropometric parameters; (ii) the evaluation of the effects induced by different dietary therapies on metabolic and hormonal parameters affecting PCOS patient fitness and reproductive outcomes; and (iii) the evaluation of the incidence of the risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) during hormone stimulation aimed at intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in obese/overweight patients undergoing diet therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The VLCKD group initially followed the \"intensive phase\" protocol for 60 days; during this period, patients used substitute foods, such as protein and carbohydrate sources already balanced specifically for this regimen, to which fresh non-starchy vegetables and some accompanying foods (roast chicken and turkey, bresaola, ham, salmon, tuna or swordfish) were added at each main meal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The substitute foods used for the VLCKD contained plant-based and animal proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whey protein appears to substantially contribute to the preservation of muscle performance [35]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The sources of plant protein were peas and soybeans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Regarding the possible harmful effects of soy, all patients accessing the IVF center are screened (breast ultrasound, mammogram, and Papanicolaou test) to diagnose pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions in estrogen-sensitive tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is because patients who access our center to undergo IVF will undergo hormone therapy (gonadotropins) with significantly increased levels of 17-beta estradiol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Our study patients, therefore, had no contraindications to soy intake."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Vegetables were divided into unlimited and limited consumption, as described in Table S1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "During the first 3 days, we added medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, which promotes and accelerates entry into ketosis under conditions of glucose restriction and consequently limits the effects of keto-adaptation [36]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The use of MCT oil has been discontinued because ketosis must be generated entirely by the oxidation of the endogenous lipids (excess adipose tissue)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "MCT oil was optional according to the clinician's opinion and had the function of speeding up the patients' entry into ketosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Evaluation of the entry into ketosis was assessed by test strips for the measurement of ketone bodies in urine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The consumption of fruit juices, sugary drinks, and alcohol was forbidden."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "A maximum of 2 tablespoons of EVO per day was allowed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "The use of vinegar, pepper, lemon, and spices was possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0028__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The consumption of at least 2 L of water per day was strongly recommended."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Other supplements, explained in Table S2, were optional according to the clinician's opinion and doses were administered via 2 daily sachets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Supplements were prescribed to all patients, under the recommendation of the nutritional biologist and the gynecological surgeon, because the VLCKD's limited intake of fruits and vegetables does not cover the daily requirement of vitamins and minerals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, the intake of magnesium and potassium helped to avoid muscle cramps, which are one of the possible side effects of the VLCKD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The daily low-calorie intake was 800 kcal; nutrient intakes were 20% carbohydrates (25 g), 50% protein (67 g), and 30% lipids (50 g)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The nutrition plan was divided into 4 meals, schematized in Table S3: breakfast (20% kcal daily), lunch (35% kcal daily), snack (10% kcal daily), and dinner (35% kcal daily)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Tables S4-S7 show the nutritional information panels of the substitute foods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To preserve the results obtained, the VLCKD's intensive phase was followed by a 30-day transition period in which there was an increase in daily kcal in the VLCKD group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The daily calorie intake was 800 kcal from Monday to Friday, 1300 kcal on Saturday, and 1400 on Sunday."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A maximum of 2 tablespoons of EVO per day was allowed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The use of vinegar, pepper, lemon, and spices was possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The consumption of at least 2 L of water per day was strongly recommended."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The type of diet in this phase was a hypocaloric Mediterranean regimen with 4 meals per day: breakfast, lunch, snack, and dinner (schematized in Table S3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Mediterranean group consisted of patients who preferred to adhere to traditional nutritional education."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The diet therapy was a low-calorie Mediterranean regimen, in which the daily calorie intake was 1400 kcal for 90 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The composition was 55% carbohydrates (10% simple ones), 15% proteins, and 30% lipids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The nutrition plan was divided into 5 meals (schematized in Table S3): breakfast (20% kcal daily), snack (10% kcal daily), lunch (30% kcal daily), snack (10% kcal daily), and dinner (30% kcal daily)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rice and pasta were allowed twice a week."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The use of vinegar, pepper, lemon, and spices was possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The consumption of at least 2 L of water per day was strongly recommended."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0031__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The higher calorie intake in this diet is due to the lack of the appetite suppressant effect that can be achieved with the VLCKD regimen."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Parameters were collected by the staff of the UOC of Reproductive Pathophysiology and Andrology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The UOC deals with infertile couples from the diagnostic stage to the therapeutic indication and to the performance of the IVF technique."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Diagnosis of this syndrome occurs during preliminary meetings, which then lead to the decision to possibly perform an IVF technique."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the case of overweight/obese PCOS patients, during the first medical examination, a routine assessment of anthropometric indices and metabolic parameters is performed, because eventual alterations in them could be associated with the syndrome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "During counseling, the patient is made aware of the worsening effects of overweight/obesity on PCOS itself, on the success of IVF, and on the complications that can occur during hormonal stimulation aimed at IVF and on pregnancy (adverse effects on the pregnant woman, the fetus, and later on the newborn) [1,21,22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, the patient may decide to embark on a nutritional course aimed at BMI normalization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Data related to the IVF cycle (hormonal stimulation, follicle development, hormone dosages of estradiol and progesterone during stimulation, the development of an OHSS risk condition, the number and quality of retrieved oocytes) are recorded in the couple's medical record."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From this database, the patients were recruited to the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recruitment took place after the positive response of the Ethical Committee of the Asl Roma 2 hospital company on 5 July 2022."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At this point, the use of the data was authorized and the diet therapies were proposed to patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Statistical analyses of the obtained parameters were performed with the Statistics Kingdom (2017) software and GraphPad Prism 9.2.0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ordinal variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables are described as absolute frequencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The normal distribution of data was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For comparison between two groups, we performed the t test for normal data and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The χ 2 test with a p-value of 0.05 was used for parameters with categorical variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The statistical significance threshold was set to 0.05."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Anthropometric measurements, as shown in Figure 1, revealed a greater BMI loss (13.16 ± 7.37 kg/m 2 in 90 days, 17.03 ± 8.79 kg/m 2 in 120 days) in PCOS patients undergo- ing VLCKD than in PCOS patients undergoing the Mediterranean diet (7.29 ± 5.41 kg/m 2 in 90 days, 8.94 ± 6.28 kg/m 2 in 120 days) (p value < 0.0001 in 90 and 120 days, re- spectively, t test and Mann-Whitney test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The difference in BMI loss, according to the two treatments, can also be found in particular anthropometric indices, such as waist (9.20 ± 6.31 cm in 90 days and 12.27 ± 8.13 cm in 120 days for VLCKD; 4.14 ± 3.82 cm in 90 days and 5.10 ± 4.71 cm in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.0001 for both, Mann-Whitney test), hip (8.85 ± 6.81 cm in 90 days and 10.90 ± 8.20 cm in 120 days for VLCKD; 4.65 ± 3.63 cm in 90 days and 5.87 ± 4.79 cm in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.0001 in 90 days and p value < 0.001 in 120 days, Mann-Whitney test), and abdomen circumferences (8.23 ± 6.64 cm in 90 days and 11.05 ± 8.80 cm in 120 days for VLCKD; 4.31 ± 3.38 cm in 90 days and 5.48 ± 4.02 cm in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.001 in 90 days and p value < 0.05 in 120 days, Mann-Whitney test), and WHR (0.02 ± 0.06 in 90 days and -0.03 ± 0.07 in 120 days"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The metabolic profile seemed to vary according to the diet therapy: after VLCKD therapy, as shown in Figure 2, cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the HOMA index decreased, while HDL levels increased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cholesterol levels decreased more in VLCKD patients (−16.10 ± 21.02 mg/dL in 90 days; −25.81 ± 30.07 mg/dL in 120 days) than in Mediterranean diet patients (−9.43 ± 18.19 mg/dL in 90 days; −15.29 ± 21.62 mg/dL in 120 days; p value < 0.05 for both, Mann-Whitney test)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, triglyceride levels appeared to decrease more in the VLCKD group only at 90 days (−17.05 ± 24.23 mg/dL in VLCKD, −13.57 ± 36.30 mg/dL in Mediterranean; p value < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test), whereas, at 120 days, there appeared to be no statisti- cally significant difference."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A greater increase in HDL levels was observed at 120 days in VLCKD patients (4.87 ± 8.59 mg/dL) than in Mediterranean diet patients (7.08 ± 8.79 mg/dL) (p value < 0.05, t test)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, the HOMA index decreased more in VLCKD patients (−1.45 ± 1.31 in 90 days; −1.47 ± 2.41 in 120 days) than in Mediterranean diet patients (−0.33 ± 1.60 in 90 days; 0.26 ± 3.08 in 120 days; p value < 0.001 at 90 days and p value < 0.05 at 120 days, t test for both)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding the hormone profile, no statistically significant differences were observed, after 90 and 120 days of treatment, in serum variations in the concentration of FSH (1.04 ± 2.03 mUI/mL in 90 days and 1.60 ± 2.70 mUI/mL in 120 days for VLCKD; 0.37 ± 1.81 in 90 days and 0.65 ± 2.00 mUI/mL in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value > 0.05, t test) and LH (−0.84 ± 3.72 mUI/mL in 90 days and −1.40 ± 5.12 mUI/mL in 90 days for VLCKD; −0.94 ± 2.87 mUI/mL in 90 days and −0.81 ± 3.24 mUI/mL in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value > 0.05, Mann-Whitney test)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the FSH/LH ratio showed a statistically significant difference as a function of treatment at 120 days (0.47 ± 0.96 in VLCKD patients, 0.15 ± 0.48 in Mediterranean patients; p value < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test), but not at 90 (0.20 ± 0.56 in VLCKD pa- tients, 0.11 ± 0.46 in Mediterranean patients; p value > 0.05, t test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same trend was exhibited by the levels of 17-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (−0.20 ± 0.64 ng/mL in 90 days and −0.36 ± 0.75 ng/mL in 120 days for VLCKD; −0.01 ± 0.34 ng/mL in 90 days and −0.07 ± 0.35 ng/mL in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.05 in 120 days, Mann- Whitney test)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, AMH levels appeared to change as a function of the diet therapy at 90 days (−1.79 ± 2.05 ng/mL for VLCKD and −0.92 ± 1.61 ng/mL for Mediterranean; p value < 0.05, t test) but not at 120 (−2.23 ± 2.28 ng/mL for VLCKD and −1.38 ± 2.05 ng/mL for Mediter- ranean; p value < 0.05, t test)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Estradiol levels, on the other hand, did not appear to alter according to the diet therapy followed by the patients at either 90 (1.08 ± 21.78 pg/mL in VLCKD, −0.45 ± 25.25 pg/mL in Mediterranean; p value > 0.05, t test) or 120 days (8.06 ± 28.08 pg/mL in VLCKD, 5.22 ± 32.89 pg/mL in Mediterranean; p value > 0.05, t test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interesting results, shown in Figure 3, were obtained at both 90 and 120 days of diet ther- apy in terms of androstenedione (−0.54 ± 0.47 ng/mL in 90 days and −0.73 ± 0.60 ng/mL in 120 days for VLCKD; −0.27 ± 0.50 ng/mL in 90 days and −0.19 ± 0.87 ng/mL in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.5, t test for both) and testosterone levels (−0.40 ± 0.49 nmol/mL in 90 days and −0.62 ± 0.78 nmol/mL in 120 days for VLCKD; −0.03 ± 0.36 nmol/mL in 90 days and −0.12 ± 0.48 nmol/mL in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.001, t test at 90 days, p value < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test) and antral follicle count (AFC) (−4.31 ± 3.23 in 90 days and −5.98 ± 4.16 in 120 days for VLCKD, −1.95 ± 2.45 in 90 days and −2.95 ± 3.10 in 120 days for Mediterranean; p value < 0.001, t test for both times)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Considering the change in menstrual regularity condition in PCOS patients after 90 and 120 days of the VLCKD and Mediterranean diet, a statistically significant difference was observed regarding the percentages of improvement from the initial condition in 90 (p value < 0.05, χ 2 test) and 120 days (p value < 0.001, χ 2 test)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Figure 4A, VLCKD treatment resulted in an improvement from the initial condition in 50% and 71% of cases, respectively, in 90 and 120 days; there was no change from the initial condition in 50% and 29% of cases, and a worsening condition was not observed in any of the patients under study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, Mediterranean diet therapy resulted in an improvement from the initial situation in 17% and 26% of cases, respectively, in 90 and 120 days; in no change in 81% and 71%; and in a worsening condition in 2% of cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Figure 4A, VLCKD treatment resulted in an improvement from the initial condition in 50% and 71% of cases, respectively, in 90 and 120 days; there was no change from the initial condition in 50% and 29% of cases, and a worsening condition was not observed in any of the patients under study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, Mediterranean diet therapy resulted in an improvement from the initial situation in 17% and 26% of cases, respectively, in 90 and 120 days; in no change in 81% and 71%; and in a worsening condition in 2% of cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, both the success and failure of the treatment concerning the menstrual parameter were evaluated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As success was considered for any patient who, after 90 and 120 days from the start of treatment, presented a condition of regularity or irregularity (but starting with the amenorrhea condition); as failure, we considered a condition of amenorrhea or irregularity (starting from a pre-existing condition of irregularity)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Again, a statistically significant difference was observed in the effect on the success and failure rates obtained following the two diet therapy treatments at both times (p value < 0.05 in 90 days, p value < 0.0001 in 120 days, χ 2 test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As shown in Figure 4B, the ketogenic diet treatment resulted in a success rate of 74% in 90 days and 95% in 120 days, while the Mediterranean diet treatment resulted in a success rate of 48% in 90 days and 59% in 120 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, both the success and failure of the treatment concerning the menstrual parameter were evaluated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As success was considered for any patient who, after 90 and 120 days from the start of treatment, presented a condition of regularity or irregularity (but starting with the amenorrhea condition); as failure, we considered a condition of amenorrhea or irregularity (starting from a pre-existing condition of irregularity)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Again, a statistically significant difference was observed in the effect on the success and failure rates obtained following the two diet therapy treatments at both times (p value < 0.05 in 90 days, p value < 0.0001 in 120 days, χ 2 test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0046__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "As shown in Figure 4B, the ketogenic diet treatment resulted in a success rate of 74% in 90 days and 95% in 120 days, while the Mediterranean diet treatment resulted in a success rate of 48% in 90 days and 59% in 120 days."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An analysis of the risk of developing OHSS in PCOS patients according to treatment revealed a statistically significant difference: as shown in Figure 5, patients who followed the VLCKD had a 27% risk rate of OHSS, while patients who followed the Mediterranean diet had a 68% risk rate of OHSS (p value < 0.05, χ 2 test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "None of the patients developed thromboembolic complications during stimulation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overweight/obesity and PCOS influence each other, probably also due to an increase in obesity-related inflammatory factors [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We evaluated the changes in anthropometric parameters as a function of different diet therapies, to determine the implications for the patient's reproductive health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the context of IVF, the time factor is essential, because female fertility progressively decreases as age increases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, the time range in which the results are obtained is a key element."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our data indicate that both the Mediterranean diet and VLCKD showed interesting results regarding an improvement in anthropomet- ric parameters."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Specifically, the VLCKD in PCOS patients appeared to lead to better anthropometric outcomes in a reduced time, particularly in those areas where central adiposity was con- cerned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As we hoped, these improvements were mainly concentrated in the BMI, WHR, and abdomen, waist, and hip circumferences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The BMI, while not a direct measure of adiposity, does provide a practical means to estimate body fat mass."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Anthropometric indices, such as WC and WHR, estimate the body composition and, in particular, the visceral fat [37]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, BMI, WC, and WHR represent a sufficiently reliable estimate of the body fat distribution that is non-invasive, low-cost, repeatable, and easy to measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The gold standards for the quantification of visceral fat are magnetic resonance, computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioimpedance, but the equipment is not available in every hospital facility [38-42]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results of the VLCKD can be attributed to the reduced calorie intake, which is possible because of the satiating effect of protein and the appetite suppression induced by ketosis [41,43]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several pieces of evidence show that the VLCKD is characterized by a protective effect toward muscle mass, and different mechanisms have been proposed to support this theory: increased adrenergic stimulation, the braking effect of ketone bodies on muscle protein breakdown, and the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis due to increased growth hormone (GH) and protein intake from the diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "De- spite this, the study, focusing only on the assessment of anthropometric parameters, does not allow us to exclude that the increased loss of mass is caused by the loss of muscle mass and/or fat mass [44-46]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, it must be emphasized that all anthropometric parameters had a non-negligible standard deviation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This could be due to the differences in the adherence of patients to the dietary regimens, but it represents a major limitation of this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The future implementation of a sample unit could resolve this issue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results obtained with the VLCKD, and, to a lesser extent, the Mediterranean diet, suggest that these nutritional approaches lead to weight reduction and to an improvement in the condition of central adiposity within a very narrow time range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Obesity represents a state of chronic inflammation, which can lead to the development of insulin resistance [47]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The VLCKD allows patients to tolerate a very low amount of kcal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the difference in this dietary pattern, which makes it more suitable for women suffering from PCOS, is in the distribution of nutrients, with a greater intake of proteins compared to carbohydrates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A loss of central metabolically active fat could therefore lead to a break in the typical vicious cycle of PCOS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our results show that greater weight loss, and thus greater visceral fat loss, is accompanied by a significant improvement in the metabolic profile in VLCKD PCOS patients."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The improvement in the metabolic profile (increase in HDL and decrease in triglycerides, cholesterol, and HOMA index) achieved following the VLCKD could lead to an interruption in the vicious cycle of pathological events associated with PCOS, or at least to its reduction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The latter seems to be effectively reflected in the marked improvement in the reproductive health of PCOS patients during IVF preparation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact, the VLCKD seems to be related to an improvement in reproductive health (menstrual regularity, lower AFC, and reduced risk of developing OHSS) in PCOS patients, due to the modification of key metabolic pathways, as reported in a recent study [48]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Restoring menstrual regularity is very important for the less complicated management of the patient's ovulation and, at the same time, allows the possibility of intervention through targeted intercourse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Meanwhile, decreasing AFC and the risk of developing OHSS allows the easier and safer management of the patient during hormonal stimulation, aimed at IVF."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The VLCKD-induced reduction in the risk of OHSS is likely due to the lowered antral follicle count, which, together with PCOS, is a risk factor for the development of the syndrome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Furthermore, we draw attention to the fact that none of the patients developed thromboembolic complications during stimulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This was linked, in addition to the reduction in body weight, to the careful screening to which we subject all our patients before starting therapy aimed at IVF."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The increased safety profile could be related to the improved hormonal sexual profile following the VLCKD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Abdominal obesity in PCOS patients seems to be co-responsible for the development of hyperandrogenism due to the insulin-mediated overstimulation of ovarian steroidogenesis [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our study, the increased weight loss in VLCKD PCOS patients was indeed accompanied by an increased FSH/LH ratio and decreased androstene- dione and testosterone levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Regarding the AMH value, our data showed a reduction in the value with the VLKCD diet, but these data are in contrast with a previous work [49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This difference might be caused by the distinct populations examined; in particular, our group was only composed of PCOS patients, who usually present higher values of AMH, with respect to the obese patient group in the other work, which was not investigated regarding the PCOS condition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, our results are in accordance with a recent study by Magagnini et al., in which VLKCD patients showed a significant reduction in BMI, WC, the HOMA index, and serum AMH levels, as was the case in our cohort of VLKCD patients [50]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These results might be explained also by the positive impact of the polyunsaturated fatty acid compo- sition presented in both diets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such fatty acids can stimulate carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity, improving the BMI, HOMA index, and metabolic-hormonal profile, leading to lower lipogenesis and a reduced inflammation status [51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Despite this fact, we did not analyze specifically the contribution of fatty acids during weight reduction; the amount of fatty acids included are presented in additional Tables S4-S7."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our data confirm the VLCKD diet as an optimal choice for preparation for entry into IVF, especially because of the time range in which these results are achieved and in relation to the patient's safety and health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results could be due to the loss of lean and/or fat mass, changes in some endocrinological and metabolic parameters, and/or a decrease in inflammatory status [8,24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, the VLCKD group showed greater weight and BMI loss, particularly in those body areas where central adiposity is concentrated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Due to the low glycemic load, the VLCKD may improve hyperglycemia, insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure, resulting in a reduction in inflammatory status [52]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In fact, lower carbohydrate intake, which is possible in the VLCKD diet but not in the Mediterranean diet, results in reduced inflammation and oxidative stress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Simple carbohydrates result in the de novo synthesis of simple fatty acids, leading to both lipotoxicity and hyperinsulinemia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This results in the nuclear translocation of NF-kB, the extracellular release of proinflammatory mediators from macrophages, and, finally, systemic insulin resistance, resulting in systemic inflammation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0056__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Indeed, in a high-fat diet, as demonstrated in a mouse model, obesity triggers inflammation in the adipose tissue, leading to organ damage, such as hepatic inflammation [53]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, the relationship between the inflammatory state and IR is caused by the action of proinflammatory cytokines released by macrophages in the adipose tissue, which block the action of insulin in various tissues, including the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The enhancement in hyperinsulinemia could have several favorable effects on re- productive function because (i) it has both direct and indirect effects on the folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis of granulosa and theca cells driven by intraovarian gonadotropins and (ii) it results in a more favorable biochemical environment in the ovaries [24,25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, weight/BMI loss induces both a decrease in the inflammatory state and an improvement in IR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This could regulate both hormonal imbalance and ovarian function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, addressing the obesity/overweight condition could lead to a decrease in the risk of abortion, gesta- tional diabetes mellitus, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and poor infant outcomes [1,6,7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0057__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, VLCKD diet therapy in obese/overweight PCOS patients could decrease both infertility problems and gestational and/or neonatal complications."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, the drastic body change has a noticeable effect on the patient's degree of satisfaction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, all patients in both groups adhered to the diet regimens for the whole study period of 120 days and none of them reported side effects or complaints, and this may favor the maintenance of an appropriate lifestyle."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The importance of pre-pregnancy nutritional strategies must be evaluated considering the worldwide trend of increasing obesity, which today can be considered a global epi- demic [8,10,17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This trend could lead to an increase in both the incidence and severity of PCOS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Considering that the onset of the syndrome occurs in adolescence and the increased incidence of obesity is mainly found in childhood, these issues need to be evaluated to avoid the exacerbation of the symptomatology typical of PCOS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fortunately, lifestyle changes improve metabolic abnormalities and symptomatology [2,3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, the Mediterranean diet could be an optimal nutritional education strategy, as well as the VLKCD, which, in a previous study, was shown to be more effective than a standard low-calorie diet [54]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite this, a \"fertility diet\" has not been yet identified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is because each person has a unique genome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome, and exposome, and the aim of future studies and nutritional strategies will be toward personalized medicine and nutritional support, tailored to individual features."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, we chose these two dietary regimens because they represent key strategies in obese/overweight patients, especially those suffer- ing from PCOS, who have higher reproductive risks, as well cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, such as diabetes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The focus of the present study was not to emphasize one diet with respect to another, but to underline how different nutritional approaches can increase the likelihood of restoring fertility and lead to the success of IVF in obese/overweight PCOS patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, weight reduction leads to better reproductive performance and is functional for a healthy pregnancy in such patients [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results obtained with the different nutritional therapeutic approaches, particularly the improvements after only 120 days of treatment, are very interesting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The purpose of this study was to achieve weight loss in the shortest possible period, prior to IVF in patients affected by PCOS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients who attend an IVF center aim to achieve pregnancy, in most cases after years of unsuccessful attempts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, the proposal of long-term diet therapy could result in a high drop-out rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, for reproductive purposes, the patient's age is crucial, and a greater patient age is counterproductive to the IVF program."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, a dietary regimen that achieves a BMI compatible with access to IVF therapy in the short term (at our center, BMI < 30 kg/m 2 ) results in greater patient compliance and is more suitable for the needs of an IVF center."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As a result, the advantage of the VLCKD has been demonstrated from the perspective of the short time range in which the results are obtained; as reported by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine recently, the health benefits of postponing pregnancy (and IVF) to achieve weight loss must be balanced against the risk of declining fertility with advancing age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0062__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In addition, the VLCKD's side effects (headache, muscle cramps, asthenia, and halitosis) were transient, moderate, and well tolerated [55]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An important outcome, concerning women's health during IVF treatment, is the significant reduction in the risk of developing OHSS in VLCKD patients, compared with Mediterranean diet patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This result could be related to the reduction in AFC and to the greater weight loss in such patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the link between obesity/overweight and an increased risk of developing OHSS is still controversial [56,57]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Future works will be needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms modified by diet interventions that lead to improved symptomatology and reproductive success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, weight loss positively impacts thrombotic risk up to the entire first trimester of pregnancy, as well as the risk of obstetric, neonatal, and postnatal complications and metabolic diseases [58-62]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our data confirm that weight and BMI reduction results in improved fertility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Al- though the decision to postpone IVF treatment to allow weight loss often results in increased maternal age in patients who are no longer very young, a dietary approach, such as the VLCKD, allows them to achieve a better outcome in the shortest possible time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4883__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with great interest the recent article by Meneghini et al. on the assessment of the effects of different alimentary regimens, included Mediterranean diet (MD), on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients prior to in vitro fertilization cycles [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lifestyle changes, focused on healthy diet, have been reported as the first-line approach in the management of PCOS, with the primary aim to normalize metabolic features and to restore the reproductive profile [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Data from the literature suggest that MD may be useful in the prevention and in the management of gonadal disorders [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These beneficial effects could be related to antioxidant properties of MD and its high rate of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and heart-healthy fats [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, MD eliminates processed meats, saturated fats, and refined sugar, which worsen systemic inflammatory status [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Recently, scientific interest in antioxidant-rich foods has increased, as epidemiology has shown an inverse relationship between the adoption of a diet rich in nutraceuticals and the onset of metabolic disorders [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0066__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "MD is a complete alimentary model characterized by the richness of natural compounds, with different biological activities such as phenols, flavonoids, and sterols."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4883__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In healthy subjects, several trials have shown the efficacy of healthy diet in gene expression and metabolic pathways, suggesting that the inflammatory status reflects the antioxidant properties of foods [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this context, metabolic diseases, including PCOS, show altered pathways of oxidative stress [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this reason, it is necessary to identify therapeutic strategies that contemplate the use of personalized diet rich in antioxidants as MD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Polyphenols are heterogeneous plant-derived molecules that include several hydrosoluble antioxidants commonly used in the maintenance of good health and the prevention of different metabolic conditions [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Currently, there is an increasing volume of evidence on the effects of food rich in polyphenols on PCOS and its accompanying metabolic features such as insulin resistance, lipid profile impairment, inflammation, and oxidative stress [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In recent years, our group have confirmed the role of MD in body fat mass reduction and the improvement of lipid profile and insulin resistance parameters [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0067__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Furthermore, the synergic effect of MD and a healthy lifestyle has been evaluated in patients with liver steatosis, with a significant reduction in or regression of hepatic fat accumulation and improvement of liver enzyme levels and anthropometric parameters [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4883__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Supported by our data and according to Meneghini et al., we can conclude that MD associated with healthy lifestyle changes is a useful approach to normalize metabolic features in patients with metabolic syndrome or PCOS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We support the use of MD as a treatment and as a preventive measure to improve the clinical management of these subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__critique__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, more large randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4883__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__response__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thanks for your comment [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our work, we have stated that the Mediterranean diet is an indisputable cornerstone of nutrition which certainly leads to an improvement in the patient’s overall state of health [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, our objective was to demonstrate that a VLCKD represents a valid alternative that allows patients to achieve their goals in a shorter period (120 days) and then proceed to medically assisted procreation (PMA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4883__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4883", "paragraph_id": "triad_4883__response__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, after the intensive phase, our patients reintegrate a low-calorie Mediterranean diet during pregnancy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This further demonstrates that we hold the Mediterranean diet in high regard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We are continuing to recruit patients, and therefore our sample is destined to become larger."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4883__response__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We thank you for the attention that has been paid to our work and for your valuable suggestions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4883/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4387820129_W4391385537_W4391449825", "triad_name": "triad_4883", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4883__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This article provides an overview of the conceptual structure of the 1996 performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and references to additional articles that descriie the computational implementation of this structure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In~the 1996 WIPP PA provides the primary numerical results used in the 1996 compliance certification application (CCA) by the U.S. Department of Energ' (DOE) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the certification of the WIPP for the disposal of transuranic (TRU) waste.l"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Perfo~ce assessmen t for the WIPP began shortly after the EPA promulgated its standard for the geologic (i.e., deep underground) disposal of radioactive waste, Environmental Radiation Prelection Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes (40 CFR 191)-Z 3 In particular, PAs were carried out for the WIPP in 1989 (Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4- 6), 1990 (Ref. 7), 1991 (Ref. 8), and 1992 (Ref. 9), with summaries of the 1991 and 1992 PAs available in the journal literature. ]' 12 In gene@ each PA was more sophisticated than its predecessors as more insights were gained about the WIPP and the appropriate organization of a PA for the WIPP (see Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "13 for a history of the development of the WIPP)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A system prioritization methodology (SPM) was applied to the WIPP in 1994 (Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "14- 16) and 1995 (Refs. 17- 19)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The SPM was a specialized PA intended to provide guidance to the WIPP project on experimental programs and design modifications to support as part of the DOE's development of the WIPP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The conceptual stmcture of the 1996 WIPP PA emerged horn insights gained in the earlier analys~s and also from the req u&meiNs imposed by the EPA's standard for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste.20* 21 Preliminary descriptions of this structure appear in a sequence of conference papers prepared at various points in the development of the 1996 WIPP PA (Refk 22- 24)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The conceptual structure of the 1996 WIPP PA is also covered in varying levels of detail in several recent journal articles2$27 &d is repeated here as a convenience for the readers of the special issue of Reliability Engineering and System Safety describing the 1996 WIPP PA of which this article is a part."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Inclusion of this material in the special issue facilitates describing the 1996 WIPP PA and identi&ing the articles in the issue that provide detailed information on the individual parts of the analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This article derives fi-om Chapt."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "2 of Ref. 28 and is organized as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Firs+ a brief overview of the EPA regulations that influence the conceptual structure of the 1996 WIPP PA is given (Sect. 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Them the three basic conceptual entities that underlie the PA are discussed: a probabilistic characterization of what could occur at the WIPP over the next 10,000 yT (Sect. 3); a procedure for estimating radionuclide releases to the accessible environment associated with each of the possible futures that could occur at the WIPP over the next 10,000 yr (Sect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4); and a probabilistic characterization of the uncertainty present in the characterizations of the two preceding entities (Sect. 5)-"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A discussion of the 1996 WIPP P.4 in the context of other analyses for complex systems is provided (Sect. 6). and finally, the article ends with a concluding discussion (Sect. 7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The conceptual structure of the 1996 PA for the WIPP derives from the regulatory requirements imposed on this facility.zo~21J 29 The primary regulation dete rmining this structure is the U.S. EPA's standard for the geologic disposal of radioactive waste (40 CFR 191)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The following is the central requirement in 40 CFR 191 and the t of the conceptual structure of the 1996 WIPP PA (p. 38086, Ref. 2): primary determinant $191.13 Containment requirements:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(a) Disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel or high-level or trammmic radioactive wastes shall be designed to provide a reasonable expectation, based upon performance assessments, that cumulative releases of radionuclides to the accessl%le environment for 10,000 years after disposal horn all significant processes and events that may affect the disposal system shalk -;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(1) Have a likelihood of less than one chance in 10 of exceeding the quantities calculated according to Table 1 (Appendix-4); and . .."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) Have a likelihood of less than one chance in 1,000 of exceeding ten times the quantities calculated according to Table 1 (Appendix A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(b) Performance assessments need not provide complete assurance that the requirements of 191. 13(a) wdl be met."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because of the long time period involved and the nature of the events and processes of interest there will inevitably be substantial uncertainties in projecting disposal system performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof of the future performance of a disposal system is not to be had in the ordinary sense of the word in situations that deal with much shorter time ties."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instea& what is required is a reasonable expectatio~on the basis of the record before the implementing agency, that compliance with 191. 13(a) will be achieved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "M Containment Requirement 191 .13(a) refers to \"quantities calculated according to Table 1 (Appendix A),\" which means a normalized radionuclide release to the accessible environment based on the type of waste being disposed OK the initial waste inventory, and the release that takes place (App."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A, Ref. 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 1 (Appendix A) specifies allowable releases (i.e., release limits) for individual radionuclides and is reproduced as Table 1 of this presentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The WIPP is intended for transuranic waste, which is defined to be \"waste containing more than 100 nanocuries of alpha-emitting transuranic isotopes, with half-Iives greater than twenty years, per gram of waste\" (p. 38084, Ref. 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Specifically, R=~i where Qi is the normalized release R for transuranic waste is defined by ()( o ) lx106Ci/C, (1) 1 the cumulative release of radionuclide i to the accessible environment during the 10,000-yr period following closure of the repository (Ci), Li is the release limit for radionuclide i given in Table 1 (Ci) and C is the amount of transuranic waste emplaced in the repository (Ci)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the 1996 WIPP PA, C = 3.44 x 106 Ci (Refs. 30, 31)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, accessible environment means ( 1) the atmosphere, (2) land surfaces, (3) surface waters, (4) oceans, and (5) all of the lithosphere that is beyond the controlled are% and controlled area means ( 1) a surface location, to be identified by passive institutional controls, that encompasses no more than 100 square kilometers and extends horizontally no more than five kilometers in any direction from the outer boundary of the original location of the radioactive wastes in a disposal system and (3) the subsurface underlying such a surface location."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To help clarify tbe intent of 40 CFR 191, the EPA ako published 40 CFR 194, Criteria for tize Certi~cation and Recerh~cation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant's Compliance with 40 CFR Part 191 Disposal Regulations; Final Rule (Ref 32)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There, the following elaboration on the intent of 40 CFR 191.13 is given (pp. 5242-5243, Ref 32): $194.34 Results of performance assessments."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When viewed at a high level,, three basic entities (ENl, EN2, EN3) underlie the results required in 191.13 and 194.34 and ultimately determine the conceptual and computational structure of the 1996 WIPP PA ENI, EN2, EN3, Together, a probabilistic characterization of the likelihood of different futures occurring at the WIPP site over the next 10,000 yr, a procedure for estimating the radionuclide releases to the accessible environment associated with each of the possible fkures that could occur at the WIPP site over the next 10,000 yr, a probabilistic characterization of the uncertainty in the parameters used in the deftition of EN 1 and EN2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "EN1 and EN2 give rise to the CCDF specified in 191.13(a) (Fig. 1), and EN3 corresponds to the distributions indicated in 194.34(b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The preceding entities arise from an attempt to answer three questions about the WIPP, Q1:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "What occurrences could take place at the WIPP site over the next 10,000 yr?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the 1996 WIPP PA EN1 provides answers to Q1 and Q2, EN2 provides an answer to Q3, and EN3 provides an answer to Q4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The mtnre of EN 1, EN2 and EN3 and the role that they play in the 1996 WIPP PA are elaborated on in\"ibe next three sections."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The entity EN 1 is the outcome of the scemrio development process for the WIPP34 and provides a probabilistic characterization of the likelihood of different futures that could occur at the WIPP site over the next 10,000 yr, with the period of 10,000 yr specified in 40 CFR 191."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When viewed formally, EN1 is defined by a probability space (S~l, .l,p~z), with the sample space S,l given W u S~, = {X$,: X,l is a possible 10,000 yr sequence of occurrences at the WKPP}. ( 2) The subscript st refers to stochastic (i.e., aleatory) uncertainty and is used because (S~t,~~,, p,l) is providing a probabilistic characterization of occurrences that may take place in the fiture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a reminder, a probability space (S,~, p) consists of three components: a set S that contains everything that could occur in the particular %niverse\" under consideratio~a suitably restricted set J of subsets of S, and a fimction p defined for elements of~that actually defines probability (Sect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "IV.4, Ref. 36)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the terminology of probability theory, S is the sample space, the elements of S are elementary events, the subsets of S contained inã re events, and p is a probability measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In most applied problems, the fimction p defined on~is replaced by a probability density fimction (PDF) d."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The scenario development process for the WIPP identified exploratory drilling for natural resources as the only disruption with sufilcient likelihood and consequence for inclusion in the deftition of EN I (App. SC~Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1; Ref. 34)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, 40 CFR 194 specifies that the occurrence of mining within the land withdrawal \"boundary must be included in the analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a resul~the elements x~, of S~f are vectors of the form x~, =[tl, 11,el,~, PI, al, t2, 129e2y h7 P2Y a27 -\"-ytn, In, en, /ln, pn, an, t~i~] (3)~I St inhusion 2nd intrusion Jh inm~ion in the 1996 WIPP PA where n is the number of drilling intrusions, ti is the time (yr) of the $h intrusior& Ii designates the location of the Z* intrusion, ei designates the penetration of an excavated or nonexcavated area by the $h intnzsio% bi designates where or not the Zth intrusion penetrates pressurized brine in the Castile FormatiorL pi designates the plugging procedure used with the # intrusion (i.e., cozztirnzous plug, two discrete plugs, three discrete plugs), ai designates the type of waste penetrated by the Z* intrusion (i.e., no waste, contact-handled (CH) waste, remotely-handled (RI-I) waste), and tmin is the time at which potash mining occurs within the land withdrawal boundary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the development of (S~t,~.{, p.l), the probabilistic characterization of n, ti, Ii and ei derives from the assumption that drilling intrusions occur zandomly in time and space (i.e., follow a Poisson process), the probabilistic characterization of bi derives from assessed properties of brine pockets, the probabilistic characterization of ai derives from the properties of the waste to be emplaced at the WIPP, and the probabilistic characterization of pi derives from current drilling practices in the sedimentary basin (i.e., the Delaware Basin) in which the WIPP is located A vector notation is used for ai because it is possible for a given drilling intrusion to penetrate several different types of waste."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further, the probabilistic characterization for tminfollows from the guidance in 40 CFR 194 that the occurrence of potash mining within the land withdrawal boundary should be assumed to occur randomly in time (i.e., follow a Poisson process with a rate constant of km = 10+ yr-l), with all commercially viable potash reserves within the land withdrawal boundary being extracted at time tmin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "With respect to the previously indicated questions, S~l provides an answer to Q 1, while~~{and p~[ provide an answer to Q2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In practice, Q2 will be answered by specifying distributions for n, ti, Ii, ei, 1,p,, al, an b . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "d tmin, WhiCh in turn lead to definitions for~~1and p~,."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0021__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The CCDF in 40 CFR 191 will be obtained by evaluating an integral iZZVOiViZIg (S.l, if~,p~l) (Fig."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The deftition of (S.,,~.,, pJ is discussed in more detail in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "37."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The entity EN2 is the outcome of the model development process for the WIPP and provides a procedure for estimating radionuclide releases to the accessible environment for the different fiztures (i.e., elements x~, of S~t) that could occur at the WIPP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "hzsights on the processes to be modeled were provided as part of the scenario development process.34 This procedure can be represented by a fimction fixJ In practice, f is models implemented in the computer programs indicated in Fig. 3 and Table 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "modified version of BIL4GFL0 designated BRAGFLO_DB~this calculation requires spalhngs results obtained from CUllTNGS_S (i.e., fsp[x~l, fB (xJ]) and BR4GFL0 resdts (i.e., fB(x~~)) as @U$ release through anbydrite marker beds to accessible environment for Xst calculated with NUTS; this calculation requires BRAGFLO results (i.e., f~x,t)) as input release through Dewey Lake Red Beds to accessible environment for x~l calculated with hWTTS; this calculation requires BRAGFLO results (i.e., fB(x,/)) as i.npu$ release to land surface due to brine flow up a plugged borehole for x~~calculated with h~s or pANEL; this caIctdation requkes B~GFLO results (i.e.,~&ij(X~~)) inpuf low field calculated for Xsl,o with SECOFL2D, release to Culebra for X$t calculated with NUTS or PANEL as appropriate; this calculation requires BFL4GFL0 results (i.e., f~x~,)) as input, , Ji-+sr,o? fs-+s,,o)> h+., > h(h)]} - groundwater transport release through Culebra to accessible environment calculated with SECOTP2D; this calculation requires SECOFL2D results (i.e., -&~x~l,O)) and NUTS or PANEL results (i.e., jN_p[X.l, fjB(xJ]) as inpu~X,l,o is used as & argument to fs_T because drilling intrusions are assumed to cause no perturbations to the flow field in the Culebra."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 3, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The probability space (S~{,~~,, p~t) and the fhnction~give rise to the CCDF specified in 40 Cl% 191.13(a), which can be represented as integral off over $~(Fig."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The models that underlie f (Fig. 3, Table 2) are too complex to permit a closed form evaluation of the integral in Fig. 2 that defies the CCDF specified in 40 CFR 191."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rather, a Monte Carlo procedure is used in the 1996 WIPP PA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Specifically, elements X~,j, i= 1,2, . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": ".. nS. (5) are randomly sampled from S~l in consistency with the definition of (S~,, J~z,pJ. Theq the inte.gal in Fig. 2, and hence the associated CCDF, is approximated by (6) where 6Rfj(xJ] = 1 iffixJ > R and O if flx~t) < R and d~t is the density fimction associated with th:probability space (Ss,, J ,j, p~l) for stochastic uncertainty.~The manner in which the random sampling from S~t and associated CCDF construction is carried out is described in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "37."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The models that underlie fare too computationally intensive to permit their evaluation for every element x~r,i of S~r in Eq. ( 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Due to this constrain~these models are evaluated for representative elements of S.,, and then the results of these evaluations are used to construct values ofjfor the large number of x~f~(i.e., nS = 10,000 in the 1996 WIPP PA) in Eq. ( 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The specific elements of S,l for which calculations are performed are descnied in Sect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "12 of Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "37, and the associated construction procedures for other elements of S.( are described in Ref 44 for fc and fsp, Ref41 for fDBF, Ref 48 for fMB, fDL, fs and fN+ and Ref 53 for fS_T."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With respect to the previously indicated questions, the models that underlie the function f in Eq.. (4) are providing an answer to Q3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These models, and hence the fimctionj are discussed in more detailinRefs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The entity EN3 is the outcome of the data development effort for the WIPP and provides a probabilistic characterization of the uncertainty in the parameters that underlie the WIPP PA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When viewed formally, EN3 is defined by a probability space (S$u,~~U,p~U),with the sample space Sm given by Sm = {xm: Xm is possl%ly the correct vector of parameter values to use in the WIPP PA models)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( 7) The subscript SU refers to subjective (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty and is used because (S,u, J ,., p..) is protidmg a probabilistic characterization of where the appropriate inputs to use in the WIPP PA are believed to be locatecL35 In practice, some elements of Xw could affect the definition of (S~~,~~t, p.l) (e.g., the rate constant~used to define the Poisson process for drilling intrusions or the probability that a randomly placed drilling intrusion will penetrate pressurized brine in the Castile Fm) and other elements could relate to the models in Fig. 3 and Table 2 that determine the function-fin Eq. ( 4) and Fig. 3 (e.g., radionuclide solubilities in Castile brine or ficture spacing in the Culebra Dolomite)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, in the 1996 WIPP PA, all elements of xm relate to tie models in Fig. 3 and Table 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If the value for Xm was precisely lmo~then the CCDF in Fig. 2 could be determined with certainty and compared with the boundary line specified in 40 CFR 191."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, given the complexity of the WIPP site and the 10,000 yr time period under consideratio~x~u can never be knovm with certainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Rather, uncertain~in Xsu as characterized by (Sm,~~, p,.) will lead to a distribution of CCDFS (Fig. 4), with a different CCDF n%whing for each Possl%le value that Xw can take on."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The proximity of this distribution to the boundary line in Fig. 2 provides an indication of the confidence with which 40 CFR 191 will be met-"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The distribution of CCDFS in Fig. 4 can be summariz ed by distributions of exceedance probabilities conditional on individual release vaIues (Fig. 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For a given release value R, this dish-iiution is defined by a double integral over S~Uand SS1(Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "33, 35)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In practice, this integral is too complex to permit a closed-form evaluation Instea& the WIPP PA uses Latin hypercube samplings to evaluate the integral over S~Uan~as indicated in Eq. ( 6), simple random sampling to evaluate the integral over S.,."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Specifically, a Latin hypercube sample (LHS) XXUA, k = 1, 2, .--, nLHS, (8) is generated from Sm in consistency with the definition of (S~u,~SU,pm) and a random sample x~r,i, i = 1, 2, .-., nS, as indicated~Eq. ( 5) is generated from S~r in consistency with the deftition of (SS,,~S1, pJ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The probability prob(p < P~) in Fig. 5 is then approximated by - (9) ,. . where prob(p < PIR) designates the probability that the exceedance probability (i.e., p) for a release of size R will be Iess than or equal to P, and~~, and also 6P, are defined the same as 6R in Eq. ( 6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The result of the preceding calculation is typically displayed by plotting percentile values (e.g., Po.l, P0.5, and Po.g from Fig. 5), which are obtained by solving Eq. ( 9) for P with prob(ps P~) = 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9, respectively, and also mean values (i.e.,f rom Fig. 5) for exceedance probabilities above the corresponding release values (i.e., R) and then connecting these points to form continuous curves (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The proximity of these curves to the indicated boundary line provides an indication of the confidence with which 40 CFR 191 will be met."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With respect to the previously indicated questions, (Sw,~SU,pm) and results derived from (Sw,~~, pm) (e.g., the distributions in Figs. 4- 6) are providing an answer to Q4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The definition of (Sw,~~, pm) and the generation of the Latin hypercube sample in Eq. ( 7) are discussed in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "56."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Generation of the LHS in Eq. ( 8) and evaluation of the fimctionfin Eq. ( 4 for selected elements x~t of S~r(see Sect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12, Ref. 37) generates a mapping (lo) [xsuJ>f(xs,>xmJ)l> k= 1,2,..., ? LLm, horn uncertain analysis inputs to analysis results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More generally, the mapping can be expressed as (11) [x.~~,Y(%,~)], k= 1,2,..., nLHS, 4 where y(xw J denotes the results obtained witA the model or models under consideration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A vector rotation is used for y because, in genera~a large number of predicted results is produced by each of the models used in the 1996 WIPP P.4; in additio~y(x~u J could also correspond to a CCDF constructed from model results associated with x*u,k"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once generate~the mappings in Eqs. ( 10) and (11) provide a summary of the (subjective) uncertainty in~and y, and can be explored with sensitivity analysis techniques based on the examination of scatterplots, regression analysis and correlation analysis (Sect. 9, Ref. 56; Sect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "3.5, Ref. 57)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis results for individ~l components of~(i.e., YB,&, &, -f&M,~~B, j&., Js, JAI+ -1'&) are given in Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "41, % 48, 53, 59, 60."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Further, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis results for CCDFS are giveninRefs.41, 44,48,53,60."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The importance of identifying, characterizing and displaying the uncertainty in the outcomes of analyses for complex systems is now widely recognized."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The EPA's requirements for such results are explicitly stated in the quotes from 40 CFR 191 and 40 CFR 194 in Sect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "2. As other examples, the following statements are made in the indicated documents: The Commission is aware that uncertainties are not caused by use of quantitative methodology in decisionmaking but are merely highlighted through use of the quantification process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Confidence in the use of probabilistic and risk assessment techniques has steadily improved since the time these were used in the Reactor Safety Study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fac~through use of quantitative techniques, importmt uncertainties have been and continue to be brought into better focus and may even be reduced compared to those that would remain with sole reliance on deterministic decisionrnaking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To the extent practicable, the Commission intends to ensure that the quantitative techniques used for regulatory decisionrimking take into account the potential uncertainties that exist so than an estimate can be made on the confidence level to be ascribed to the quantitative results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Uncertainties could be discussed in the methods section of a repofi and the consequences of uncertainties described in the discussion section."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "End-point selection is an important component of ecological risk assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Uncertainties about the selection of end points need to be addressed."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The Committee believes strongly that the explicit disclosure of uncertainty in quantitative risk assessment is necessary any time the assessment is taken beyond a screening calculation. ... The need for regulatory action must be based on more realistic estimates of risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Realistic risk esrirnating, however, requires a fill disclosure of uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The disclosure of uncertainty enables the scientific reviewer, as w'ell as the decision-maker, to evaluate the degree of cotildence that one should have in the risk assessment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The cotildence in the risk assessment should be a major factor in determining g strategies for regulato~action."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Large uncertainty in the risk estimate, although undesirable, may not be critical if the cotildence internals about the risk estimate indicate that risks are clearly below reegdatory levels of concern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the other hand, when these confidence intervals overlap the regulatory levels of concec onsideration should be given to acquiring additional information to reduce the uncertainty in the . risk estimate by focusing research on the factors that dominate the uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The dominant factors controlling the overall uncertainty are readily identified through a sensitivity analysis conducted as art integral part of quantitative uncertainty analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Acquiring additional data to reduce the uncertainty in the risk estimates is especially important when the cost of regulation is high."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ultimately, the explicit disclosure (of the uncertainty) in the risk estimate should be factored into analyses of the cost-effectiveness of risk reduction as welI as in setting priorities for the allocation of regulatory resources for reducing risk."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A distinction between uncertainty (i.e., degree of potential error) and inter-individual variability (i.e., population heterogeneity) is generally required if the resulting quantitative risk characterization is to be optimally useful for regulatory purposes, particularly insofm as risk characterizations are treated quantitatively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The distinction between uncertainty and individual variability ought to be maintained rigorously at the leveI of separate risk-assessment components (e.g., ambient concentration uptake and potency) as well as at the level of an integrated risk characterization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( p. 242) When reporting estimates of risk to decision-makers and the public, EPA should report not only point estimates of risk but also the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty associated with these estimates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "( p. 263)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because EPA often fails to characteri& fidly the uncertainty in risk assessments, inappropriate decisions and insufficiently or excessively conservative analyses can result. ( p. 267) u Guiding Principles for A40nte Carlo AnaIysis (p. 3, Ref. 67) . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "the basic goal of a Monte Carlo analysis is to characterize, quantitatively, the uncertainty and variability in estimates of exposure or risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A secondary goal is to identi~key sources to the overall variance and range of model results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "\"Consistent with EPA principles and policies, an analysis of variability and uncertainty should provide its audience with clear and concise infoiirtation on the variability in individual exposures and risks; it should provide information on population risk (extent of harm in the exposed population); it should provide information on the distribution of exposures and risks to highly exposed or highly susceptkde populations; it should describe qualitatively and quantitatively the scientific uncertainty in the models applie& the data utilized and the specific risk estimates that are used."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When viewed at a high level, the uncertainty refened to in 40 CFR 191, 194 (Sect. 2) and also in the preceding quotes can usually be divided into two types: stochastic (i.e., aleatory) uncertainty, which arises because the system under study can behave in many different ways and is thus a property of the system and subjective (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty, which arises from a lack of knowledge about the system and is thus a property of the analysts performing the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When a distinction between stochastic and subjective uncertainty is not maintained, the deleterious events associated with a system the likelihood of such events, and the cofiidence with which both likelihood and i . , consequences can be estimated become commingled in a way that makes it difficult to draw useful insights."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Due to the pervasiveness and importance of these two types of uncertainty, they have attracted many investigators (e.g., Refs. 20, 35, 68- 87) and also many names (e.g., aleatory, type A, irreducible, and variability as alternatives to the desi.gmtion stochastic, and epistemic, type B, reducible, and state of knowledge as alternatives to the designation subjective)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "IndeeL this distinction can be traced back to the beginnings of the formal development of probability theory in the seventeenthcentury.sg'89"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As an example, probabilistic risk assessments (PIL4s) for nuclear power plants and other complex engineered facilities involve stochastic uncertainty due to the many different types of accidents that can occur and subjective uncertainty due to the inability of the analysts involved to precisely determine the frequency and consequences of these accidents."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conceptually, similar problems also arise in the assessment of health effects within a population exposed to a carcinogenic~hemical or some other stress, where variability within the population can be viewed as stochastic uncertainty and the inability to exactly characterize this variability and eitimate associated exposures and health effects can be viewed as subjective uncertainty (e.g., Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "93- 99)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Other examples also exist of analyses that maintain a separation of stochastic and aleatory uncertainty (e.g., Refs. 100 - 104)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, by maintaining a separation between stochastic and subjective uncertainty as indicated in Sects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "3-5 and described in more detail in other articles (Refs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "37,41, 44,48, 53, 56, 60), the 1996 WIPP Pa is in the main stream of current analyses for complex systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many individuals believe that the boundary line associated with 40 CFR 191.13 and illustrated in Fig. 1 is a novel concept."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Actually, this construction is an example of the Fanner limit line approach to the definition of acceptable risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "i05-] 07 A similar construction was used in the NUREG-1 150 analyses80' 90 to implement the proposed\" large release safety goal for reactor accidents.63' 108 Thus, agafi the 1996 WIPP PA involves widely used ideas, although the actual scale of the amlysis is much larger than that of a typical PA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This article presents a formal description of the conceptual structure of the 1996 WIPP PA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, the structure of the PA is descnied in terms of a probability space (S$,,~~t, p~r) for stochastic (i.e., aleatov) uncertainty, a probability space (S~U,~SU, pm) for subjective (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty, and a fimction~(x~l, x~u) defined for elements x~l and x~U of the sample spaces S.* and S~u. The probability space (S~t,~~p pJ characterizes the likelihood of different 10,000 yr fimres (i.e., x~l) that could occur at the WIPP and underlies the CCDF specified by the EPA in 40 CFR 191; the probability space (Sm,~S U,P,U) cticteties a degree of belief with respect to where the appropriate parameter values for use in the 1996 WIPP PA (i.e., Xm) are located, and the fi.mction f {X.l, XJ estimates normalized radionuclide releases (an& in generaL many other quantities) that derive from x~, and Xw."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Introduction of this formal description of the stmcture of the 1996 WIPP PA provides a way to give names and symbols to the important parts of the analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once names and symbols are assigned it is then possible to unambi.mously describe the individual parts of the PA and how these parts fit together to make the complete PA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Without these names and symbols, it is difficult to give a precise description of the individual parts of the PA and how these parts come together in the computational implementation of the PA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As an example, large PAs make extensive and sometimes complex use of probability."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In such applications, it is I essential to understand how probability is being use+ and in particular, to what type of \"entity\" probability is being assigned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a s% it is essential to know what the sample space is."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is always disconcerting to re%ze that a probabilistic calculation is being can-ied out without a clear concept of what the sample space is."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the 1996 WIPP PA, there are two distinct sample spaces (i.e., S@ and Sin), each with its elements (i.e., x~f and Xw) clearly defined."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A suggestion: When considering a probabilistic calculation always ask yourselt or the individuals carrying out the calculation% what constitutes the sample space."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Without a satisfactory answer to this questio~a clear understanding of the calculation cannot be developed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The use of a formal structure to describe the 1996 WIPP PA provides a way to distinguish between concept and approximation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, the 1996 WIPP PA presents uncertainty distributions arising from stochastic uncertainty alone, subjective uncertainty alone, and stochastic and subjective uncertainty combined."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such distributions can be unambiguously defined in terms of integrals over S$, and/or S~U. Such integrals provide a way to express exactly what is being calculated but do not constitute a suitable computatioml procedure; rather, they must be approximated with some type of numerical procedure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 1996 WIPP PA used simple random sampling for intebgations involving the probability space (S~l,~~,,p~z) and Latin hypercube sampling for integrations involving the probability space (S~U, K!~u, p~u)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The use of such sampling-based numerical approximations is often referred to as Monte Carlo amlysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As an aside, some individuals express concern, or worse, over the use of Monte Carlo analyses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given that Monte Carlo analysis is just a way to approximate an integral, this does not really make sense (would the same concern be expressed if the analysts stated that a Gaussian quadrature procedure was being used to evaluate the inte-g-al in question?)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Rather, if there is reason for concern, it should be respect to the appropriateness of the fimction being integrated or the probability space being integrated over."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The particular integration procedure being used should not be an object of concern beyond considerations of convergence and accuracy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A benefit of representing a PA with probability spaces, fictions and integrals is that it provides a description of the PA in the same notation that is used in formal developments of probability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This representation of the PA in a widely used format facilitates understanding of the conceptual and computational details of the PA within the PA project itself and the cornmuni cation of these detaiIs to reviewers and other individuals outside the project."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, such a representation helps clar@ the concept of a scenario, with a scenario being either a subset ES, of the sample space S~l for stochastic uncertainty (i.e., an element of X$~1), a subset E~U of the sample space Sm for subjective uncertainty (i.e., and element of~~) or a subset E of S = S~~x Sw (i.e., an element of~~r x~~)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, a scenario is what is typically called an event in a formal development of probability and the corresponding scenario probabilities are given by p~l(E~r), p~U(E~U) and P(E) = p~t(E~l) p~u(E~u), respectively, where the representation for the probability of E (i.e., p(E)) holds provided E = E~f x Em and the elements of E~l and Em are independent in a probabilistic sense (i.e., the occurrence of E~~has no effect on tie occurrence of E~U and vice versa)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The preceding indicates three distinct but legitimate, uses of the concept of a scenario."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Because these three uses involve diffkrent types of occurrences, it is important to clearly indicate which usage is intended wh~n the idea of a scenario is employed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A formal use of probability also helps clarify what types of events (i.e., scenarios) can have nonzero probabilities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, it is important to recognize that individual elements of S~~(i.e., 10,000 yr Mures at the WIPP) or S~U (e.g-, elements of tie LHS used to propagate subjective uncertainty) have a probability of zero."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The single exception is the element x~l of SS1 corresponding to undisturbed conditions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, with this one exceptioñ onzero probabilities only apply to subsets of S~,, S~Uand S~t x S*Ucontaining infiitely many elements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is an important conceptual point that affects how results are interpreted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In random and LHS procedures, individual sample elements are assiegned a weight equal to the reciprocal of the sample size (i.e., l/nS, UnL.HS) for use in estirnating'expected values and dism%utions; however, such weights are not the same as probabilities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The formal representation also helps show how different analysis approaches are simply different ways of approximating the same quantities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, the Kaplan/Garrick ordered triple representation for riskbs might initially appear to be quite different from the sampling-based approach used in the 1996 WIPP PA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However. the KaplaniGarnck approach and the sampling-based approach used in the 1996 WIPP PA are simply different ways of approximating integrals involving the probability spaces (S~r,~~r p~l) and (S~U,'~~U,p~U)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": ".4 proper level of abstraction makes this easily apparent (Sect. 13, Ref. 37)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Further, modem probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) for nuclear power stations have exactly the same conceptual structure as the 1996 WIPP PA, although the processes under consideration and the models in use are very different."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Agafi a description of these analyses at an appropriate level of abstraction makes this similarity readilyapparent.35'82"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Now that the overall structure of the 1996 WKPP PA has been summariz ed in terms of a probability space (SS,, s,, pJ for stochastic uncertainty, a probability space (Sm,~~, p~u) for subjective uncertainty and a fimctiond efined on S~l x S- de)ailed information on (S~l,~~1,pfl), (S~b Z$~1,p~t) and f and their use in the 1996 WIPP PA can be obtained fforn other articles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, (S$t,~,,, pJ is descriied in Ref 37; (S=u,~~, pm) is descriied in Ref 56; Jand its component functions are described in Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "39, 41, 44, 48, 53; the construction of CCDFS for comparison with the release knits specified in 40 CFR 191 is discussed in Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "41,44,48,53, 6@ and uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for both individual model results (i.e., evaluations off and its component fitnctions) and CCDFS is discussed in Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__original__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "41,44,48,53,58,59,60."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3152__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In 1979, six years after selecting the Delaware Basin as a potential disposal area, Congress authorized the U.S. Department of Energy to build the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Carlsbad, New Mexico, as a research and development facility for the safe management, storage, and disposal of waste contaminated with transuranic radioisotopes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1998, 19 years after authorization and 25 years after site selection, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certified that the WIPP disposal system complied with its regulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The EPA’s decision was primarily based on the results from a performance assessment conducted in 1996, which is summarized in this special issue of Reliability Engineering and System Safety."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This performance assessment was the culmination of four preliminary performance assessments conducted between 1989 and 1992."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This paper provides a historical setting and context for how the performance of the deep geologic repository at the WIPP was analyzed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Also included is background on political forces acting on the project."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In 1998, 25 years after selection of the Delaware Basin in southeastern New Mexico as a potential disposal site for radioactive waste, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certified that the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), an underground geologic disposal system, complied with its regulations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0068__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This paper presents a historical summary of the system characterization, engineering analyses, and scientific investigations undertaken by the WIPP Project over the past 25 years and provides a context for the results presented in this special issue of Reliability Engineering and System Safety. Although it is not essential to know the WIPP’s history to comprehend the engineering analysis, an understanding of the issues that the project faced can be helpful."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3152__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many paths were followed during these 25 years to discern which phenomena were important at the WIPP, and often these paths were initiated in response to evolving notions of what kind of scientific information was significant, what level of understanding was required, and how society could use this scientific information to decide whether deep geologic disposal of nuclear waste was acceptable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3152__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The choice of New Mexico as a potential disposal site for nuclear waste in 1973 was one in a series of episodes in which New Mexico had figured prominently with regard to nuclear phenomena."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1942, the Manhattan Engineering District selected New Mexico as the location for assembling the scientists, engineers, and technicians who would develop the first atomic bomb."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a direct consequence of that development, the first atomic explosion took place in 1945 in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sixteen years later, in 1961, scientists with the Gnome Project detonated a device in the Delaware Basin in bedded salt near Carlsbad, New Mexico, as part of the Plowshare Program, which was exploring nonmilitary uses of nuclear explosives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "After a potential disposal site in bedded salt in Kansas had been rejected in the early 1970s, citizens invited the Atomic Energy Commission to New Mexico to consider the bedded salt deposits in the Delaware Basin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The search for a specific site in the basin occurred between 1973 and 1976."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0070__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The site was then characterized by Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy in support of its Draft Environmental Impact Statement, which was completed in 1979."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3152__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The wastes intended for the WIPP included waste contaminated with transuranic (TRU) nuclear elements and hazardous chemicals generated during the production of nuclear weapons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Atomic Energy Commission had been segregating and storing these wastes above ground for eventual disposal since 1970, three years before site selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nearly ten years later, in December 1979, Congress authorized the DOE to construct the WIPP for eventual disposal of this TRU waste."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The first shaft was drilled in 1981, and full construction began in 1983."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Construction of the WIPP facility was substantially complete by the end of 1988."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Along with construction, a suite of characterization studies were initiated in the 1980s in response to agreements with the State of New Mexico."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0071__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The final site characterization studies were completed in the 1990s."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3152__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The characterization of the WIPP provided input for the 1996 performance assessment (PA), an engineering analysis documented in the Compliance Certification Application (CCA), which was submitted to the EPA in October 1996 and which is described in this special issue of Reliability Engineering and System Safety."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3152__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3152", "paragraph_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is developed by the U.S. Department of Energy for geologic disposal of transuranic waste."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The 1996 performance assessment (PA) constructed complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) for radionuclide release, showing compliance with EPA standards (40 CFR 191) for radioactive waste disposal 【6】."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The PA emphasized an iterative approach, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, and stakeholder involvement 【15】【19】."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The CCDFs combined releases from cuttings, cavings, spallings, and brine release, indicating compliance with EPA standards 【10】【12】【13】."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The PA process evolved through several iterations, improving model sophistication and regulatory alignment 【32】【36】."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3152__response__p0073__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The final PA was crucial for the DOE's successful Compliance Certification Application to the EPA 【23】."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3152/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974068511_W2031500466_W2066267368", "triad_name": "triad_3152", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3152__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was approved by the University of California, San Diego, Human Subjects Committee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before study participation began."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Seventy�one patients with known or suspected OSA who had not received previous OSA treatment were recruited via adver� tisements, word�of�mouth referral, and referral from local med� ical practices in the San Diego area."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Participants' ages ranged from 29 to 50 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Body mass index (BMI) ranged from 20"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Effect of CPAP on Fatigue in OSA Patients-Tomfohr et al to 50 kg/m 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Potential participants were excluded if they had a history of heart, liver, or renal disease; diabetes; psychosis; nar� colepsy; current alcohol or drug abuse; severe asthma; or cere� brovascular disease or were taking prescription medications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Women were excluded if pregnant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients who were taking hypertensive medications were withdrawn from their medica� tions with permission of their physician and followed during a 3�week washout period while being monitored by a study phy� �week washout period while being monitored by a study phy� sician."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If blood pressure remained consistently below 170/105 mm Hg, subjects were entered into the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The 2 subjects who were withdrawn from antihypertensive medications com� pleted the washout period without incident."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Potential participants contacted the lab and underwent an initial phone screening to determine eligibility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If it appeared that the subject met the inclusion criteria of the study, a prelimi� nary OSA screening was conducted with an unattended home sleep study (Stardust home monitoring system, Respironics, Inc., Murrysville, PA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Subjects with an apnea�hypopnea index (AHI) of at least 10 were given a provisional diagnosis of OSA and were invited back to be assessed with a 1�night standard regimen of polysomnographic sleep monitoring conducted at the UCSD General Clinical Research Center Gillin Laboratory of Sleep and Chronobiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Those participants who had an AHI of at least 10 on the in�laboratory study were diagnosed with OSA and randomly assigned to receive either therapeutic CPAP or the placebo CPAP in a double�blind fashion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All participants then spent a second night in the sleep labora� tory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients randomly assigned to receive therapeutic CPAP underwent standard CPAP titration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "CPAP was started at a pres� sure of 4 cm H 2 O and was increased by 1� to 2�cm H 2 O incre� ments based on the presence of apneas, hypopneas, snoring, or respiratory effort�related arousals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Titration was considered successful when all significant respiratory events stopped and the patient had spent at least 15 minutes of sleep in the final CPAP level."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients randomly assigned to the placebo�CPAP group un� derwent a mock�titration night."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The placebo�CPAP system was a modified version of the sham CPAP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "11 This placebo�CPAP con� sisted of a modified nasal or full face (nasal oral) CPAP mask with 10 one�quarter�inch drill holes to allow free exchange of air during inhalation and exhalation, plus a pressure reducer placed in the CPAP tubing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With this system, the CPAP gen� erator could be placed at any pressure to control for machine noise, but the pressure at the nose and mouth was 0.5 cm H 2 O during exhalation and 0 cm H 2 O during inhalation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Of impor� tance to the placebo�CPAP blinding, the subject was able to feel a gentle breeze at the nose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To control for CPAP�blower noise, the pressure was set at 8 cm H 2 O. In both treatment conditions, the CPAP systems were the same (ResMed S7 Elite CPAP with HumidAire 2i™ integrated heated humidifier; ResMed Corp. San Diego, CA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "On the first night, the appropriate CPAP mask (therapeutic or placebo) was fitted, and the patient was trained on the use of the equipment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After the titration night, patients in both groups were sent home with their assigned treatment equipment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Proper equip� ment use and setup was ensured by telephone calls and home visits by a sleep technician who was not involved in outcome assessments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The CPAP units each contained a hidden compli� ance clock that measured the amount of time the equipment was used at the designated pressure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Compliance data were down� loaded by the sleep technician at the end of the treatment period and were used to determine the average number of hours CPAP was used over the study period."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Upon completion of the 3�week treatment period, patients returned to the sleep laboratory for a final polysomnogram, per� formed while the patients were using their assigned therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All questionnaires were also repeated at this time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all overnight polysomnography studies, electroenceph� alography, electrocardiography, electrooculography, chin and tibialis anterior electromyography, pulse oximetry, nasal�oral airflow by nasal cannula pressure transducer and thermistor, and thoracic and abdominal respiratory effort were recorded on a Grass Heritage digital polysomnograph (Model PSG36�2, Astro�Med, Inc., West Warwick, RI)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recordings were scored by a trained sleep technician according to criteria from Re� chtschaffen and Kales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "12 Apneas were defined as decrements in airflow of at least 90% from baseline for a minimum of 10 seconds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hypopneas were defined as decrements in airflow of at least 50% but less than 90% from baseline for a minimum of 10 seconds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Significant oxyhemoglobin desaturations were defined as transient drops in oxyhemoglobin saturation by at least 3% from baseline."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The total number of apneas and hy� popneas per hour of sleep were calculated to yield the AHI."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0008__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Participants with an AHI of 10 or more during the attended polysomnogram were considered to have OSA and were in� cluded in the study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Questionnaire data were obtained prior to study random� ization and after the 3�week intervention period, prior to the final polysomnogram."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Questionnaires were administered by a research coordinator who was blinded to treatment condition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory- Short Form (MFSI�sf) is a 30�item self�report measure de� signed to assess multidimensional aspects of fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Items are rated on a 5�point scale, and respondents report how true each statement was for them during the previous week (0 = not all; 4 = extremely)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Scores are summed to obtain sub� scale scores that include general fatigue, emotional fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and vigor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The vigor sub� scale score is subtracted from the sum of the 4 fatigue sub� 4 fatigue sub� fatigue sub� scales to yield a total fatigue score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subscale scores range from 0 to 24, and MFSI�sf total scores range from �24 to 96, with higher scores indicating more fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "13 MFSI�sf total scores above 0.85 represent significant fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "14 The MFSI� sf has been used extensively in multiple patient populations, including those with OSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0010__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "5,15 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this sample, it showed good internal consistency (α = 0.84)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is an established mea� sure of psychological distress, which has shown high levels of Effect of CPAP on Fatigue in OSA Patients-Tomfohr et al reliability and validity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "16 The scale consists of 65 adjec� tives that are self�rated on a 5�point scale (0 = not at all to 4 = extremely)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients respond to the question, \"How often have you been feeling… during the past week in� cluding today?\" The adjectives can be combined into 6 subscales, 2 of which were the focus of this study: (1) fatigue�inertia scale (range 0�28, with higher scores indi� cating more weariness, low energy, and fatigue) and (2) vigor�activity scale (range 0�32, with higher scores indi� cating more energy and vigor)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "16 The subscales showed good internal consistency (POMS fatigue α = 0.91; POMS vigor α = 0.94)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a well�validated questionnaire that assesses the likelihood of falling asleep in a variety of common situations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The scale consists of 8 items that are self�rated on a 4�point scale (0 = would never doze to 3 = high chance of dozing)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating more sleepi� ness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "17 In this sample, the scale showed good internal con� sistency (α = 0.88)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A P value 0.05 or less was considered significant, and all testing was 2 tailed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Statistical analyses were per� formed using the SPSS statistical software package (SPSS for Windows 17.0; SPSS Inc.; Chicago, IL)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Student t tests were used to compare groups on baseline characteristics with continuous outcome measures, χ² tests were used to compare multicategorical outcome measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Differenc� es between the 2 groups over time were assessed using repeated�measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This analysis allowed testing for a main effect of treatment (thera� peutic CPAP vs placebo CPAP), a time effect (prior to treatment and after 21 days of treatment), and the interaction of time by treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A time effect alone implies that the treatment effects were nonspecific (i.e., placebo effects)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0014__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A treatment�by�time in� teraction implies that subjects responded to a specific treatment over time with a significant response."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, null, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The recruitment profile is shown in Figure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patient char� acteristics are presented in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A total of 59 patients (29 therapeutic CPAP and 30 placebo CPAP) completed treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The groups did not significantly differ on baseline character� istics, including age, body mass index, sex, race or ethnicity, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, vigor, or AHI."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The groups also did not differ in the number of nights they used the CPAP treat� ment during the course of the study (therapeutic CPAP = 18.82 ± 1.98 vs placebo CPAP 18.73 ± 2.68; P = 0.89)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, there was a significant difference in how many hours the groups used the CPAP each night."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The therapeuticCPAP group used the treatment for an average of 5.46 ± 1.09 hours per day over the 3�week treatment period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0015__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In contrast, the placebo�CPAP group used treatment for longer periods each night, an average of 6.59 ± 1.40 hours per day (P = 0.01)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Significant time�by�treatment interactions were observed for the MFSI�sf total score (P = 0.02) and the POMS fatigue subscale (P = 0.03)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When compared with the placebo�CPAP group, individuals in the therapeutic�CPAP group evidenced a significant reduction in MFSI�sf total scores (see Figure 2) and POMS fatigue scores (see Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A significant time�by� treatment interaction was also observed for vigor (P = 0.02), with the therapeutic�CPAP group reporting increased energy when compared with the placebo�CPAP group (see Figure 4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also investigated whether there were fatigue and energy changes in the placebo�CPAP group (i.e., a placebo effect)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sig� nificant reductions in fatigue were not observed in the place� bo�CPAP group (P values > 0.36), nor did the placebo group demonstrate changes in energy/vigor (P = 0.20)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Significant time�by�treatment differences were not observed for the ESS scores (P > 0.05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because the literature suggests that, the sleepier the patients feel before CPAP intervention, the greater their response to treatment, 6 we split our sample us� ing the ESS cutoff for excessive sleepiness (ESS ≥ 9)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "17 The therapeutic�CPAP and placebo�CPAP groups did not differ significantly in terms of the proportion of excessively sleepy (55.9%) versus not sleepy (44.1%) participants (χ 2 = 0.06,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As expected, after the 3�week intervention there was a signif� icant time�by�treatment interaction for AHI with the therapeu� tic�CPAP group showing significant AHI decreases (baseline 38.64 ± 24.28 vs posttreatment 6.25 ± 6.47), compared to AHI in the placebo�CPAP group (baseline 31.67 ± 18.72 vs post� Effect of CPAP on Fatigue in OSA Patients-Tomfohr et al creases in two independent measures of fatigue and an associ� ated increase in vigor, lend support to the finding that CPAP treatment significantly decreases fatigue and increases energy in patients with OSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also observed that individuals who were excessively fatigued at the study onset received greater therapeutic benefit from treatment with CPAP, as compared with those who were not experiencing clinically significant lev� els of fatigue at study onset."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several studies have shown large changes in sleepiness in patients with OSA treated with therapeutic CPAP."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are two main differences between those studies and our own."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, in� vestigations that have observed significant reductions in sleepi� ness recruited participants who were excessively sleepy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "7 Our patients' ESS scores (mean = 10.2) were 35% to 40% lower than the scores of patients with OSA who have been recently studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "18�20"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, studies that have observed reductions in sleepiness have generally employed a longer treatment protocol than did our study, raising the possibility that longer treatment may be necessary to reduce sleepiness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "18�20 Although we could not lengthen our treatment protocol, we did investigate whether initial sleepiness level was predictive of treatment response."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found that excessively sleepy subjects treated with therapeutic CPAP showed a significant reduction in ESS scores, compared with those subjects treated with placebo CPAP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No significant changes in sleepiness were observed in participants who were not excessively sleepy at the start of treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results lend support to previous work suggesting that, the sleepier pa� tients are at the onset of treatment, the greater their sleepiness scores decline over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The groups were comparable in terms of days that they used CPAP during the study period, but the placebo group used the CPAP for more hours per night."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may have been a chance observation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the other hand, one could also speculate that the CPAP group experienced such benefit from treatment that they did not feel it necessary to be as conscientious about com� pliance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nonetheless, the compliance level in both groups was good, exceeding 4 hours per night."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We acknowledge several limitations of the current investiga� tion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the population under study was free from other ill� nesses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although all participants suffered from OSA, they may not represent the typical patients at a sleep medicine center, who are more likely to have comorbidities, such as diabetes or symptomatic coronary disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our patients, nonetheless, had unquestionable and moderately severe OSA (AHI > 30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sec� ond, our treatment period of only 3 weeks was relatively short."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "P = 0.81)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To test for a specific effect of treatment in both groups, we conducted a repeated�measure ANOVA with ESS scores as the outcome mea� sure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Results of the ANOVA showed a significant time�by�treatment effect in the excessively sleepy group (F 1,31 = 7.54, P = 0.01, η 2 = 0.19), whereby the therapeutic CPAP group had significantly re� duced ESS scores in comparison with the placebo group (see Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, the time�by�treat� ment interaction in the nonsleepy group was not significant (F 1,24 = 1.35, P = 0.26, η 2 = 0.05)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As noted above, CPAP was effective in reduc� ing sleepiness in those subjects with high levels of sleepiness before commencing treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We next investigated whether this finding was also true with regard to fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, we in� vestigated changes in the MFSI�sf, stratifying individuals as either fatigued or nonfatigued based on the MFSI�sf clinical cutoff score for fatigue (0.85)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The proportion of excessively fatigued (59.3%) versus not fatigued (40.7%) participants did not differ significantly between therapeutic� and placebo�CPAP groups (χ 2 = 0.18, P = 0.67)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To test for a specific effect of treat� ment in the high� and low�fatigued groups, we conducted a repeated�measure ANOVA with MFSI�sf scores as the outcome measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There was a significant time�by�treatment effect in the fatigued group (F 1,33 = 4.42, P = 0.04, η 2 = 0.12; those who were treated with therapeutic CPAP had significantly reduced MFSI�sf scores, in comparison with those treated with placebo CPAP (see Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The time�by�treatment interaction in the nonfatigued group was not significant (F 1,22 = 0.88, P = 0.36, η 2 = 0.04)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Individuals with OSA experience significant sleepiness and fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The aim of this study was to identify whether treat� ment with therapeutic CPAP was associated with improvement in sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor above and beyond nonspecific placebo effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Findings revealed that, over a 3�week interven� 3�week interven� �week interven� tion period, treatment with therapeutic CPAP reduced fatigue and increased energy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, at the end of treatment, mean scores from the therapeutic�CPAP group indicated that partici� pants were no longer suffering from clinically significant levels of fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "14 The convergence of results, demonstrated by de� Previous work from our group failed to discern a specific ben� eficial effect of CPAP treatment on fatigue levels after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "9,10 On the other hand, this study found clear and compelling evidence that a 3�week CPAP intervention led to significant improvements of fatigue and sleepiness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The con� vergent validity of these observations is striking, given that they were supported by multiple measures (MFSI�sf fatigue, POMS fatigue, POMS vigor, and ESS)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Current planned National Insti� tutes of Health initiatives to examine long�term effects of CPAP in a double�blind fashion will be able to determine if these ben� eficial effects of CPAP persist in longer�term trials and in pa� tients with OSA who have additional comorbidities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we are left with questions about what mechanisms underlie the observed changes in fatigue."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A possible theory is that CPAP reduces inflammation in patients with OSA, which thereby impacts fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients with OSA have increased levels of local (upper airway) and systemic inflammation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "21 In� creases in inflammatory markers in individuals with OSA have been related to elevated fatigue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "5,22 In turn, CPAP used continu� ously for more than 4 hours per night has been shown to reduce markers of inflammation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "23 A logical next step in this research would involve extended studies focused on the long�term use of CPAP and associated measures of inflammation and fatigue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, patients with OSA who received therapeutic CPAP (vs placebo) had significant reductions in fatigue and re� ported improved vigor over a 3�week treatment period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "CPAP appeared to be especially beneficial in reducing fatigue in those who were excessively fatigued or sleepy before treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2006__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have read with interest the studies of Dr. Tomfohr [1] and Dr Antic [2] published in Sleep (2011; Vol 34, issue 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Dr. Tomfohr et al., in a very short-term randomized study (CPAP placebo vs therapeutic CPAP), found that optimal CPAP in patients with somnolence at the onset of treatment significantly reduces somnolence and increases energy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Dr. Antic et al., in an observational study, analyzed the neurobehavioral outcomes in OSA patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The main findings were that there are a number of patients that do not normalize their neurobehavioral responses despite good compliance with CPAP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, many patients had normal results at baseline, and some tests were only performed at the end of the trial, making comparisons impossible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2006__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We think these studies merit a comment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These findings are not new."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They have been long reported by our group and others [3], and we think that it has now been well established that CPAP treatment is mandatory in symptomatic OSA patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, other authors have raised the importance of using longer night-time durations of CPAP to achieve normal functioning levels [4] and neurobehavioral improvement with CPAP, as has been also studied [5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, we think that is important to consider at present that we are entering in a new phase that requires all our combined efforts; the most important unresolved issues perhaps lie elsewhere and so research could focus on different areas, such as cardiovascular outcomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2006__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our Spanish Group of Sleep Breathing Disorder has started to perform several multicenter studies with large numbers of patients in which we have demonstrated the importance of OSA in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, as well as the efficacy of CPAP [6, 7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These effects are independent of the severity of symptoms per se and suggest that CPAP should be applied not only with the aim of improving symptoms, but also in order to improve survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, OSA appears to increase the rate of motor vehicle accidents irrespective of the subjective somnolence, and CPAP reverses this excess risk in all patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2006__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, more studies are urgently needed on large numbers of patients from different groups (women, elderly, etc.) in the relatively non-symptomatic or non-clinical population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These issues are important on account of both the possible high number of patients involved and the possibility of opening new windows on the treatment of diseases in which optimal treatment does not always lead to improvements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition to these factors, this line of investigation could also have important social and financial consequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2006__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In response to the letter by Montserrat et al. ( 2011) [1], we agree with the authors on a number of points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Larger studies, investigating groups not normally included in CPAP trials are critically important and successful treatment of OSA may be an avenue leading to better management of comorbid diseases."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we disagree that the issues of fatigue and neuropsychological outcomes are resolved and do not warrant further attention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2006__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Montserrat et al. state that our study found that CPAP treatment reduced somnolence and increased energy, but fail to mention the main finding, that CPAP treatment significantly reduced fatigue above and beyond the effect of placebo [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is true that variables associated with fatigue such as sleepiness and attention have been studied in the context of successful OSA treatment, yet fatigue as a distinct construct has been an understudied outcome, not just within OSA, but in the field of sleep medicine."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2006__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results from our investigation suggest that fatigue is a psychological variable that is extremely sensitive to change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The finding coupled with information about how patients talk about apnea symptoms could help to open up new research avenues and modify how clinicians discuss treatment responses with their patients [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We think it is important to examine these issues from a clinical standpoint."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2006__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As clinicians, we would agree that CPAP treatment is important in all patients diagnosed with OSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As clinicians we also know that adherence with treatment recommendations can be abysmal."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Learning more about positive changes associated with treatment (i.e., reductions in fatigue, decreases in neuropsychological impairments) give clinicians struggling to motivate patient use of CPAP one more motivating factor with which to encourage compliance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2006__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2006", "paragraph_id": "triad_2006__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2006__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding neuropsychological outcomes and sleep apnea, we assume that Antic and colleagues [4] will be responding, but it bears mention that we were favorably impressed by the findings from their study and agree that the neuropsychological aspects of obstructive sleep apnea and CPAP treatment are yet to be fully resolved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2006/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2174878312_W1970077110_W2030948367", "triad_name": "triad_2006", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2006__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Drugs can fail in CTs but, by not showing proper diligence in the design, monitoring, analysis, and interpretation of a CT, investigators can fail drugs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In recent reports, investigators identify how systematic and random measurement errors can potentially undermine the demonstration of efficacy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression clinical trials (CT) [1-4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The dependence on rating scales as outcome measures seems the problematic feature common to clinical research in these fields."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With the assistance of Elemer Piros (Senior Biotechnology Analyst, Rodman and Renshaw) and Neil Buckholz (Chief, Dementias of Aging Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH) we identified nearly 100 compounds with over 40 different mechanisms of action that had been considered as potential treatments for AD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We found 20 NIH Public Access"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "compounds with preliminary evidence for benefits in AD preclinical studies and in Phase II but that failed to show consistent successes in Phase III CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We could not obtain exact information about many compounds due to commercial sponsors refusing to publish or release to reviewers information about negative outcomes from their drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our initial estimate is that this affects some 40% to 50% of the compounds and is a problem that, likewise, is encountered by others [5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our tabulated results of this review of AD compounds may thus never be entirely complete, and will form the basis of a separate article."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using available reports about error effects in CTs, failed drug developments in AD and depression, and our own experiences of developing drugs for AD, we identified six issues that affect the success, costs, and subsequent clinical applications of CTs [6-11]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this article, we discuss possible steps to overcome these impediments to successful AD drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Specifically, we address how to avoid methodologically flawed trials and consequent failures in development of potentially viable AD drug candidates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We consider the preclinical grounding needed to assure effective dosing of AD drugs; overcoming problems with the reliability of rated evaluations of CT research subjects; the need for close monitoring to assure quality of data obtained at research sites; how CTs can provide resources for effective clinical applications of results by practitioners; the importance of effective disease modeling in the CT; and the implications for effective research design for AD CTs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many different cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) have shown both preclinical properties that predict efficacy in AD CTs and then in clinical trials (CTs) demonstrated efficacy with statistically significant improvements of drug treated patients compared to placebo treated patients [12,13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase can now be considered a valid drug target consequent to the approval of four agents of this class by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) (tacrine (Cognex) 1993, donepezil (Aricept) 1997, rivastigmine (Exelon) 2000) and galantamine (Reminyl) 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recently, we were given the opportunity to review two ChEIs with preclinical profiles consistent with these approved drugs; yet, these drugs failed in large CTs and were abandoned or seem on the verge of being abandoned by developers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to reviews under confidentiality agreements of these two compounds, we also consider our direct preclinical and clinical research experience with heptylphysostigmine, phenserine, and metrifonate [14-19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Heptylphysostigmine failed in CTs due to toxicity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Do the failures of phenserine and metrifonate reveal flaws in the abilities of pre-clinical studies to characterize cholinesterase inhibitors as clinical candidates or did drug development planning and the environment for conducting AD CTs fail to provide an unbiased test of these AD drugs?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If current AD CT conditions can contribute to failed drug development, then new classes of drugs for AD may also be at risk [20]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem faced by developers of AD drugs is that the already failed drugs may, indeed, be drug failures; however, conditions of development may also have caused these failures and could haunt new drug developments in AD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As we have already published and from publications addressing failures in drugs for depression, we find adequate evidence to suggest that current CT practices may cause or significantly contribute to commercial failures of AD drugs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We review this evidence to remove methodological impediments that may deny AD drugs fair and unbiased CT tests of efficacy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Becker et al. [ 21-23] and Perkins et al. [ 24] found a mean of multiple ratings necessary to overcome unreliability that interferes with the power in CTs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lachin [25] calls for all studies to report the reliability of measurements as a step towards improved CT designs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Becker [1] presents evidence for how unexpectedly high levels of variance in data sets can explain the failures of CTs to support efficacy, and reviews work by statisticians and investigators of depression CTs who report how conditions of drug testing in CTs can account for failures to Becker and Greig Page 2 Curr Alzheimer Res."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 October 20."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript demonstrate statistically supported efficacy [26-29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thase [30] calls for methods to improve the ability to discriminate between active antidepressants and placebo as needed to avoid dependence on meta-analyses for trials using outcome raters."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Muller and Szegedi [31] emphasize that lack of power due to unreliable assessments risks false-negative reports and ethical consequences."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "CTs dependent on rated outcomes are widely suspect as not providing fair efficacy trials of drugs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Demitrack et al. [ 32] found that, for some raters, unreliability of ratings in a depression trial could not be improved with extended training and investigators remain undecided about how problems of rater unreliability in CTs can be overcome [26,33,34]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is evident from these sources that no simple formula assures the required careful preparations, design, training, implementation, analyses, and interpretations required for success in a CT."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Becker's [1] review reveals the vulnerabilities of CTs to inaccuracy and imprecision in data, and both justifies and describes steps to be taken in order not to repeat these sources for failure in future CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the CTs of ChEIs used as examples in Becker [1], limitations inherent in the drugs appear not to account for the failures of CTs to confirm efficacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Each of the ChEIs considered in Becker [1] were shown in preclinical research to be available in sufficient concentrations in brain and came from a class already shown to produce the molecular-kinetic changes in acetylcholine metabolism needed to improve cognitive performance and behavior in AD [9,22,23,35,36]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The failed CTs did not report higher rates of interfering adverse events than occurred in the successful CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each of the ChEIs showed in preclinical studies the required pharma-cokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For these drugs the environment of CTs seemed to strongly affect outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An initial large commercial CT of phenserine failed due to excessive variance in observations [37] while a smaller academic and a more closely monitored, commercially sponsored CT yielded less variance and statistically significant efficacy (36, 38)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "From experiences in other fields and developing evidence in AD drug testing, one is drawn to the conclusion that investigators, by choices in how they would develop their drugs, can fail their drugs by not providing fair tests for efficacy and adequate safeguards against compromises to safety."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This view, that in drug development and in CTs investigators can fail to provide conditions that fairly test their drugs, encourages reconsideration of preclinical preparations and aims of initial clinical phases of drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, recent CTs of immunization against amyloid were interrupted by adverse events that could be interpreted as cautions against investigators proceeding too quickly to large scale human studies [39]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In vitro and animal models for the mechanism of action of the drug need to anticipate how investigators can avoid possible adverse events that in later stages of clinical development can interfere with efficacy or threaten humans sufficiently to require termination of the human research or withdrawal of a New Drug Application (NDA) approval by the FDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Drug development can usefully be thought of as a process of learning how to use a drug therapeutically as well as evidencing efficacy and safety in use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Drugs may be failing in both CTs and after NDA approvals from inadequately disciplined development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To overcome these lapses investigators, during preclinical in vitro and animal modeling of the drug's activities, can attempt to identify and avoid threats to success in CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We suggest this view to replace more passive or less intense inquiries during CT preparations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0012__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "An aggressive yet cautious and conservative drug development seeks 'no surprises' in human phases; yet, achieves this goal while at the same time facilitating rapid and effective preparations for and then completion of clinical Phases I, II, and III CTs and uneventful Phase IV and prescription uses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Often these aims of anticipating difficulties in CTs are not within our grasp as AD investigators; however, the costs from dosing failures, adverse events, and other factors interfering during CTs argue for efforts to exclude the unexpected prior to entering CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As we argue below, if investigators do not more actively seek solutions to limitations in drug development planning and CTs we will not find solutions to the current limitations that negatively impact the effectiveness and costs of AD CTs [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Without a 'no surprises' quality control over prospective CT conditions, history teaches us to anticipate often unpleasant and costly surprises."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two examples illustrate how insufficient controls over dosing of a drug can undermine CT success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a recent, 48-month, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled CT studying 1018 persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) at risk for AD [40], in spite of expert inputs into the design and execution of the research, investigators allowed sub-therapeutic doses of active drug to be tested against placebo [41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At the other end of the spectrum of dosing, a commercially sponsored series of CTs testing the cholinesterase inhibitor, metrifonate, resulted in sufficiently serious adverse events to cause the drug development to be abandoned after completion of Phase III with demonstration of efficacy in two multi-center CTs, and submission of the NDA [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this latter situation, there seems reason to associate the appearance of adverse events with the commercial sponsor's choice to dose this 'irreversible' enzyme inhibitor on a daily basis and to do so without independently established restraints against dosage increases [42-44] Even though the cholinesterase inhibition associated with the drug and its active metabolite, 2,2-dimethyl dichlorovinyl phosphate, is stable and may persist for in excess of a month [45], the ChEI used in these studies elicits only benign short-term adverse events that decrease if one allows time for the patient to accommodate to each dosing increase [8,46]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This accommodation by patients to adverse drug effects allowed commercial sponsors of development to use increased doses of the drug in their later studies [42]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In our research, this drug toxicity was shown to be associated with the highest levels of dosing reported in these studies [47]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0014__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Unfortunately, because of the proprietary ownership of human research results allowed under business law, full public access to these data and an unknown number of other negative CT results are not available for review [48]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to the commercially sponsored CTs, in an academic setting, in earlier development of metrifonate for use in AD carried out prior to its licensing for commercial development, investigators completed two Phase III clinical trials using weekly dosing designed, following in vitro studies, animal modeling and a Phase I-II human study, to avoid effects from excessive accumulated enzyme inhibition and to comply with an optimal dose-response relationship identified in the Phase I-II trial [21,22,49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In drug exposure to metrifonate of approximately 150 patients for up to 5 years, these academic investigators encountered no serious adverse events even though one patient, unsupervised by her caretaker for three days, ingested a three months supply of her drug."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These dosing anecdotes provide figurative bookends for the concept of a range of acceptable and optimal dosing for a drug."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We interpret the above and similar problems with containing dosing within a safe and effective range as illustrating the importance for investigators that they obtain independent evidence to establish and defend the boundaries for optimal dosing of their investigational drug."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Under conditions of Phases III and IV, inadequate or toxic levels of dosing can occur because investigators unwittingly compromise existing dosing guidelines to achieve the aims of their Phase III or IV study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the MCI example it appears that an emphasis on obtaining data from an adequate patient number (N) within the time allowed to complete the study may have taken priority over and compromised dosage guidelines."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the metrifonate example it appears, from discussions in symposia, that cautions about the commercial developer's already aggressive dosing were overlooked as hopes prevailed in development that higher doses would improve the magnitude or duration of drug effects and provide an advantage over competing ChEIs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Important considerations thus arise for commercial developers: does positioning a new drug in relation to those already available for prescription undermine the efficacy and safety available from the new compound?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One does not develop a drug into an Becker and Greig Curr Alzheimer Res."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 October 20."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "agent with a level of efficacy that is better tolerated than competitor drugs or an agent with superior efficacy that is similarly tolerated; a drug reveals itself in the developmental studies and desirable but not inherent features are sometimes elicited by carefully defining conditions of its use."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The regulatory required studies are not hurdles to be surmounted but one context within which investigators explore drug properties."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sound Phase II studies focused on finalizing dosing parameters are often put aside today to design Phase II-III combined studies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Phase II studies need designs that focus on confirming dosing parameters without competition from other aims."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The properties of the drug in patients, not desires of or development related pressures on sponsors and investigators, need to control dosing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In both Phases I and II, efficacy data can be usefully part of the studies which focus on the interrelationships of dosing, efficacy, and safety but, unlike Phase III, not a primary aim in these Phases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Phase III confirms the efficacy of the optimal dosing range established in Phases I and II."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As the two examples offered illustrate, priorities to achieve Phase III or IV CT aims can easily undermine the safety or efficacy of the drug if optimal dosing requirements are not empirically established, set as study conditions prior to the start of Phase III, and observed in all CTs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Other factors shown to influence success and failure in CTs, as demonstrated in the MCI study, need also to be as fully as possible understood for their interference prior to initiating a CT [41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One among many examples of confounding problems noted as interfering in the MCI trial [41] is the high rates of other diseases in the prospective population, the consequent use by the study sample of prescribed medications with associated adverse events, and the resulting potential for high rates of adverse events, over 90% in the MCI study in both treatment and placebo arms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The statistical assumptions behind CT designs open the investigational drug to association with high rates of adverse events and to dosage reductions by investigators blind to whether the adverse events show patterns characteristic of an association with the research drug or with the population being studied."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An increased integration of clinical phases, as we recommend for consideration below, provides sponsors opportunities to evaluate during earlier phases any potentially interfering effects from available study populations and to design Phase III with accommodations and protections against subject characteristics and conditions at research sites interfering with fair CT testing of the investigational drug."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In practical terms, smaller Ns seem needed in AD CTs to allow investigators selecting subjects to exclude those using other medications with adverse effects that could interfere with the study meeting its required dosing conditions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For many investigational drugs being tested for efficacy in AD, there are currently no immediate or short-term indicators or markers that investigators can consult to estimate the long-term efficacy of the drug given at the specific dosing being studied."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We find having available one or more well-characterized animal models of dose to targeted molecular response relationships to be essential to our understanding the dose-response implications of Phase I and II subject responses [6,10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, in preparation for administration of metrifonate to human subjects in a Phase I-II study with aims to establish an optimal dose, to characterize the dose-response curve, and to demonstrate the safety from toxicity at any dosing level or patient response disposition that could be encountered clinically from accidental overdosing, from deviant pharmacokinetics, from low body weight, and so forth, we studied indicators of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in over 5 species and using over 5 different routes of administration [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition we studied the in vitro kinetics of enzyme inhibition using animal and human cholinesterases [8,18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These experiences established patterns of relationships among cholinesterase inhibition levels in red blood cells and plasma, in cerebrospinal fluid, physiological markers, adverse events, brain cholinesterase inhibition, and so forth."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We could then use changes in parameters that we could study in humans to estimate levels of brain cholinesterase inhibition in our human subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Informed by these estimates Becker and Greig Curr Alzheimer Res."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 October 20."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prior to entry into the human species, we view as essential that investigators gain knowledge of animal models adequate to estimate targeted responses in humans with adequate reliability and certainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This use of modeling supports investigators to develop independent criteria for human dosing prior to Phase III and to explore for possible toxicity at dosing levels that might clinically occur above the optimal dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One is most fortunate if sufficiently direct and quantitative indicators are available for the molecular target, such that the target itself can be the dependent variable rather than clinical behaviors."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Given the molecular mediation of drug effects, the molecular specificity of drugs currently under development in AD, the limitations on the reliability of clinical ratings as we discuss below, and the rapidly evolving development of new distinctive and reliable biomarkers for AD pathologies, we conclude that drug development evaluated using drug activities against molecular disease mechanisms may offer important advantages over current dependence on rated clinical responses of research subjects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Becker [1] compared four clinical trials and found that variance could account for the successful demonstrations of efficacy in two trials and the failure of two other trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each of the failed trials used larger Ns than did the two successful CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Larger Ns increase the statistical power of the trial to detect group differences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unfortunately, in spite of their using larger Ns, higher levels of variance appear to account for the failure of two trials to reach statistical significance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Becker [1] focused mainly on one source for error variance, excessive random measurement error, and on methods to achieve sufficient control over this source of variance, such that statistical significance could be shown for treatments with relatively small numbers of patient subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The two Becker et al. [ 21,22] CTs used to demonstrate the practicality of small Ns in CTs [1], compared to other published AD CTs, attained relatively tight standard deviations for patient ratings which standard deviations were further reduced by averaging three observations to obtain each data point entered into the data analysis [23]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As reported, but not discussed in detail in Becker [1], recently a series of articles in multi-center studies of depression, documented the presence of highly consequential inaccuracies in evaluations of research subjects completed by over 50% of trained research raters [2-4,50-52]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a result of the prevalent inaccuracies and imprecision in ratings in which human judgments generate the data obtained from patient observations, it is our view that sponsors of CTs that use rating scales for AD, depression, neurological conditions, and so forth, must assure that systematic errors, bias, carelessness during periods of observation, inattention to the study protocol and imprecision in ratings do not interfere with or undermine findings of statistical significant differences for the investigational treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, the required reliabilities may not be achievable using either trained research raters or practitioners working with individual patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Becker [1] the partitioning of sources of variance and estimations of interventions aimed at controlling random measurement errors do not take into account problems of rater inaccuracy or the advantages gained with evaluations of molecular target changes (e.g. biomarkers) as the dependent variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A design with molecular target changes as the dependent variable should have inherently greater power given that the variance associated with the molecular target response can have tighter error distributions given laboratory and not human measurements, and will be independent of the variance added if clinical responses are rated or estimated by practitioners."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the problems with errors in rating scales, validated laboratory-based outcome measures should contribute to reductions in sizes of CTs and the successful completion of CTs and management of drugs by practitioners providing patient care [29]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus as the partitioning of variance model [1] suggests, measurements of a molecular target as the dependent variable should increase power over clinical measure outcomes both by the absence of the latter clinical measures' variance components and by the probably smaller standard deviation to change score proportions for measurements of a physical target as the dependent variable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The clinical importance of molecular changes clearly remains a requirement for an NDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Engelhardt et al. [ 2] describe practical foundational environmental conditions needed for raters to operate within if investigators are to prevent inaccuracies by raters from adversely interfering with CT analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unfortunately, biases, inaccuracies, and other systematic errors by raters differ from random measurement errors such that accuracy requires external controls- external 'Gold Standard' assessments-to detect and correct rater inaccuracies [1,9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Excessively random measurements can be detected by analyses internal to the CT data set, or by using data obtained independent of the CT [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Systematic errors, for example the inability of up to 50% of raters in two multi-center depression CTs to detect drug effects in patients, can in some cases be suspected from patterns in data but are established as present only by comparison of suspected raters' ratings with ratings by expert (Gold Standard) raters [2,34, 53]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the model design for a drug development presented below, we recommend practical and ongoing training, evaluation, testing, and selection of raters during Phases I and II."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These revised procedures for preparing for CTs can use indicators of random measurement errors and systematic errors and comparisons with Gold Standard Raters, to assess and insure the quality of data in Phases I and II."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By screening out incompetent raters, sponsors of studies can create conditions favorable for the success of Phase III studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These steps, while unusual, seem both economical and scientifically indicated for consideration to avoid the unnecessary failures of Phase III CT studies and the abandonment of otherwise effective drugs, the ambiguity this introduces into our understanding of the role of molecular mechanisms in AD, the economic losses incurred by Phase III failures, loss of time under patent protection due to recruiting unnecessarily large Ns to counter uncontrolled variance, the business consequences of failures and fears by potential investors of possibilities of repeated failures, and so forth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of course, no training or supervision of raters can overcome inherent limitations in measurement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, there is considerable reason to believe that, for conditions such as Parkinson's [54] and Alzheimer's diseases [55], relevant neurological circuitry that will be lost may be lost before definitive clinical signs and symptoms of disease appear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This could mean that ceiling effects of AD cognitive and behavioral tests may reflect only the accelerating onset of clinical illness and the later floor effects reflect the absence of adequate numbers of still functional neurons to support cognition and behaviors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In effect, some considerable percentage of function of relevant neurons may be lost while tests can not distinguish cognitive and behavioral differences between pre-AD and normals, consequent to the remarkable redundancy of the brain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this scenario, most clinically detectable abnormalities occur during the final stages of neuronal loss."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Preclinical functional and anatomical neuronal losses may explain problems using clinical rating scales as outcome measures for studies of MCI or other early AD related states."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Plagued already by problems of reliability, rated changes in clinical status during pre-Alzheimer's MCI may occur only after proportionally greater losses of neurons compared to post-AD diagnosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0036__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "As an example, Clark et al. [ 56] found ceiling effects interfered with assessing the clinical status of mild AD patients and Feldman et al. [ 57] found floor effects with scales not especially designed for severe AD patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We therefore recommend that sponsors consider institutionalizing in their drug development processes first, relationships between basic scientists who will develop the animal models for drug dosing in human species and those who will use these models and, second, a continuity of sites and personnel who will carry out Phases I, II, and III."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A model proposal for this continuity with sites is presented in Figs. ( 1 and 2) and is discussed below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Typically, in a commercially sponsored drug development, preclinical studies are carried out in commercial laboratories isolated from communications with clinical investigators, Phase I testing is carried out at one set of clinical research sites, Phase II at a second set of sites, and Phase III at a third set of sites."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The sponsor does not develop an ongoing relationship to the research sites on which the sponsor depends for crucial data and, because the conceptual focus in each step is on obtaining the data required for an investigation new drug (IND) application and then NDA, the sponsor typically receives a 'bottom line' report containing regulatory required data with little information about how this drug affects the diversity of patients or subjects exposed, except for case reports for serious adverse events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We ask \"Do current practices for carrying out preclinical, Phases I, II, and III studies make the most effective use of resources potentially available to support the demonstration of efficacy for a new drug?\" Our answer is an emphatic \"NO!\" More constructive uses can be made of basic scientists to support clinical drug development and of Phases I and II to meet both current regulatory and pharmacological needs and to prepare for success in Phase III."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One important step is to facilitate interactions between laboratory and clinic to address issues surfaced by studies in the human species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A second priority is to use preclinical and early clinical phases to insure the reliability of clinical data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If the implications of inevitable problems with reliability of clinical data raised by Becker [1], Engelhardt et al. [ 2], Kobek [3], and Cogger [4] and others are correct, then it would be in a sponsor's interests to use all available opportunities to assure the quality of data obtained by their clinical raters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Phases I and II provide just that opportunity to a sponsor at very little additional cost."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Phases I and II can be used to train and screen investigators who will later become involved in Phase III (Figs. 1 and 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If the problems of establishing optimal dose and the advantages of doing so are dependent on the availability of bench and animal models of drug kinetics and dynamics, as we have proposed above, then it is also in the sponsor's interests to have basic scientists, experienced with the drug from pre-clinical studies, available to interact with, consult with, and even carry out further in vitro or animal assessments for clinical investigators to address issues of drug effects in the human species that might unfold during clinical development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Each of these two ongoing supportive environments-increased preclinical-clinical phase integration and site continuity during Phases I, II and III to improve rater performance in CTs- can be available if sponsors plan for their drug's development by not using a linear, stepwise completed plan of current development."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More useful is an overall conception of drug study and development, as carried out in various species with the aim of completing required regulatory steps but also, as developing investigators progressively more experienced with the drug and more skilled in the data acquisition that will be crucial to the success of Phase III."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most efficacious or well marketed drug will not serve its commercial sponsor or the public well if the drug is not used at effective doses or if patients do not continue to use the drug because of interfering adverse events or unrelated experiences perceived as interfering adverse events (see for example Feldman et al. [ 40] and Petersen [41])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Becker [1,9,58-60], in a series of articles, outlined methods to assess the effectiveness of specific doses of drugs, effectiveness in individuals, and helpful to assessing whether adverse events in an individual are drug related."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These interventions are not currently practical using rating scales in clinical practice given the evidenced inadequacy of clinical assessments in most patient care dependent on the clinician's evaluation of the patient's reports [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If well-trained, paid raters frequently perform inadequately, or do not have the tools to control random measurement error interference, then it is reasonable to expect even greater interfering errors with 'eyeball' clinicians' judgments not grounded with rating scales and protocols for their administration."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, this does not mean that clinical decision rules based on laboratory clinical assessments could not contribute both to establishing a unique position in the market for a new drug, to countering hasty decisions by providers or patients to abandon treatment because of not obvious efficacy or apparent adverse events, and, most importantly, to the quality of care provided by medications [1,9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These latter seem especially important in many chronic diseases where drugs provide no immediately obvious benefits for patients, but only abstract promises of long-term benefits and often uncomfortable adverse effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We therefore suggest, especially for sponsors of drugs with molecular targets, that drugs be developed to provide target-controlled clinical decision rules governing use [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This reassures the provider and consumer with empirical evidence of efficacy and lessens abuses from dosing that may lead to adverse events or unwarranted changes of drug."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Adverse events may cause the patient to refuse medication, the physician to change the prescription or, if prevalent and serious, the FDA to review the NDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unfortunately a number of drugs recently lost FDA approval because of adverse events during prescription use."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Clinical pharmacology better serves drug development if it causes investigators to recognize how drugs are inherently potentially dangerous and that mastery of the conditions of use, not inherent properties of the drug, assure safety and efficacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We mistakenly see therapy as an inherent property of a drug when it is only a potentiality realized by carefully controlled and monitored use of the drug."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The wider population exposed following a drug's approval brings on a further set of potential problems [61]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sponsors can use post-double blind and other open drug treatment data to develop evidence for long-term effectiveness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With 'placebo periods' to demonstrate immediate drug efficacy, test data of effectiveness against molecular targets, and so forth, 'controlled' assessments of long-term outcomes can become available from open phase data and placebo arms can be avoided in some CTs [1,9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A CT tested practice model for evaluating drug effectiveness in an individual using a period or periods of placebo administration or drug withdrawal can arm the practitioner with evidence of effectiveness needed to adjust dosing and to support the patient's continued use of the treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this regard, a design for placebo period evaluations during open treatment in research or clinical practice can be found in Becker [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Due to regulatory priorities, CTs are regarded as required tests of efficacy and sponsors neglect the equally important issues of demonstrating effectiveness in individual patients and providing models for rational clinical management of treatment in patients [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In two recent AD double-blind clinical trials placebo groups showed persistent secular trends of improvement during the double-blind phase [37; unpublished data]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In each of these trials the group improvements had a less than 5% chance occurrence based on the standard deviation for placebo group responses in CTs carried out in the 1980s and 90s and historical studies of AD."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Any trial that does not replicate the established clinical disease lacks credibility as a test for treatments aimed at the disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Based on the known pathology of AD, the specificity of diagnostic criteria, the past clinical courses of untreated AD, of placebo-treated AD, and of long-term drug treated AD patients, only random variation and bias can account for placebo group improvements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the evidence of inaccuracy and bias surfaced by Woods et al. [ 27], Engelhardt et al. [ 2], Kobek et al. [ 3], and others in depression studies, placebo group improvements can be taken as evidence of error interference in the data obtained in a study until proven otherwise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This evidence of bias and error undermines the entire data set."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Consequently, a sponsor will want to avoid the presumed bias that provides placebo group improvements in AD CTs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The aims of the considerations raised already-the relationship of CT success to dosing, measurement precision and accuracy, flexible uses of professional resources over the whole course of drug development, standardization and quality control at research sites, and consideration of prospective drug effectiveness for individuals aided by clinical decision rules -are to support sponsors of drug development to avoid problems that may account for drugs failing in development or being underused or withdrawn from prescription use because of inadequate guidance and controls over use by practitioners."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As discussed, for drugs evaluated principally using the clinical judgments of practitioners and researchers, rather than with objectively quantifiable outcomes, much higher risks of error intrusions dispose development to failure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The next and following sections present model proposals to overcome these risks of failure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We present these models not as recommended for direct applications but as demonstrations that alternatives to current drug development practices are, indeed, available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In these models, drug development designs are not merely responsive to minimum regulatory requirements and, from fragmentation of development into steps, piecemeal in how they meet those requirements."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These models and the discussions above aim to provide an overall concept of drug development as an optimal use of resources anticipating, and taking preventive action to avoid, difficulties in AD drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0047__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Experience seems to prove that risks to efficacy and safety demonstrations are almost inevitable unless sponsors and investigators remain vigilant to the possibility that, in a complex drug development in any way permissive of wrongs, if something can go wrong, something will go wrong."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following Model Drug Development Concept attends to four specialized areas to avoid failures that are present under current drug development practices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Implicit in these steps is the recognition that regulatory criteria for an IND and NDA and discussions of drug development and of CTs in the literature leave the impression that a sponsor plans for and overcomes a series of hurdles to qualify for an IND and NDA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In reality, success requires much reverse reasoning."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, the efficacy and safety required in Phases III and IV require dosing controls that avoid sub-therapeutic or toxic doses in individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This requirement sets the Phase II goals of determining a safe and effective dosing range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Phase II goals set Phase I priorities to achieve a safe dosing range."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Phase I and II require in vitro studies and preclinical animal models since drug concentrations and activities at targets in humans can not be determined but must be assumed from indirect indicators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Problems with rater performance require preparations for Phase III to guard against failures and so forth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The four foci chosen to implement this 'reverse planning for no surprises' are:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To execute in vitro laboratory and animal model supports for dose finding activities in human Phases I and II."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2. To enable interactions of basic and clinical researchers to support human phases of drug development."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To design and execute clinical studies to reach maximum power without excessive Ns."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To use Phases I and II to test outcome measure administrations for reliability, to recruit sites, and to train, evaluate, and screen site evaluators for participation in Phase III."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This Model Drug Development Concept, while it specifically addresses the factors limiting the effectiveness of current CTs to meet research and regulatory aims, does appear consistent with and prepared to provide data able to meet the requirements to demonstrate disease modifying effects from a treatment and able to justify the place of disease mechanism markers as surrogates for clinical efficacy [62]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These latter properties of this methodology are of importance since, by highlighting unique mechanistic advantages for a drug under development, these methods potentially offer routes to FDA accelerated approval of an investigational drug based on novel therapeutic potentials."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Prior to initiating clinical studies and in parallel to the toxicity and other studies required for human studies two areas of laboratory investigation lay the groundwork for Phases I and II clinical studies:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "b. Animal models, for example rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, described by the kinetics of drug absorption by routes available for human administration, other routes that may explain characteristics of observed bioavailability and pharmacokinetics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In these models pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic estimates establish dose-response relationships and estimate the variability associated with biological differences among and within species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since drug concentrations and dynamic effects at their target will not in all probability be available in human studies, a particular aim of the animal models is to provide patterns of relationships among indicators that can be measured in humans to allow argument by analogy from human observations to probable target concentrations and effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Adequate pharmacokinetic and dynamic animal models also indicate the range of bioavailability, rates of elimination, metabolism, and half-lives related to accumulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Microdosing with labeled compounds can confirm models or, 2."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To facilitate reaching solutions to problems that inevitably arise as drug development proceeds, sponsors may find useful expanding working relations among the pharmacologists, clinical pharmacologists and clinical researchers involved in pre- clinical and clinical phases of the drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0056__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For example, predictions from animal models and human data from Phase I may not correspond and simple bench or animal investigations may clarify the issues providing a sounder base for design of Phase II."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the smaller company with fewer resources to commit to a drug development, the more prevalent practices of separately contracting out to different vendors each of the activities required as steps in development may not be as advantageous as the more integrated and interactive professional relationships just described."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Continuity between preclinical and clinical adds resources for problem solving."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A functional interaction of Phases I, II, and III, rather than the customary steps from one vendor to the next for each phase, offers the opportunity for the sponsor to overcome, with preparations during Phases I and II, the error variance problems common in Phase III."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3. While most persons in drug development would agree with the concept of designing and executing clinical studies to reach maximum power without excessive Ns, the statistical authority, Joseph Cohen [65], describes the reality of current practices: \"We have also lost sight of the fact that the error variance in our observations should challenge us to efforts to reduce it and not simply to thoughtlessly tuck it into the denominator of an F or t test.\" Cohen advocates against practices that have allowed an N = 1000 to 1500 to become acceptable in AD CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even putting aside the unnecessary tolerance of error that is not addressed directly and corrected, but rather compensated for and buried by a large N, the large N also increases expenses greatly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, for a study of N = 1500 costs could increase by a factor of 3 or 4 over costs for an N = 300 to 400."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Large Ns increase the burdens of finding and monitoring additional sites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "With increased N the intercommunication and close monitoring for quality becomes difficult, if not impossible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0058__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Excess numbers of sites, because close monitoring is more difficult, increase the risks of deviations from protocols and reemergence of the problems of error thought to be solved by N."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Important also, but not commonly discussed, are the degrees of selectivity available choosing subjects comparing large and small N studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Smaller studies can more easily find needed numbers of subjects without coexisting diseases and use of prescribed medications that may produce adverse events able to be confused as due to study drug, and thereby lead to compromises to adequate study drug dosing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Problems recruiting large Ns lead to compromises that are rationalized as 'real world testing conditions' when, in fact, the CT in Phase III aims to confirm for the drug the conditions of use to achieve efficacy and, hopefully, effectiveness for individuals - not to document the shortcomings of the 'real world.' The proposals in this article aim to develop and support with CTs scientific conclusions that describe performance criteria for the 'real world' rather than have drug development suffer from questionable levels of bias and lacking skills in the 'real world.' Once the drug's potential benefits are established then the problems of achieving those benefits in the real world can be addressed without passing off the consequences of unrelated problems in the study population, such as adverse events unrelated to the study drug leading to inadequate dosing and so forth, onto the drug."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Science developed in CTs, not customs in patient care, must set the conditions for drug use if medicine is to become scientific."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "\"Three factors affect the power of a CT to detect a statistically significant difference between actively treated and placebo treated patients or episodes of patient care: 1.) mean differences among treatment arms, 2.) size of the variance and 3.) number of subjects\" [1]. It could be claimed that mean differences among treatment arms can not be increased for a given drug since this property is drug limited."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, Engelhardt and associates' recent reports document that poorly performing raters reduce the mean differences among treatment arms and, consequently, the power of a statistical test to detect a treatment effect that is actually present but inaccurately reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Becker's studies of increased error variance demonstrate how inherent limitations of measurement in methods of observation and rater's lack of skills, attention, inadequate inquiry of the patient, and so forth contribute to increases in variance, the denominator of statistical tests, reducing power and leading to the 'tucking' of the problems into increases in the number of subjects required to detect statistically significant treatment differences that are actually present in research subjects [1,9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We recommend increased standardizations of assessment methods, monitoring the quality of how raters perform outcome evaluations, and reorientation of the sponsor's attitudes towards the phases of drug development to capitalize on opportunities that can be created to carry out the increased standardizations and monitoring for quality of outcome evaluations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These operational changes are discussed, below, under 4."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The opportunity exists for sponsors to use Phases I and II to test outcome measure administrations for reliability, to recruit sites, and to train, evaluate, and screen site evaluators for participation in Phase III."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To achieve error control in clinical trials, during Phases I, II, and III we recommend the following changes in drug development clinical phase management practices:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "i. Evaluators administer all outcome measures using the same administration protocol for the outcome scale (see for example Williams [66])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ii. Selected evaluation sessions conducted by each evaluator are taped and the tapes reviewed for quality by a professional expert in the use of the outcome measure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "iii. This expert's rating of the evaluator's performance uses a standard evaluation form that addresses rater adherence to the protocol, use of follow-up questions, adequacy of the rater's clarification of ambiguous patient responses, the neutrality of the rater's attitude, rapport established with the subject, adequacy of information developed in relation to the requirements of the item being evaluated, and the duration of the interview (see for example, Lipsitz et al. [ 67] who provide a scale for use with the Hamilton depression scale and the use of this scale in Engelhardt [2])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "iv."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rating of some subjects by expert raters to detect in the site evaluator's ratings"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Current drug development practices tolerate fragmentation of investigations that overlook how work with the human species is, in the perspective of a well investigated compound, an extension of work in vitro and in other than human species."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our view, the major problems in AD drug development are expressed by investigator's insufficient attention to dosing parameters and, for compounds whose clinical effects can be measured only with rating scales, lack of awareness of how imprecision and inaccuracy expand variance in outcome measurements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Drug development is pulled in many different directions as investigators struggle for funding, to find and maintain subjects in CTs, attempt to accelerate into clinical phases with the cost that human responses can not be evaluated in the light of well characterized in vitro and animal models of drug actions, and so forth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our view is that greater recognition must also be given to how drugs act at molecular targets and, in turn, to characterizing how modifications in pathology at molecular targets can be measured for use as outcome variables and their relations to clinical outcomes in patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Certainly, molecular measures may not yet be acceptable indicators for outcomes of either drug efficacy or disease progression by the US FDA, but they may nevertheless prove of value to target therapeutic windows, optimize interpretations of clinical outcome measures and to avoid adverse actions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "AD is currently at best characterized as a multi-dysfunctional molecular condition with possibly interrelated and possibly independent pathologies in amyloid formation, tau abnormalities, cerebro-vascular amyloid accumulations, and loss of Nucleus Basalis acetylcholine modulation of cortical neuro-transmission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Currently available drugs and Curr Alzheimer Res."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 October 20."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "drugs under development for AD each target one of these mechanisms, suggesting the need for a combination of symptomatic or disease modifying treatments as a next step."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "CTs that evaluate treatment effects against one or more of these molecular targets potentially offer more rational clinical grounding for combination therapies in AD and experimentally evidence the contributions that specific mechanisms make to AD behavioral pathology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0068__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "With the advent of new resources to evaluate AD patients-structural MRI, molecular neuroimaging with PET, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, and so forth-molecular mechanisms of AD become more accessible as targets for treatment interventions [36,68]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The difficulties we identify as interfering with the successful conduct of drug development and CTs also raise two compromises to medical ethics that have practical negative consequences for drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the Nuremberg Code [69] in its second requirement states \"The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society…\" Under current practices investigators and commercial sponsors can keep secret results from human research even though this practice has been acknowledged as \"scientific misconduct\" [49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whether the sciences of dose finding could benefit from the commercial studies of compounds not reported in the literature can not be evaluated because business interests to hold human research results as secrets prevail in law over the Nuremberg Code [69]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The full Nuremberg Code does not have status as international, national or regional law in any jurisdictions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The World Medical Association notes that negative studies 'should' be published rather than requiring public reporting and access as a matter of medical and scientific ethics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The scientific misconduct associated with not providing public access to results from human investigations and experimentation is not open to legal challenge and thus can be expected to continue except when investigators or sponsors elect to do otherwise."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Nuremberg Code [69], incorporated into the Declaration of Helsinki and adopted by the World Medical Association, states \"The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons.\" The data from Engelhardt and colleagues, Becker, Targum and others suggest that many professionals recruited as evaluators in CTs are not skilled sufficiently to qualify for participation in scientific clinical research."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In view of the increasing competition for clinical sites for CTs and for patients as subjects, we can not expect commercial sponsors to risk alienating potential research sites by becoming more selective; yet, this appears to be exactly what drug development requires to overcome the problems of bias, inaccuracy and imprecision that have led to failed CTs and CTs in which placebo group behaviors do not model the established concept of AD as a deteriorating neurological condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "AD CTs, like many other neurological CTs, may involve sites, such as eastern Europe and elsewhere, where AD demographics and the levels of health care may potentially be less well characterized, investigators less skilled and experienced in diagnosing, assessing, and managing AD, and clinical outcome measures are more susceptible to cultural and language differences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As Cohen [65] notes, investigators can bury variance in the denominator of statistical tests by adding Ns to CTs but only with negative consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Recently, Cogger [4] demonstrated the impact on effect sizes from burying variance due to inaccuracy, failures of raters to follow rating protocols, inattention, and bias on the part of clinical raters."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Following Kobak et al. [ 34] and Demitrack [32], drug development sponsors must be prepared to not use investigators who can not demonstrate the required levels of skills."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Large Ns increase the exposure of patients to placebos and investigational compounds, delay evaluations of new compounds in AD because of the increased time to completion of CTs, and drug development time and costs greatly expand with the need to recruit and monitor sites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These pressures lead sponsors to enlistment of sites with personnel not scientifically skilled to provide the required precision and accuracy in observations, require planners of CTs to loosen criteria in order to complete recruitment, and lead to long recruitment times compared to more tightly designed and controlled studies not dependent on numbers recruited to develop the Curr Alzheimer Res."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 October 20. required power to test the hypothesis of the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Insufficient in vitro and animal modeling contribute to investigators inadequately characterizing dosing parameters prior to Phase III CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The ability of investigators to not publish and keep from public scrutiny negative results or even positive results considered 'business secrets' causes mistakes in drug development to be repeated and patients to be exposed to treatment conditions that do not provide maximum available benefits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Current problems with human errors in clinical trials make it difficult to differentiate drugs that fail to evidence efficacy from apparent failures due to Type II errors."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__original__p0071__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "AD drug development faces challenges that must be addressed if drug development is to become more effective, more economical, streamlined to provide more rapid feedback to medicinal chemists, pharmacologists and numerous other bench scientists responsible for new compounds, more fully grounded in science and investigators are to avoid scientific misconduct."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4418__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present commentary is based on the thoughtful commentary by Becker and Greig (2008) in the August issue of Current Alzheimer Research, who describe a broken Alzheimer's disease drug development system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their theme is that it is not the drugs that fail clinical trials but potentially sponsors and investigators who fail the drugs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They argue that “many current problems encountered in Alzheimer's disease drug development can be avoided by changing practices associated with drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "” According to the authors, we fail to give candidate drugs a fair shake by not finding the right dose, not evaluating patients properly, not using quality controls over our data, not effectively modeling the disease, and not using effective research designs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They say sponsors and investigators fail drugs every which way."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is hard to argue that mistakes are uncommon in AD drug development and easy for us to cherry pick and choose favorite miscues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Becker and Greig with the help of a colleague at the investment firm Rodman and Renshaw identified 100 failed AD drug programs within which according to their analysis 30 compounds possibly showing initial efficacy failed in phase 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They imply that some of these compounds could possibly have succeeded in phase 3 and been marketed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Given the various errors in development they express concerns that we can not know with adequate certainty whether drugs are failing or investigators are failing drugs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This broad indictment is hard to counter because there are examples for the truth of every point Becker and Greig raise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One or another drug development program has fallen short on one or more of the authors’ critical points [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In particular, they example the development programs for two drugs - metrifonate and phenserine – that they knew well as researchers, consultants or original inventors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Metrifonate was developed by the large pharmaceutical company Bayer, and phenserine by a defunct boutique biotech, Axonyx."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are other views however"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Critics can look at the same drug development programs and see things differently. Whereas Becker and Greig see the failure of the cholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate as one of pharmacokinetics and inappropriate dosing others might see it as due to toxicity and commercial non-viability [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Did the world need another cholinesterase inhibitor, especially one that potentially caused respiratory depression?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Phenserine, on the other hand, is an easy target as perhaps an example of an unsuccessful drug development program [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that although demonstrated pre- clinically to have neuroprotective properties was developed in paradigms for symptomatic treatments."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The company's development program could serve as the poster child for how not to develop an AD drug."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Their errors are well documented in their financial filings (e.g. Axonyx Form 8-K, SEC file 0−25571, March 11 2005, Form 10-Q, June 30, 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "They spent much time in phase 1 with healthy subjects and not the Alzheimer's patients who would potentially benefit. They did not explore doses and find a proper dosage range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They completed only one phase 2 trial, imperfectly modeled on the 12-week phase 2 trials of tacrine and donepezil."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They used only 72 patients in this trial, employed an allocation ratio that led to twice as many patients receiving the fixed phenserine dose than receiving placebo."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Despite a 25% dropout rate, imbalances in their randomized groups, and the failure to show statistical significance on their main outcomes they proceeded directly to a phase 3 trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This decision might have been informed by statistical trends on secondary neuropsychological batteries that were mainly due to the very few placebo patients unexpectedly worsening over the brief 12-week period (while the ADAS-cog did not)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Their 6-month long, phase 3 trial, also modeled on cholinesterase inhibitor pivotal trials, used the same 10 mg daily dose as in the phase 2 trial and only a slightly higher 15 mg daily dose for a dose-ranging comparison."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather stunningly, they used an allocation ratio of 2:2:1 that ensured that over 80% of the patients in the study received active drug and less than 76 patients received placebo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The known high variability of the ADAS-cog and small placebo sample size greatly minimized the chances for the placebo group to deteriorate and consequently the chances for a significant drug-placebo difference to be observed [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The allocation ratio certainly contributed to a measurement bias, such that the majority of the patients improved over 6 months."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, it becomes a spin of the roulette wheel to show efficacy when there are so few placebo patients in a placebo-controlled trial."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Making one of the authors’ points, the trial was undertaken in several countries and several languages, and with inexperienced sites."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is doubtful however that excellent rater training and patient cooperation could have compensated for a trial so flawed by design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The signals seen on some CANTAB subscales in the phenserine phase 2 trial (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Oct_30/ai_79540858) were not tested for in the phase 3 trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The more recently reported cognitive improvements in a small Karolinska Institute study by the Nordberg group [4] continue to support some level of efficacy consistent with the cholinesterase inhibitors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Again, the early studies suggest a potential that was not optimized nor maximized in the phenserine clinical development program."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The phenserine experience also illustrates another barrier to drug development alluded to but not explicitly mentioned by Becker and Greig, and that is the lack of scale of small biotechs [5]. Having a drug for a new target is just the beginning but the main barriers are the costs of clinical development and the lack of available expertise and skill."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Excessive reliance on outside consultants and academics – each with their own limited experience, knowledge, points of view, and interests – might doom any drug."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When drugs for Alzheimer's disease are developed under such circumstances, without appreciation for sample selection, sample size, outcomes, study conduct, and competing interests, even a truly efficacious drug would be unlikely to show efficacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "What phenserine needed was a better development program and intellectual commitment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To this extent, the authors make their case and indeed, the phenserine experience might be more typical of the work of smaller, boutique biotech companies – essentially one-trick ponies – trying to gain the financial interest of a deep-pocketed partner than of drug development in general."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Alzheimer's disease drug development business is tough and conflicted and there are no easy solutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It seems, however, as if both large and small companies keep repeating each others’ mistakes, deriving their development program from an earlier, often unproven one, and this fact may speak more to Becker's and Greig's points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There has been a general lack of learning in the field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0083__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One reason may be because the prior experiences of companies are kept confidential, and, clearly, companies should share their experiences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to the issues discussed above, genetics could influence outcomes of clinical trails, at least with respect to APOE genotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example treatment outcome of cholinomimetic drugs was claimed to be dependent on APOE genotype [6] although a separate analysis on the data set showed a different result [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Elan and Wyeth claimed in a scientific presentation that the cognitive outcome of their phase 2 trials of bapineuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, which did not reach statistical significance on the protocol-specified analyses (http://www.wyeth.com/news), nevertheless, showed that patients not carrying the high-risk E4 allele had a statistically significant benefit in the trial's outcome measures, whereas E4 carriers as a group had a trend that was not statistically significant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "At the safety front, too, APOE4 non-carriers fared better, the company states, although the data presented was not convincing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While adverse events were very common in both placebo and treatment groups overall, non-E4 carriers in the treatment and placebo groups tended to have similar numbers of them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The claim of a differential response to an experimental treatment based on APOE genotype is similar to that obtained in a in a phase 2 rosiglitazone trial [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Neurobiologically, the finding raises the debate whether the brains of APOE4 carriers may be more vulnerable, and by extension more difficult to treat, than those of non-carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0084__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Yet in both studies there was observed no actual treatment interaction based of APOE carrier status and the apparent differences really rested with the apparently differing rates of placebo change, and not drug effect, and both trials, again, employed very small placebo groups that were further subdivided for analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Notwithstanding all this, a formidable barrier to drug development is that we know very little about Alzheimer's disease, its pathogenesis, diagnosis, genetics and struggle with its clinical heterogeneity; we do not have full pre-clinical models on which to develop advanced therapeutic targets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Under these circumstances, demonstrating the efficacy for even moderately efficacious drugs is challenging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More rational development programs will help, but will not be sufficient."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Yet, to Becker's and Greig's points, none of this is reason not to exert best efforts in AD drug development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No one argues that it is not important to develop a better clinical trials infrastructure and to train raters, but there will still remain substantial variability due to the instruments, patients, diagnoses, culture, other circumstances, and error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0085__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, trials that show small variances in their outcomes might be suspect because of the implausibility of such precision with Alzheimer's disease clinical trials [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The fixes that Becker and Greig offer are helpful and necessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__critique__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Correcting errors in drug development, trial designs, and execution will matter greatly when effective drugs come along."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4418__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 16, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 16, 16], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The planning and design of the commercial metrifonate clinical trials (CT) illustrate this neglect of a drug’s clinical pharmacology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Prior to university licensing of metrifonate for commercial development, preclinical and early clinical use provided strong evidence for toxicity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We were aware that toxicity could potentially be mediated through excessive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition [6, 7], inhibition of other enzymes affected by the organophosphate class of drugs [8], by tolerance of low doses allowing too rapid dose escalation and irreversible enzyme inhibition producing cumulative drug effects [9, 10], other factors not known to us, and cautions we found in the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Two pools of AChE were known in relation to the architectural structures in brain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "One pool circulates freely within the cytoplasm of neurons and in the cerebrospinal-interstitial fluid of the central nervous system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A second pool consists of AChE inserted in or attached to the cell walls and concentrated on membranes within synaptic areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "AChE is synthesized in neurons and then activated as cytoplasmic AChE, fixed to the exterior cell wall and secreted into the extracellular space spontaneously and during neurotransmitter release [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "There was evidence for different rates of turnover for the unbound soluble AChE and the membrane bound AChE. Karprzak and Salpeter [15] found long stability of about 20 days for mouse muscle synaptic AChE although Fernandez and Stiles [16] reported total recovery of synaptic activity within about 3 days after organophosphate inhibition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Rotundo and Fambrough [17] found a half-life of membrane-bound AChE in muscle cells of 50 hours and of intracellular AChE in chick muscle cells of 2–3 hours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In addition to the two active pools there was an apparently more extensive pool of newly synthesized but inactive intracellular AChE, the majority of which is rapidly degraded before it becomes active [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "AChE was known to exist in monomeric, dimeric, tetrameric, and asymmetric forms with the more complex forms assembled from the G1 monomer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Forms have different distributions in the body [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Goosens et al. [ 19] reported no differences between the recovery rates of free G1 and membrane bound G4 forms in rat brain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Moss et al. [ 20] found a recovery half-time after phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride of 11 days in whole rat brain compared to 1, 3, and 6 days for ileum, heart, and pectoralis muscle, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Unni et al. [ 21] estimated a 2.21+/−1.22 day recovery half-time of CSF AChE in AD patients treated chronically with metrifonate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0088__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "We interpreted this data to imply that membrane bound synaptic AChE recovery and possibly recovery of other enzymes important for organophosphate toxicity may have a 14 day or longer half-time recovery in spite of more rapid recovery of free CSF AChE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4418__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 12, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To insure safety while dosing metrifonate we assumed a functional brain membrane bound G4 pool of AChE with recovery half-time of 14 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using the data published by Unni et al. [ 21] and others we calculated, for weekly and daily metrifonate administrations, the expected dose-AChE inhibition responses for RBCs, CSF, and brain. ( Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We noted the risk for progression to high levels of AChE inhibition associated with daily dosing (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We regarded these risks as important because they were made possible by properties of metrifonate: cumulative irreversible enzyme inhibition; lack of adverse effects with stepwise dosing increases; and so forth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Assuming a t1/2 recovery of 14 days, predicted brain AChE inhibitions and possible equivalent levels of inhibition of other important enzymes, such as the carboxyesterases, neurotoxin esterase, and so forth, provided strong reasons to develop a weekly dosing regimen if possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Later we considered these factors as possible explanations for the severe adverse events experienced with the daily dosing used in Bayer’s Phase III CTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In response to this understanding we developed a weekly dosing schedule to provide for regeneration of enzymes irreversibly inhibited with each dosing of metrifonate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We showed for weekly dosing a U-shaped dose-response curve with maximum cognitive benefits at about 45% red blood cell (RBC) AChE inhibition [10, 11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The decreased drug effectiveness at higher levels of inhibition fit our assumptions that receptor depolarization block might occur at high acetylcholine concentrations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "After initial clinical successes using weekly dosing in two small clinical trials [12, 13], we did not pursue higher dosing or replace weekly with daily dosing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The licensee, Bayer, showed no evidence of increased efficacy with the daily dosing schedules they chose for commercial development."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "We regard Bayer’s decision to use daily dosing, explained at the time of licensing as required to make development profitable, as an excellent additional example of how commercial orientations facilitate but also, if unsupported by sound clinical pharmacological facts and practices, potentially undermine AD drug developments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0089__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Such decisions clearly are not made lightly by companies, whether multinational, like Bayer, or virtual, like Axonyx."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4418__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the absence of large scale grant funding for new drug developments and academic centers committed to clinical pharmacology research, commercial realities will continue to drive almost all drug development programs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We do not argue against commercial motivations for decisions, only against drug development decisions being reached without providing or taking adequate account of sound clinical pharmacological practices relevant to the decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In sum, what do we recommend to render current AD drug development practices more effective? In our papers we have encouraged attitudes, assumptions, and practices that regard drug developments as informed by clinical pharmacological progressions through various animal species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The human is the most problematic species for the clinical pharmacologist to study."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consequently we argue for development in two or more non-human species of experimental conditions, assay methods, confirmations of dependent variable changes, and, as much as possible, other methods needed for a CT."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This work provides the model then applied in the human species [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This model assumes that many critical variables will not be measurable in humans—drug concentrations at brain targets, molecular changes induced by drug in brain, and so forth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We see investigators using non-human species to establish robust patterns of change that can be applied to interpret human studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "For hypothesis testing the investigator uses changes in variables accessible in human studies to argue for parallel changes in inaccessible variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "These patterns ideally address variables able to confirm the concept of a drug’s therapeutic mechanism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We now recognize how errors and biases can too easily lead to Type II errors in AD CTs [1–3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Demonstrated patterns of mechanism changes induced by drug in multiple species make CTs tests of potential therapeutic mechanisms in AD and more than tests of one compound’s efficacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Standardizations of assays and investigative methods in non-human species remove effects on CT data due to changes in methods as one goes from bench and non-humans to human trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0090__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "With stability of methods and conditions across experiments investigators anticipate consistency in humans with patterns documented in non-human animals and investigate inconsistencies before dismissing the research hypotheses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4418__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4418", "paragraph_id": "triad_4418__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This attitude—regarding humans as one of various animal species studied to understand the properties of drugs—and its recommended practices do not replace commercial considerations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Properly applied, clinical pharmacology and associated drug development sciences such as medical statistics facilitate sponsors realizing commercial aims for drugs they bring to development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0091__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The current failure to respect the teachings of these sciences concerns us."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4418__response__p0091__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Expanding lists of risks to drug development witness to the need for 1) more attention to what constitutes adequately sound clinical pharmacological AD drug development practices and 2) better understanding of how clinical pharmacology integrates with commercial realities of drug development."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4418/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2069108788_W1582477554_W2085417060", "triad_name": "triad_4418", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4418__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most organizational change efforts are overwhelming because of the many ways an organization can change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To deal with organizational complexity, we assemble groups, spend countless hours in meetings, and too often make decisions that have no effect in the long run."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here is an example: In an effort to reduce lines in the checkouts, a retailer attempted to implement the \"next-in-line rule\" in stores that hold up to 2000 customers at a given time and have about 40 cash registers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The rule was that no line should have more than one customer waiting while a customer was being served at checkout."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Associates at the stores attempted to reduce or eliminate long checkout lines but compliance failed because many variables affecting checkout efficiency were not considered-traffic volumes at specific times of day, the effect of weather conditions on shopping patterns, number of staff required to manage variable volume of customers, service demands in other parts of the store, and so forth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many dynamic variables affect organizations and our work in them."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We suggest that understanding the nature of organizational complexity is essential, but not sufficient, if we hope to target meaningful change and avoid being overwhelmed by details."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the next sections, we examine the nature of organizational systems, define the boundaries of organizations, and distinguish various types of complexity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Behavior analysts working in the field of organizational behavior management must expand on the traditional activities of behavior analysts because their object of study is organizational behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As it turns out, \"organizational behavior\" means both the behavior of individuals in organizations and the behavior of organizations as functioning entities in their own right. What must be managed is the relation between the behavior of the individuals in an organization and the behavior of the organization as a whole."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations consist of the dynamic interaction of human behavior and its products that affect the behavior and products of other humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Behavior of all employees, like behavior in the experimental laboratory, is the result of behavioral selection contingencies, or behavioral contingencies for short."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These units of analysis are relations between antecedents, behavior and consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Some behavioral contingencies make it more likely that behavior of the same kind will occur again."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, a production schedule (antecedent) cues the worker in a plastic manufacturing plant to set the mold (behavior) for plastic parts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A mold setup is the product of this worker's behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The worker locates the mold, loads it on a forklift, carries it to the press and places it in the press."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If the mold is fastened flush between the press doors, the task is completed (consequence)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If the mold isn't flush, the worker manipulates it until it is seated properly."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The relation between his actions and the properly loaded press (contingency) affects how mold setup will be performed on the next occasion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Variants of the behavior that achieve properly set molds become increasingly frequent."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The repetitions of mold setting behavior of this worker constitute a behavioral lineage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mold setup is undergoing selection by reinforcement-a process by which a relation between behavior and its consequences increases the future likelihood of that behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mold setup is operant behavior because it operates on its environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An operant lineage consists of a sequence of operant instances that change over time as a result of behavioral selection contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sometimes the behavior of Person A, or the product of that behavior, is the occasion for Person B to do something."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "B's behavior, or its product, then may set the occasion for Person C to do something."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The behavioral contingencies of A, B, and C are intertwined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The same event or object (e.g., A's product) is a consequence of A's behavior and sets the occasion for B's behavior."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, in manufacturing plastic parts, Worker A gets the mold from a tooling rack and sets it in the press."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Worker B sets the dials on the press according to engineering specifications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Worker C molds parts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The behavior of each person becomes part of the environment entering into the behavioral contingencies for others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We call these kinds of relations among the behaviors of two or more people interlocking behavioral contingencies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They are the building blocks of cultural complexity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The behavior of A, B, and C may be part of a more inclusive set of interlocking behavioral contingencies that, together, result in an aggregate product: molded plastic parts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These interlocking contingencies are repeated with each molding request; and the repetitions constitute a lineage of interlocking contingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Variations in the elements of the interlocking contingencies may result in variations in the quantity or quality of plastic parts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The interlocking contingencies determine the characteristics of the products; and the characteristics of the products determine the customers' acceptance of the product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Customer acceptance is the external environment contingent on the product of the interlocking behavioral contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In organizations, we are interested in the products of the interlocked behavior of multiple individuals; so the behavior of individuals remains the fundamental component of organizations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The evolution of an organization as a whole depends not only on its individuals' behaviors, but also on how those behaviors combine and form units of selection that evolve in their own right."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the inherent complexity of organizations, the behavior of any individual can rarely be isolated and managed without consideration of its interactions with the behavior of others."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We might start our organizational analysis by establishing the boundaries of an entity we want to study. What constitutes an organization? In the broadest sense, an organization consists of a group of people who perform tasks that achieve a particular product."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An organization is defined by its products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "XYZ manufacturing company consists of all the employees whose integrated activities result in XYZ's manufactured products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If an internal department provided travel services for XYZ employees, its existence would necessarily depend on XYZ's manufactured product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In contrast, a travel agency contracted by XYZ to provide travel services to XYZ's employees is a different organization than XYZ because the agency's existence does not necessarily depend on XYZ's manufactured product."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations often comprise several systems that contribute to achieving their goals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The term system is used for a variety of relationships between many kinds of separate elements arranged as a whole to achieve an outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "XYZ needs various systems to manufacture products, such as purchasing, sales, production and shipping."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Each system generates a product that relates to the operations of one or more other systems and thereby contributes to XYZ's aggregate product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, products of XYZ's systems include purchase orders, purchased items, finished goods, and goods delivered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Each system is composed of subsystems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The production system could include molding, trimming, and packaging subsystems, each one producing a critical component-molded, trimmed and packed parts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A subsystem may have its own subsystems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For instance, molding includes plastic preparation, press set up and plastic injection, and these systems produce adequate plastic, proper set up and injected molds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The least complex cultural system in an organization is one formed by an interlocking behavioral contingency in which two individuals each perform at least one recurring behavior."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations are not static entities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An organization as a whole and its systems are dynamic, always undergoing change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Alterations in internal systems result in changes in the organization as a whole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For instance, the interlocking behavior of a production team could be affected not only by the engineering team directly involved in production, but also by the purchasing, shipping, and other processes in the organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition to the internal dynamics of any process, that process is also affected by alterations in the environment external to the organization, such as changes in the customer and provider organizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The intrusions of parts of one system into the operations of other systems speak to the permeability of system boundaries."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The dynamic interactions between systems elements and the permeability of their boundaries make complexity hard to analyze."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0016__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Due to the permeability, boundaries of any system are somewhat arbitrary, but delineating boundaries helps to simplify overwhelming complexity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Identifying boundaries does not mean that we can ignore the multitude of ongoing interactions between internal and external entities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It only means that we set aside the more remote influences and focus on the most direct dynamics."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Systems analysis, no matter the size of the system, would require minimally the study of the dynamic interactions between its internal components, its relationships to critical systems in the organization, to the performance of the organization as a whole, and to customer demands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "( For an account of systems analysis in organizational change, see Gilbert, 1996; Malott, 2001-b; & Rummler and Brache, 1995.)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, the behavior of the sales force of a pharmaceutical company is integrally related to other organizational systems."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It would be short sighted to study only the behavior of the sales people and attempt to design new contingencies of reinforcement to increase sales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We could not know if our changes would have a desired effect on other processes and thus on the organization as a whole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So in addition to analyzing the behavior of the sales force, we must consider such things as the interrelations among sales forces in territories, districts and regions; the influence of marketing, product development, production processes; trends in customer purchases; and the impact of drug regulations on sales performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations are like ecosystems, formed by a multitude of interdependencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ecology offers an orderly view of nature that simplifies the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical environments, including other organisms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Like ecologists, behavior analysts working in organizations need a way to order the complex interdependencies among organizational systems and their interlocking contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have found it useful to consider three types of organizational complexity: environmental, component, and hierarchical complexities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this section we review these three types of complexity and their implications for organizational effectiveness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In order to target any area for change, no matter how small, we should understand the organization as a whole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The number of variables external to the organization that affect organizational performance determines environmental complexity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The environment outside of the organization is constantly changing in ways that affect internal organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Some of the ways that the external environment can change are product and service development within an industry, government regulations, mergers, consolidations, bankruptcies and warfare."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Other external variables, such as changes in competition, providers and weather patterns may also affect organizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Figure 1 illustrates environmental complexity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Millions of new products and services become available in the market every year, requiring changes in many internal systems of organizations such as production, quality control, training, and information technology."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Failure to upgrade products and meet or surpass competition standards eventually reduces sales and market share, threatening the long-term stability of the organization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regulations also impose tremendous changes in internal processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, consider the impact of the 1994 food-labeling regulations designed to help consumers make healthful choices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The United States Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture required nearly all packaged food to carry a standardized food label indicating the amounts of calories, vitamins, protein, fat, and fiber per serving."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such regulations imposed changes in food manufacturing processes quality control, packaging, and others."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mergers and consolidations often revive failing businesses, reduce competition, or diversify product lines, thus altering the landscape of the environment and creating new demand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A merger is achieved when a company purchases the property of other firms, thus absorbing them into one corporate structure that retains its original identity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A consolidation is achieved when two or more companies dissolve in order to form a completely new company."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Bankruptcies can result in the disappearance of competitors, vendors or clients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fluctuations in the economy have a significant impact on the environment of an organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In prosperity, production, employment, wages, and profits increase; more investments expand production."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As the upswing continues, however, production costs increase; shortages of raw materials may hamper production; interest rates rise; prices rise; and consumers react to increased prices by buying less."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As consumption starts to lag behind production, inventories accumulate, causing a decline in prices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Manufacturers make cuts, investment decreases, production decreases, and unemployment increases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Cycles of prosperity and depression affect most organizations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Warfare also has a significant impact on organizational environments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "War affects economies, infrastructures of countries, development of military and intelligence systems, and so forth."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Environmental changes do not necessarily imply that organizations must become more complex."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sometimes changes in the external environment force organizations to simplify their systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For instance, demand for faster delivery of orders may require an organization to streamline its processes so larger volumes are delivered in less time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Changes in the external environment drive alterations inside the organization, but changes within organizations also affect the environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, consider the impact on the economy of a single large merger, a company's hazardous waste, or a terrorist act."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Environmental complexity cannot be ignored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Organizations that do not adjust to changes in their external environments are unlikely to survive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The number of elements that constitute an organization determines component complexity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The elements might be related to each other as equals or they might be at different levels in a hierarchy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The smallest organizational units of interest are interlocking behavioral contingencies that generate critical products."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations tend to be more complex when larger numbers of people participate in their processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Small businesses of a few employees are generally less complex than large businesses with thousands of employees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Component complexity also depends on the number of processes each system subsumes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, in a manufacturing company, the production process might be more complex than the advertising process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This might be because production has more subsystems and/or larger numbers of interlocking behavioral contingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The manufacturing process might contain all the interlocking contingencies involved in receiving of raw material, preparation of equipment, scheduling, production, and inventory management."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A simple way to relate to component complexity is by looking at process maps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Think of a process map as a graphic depiction, where each box in the map represents interlocked behavior that generates a product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A process map might include the behavior of thousands of people (Malott, 2001-b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Processes with more boxes in the organizational chart are more complex than those with fewer boxes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Figure 2 shows the partial process of selecting retail items to be advertised."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Studying component complexity is critically important."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Without systematic effort, organizations tend to increase in component complexity and become redundant and inefficient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unnecessary component complexity could be counterproductive to the overall goals of any organization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations are made up of systems that contain subsystems, which themselves might have subsystems, and so on."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hierarchical complexity is determined by the number of system levels in the organization, or the number of part-whole relations that constitute an organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The levels of management in an organization are usually a good index of hierarchical complexity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An organization increases in hierarchical complexity as it creates more layers of components."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, component complexity generally affects hierarchical complexity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For instance, an organization that needs to increase production might acquire more plants; overseeing several plants requires another level of management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When the number of plants increases considerably, organizations need regional directors to manage specific geographical areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As the company expands, the regional directors need more help to manage their territories, so they might create a new layer of management-district directors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Figure 3 illustrates hierarchical complexity in a pharmaceutical company."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organization structures often reflect the way they assemble their components in hierarchies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The wholes might be defined by function (marketing-sales), geography (regions-districts), content (psychology, history, physics), form (cars and trucks), life expectancy (perishables-dry grocery) or seasonality (seasonal, non-seasonal)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations often include multiple hierarchical layers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, pharmaceutical companies sometimes arrange their sales forces by territories, districts and regions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They may also have layers of management grouped by product type."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So they have product specialists for specific types of disorders, for instance, central nervous system diseases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An important implication of hierarchical complexity is that as the levels of management grow, the behavior of those in higher levels becomes increasingly unrelated to critical components of the interlocking contingencies of the lower levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unfortunately, as levels of management grow in organizations, these disconnects between levels threaten the organizational success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The performance of the lowest level ultimately determines the success, failure, and survival of the organization. But what happens at the Decisions at higher levels are often made without realizing the implications for the lower levels of the organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Making decisions takes less time than implementing them. And making poorly thought-out decisions takes much less time than implementing them - even implementing them poorly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Managers usually ask for more change initiatives than can be realistically implemented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Table 1 shows the three types of complexity discussed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this section we attempted to introduce organizations as ecosystems and to describe interdependencies in organizations by pinpointing three distinctive types of complexity: environmental, component, and hierarchical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The next section addresses how organizations evolve through cultural and behavioral selection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The biological characteristics of organisms, the learned behavior of individual organisms and the interlocking behavioral contingencies in organizations are very differ- ent kinds of things, but they all change over time as a result of selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Natural selection accounts for features of the organic world; behavioral selection for features of individual behavior; and cultural selection for features of organizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although natural selection does not appear to play a current role in organizational change, the process of natural selection is well understood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, we introduce the concept of selection by describing its role in biological evolution and its parallel to behavioral evolution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Charles Darwin (1959) first suggested natural selection as a process that causes differential preservation of inherited (genetic) characteristics in a lineage of reproducing organisms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Organism/gene characteristics that better fit the environment recur more frequently than others in their lineage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, organisms of a particular species that live in a very cold environment may vary in their inherited propensities to grow thick fur."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Those more likely to grow thick fur are, on average, more likely to survive and reproduce than others with inherited propensity for less furriness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "So the average furriness of the organisms of this species increases in successive generations or reproductive cycles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The average furriness of Generation #5,000 may differ considerably from the average furriness of Generation #20,000, but the change between any two successive generations would be negligible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this example, the relation between organisms' furriness and ambient temperatures affects the likelihood of furriness in future generations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, the relation between a rat's lever presses and food deliveries affects the likelihood of future lever presses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In summary, relations between characteristics of organisms or behavior and their environments determine future frequencies of those characteristics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These relations have been called \"contingencies of selection\" (Skinner, 1981)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Contingencies of selection may also involve relations between organizations and their environments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In the sections below, we attempt to provide a selectionist account of the evolution of organizations, where cultural selection and behavioral selection are both directly relevant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations are cultural entities that change over extended time while retaining their identity as \"the same\" organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this sense, an organization is like a biological lineage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is composed of repeating generations of events having features that change over time as a result of the way in which variants in the current generation are \"received\" by their environment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, since 1990 many organizations have become adapted to a commercial environment that includes electronic commerce (e-commerce)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Before 1990 the environment of organizations with products to sell was one in which buyers and sellers exchanged and transported goods from one place to another."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the late 1990s, advancement of networked computer technology engendered an explosive growth in e- commerce."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "E-commerce allowed the exchange of goods and services over the world wide web, increasing efficiency and precision in commercial transactions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In North America business-to-consumer e-commerce transactions grew from $11.5 billion in 1998 to $44.5 billion in 2000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Organizations that were set up for e-commerce transactions got the 100 business of organizations by aggressively improving delivery times."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Within a few years, airline tickets, hotel reservations, and all kinds of goods and services were available via the web."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0042__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This rapid change in the external environment selected organizations with technology processes best able to respond to customer demands."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Metacontingencies are relations between interlocking behavioral contingencies and their selecting environments (Glenn, 1989)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Together with behavioral contingencies, metacontingencies account for cultural selection and evolutionary change in organizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In organizations, metacontingencies have three components: interlocking behavioral contingencies, their aggregate product, and their receiving system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The receiving system is the recipient of the aggregate product and thus functions as the selecting environment of the interlocking behavioral contingencies (cf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Brethower, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Interlocking contingencies will cease recurring if there is no demand for their products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0043__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Figure 4 illustrates the concept of metacontingency."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Analogous to operant reinforcement in individual behavior, the external environments of organizations deliver selecting consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Customers \"buy\" (or don't buy) the organization's products, shareholders buy or sell their stocks, granting agencies award grants or don't, government regulators award passes or levy penalties, and so forth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most of these consequences are contingently related, however imperfectly, to the products of the interlocking behavioral contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider a restaurant as an organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The aggregate product of the restaurant's interlocking behavioral contingencies is the food served, and the receiving system is the Aggregate Product Interlocking Contingencies Behavioral Contingency Receiving System Demand 101 consumers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The restaurant will survive only if its food and its physical features (ambience) meet the requirements of the selecting environment (people who eat there)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The food and the ambience may change as the restaurant's external environment (customer preferences or competition) changes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The systems that contribute to the restaurant's product include purchasing, food preparation, service, financial management, and property maintenance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Each process involves one or more metacontingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Serving meals represents one set of interlocking behavioral contingencies involving several people's behavior: the wait staff's turning in the order, the chef's providing instructions, the cook's preparing food and placing it where the wait staff can pick it up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The behavior of each individual is related to that of others in the interlocking contingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The aggregate product of these interlocking contingencies is meals served."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If the meals are well adapted to demand, consumers are likely to continue patronizing the restaurant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Other metacontingencies that have different aggregate products also affect consumer demand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, the interlocking behavior of the wait staff affects timeliness and quality of service."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "So multitudes of metacontingencies exist inside the boundaries of the restaurant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The behavior of any individual, as well as the makeup of any of the interlocking behavioral contingencies may contribute to the fitting of the organization's products to the restaurant's environmental demands."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An organization as a whole can evolve, or change, as repetitions of its internal interrelated metacontingencies occur over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The aggregate products generated by the interlocking contingencies vary over time, and the environments in which they exist differentially select those variations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 5 is a diagram of a cultural lineage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It shows three repetitions of the same metacontingency over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The participants in the metacontingency change across repetitions (illustrated by different shading of the human figures)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider a metacontingency in which interlocking behavioral contingencies produce a restaurant's most popular specialty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Systematic variations in the product might result from slight differences in the interlocking contingencies that occur at lunch and at dinner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a result, lunch orders may decrease while dinner orders may increase or remain high."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If these variations in interlocking contingencies have similar effects on other meals, a discerning manager will attempt to analyze the differences in the interlocking behavioral contingencies and arrange contingencies differently for the lunch shift."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The major parts of an organizational ecosystem are its core systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the ecology of an organization, the output of one system directly affects the functioning of other systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In organizations, core systems are essential parts, directly responsible for generating the aggregate product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, food preparation is at the core of a restaurant's success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If the food is bad, no matter how good the service might be, the restaurant likely will fail in the long run."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Production is a core system in a manufacturing company; merchandising is a core system in a retail company; sales is a core system in a marketing company (Malott, 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The relations among the systems and their subsystems in an organization constitute a web of interlocking metacontingencies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whether the organization as a whole meets the requirements of the external environment depends almost entirely on the characteristics of these interlocking metacontingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The greater the component complexity of any subsystem, the more interlocking metacontingencies are likely to exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hierarchical complexity increases with the number of subsystem levels."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this web of interlocking metacontingencies, any significant mismatch between product generation in a system (or subsystem) and the environmental requirements of a related system (or subsystem) is likely to be detrimental to both systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If an organization's systems result in products that match poorly with their external environments, either the environment or the systems must change to sustain the organization over extended time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because the environment of an organization's subsystems is managed internally, the environment of a subsystem can change so its products better support the organization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider, for instance, a manufacturing company that produced plastic components for the automotive and telecommunication industries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To fill a product niche in the health industry, the company started manufacturing plastic connectors used in infant heart transplants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The customer had precise specifications for the product, which required a pollution-free manufacturing environment, imposing significant changes in the production system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A special area was set up for pollution-free molding, unique safety gear was incorporated in the system, the dress code of the workers was altered, and new production specifications were added to the manufacturing information system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because a poor product could cost the life of an infant, other internal systems were adjusted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For instance, legal agreements with the customers and shipping requirements were changed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The interlocking metacontingencies in an organizational ecosystem ultimately determine the course of an organization's continuing evolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If, over time, a manufacturer's goods are not bought in sufficient quantity to sustain production and invest appropriately for the future, then the organization becomes increasingly less viable in a relatively stable environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A change in the external environment (e.g., disappearance of a competitor, or reduction in cost of raw materials) represents a change in metacontingencies that can avert extinction and make recovery possible (at least temporarily)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A fortuitous change in the external environment may result in an adequate match between an organization's systems and its selecting environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such a \"saved by the bell\" outcome is not typical and organizations do not count on such lucky changes in their external selecting environments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Rather, they focus on changing their internal environments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The more complex those internal environments are, the harder it is to react quickly to changes in the external environment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The safest course of action is to continually monitor the fit between the organization's products and the external environment, to identify current (and predictable future) requirements for continuing adaptedness, and then to plan and rearrange internal metacontingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because the systems in the organizational ecosystem continually affect one another, core systems in a web of organizational metacontingencies must co-evolve for the organization to thrive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Co-evolution is the joint evolution of two systems that have a close ecological relationship."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In co-evolution, change in each system is matched by change in the other so that the two systems evolve in relation to one another."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Take, for instance, the use of contemporary cash registers in retail establishments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Cash registers now calculate the total sale when a customer purchases several items; maintain a record of each sale and the department in which it was made; record whether the sale was by cash or credit; print the details of the sale on a sales slip, which serves as receipt for the customer; and keep track of the sales tax."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This technology could not be adequately implemented without altering several other subsystems, including inventory management."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If contingencies of competition exist between core systems, one core system will suffer at the expense of another."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By definition, all the core systems are essential to the organization's survival, so in designing metacontingencies in which related systems participate, care must be taken to insure co-evolution rather than competition between systems essential to the organization's capacity to meet the requirements of the selecting environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unfortunately, most core systems compete with other systems for resources; and core systems often develop redundancies with other systems in the organization to accomplish their work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For instance, information technology departments typically do not serve the organization's core systems because they are often overwhelmed with convoluted and fractionated technology infrastructure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a result, core systems, like production in a manufacturing company, often hire computer experts to facilitate the production process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0057__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Training departments are similarly redundant in many cases because their personnel are too unfamiliar with critical aspects of the core systems to train employees adequately (Malott, 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Metacontingencies are the units of analysis in organizational ecosystems, and their interlocking behavioral contingencies constitute the cultural entities that evolve via selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, their constituent behavioral contingencies can be analyzed as units of analysis at the behavioral level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Any intervention designed to better adapt an organization to its external environment requires changes in the interlocking metacontingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "And interventions in the interlocking metacontingencies require changes in behavioral contingencies for the individuals involved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No organization could exist without operant behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As we said earlier, an operant is behavior that has an effect on its environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is acquired during the lifetime of individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Its frequency, form, timing, accuracy or duration changes when behavioral contingencies change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although behavioral selection contingencies account for behavior of people in an organization, those contingencies occur in the context of the interlocking contingencies required by the system's external environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The complexity of organizations makes it hard to identify where behavioral change can best benefit an organization or where unrecognized changes in behavioral patterns may harm it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0059__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, the selection contingencies accounting for the behavior of individuals cannot be ignored because the entire ecosystem depends on them."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Not all behavior occurring within the boundaries of an organization is part of the systems that define and sustain the existence of that organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, organizations change, sometimes in seemingly chaotic ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Take, for instance, an accounting department that produces reports that no one understands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the reports have no function with respect to any other behavior in the organization, a supervisor may continue asking for them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Behaviors like this can go undetected for indefinite periods, surviving because the receiving system (supervisor) maintains the interlocking contingencies that result in the product (the report)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Organizations can make significant improvements and 105 reduce costs by constantly analyzing the relevance of the products of individual behavior and of interlocking contingencies to overall organizational performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Behavior that seriously impedes the systems critical to the organization's survival is worse than wasteful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An example is a milk processor whose employees fail to wash their hands before milking the cows or who add water to the milk in order to get larger volumes and higher pay."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The results of such behaviors result in milk contamination or low quality milk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If these behaviors are widespread among employees, the organization can fail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All of the aforementioned types of behavior are maintained by contingencies of behavioral selection, even those behaviors that have a harmful effect on the organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More milk results in more pay for the individual, regardless of the milk quality."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Only changes in behavioral contingencies can mitigate problems such as these."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although not every behavior considered a \"problem\" is a threat to an organization, all organizational problems involve behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In solving \"behavior problems\", we should consider their impact on the products to which they contribute."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our first priority should be behavior problems that affect core systems, which in turn affect the performance of the organization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations are conglomerates of dynamic systems that constantly change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The organizational boundaries as well as the boundaries of their internal systems are permeable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Organizations are also complex in several different ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We identified three types of complexity: environmental (variations in the environment outside of the organization), component (number of organizational components and their relations), and hierarchical (number of levels and their relations)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "What are the implications of complexity for managing organizational change? Although we can't eliminate complexity, we can manage it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We can manage environmental complexity by aligning the internal systems to the environmental demands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We can manage component complexity by analyzing the sets of interlocking contingencies and their products and eliminating redundancies and disconnects. And we can manage hierarchical complexity by attempting to simplify the levels of management, or reduce the disconnect between tiers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizational change means alterations of metacontingencies and behavioral contingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Metacontingencies are relations between the demand for aggregate products and the interlocking behavioral contingencies that produce them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Behavioral contingencies are relations between environmental consequences and operant behavior of individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The causes of organizational change are cultural and behavioral selection contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "What are the implications of environmental selection for managing organizations?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, because organizations evolve over time, any analysis of an organization is merely a snap shot of interrelated metacontingencies at a given time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Repeated analyses allow us to understand the course of an organization's evolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__original__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, we alter metacontingencies 106 at all relevant levels of the organization, and implement contingency management for behavior critical to the organization's survival."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organizations are, indeed, enormously complex entities, and Glenn and Malott (2004) have made an important contribution to the analysis of this complexity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each of these authors has also made significant individual contributions on related issues in a number of other works."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As we see it, the survival of behavior analysis as an interpretive enterprise critically depends on its adaptability to changing scholarly conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Of particular note among these conditions at the present time is the burgeoning of interdisciplinary study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The continuation of an intellectual enterprise in this climate may very well depend on the ease with which it is capable of becoming engaged in such study, and the speed with which it does so."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Glenn and Malott’s (2004) work shows an appreciation of this circumstance, and offers a path to our future in this regard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0067__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The comments to follow are offered in support of their work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Complexity"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The analysis of a complex subject matter follows upon an initial construction of some set of units into which observations having some commonality may be grouped, such as to permit other scientific operations to be made with respect to this subject matter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, the cell and the gene comprise units of this sort in different branches of biology, and it is upon these units that other abstracting and generalizing operations are performed in these sciences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the science of behavior, this unit is the operant, defined as a class of behaviors grouped by common controlling variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Accordingly, operations of prediction and control in the science of behavior pertain not to individual instances of behavior, but rather to the operants of which such instances are members."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hence, to the extent that prediction and control of organizational change constitute the larger purposes of Glenn and Malott (2004) in depicting organizational complexity, units of this sort are a necessary feature of their formulation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Toward this end, the authors have articulated a number of valuable constructs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, organizations are characterized by three sorts of complexity, namely environmental, component, and hierarchical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first of these is not so much a characteristic of organizations per se as it is a description of the external circumstances under which they operate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Environmental complexity is analogous to the controlling variables determining membership of individual responses in operant classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Different operants are distinguished by different controlling variables, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This does not appear to be the case for environmental complexity, as all organizations operate in a context of external circumstances of the sorts enumerated by the authors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Hence, for this characteristic of organizations to serve analytical purposes, some such variables must be conceptualized as more pertinent than others for the characterization and differentiation of specific organizations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0070__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "An articulation of differences among organization types along these lines would thereby seem to constitute a useful refinement of this taxonomical element."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The categories of component and hierarchical complexity more specifically characterize organizations per se."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These categories are roughly analogous to the formal or topographical characteristics of behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By way of illustration, a response may be comprised of multiple components, among which might be included muscular, perceptual, and glandular actions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further, a response might be conceptualized as a configuration of pre-current, interim, and final elements occurring in sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Individual responses are identified by these means as are, presumably, individual organizations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In behavior science, however, the topographical features of responses do not constitute grounds for their collection into operant classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individual responses are collected into classes on the basis of their controlling variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This suggests that the categories of component and hierarchical complexity are descriptors of individual organizations, not criteria for the grouping of organizations into functional classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An articulation of differences among controlling variables is needed for the latter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, Glenn and Malott (2004) have identified two significant dimensions along which organizations may be differentiated, as well as the context of external circumstances in which all organizations operate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Prediction and control of organizational performance or longevity cannot be achieved in the absence of criteria by which organizations may be grouped into classes, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In other sciences such groupings are made on the basis of specific classes of controlling variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It would seem that further work along these lines would be well worth pursuing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Selection"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Glenn and Malott (2004) do more than identify the context under which organizations operate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They also articulate the role of this context in engendering organizational change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Organizations are said to be subject to a process of cultural selection, which is roughly analogous to the process of natural selection in the biological domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The authors claim that natural selection causes differential preservation of genetic characteristics in the lineage of a species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly, cultural selection is said to account for differential preservation of aggregate product characteristics in the lineage of an organization."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0075__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This analysis is somewhat unclear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Natural selection is not properly regarded as the cause of differential preservation of genetic characteristics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Natural selection refers as much to this outcome as to the process by which the outcome is realized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, cultural selection does not explain the differential preservation of aggregate product characteristics."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rather, both natural selection and cultural selection are more properly understood as contingency relations, than as causes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The same may be said of behavioral selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0076__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Reinforcement is a descriptive, not an explanatory, concept."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "That said, the authors’ contention that meta-contingencies, together with behavioral contingencies, account for cultural selection and the evolution of organizations requires more clarification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The same would be true were contingencies of survival said to account for natural selection and the evolution of organisms, or that behavioral contingencies account for behavioral selection and the evolution of repertoires."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As we see it, the contingencies, in each case, do not account for the process of selection and its outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The contingencies express the relation between these processes and their outcomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the distinction we are making in this regard may not seem to be an important one, we think the authors’ perspective on this matter contributes to a lack of clarity as to the units subject to the process of cultural selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To make this argument, let us return to the parallel processes of natural and behavioral selection, as articulated by the authors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the case of natural selection, genetic entities are selected by their environmental circumstances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The relationships obtaining between these entities and their environmental circumstances are contingencies of survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the case of behavioral selection, behaviors are selected by their consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The relationships obtaining between these entities and their consequences are contingencies of reinforcement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Accordingly, in the case of cultural selection, interlocking contingencies and their aggregate products, taken together, are selected by their receiving systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0078__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The relationships obtaining between these entities and their receiving systems are meta-contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The parallels drawn by the authors among selection processes at different levels lead the reader to assume that other similarities among these processes will be found and articulated."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This does not appear to be the case, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Instead, the authors go on to say that not only are interlocking contingencies and their aggregate products subject to cultural selection, but so also are the relations between these entities and their receiving systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That is to say, meta-contingencies are also held to be subject to selection at the cultural level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The same is not assumed of contingencies of survival or contingencies of reinforcement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0079__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These contingencies may change, of course, but they are not the entities selected."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The argument that meta-contingencies are subject to selection at the cultural level, therefore, is somewhat confusing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Contingencies can’t be both the causes and the effects, or outcomes, of selection processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We don’t think a reasonable solution to this problem will be achieved by deciding into which of these categories contingencies ought to fall, as neither category seems suitable."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Contingencies neither account for the process of selection, nor are they outcomes of such processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rather, as suggested above, contingencies express the relation between these two."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Measurement"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For purposes of argument, let us assume that the units subject to cultural selection in the organizational domain are interlocking contingencies together with their aggregate products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A unit of analysis is an abstraction, constructed by emphasizing the commonalities among some set of events at the expense of their unique features."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is a class construction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The value of such constructions is the opportunity they afford for the performance of other scientific operations, in the present case, operations of prediction and control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These operations cannot be performed with respect to individual events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They require classes of events whose members’ occurrences may be counted."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It is unclear whether the units subject to cultural selection, as articulated by the authors, meet this requirement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0082__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In other words, it is unclear how individual, unique, instances of interlocking contingencies, together with their aggregate products, are collected into classes such that prediction and control of these classes of events may be achieved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More to the point, it is unclear how the well-being of an organization is to be assessed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors do not specify what is to be measured in making this assessment, nor do they specify the appropriate metric for this purpose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ultimately, the relative longevity of an organization among comparable entities captures its success in adapting to receiving system demands."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Longevity is not a useful measure of organizational well-being, however, in that it can be measured only once, namely when the organization ceases to be."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To impact the ultimate measure of organizational success, more immediate measures of adaptability to these demands must be identified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For example, an organization’s profitability might be such a measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Redundancies, disconnects, and competition among sets of interlocking contingencies and their products impact this measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0083__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Inefficiencies and inadequacies of all sorts impact this measure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors’ interpretation of complex events is not undermined by their failing to specify appropriate variables and metrics for an assessment of organizational well being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Prediction and control of organizational well-being depends on it, though, and Glenn and Malott’s prescriptions for organizational change would be more complete were they to articulate these factors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Organization"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The organization of the section entitled, “Selection in Evolving Organizations” moves from the level of natural selection to cultural selection to behavioral selection."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This organization of topics produces an incomplete analysis of events at the level of individual behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0086__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, at the level of individual behavior, the authors provide an example of an accounting supervisor continuing to request reports from an accounting department that no one understands, and which thereby “have no function with respect to any other behavior in the organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0086__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "” The behavior of the accounting department in producing these reports is attributed to contingencies maintained by the supervisor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0086__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The behavior of the supervisor also warrants analysis in this context, however, and in making this analysis it would become difficult to sustain the notion that these unintelligible reports “have no function with respect to any other behavior in the organization.” Obviously, they have some function with respect to the requesting behavior of the supervisor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the authors’ are more than capable of making an analysis of the supervisor’s behavior, to do so would entail some reiteration of the events involved in cultural selection just discussed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A similar circumstance is seen in the example of milk processors producing more pay by diluting milk products with water."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The potential for greater pay by such practices does not seem to be an individual matter, but rather one predicated by cultural contingencies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0087__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These examples of incomplete analyses of events at the level of individual behavior lead us to suggest that the topic of behavioral selection might be better placed before the consideration of cultural selection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The organization of this section also gives rise to what appear to be implausible prescriptions for organizational change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, the authors suggest that interlocking contingencies and their aggregate products are subject to deliberate, direct manipulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Changes in entities subject to natural selection occur only when environmental circumstances change, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, changes in entities subject to behavioral selection occur only when consequences change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hence, to suggest that entities subject to cultural selection are not wholly dependent on changes in receiving systems seems out of keeping with the authors’ more general formulation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The organization of this section, we believe, is responsible for the truncation of analyses pertinent to practical applications in this field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0088__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Hence, we would suggest a reorganization of these topics in future works."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusion"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To conclude, we wish to acknowledge that it is a whole lot easier to comment on analyses of complicated issues made by others than to make such analyses oneself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The issues Glenn and Malott (2004) are dealing with are extraordinarily complex, and their efforts have brought considerable clarity and order to this complexity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__critique__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is a very valuable contribution, one that is likely to foster the continued well-being of behavior analysis in a rapidly changing scholarly climate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) pinpointed several of the conceptual challenges we faced in writing Complexity and Selection and provided us with an opportunity to enter a dialogue on some of those challenges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They began by accurately and succinctly stating our purpose in delineating the classes that participate in functional relations at the organizational level of analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0091__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If we can accurately describe the processes that account for organizational change, then we can use them to guide interventions designed to enhance organizational fitness."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0091__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also believe that if we can use the model to intervene successfully in organizations where instances of the classes are fairly discernible, such as a factory, analysis and intervention in cultural phenomena of even greater complexity becomes feasible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In discussing the three types of organizational complexity we described, Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) noted that environmental complexity addresses the complexity of the world outside the organization -- more specifically, those parts of the world that function with respect to an organization’s continuing activities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We identified some of the external variables that affect some organizations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0092__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) suggested that those variables pertain to all organizations, whereas different empirical events affect different operants in an operant analysis (for example, light onset reinforces flipping the switch whereas water flowing reinforces turning the faucet handle)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We think matters are not so clear cut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In behavioral selection, certain types of events (e.g., praise) have the same function with respect to many operants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our examples of external environments affecting organizations were selected from many possibilities to illustrate some of the features of organizational environments in modern society."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If we were dealing with natural selection, we might name climate, predators, and vegetation as examples of environmental variables that often play a role in survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly, we might mention food, drink and attention as variables that often have an environmental function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For organizations, laws (for example) are often part of the external environment, but different laws are relevant to different organizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Laws pertaining to air pollution may be critical for a manufacturer but not for a software developer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0093__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Similarly, food would rarely be acceptable as specification of a reinforcing consequence, although we get by with “praise” or “attention” in application."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) suggested that we refine our taxonomy of environmental events affecting organizational survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree that would be useful for practical purposes, which are among our interests in writing the article under discussion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For analytical purposes, we are lacking ways to classify the environmental events functionally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0094__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Whereas behavioral selection processes are refined as reinforcement, punishment and extinction, cultural selection processes have not been so refined."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0094__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If the concepts of behavioral selection processes can be further used to understand cultural selection, classification of environmental variables in functional terms will be necessary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In response to our section on organizational complexity, Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) pointed out that component and hierarchical complexity are topographical descriptors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the descriptors may apply to many organizations, they are not “criteria for the grouping of organizations into functional classes” (p. 107)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0095__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We agree."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0095__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the instances of the classes entering functional relations in metacontingencies are not organizations but interlocking behavioral contingencies that repeatedly produce an outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0095__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The descriptors, component and hierarchical complexity, help us discern the relations among the classes (recurrences) of interlocking behavioral contingencies that reliably produce products needed elsewhere in an organization for the final product to be available to the selecting environment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This brings us to Hayes and Houmanfar’s comments on selection."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Selectionist terminology is notoriously difficult."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Even in evolutionary biology, where the concept arose and has been worked over for more than 150 years, writers use the word in different ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It has been said that Darwin’s great achievement was to posit a mechanism that explained the evolution of species (Mayr, 1982)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "That mechanism is natural selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Change over time in characteristics of organisms of a lineage is the effect of contingencies of natural selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0096__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Reduced to its most simplistic formulation, the elements of the mechanism are as follows:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "a) Organisms of a lineage interact differentially with their environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "b) The differential interactions cause differential preservation of some characteristics in the lineage."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "c) The change over time in characteristics of a lineage of organisms is called evolution by natural selection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Statement a specifies differential relations (contingencies) between features of organisms and features of the environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Statement b specifies the relation between a and its result; that result is differential preservation in the species (lineage) of some features over others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Statement c describes the relation between a and b."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the biological literature, the term selection is used for both a and b, engendering charges of circularity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In behavior analysis, statement a is analogous to a reinforcement procedure; statement b is analogous to a reinforcement process (i.e., the change in behavior that results from response-consequence contingencies); and statement c describes the relation between the procedure and the process and is called learning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Like selection, the term reinforcement is used for both a procedure and a process and engenders charges of circularity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is surely confusing to say that reinforcement (procedure of establishing a contingency) brings about a result (increased frequency) and also that the relation between the reinforcement procedure and the result is called reinforcement (process)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0100__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "That confusion is endemic in the behavior analysis literature, as a similar confusion seems endemic in the literature of evolutionary biology."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) were concerned with our statement, “Together with behavioral contingencies, metacontingencies account for cultural selection and the evolution of organizations” (Glenn & Malott, 2004, p. 100) because it appeared circular."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It implied to them that we were saying cultural selection (metacontingencies) causes cultural selection and evolution. But in light of the explication above, the statement can be interpreted as follows: behavioral and cultural selection procedures (statement a) result in differential replication of some interlocking behavioral contingencies over others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The procedure and its result constitute a cultural selection process (statement b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do not agree with Hayes and Houmanfar (2004), that “the contingencies express the relation between [selection] processes and their outcomes” (p. 108)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instead, we believe a more accurate statement is “selection processes express the relation between contingencies and their outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” At the risk of trying the reader’s patience, selection as a procedure specifies the contingent relations between occurrences and their environments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0102__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A selection process specifies the relation between a procedure and its resulting changes over time in lineages of occurrences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0102__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Table 2 summarizes our perspective."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) elegantly stated the role of units of analysis in science and wondered whether the units of analysis in our selectionist view of organizations meet the class (lineage) requirement of recurrences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0103__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They are concerned that organizations are the units of analysis and organizations do not recur."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0103__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We see organizations more like ecosystems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0103__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They are loci where multiple lineages of interlocking behavioral contingencies undergo selection by demand for their products."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0103__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The units of interest are the recurring interlocking behavioral contingencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3695", "paragraph_id": "triad_3695__response__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3695__response__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, we appreciate the opportunity to clarify some points of confusion in the initial paper and thank Hayes and Houmanfar (2004) for the intellectual stimulation their comments provided."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2082522181_W2002896710_W2087348109", "triad_name": "triad_3695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper deals with the geometry of deformation of nonclassical continua mod- eled as media capable of (first-order) structured deformations introduced by Del Piero and Owen [1993; 1995]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 The main objective of the theory of structured deformations is to describe how a continuous body with microstructure will deform under the applied forces."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the original setting [Del Piero and Owen 1993; 1995], a structured deforma- tion is a triplet (K, g, G) of objects whose nature will now be roughly described."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The set K, the crack site, is a subset of vanishing Lebesgue measure of the ref- erence region , the map g : ∼ K → R 3 , the deformation map, is piecewise continuously differentiable and injective, and G is a piecewise continuous map A substantial step towards a concrete interpretation of the tensor G is offered by the approximation theorem [Del Piero and Owen 1993, Theorem 5.8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "That theorem shows that each structured deformation (K, g, G) is a limit of a suitable sequence of simple deformations (K k , g k , D a g k ) in the sense that K k → K, g k → g, and D a g k → G (2) with suitably defined convergences of the objects in (2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I note that the nontrivial feature of the proof of the approximation theorem lies in proving the injectivity of g k ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, Del Piero and Owen [1993] prove the following the limit relation for the tensor M:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "valid for any sequence (not just the one constructed in the proof of the approxi- mation theorem) (K k , g k , D a g k ) satisfying (2) and any x ∈ ∼ K, where B(x, ρ) is the open ball of center x and radius ρ, J (g k ) is the set of all points of (jump) discontinuity of g k , [g k ] is the jump of g k at the points of J (g k ), n k is the normal to J (g k ), and H 2 is the area measure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To apply the relaxation techniques of the calculus of variations, Choksi and Fonseca [1997] later enlarged the space of structured deformations to contain all pairs (g, G) where g is in 3 SBV( , R m ) and G is in L 1 ( , M m×n )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here m and n are positive integers, the dimensions of the spaces R m and R n of dependent and independent variables, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, in addition to weaker regularity, the authors relax the injectivity requirement and put the crack site K equal to ∅. (The cracks are described by the omnipresent discontinuities of g.) Choksi and Fonseca [1997, Theorem 2.12] prove the following version of the ap- proximation theorem, which is stated here in a slightly rephrased form as explained below:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Theorem 1.1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Let ⊂ R n be a bounded open set, and let (g, G) ∈ L 1 ( , R m ) × L 1 ( , M m×n )."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then there exists a sequence g k in SBV( , R m ) such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here D a g k is the absolutely continuous part of the generalized derivative of g k ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The statement of [Choksi and Fonseca 1997, Theorem 2.12] is narrower since (a) the authors assume, in accord with the overall framework of their paper, that g is in SBV( , R m ) and (b) since they replace the equality (4) 2 by the weak * convergence in the sense of measures (although they say that they will prove the equality)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Their proof also shows that g ∈ L 1 ( , R m ) suffices."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In connection with this generality, the question arises: what additional informa- tion beyond (4) can be imposed on the sequence g k if it is known that g belongs to the smaller space BV( , R m ) or even to SBV( , R m )?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An answer, one of the two goals of this note, given in the subsequent theorem, is proved for reference regions represented by admissible domains (which is a mild restriction on , satisfied, e.g., by all open sets with lipschitzian boundary)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "4 Theorem 1.2 (approximation theorem)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If is an admissible domain in R n and (g, G) ∈ BV( , R m )×L 1 ( , M m×n ), then there exists a sequence g k ∈ SBV( , R m ) such that in addition to (4) the total variation M(Dg k ) of g k satisfies sup{M(Dg k ) : k = 1, . . . } < ∞; (5) hence, we have the following convergence (without passing to a subsequence):"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3 I use the standard notations for function spaces throughout this introduction: thus, BV( , R n ) and SBV( , R n ) are spaces of R m -valued maps on of bounded variation and of special bounded variation, and L 1 ( , R m ) and L 1 ( , M m×n ) are spaces of (Lebesgue-)integrable R m - or M m×n - valued maps on ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "M( , M m×n ) is the space of M m×n -valued measures on ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The reader is referred to Sections 2 and 3 below for detailed definitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the extra information stemming from the inclusion g ∈ BV( , R m ) is (5)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is easy to see that, conversely if (g, G) ∈ L 1 ( , R m )× L 1 ( , M m×n ) is a pair sat- isfying (4) and (5) with g k ∈ SBV( , R m ), then necessarily g ∈ BV( , R m ); in this sense, (5) is optimal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "( Both directions are very intuitive.) The proof of the bound- edness in the approximation theorem is based on the observation in Lemma 5.1 below, but otherwise the construction of the sequence essentially follows that of Choksi and Fonseca."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for almost every point x of ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here ess lim ρ→0 is the essential limit as ρ → 0, i.e., the limit neglecting an exceptional set of ρ's of vanishing Lebesgue measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "6 Further, κ n is the volume of the unit ball in R n , J (g k ) is the set of all points of jump discontinuity of g k , [g k ] is the jump of g k at the points of J (g k ), n k is the normal to J (g k ), and H n−1 is the (n − 1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "7"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Appendix to the present paper also outlines a proof of a weaker version of the approximation theorem that does not use Alberti's theorem mentioned above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In that version, the equality (4) 2 is replaced by the convergence (7) 2 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Throughout, n is a positive integer, the dimension of the underlying space R n , and m is a positive integer, the dimension of the target space R m ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We denote by a · b the scalar product in both these spaces and by | · | the euclidean norm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further, M m×n is the set of all linear transformations from R n to R m ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The value of A ∈ M m×n on x ∈ R n is denoted by Ax."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We denote by A · B := tr( AB T ) the scalar product in M m×n , where A T ∈ M n×m is the transpose of A and tr denotes the trace."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We further denote by | A| = √ A · A the associated euclidean norm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If f is a map with domain any set M and if N ⊂ M, then f |N denotes the restriction of f to N ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The interior, closure, and boundary of a set M ⊂ R n is denoted by int M, cl M, and bdry M. As in the introduction, B(x, ρ) denotes the open ball in R n of center x and radius ρ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The symbol κ n denotes the volume of B(0, 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Throughout, let be an open subset of R n , later to be restricted by additional requirements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Let Z be a finite-dimensional inner-product space."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We denote by L n the Lebesgue measure in R n [Federer 1969, §2.6.5], and if k is an integer, 0 ≤ k ≤ n, we denote by H k the k-dimensional Hausdorff measure in R n [ibid., §§ 2.10.2-2.10.60]; recall that H n = L n ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If A ⊂ R n is a Borel set, we denote by H k A the restriction of H k to A, which is the measure defined by (H k A)(B) = H k (A ∩ B) (9) for each Borel set B ⊂ R n ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If A ⊂ R n is a Borel set and f a Z -valued Borel map defined H k almost everywhere on A, integrable with respect to H k on A, then f H k A denotes the Z -valued measure on R n defined by ( f H k A)(B) = A∩B f dH k (10) for each Borel set B ⊂ R n ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The definitions (9) and (10) also apply to k = n, i.e., to L n ≡ H n , resulting in L n A and f L n A."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We denote by L 1 ( , Z ) the set of all (classes of equivalence of) Lebesgue- integrable maps on with values in Z ; we write | · | L 1 ( ,Z ) for the norm on L 1 ( , Z ), defined by | f | L 1 ( ,Z ) = | f | dL n for each f ∈ L 1 ( , Z )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We denote by C ∞ 0 ( , Z ) the set of all of indefinitely differentiable Z -valued maps f on R n with compact support contained in ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We denote by M( , Z ) the set of all (finite) Z -valued measures on ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If µ ∈ M( , Z ), we denote by |µ| the total variation (measure) of µ, i.e., the smallest nonnegative measure on such that |µ(B)| ≤ |µ|(B) for each Borel subset B of ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We denote by M(µ) the mass of µ, defined by M(µ) = |µ|( )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A standard result is that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We say that a measure µ ∈ M( , Z ) is supported by a Borel set A ⊂ if µ(B) = 0 for every Borel set B ⊂ such that A ∩ B = ∅. The reader is referred to [Am- brosio et al. 2000, Chapter 1] for further details of measures with values in finite- dimensional inner-product spaces."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If f is a Z -valued map defined L 1 almost everywhere in an interval (0, ) where > 0, we say that a ∈ Z is an essential limit of f at 0 and write a = ess lim ρ→0 f (ρ) (12) if there exists an L 1 null set N ⊂ (0, ) such that a = lim ρ→0 ρ∈(0, )∼N f (ρ), where the last limit is the ordinary limit relative to a subset of (0, )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Note that, un- like the set N , the value a is uniquely determined, which justifies the notation (12)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We state some basic definitions and properties of the space BV of maps of bounded variation, of the space SBV of special maps of bounded variation, of sets of finite perimeter, and of admissible domains that will be needed in the sequel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For more details, see [Ambrosio et al. 2000; Evans and Gariepy 1992; Ziemer 1989; Federer 1969]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Definition 3.1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We denote by BV( , R m ) the set of all g ∈ L 1 ( , R m ) such that there exists a measure Dg ∈ M( , M m×n ) satisfying g ·div T dL n = − T · dDg (13) for each T ∈ C ∞ 0 ( , R m×n )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here div T is an R m -valued map on such that a · div T = tr(D(T T a)) for each a ∈ R m , where D(T T a) denotes the classical derivative of the map T T a. The elements of BV( , R m ) are called maps of bounded variation; the measure Dg is uniquely determined by g and is called the weak (or generalized) derivative of g. We denote by M(Dg) the mass of the measure Dg as defined in Section 2 and call M(Dg) the total variation of g. Equations (11) and (13) provide"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The choice of T represented by a matrix function with only the (i, j) element different from 0, where i ∈ {1, . . . , m} and j ∈ {1, . . . , n}, reduces (13) to the usual index definition of BV as in, e.g., [Ambrosio et al. 2000, Equation (3.2)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The set BV( , R m ) is a Banach space under the norm"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Definition 3.2. Let g ∈ L 1 ( , R m )."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We say that g has an approximate limit at x ∈ if there exists a ∈ R m such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The value a is uniquely determined and is called the approximate limit of g at x. The complement S(g) ⊂ in of the set of all x ∈ where the approximate limit of g exists is called the approximate discontinuity set of g."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Definition 3.3. Let g ∈ L 1 ( , R m )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We say that x ∈ is an approximate jump point of g if there exist a, b ∈ R m , a = b, and n ∈ R n with |n| = 1 such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The triplet (a, b, n), if it exists, is uniquely determined to within the interchange of a and b and a simultaneous change of the sign of n. In any case, the product [g] ⊗ n, (15) occurring frequently below, is uniquely determined, where [g] = a − b is the jump of g at x. We denote by J (g) the set of all approximate jump points of g and call any ±n the normal of J (g) at x."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following result describes the relationship between the sets S(g) and J (g): Theorem 3.4."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If g ∈ BV( , R m ), then: (i) J (g) ⊂ S(g) and H n−1 (S(g) ∼ J (g)) = 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(ii) J (g) is countably (H n−1 , n − 1)-rectifiable in the sense that H n−1 almost all of J (g) can be covered by countably many class-1 surfaces C k , k = 1, . . . , of dimension n − 1 in R n ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The derivative of a map of bounded variation has the following well known structure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The subsequent treatment uses especially the jump and the absolutely continuous parts of the derivative to be introduced now."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Theorem 3.5."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If g ∈ BV( , R m ), then:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(i) The derivative Dg has a unique decomposition Dg = D a g L n + D c g + D j g, where D a g, the absolutely continuous part of Dg, is a map in L 1 ( , M m×n ); D c g, the Cantor part of Dg, is a measure on singular with respect to L n and diffuse with respect to H n−1 , i.e., D c g is supported by a set of null Lebesgue measure in R n and D c g(B) = 0 for each Borel subset B of of finite H n−1 measure; and D j g, the jump part of Dg, is a measure absolutely continuous with respect to H n−1 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(ii) The jump part D j g is supported by J (g), and in fact, D j g = [g] ⊗ n H n−1 J (g), where, for every point x of J (g), the value [g] ⊗ n is the product (15)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(iii) For L n almost every point x of , we have"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Definition 3.6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We denote by SBV( , R m ) the set of all g ∈ BV( , R m ) with D c g = 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The elements of SBV( , R m ) are called special maps of bounded variation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SBV( , R m ) is a closed subspace of BV( , R m ) under the norm | · | BV( ,R m ) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Theorem 3.7 [Alberti 1991]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If is bounded, then for any G ∈ L 1 ( , M m×n ), there exists a g ∈ SBV( , R m ) such that D a g = G; moreover, there exists a constant c ∈ R depending only on such that the map g as above can be chosen to satisfy"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We conclude this section with basic information on sets of finite perimeter and on admissible domains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sets of finite perimeter fall in the framework of BV as will be explained below."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For a subset of the class of sets of finite perimeter called admissible domains (see below), we shall establish the approximation theorem."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The distinguishing feature of admissible domains is that maps from BV( , R m ) have well defined boundary values."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Definition 3.8."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A set E ⊂ R n is said to have a finite perimeter if 1 E ∈ BV(R n , R), where 1 E denotes the characteristic function of E. The perimeter of E is M(D1 E )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The measure-theoretic boundary of E is the set S(1 E ) that differs from the reduced boundary bdry * (E) := J (1 E ) by a set of H n−1 measure 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Theorem 3.9."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If E is a set of finite perimeter, then for every x ∈ bdry * (E), the triplet (a, b, n) as in Definition 3.3 can be chosen to be (0, 1, n(x)); with this choice, n(x) is uniquely determined and is called the measure-theoretic normal to E at x. Equations (14) then imply the following well known formulas:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, even 1 E ∈ SBV(R n , R)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Definition 3.10 [Ziemer 1989, Definition 5.10.1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A bounded open set ⊂ R n is said to be an admissible domain if it has a finite perimeter and the following two conditions are satisfied:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(ii) There exists a constant M, and for each x ∈ bdry , there is a ball B(x, r ) with H n−1 (bdry * E ∩ bdry * ) ≤ MH n−1 ( ∩ bdry * E) whenever E ⊂ cl ∩ B(x, r ) is a set of finite perimeter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Each open bounded set with lipschitzian boundary is an admissible domain [Ziemer 1989, Remark 5.10.2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The following two theorems describe the main virtues of admissible domains: Theorem 3.11 (see [Ziemer 1989, Section 5.10])."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If is an admissible domain and g ∈ BV( , R m ), then there exist an H n−1 -measurable map g bdry on bdry such that g · div T dL n + T · dDg = bdry( ) T n · g bdry dH n−1 for every class-1 map T on with values in M m×n that has a continuous extension (again denoted by T ) to cl , where n is the measure-theoretic normal to ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There exists a c ∈ R depending only on such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The map g bdry is determined to within a change on a set of H n−1 -measure 0 and is called the trace of g. One has"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "and there exists a c ∈ R depending only on such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the purpose of the approximation theorem and the limit relation (as stated in Section 1), we enlarge the set SBV( , R m ) × L 1 ( , M m×n ) of structured deforma- tions of Choksi and Fonseca [1997] to form the set BV( , R m ) × L 1 ( , M m×n )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We furthermore interpret the elements g ∈ SBV( , R m ) as the macroscopic de- formations of the body with macroscopic crack site J (g)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We note that the space of structured deformations (K, g, G) of Del Piero and Owen [1993] as de- scribed in Section 1 with K = ∅ is a subset of SBV( , R m ) × L 1 ( , M m×n ) ⊂ BV( , R m ) × L 1 ( , M m×n )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In a general, (g, G) ∈ BV( , R m ) × L 1 ( , M m×n ), the map g is the possibly discontinuous macroscopic displacement, of the body and G is a microscopic disarrangement as explained in the introduction and in accord with the original papers by Del Piero and Owen [1993; 1995]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proof of the Approximation Theorem is based on the decomposition of R n into the disjoint union of sufficiently small cubes of equal edge length and with faces parallel to the natural coordinate planes in R n ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Various maps involved in the construction are then approximated by (generally) discontinuous maps constant on the cubes (as in the present section) or by discontinuous maps linear on the cubes (as in the Appendix below)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For each positive integer k, consider the decomposition of R n into the system of cubes"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We only prove (21) since the other assertions of the lemma are immediate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Let x ∈ P be arbitrary, and denote y(x) := x + n/k so that y(x) ∈ Q. Then"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consequently, integrating (22) over P, we obtain"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Integrating over R n , we obtain"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for each x ∈ R n , where p ∈ Z n /k is uniquely determined by the requirement that x ∈ C(k, p) and where"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Then m k is piecewise constant, with all points of jump discontinuity contained in the union"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Put l := g − h, which is an element of BV( , R m )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since is an admissible domain, the extension l 0 of l to R n equal to 0 outside satisfies l 0 ∈ BV(R n , R m ) by Theorem 3.12."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Let f k be a sequence of mollifications of l 0 on R n with the mollification parameter tending to 0 so that f k ∈ C ∞ 0 (R n , R m ),"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Applying Proposition 5.2 with f replaced by f k , we find that for each k there exists an m k ∈ SBV(R n , R m ) such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We put g k = m k | + h for k = 1, . . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "so that g k ∈ SBV( , R m ). Equations (29) and (30) imply m k | → l in L 1 ( , R m ) as k → ∞, and hence, we have (4) 1 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further, (31) and (27) imply (4) 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Finally, (32), (28), and h ∈ SBV( , R m ) imply (5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Assertion (6) then follows by an easy argument that is left to the reader."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Lemma 6.1. Let be bounded, let g be a map (not a class of equivalence) in BV( , R m ), let x ∈ , and let > 0 be such that B(x, ) ⊂ ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Then for L 1 almost every ρ ∈ (0, ), g| bdry B(x, ρ) is the trace of g|B(x, ρ) ∈ BV(B(x, ρ, R m )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By the Lebesgue differentiation theorem, there exists a Borel set E ⊂ with L n (E) = 0 such that for every y ∈ ∼ E we have"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "we see that for L 1 almost every ρ > 0 we have"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For every such a ρ ∈ (0, ), we have (33) for H n−1 almost every y ∈ bdry B(x, ρ) and hence in particular also"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5106__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper derives explicit formulas for disarrangement densities in structured deformations, focusing on submacroscopic separations, switches, and interpenetrations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors employ relaxation techniques within a mathematical framework for structured deformations, confirming earlier results by Owen and Paroni 【1】."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5106__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study provides alternative proofs and new explicit formulas for disarrangement measures, significant for applications in continuum mechanics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The research also compares different relaxation schemes, showing that the same bulk disarrangement density arises from both the Choksi-Fonseca and Baía-Matias-Santos frameworks 【2】【3】."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5106__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__critique__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The findings have implications for modeling the effects of submacroscopic defects in solids 【4】."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5106__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper deals with the relaxation of energies of media with structured deformations introduced by Del Piero and Owen [1][2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Structured deformations provide a multiscale geometry that captures the contributions at the macrolevel of both smooth and nonsmooth geometrical changes (disarrangements) at submacroscopic levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The paper examines the special case of Choksi and Fonseca’s [3] energetics of structured deformations in which the unrelaxed energy does not contain the bulk contribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the energy is purely interfacial but of a general form."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "New formulas for the relaxed bulk and interfacial energies are proved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The bulk relaxed energy is shown to coincide with the subadditive envelope of the unrelaxed interfacial energy while the relaxed interfacial energy is the restriction of the envelope to rank-1 tensors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Moreover, it is shown that the minimizing sequence required to define the bulk energy in the relaxation scheme of Choksi and Fonseca [3] can be realized in the more restrictive class required in the relaxation scheme of Baía, Matias and Santos [4], thus establishing the equality of relaxed energies of the two approaches for general purely interfacial energies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0062__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The relaxations of the specific interfacial energies of Owen and Paroni [5] and Barroso, Matias, Morandotti and Owen [6] are simple consequences of our general results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1. Introduction"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper deals with the relaxation of nonclassical continua modeled as media with structured deformations introduced by Del Piero and Owen [1][2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In their original setting, a structured deformation is a triplet (K, g, G) of objects of the following nature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The set K ⊂ R3, the crack site, is a subset of vanishing Lebesgue measure of the reference region (cid:127), the map g : (cid:127) \\ K → R3, the deformation map, is piecewise continuously differentiable and injective, and G is a piecewise continuous map from (cid:127) \\ K to the set of invertible second-order tensors describing deformation without disarrangements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Within this context, simple deformations are triples (K, g, ∇g) where g is a piecewise smooth injective map with jump discontinuities describing partial or full separation of pieces of the body."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In view of this, in the general case of a structured deformation (K, g, G), the tensor H = ∇g − G, the deformation due to disarrangements, measures the departure of (K, g, G) from the simple deformation (K, g, ∇g)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Choksi and Fonseca [3] introduced into the theory of structured deformations energy considerations and the ideas of relaxation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For further studies in one- and multidimensional settings, see [7][8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is well-known that the existing techniques of relaxation of the calculus of variations and continuum mechanics are unable to cope with injectivity requirements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Accordingly, Choksi and Fonseca neglect the injectivity requirement; in addition, they assume weaker regularity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In their interpretation, structured deformations are pairs (g, G) where g : (cid:127) → Rn is a special Rn-valued map of bounded variation from the space SBV((cid:127)) and G : (cid:127) → Lin is an integrable Lin-valued map from the space Ł1((cid:127), Lin) [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, SD((cid:127)) := SBV((cid:127)) × Ł1((cid:127), Lin) is the set of all structured deformations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0066__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Structured deformations of the form (g, ∇g) with g ∈ SBV((cid:127)) are called simple deformations in this paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The relaxation starts from the energy"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "E(g) = \\int_{(cid:127)} W (∇g) dV + \\int_{J (g)} ψ([[g]], νg) dA"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "of a simple deformation g ∈ SBV((cid:127))"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here V and A are the Lebesgue measure and the (n − 1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure in Rn and ∇g is the absolutely continuous part of the derivative (= gradient) Dg of g, while the singular part Dsg := [[g]] ⊗ νg (cid:120) J (g) is a tensor-valued singular measure describing the discontinuities of g; that part is formed from the jump set J (g) ⊂ (cid:127) of g, the jump [[g]] of g on J (g) and the normal νg to J (g)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The reader is referred to (24), below, for a detailed description of these objects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The material is characterized by the bulk energy density W : Lin → R and the interfacial (or cohesion) energy ψ : Dn → R, where we denote Dn = Rn × Sn−1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The approximation theorem of Del Piero and Owen [1, Theorem 5.8] says that every structured deformation is a well-defined limit of simple deformations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the framework of Choksi and Fonseca [3] (see also [10]), this means that corresponding to each structured deformation (g, G) ∈ SD((cid:127)) there exists a sequence (gk, ∇gk) ∈ SD((cid:127)) (i.e., with gk in SBV((cid:127)))"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "gk → g in Ł1((cid:127), Rn),\n∇gk (cid:42)∗ G in M((cid:127), Lin),\nsup{|∇gk|Ł1((cid:127),Rn) : k = 1, . . . } < ∞."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The relaxed energy of a structured deformation (g, G) ∈ SD((cid:127)) is defined by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I (g, G) = inf{lim inf_{k→∞} E(gk) : gk ∈ SBV((cid:127)) satisfies (2)}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, a sequence approaching the above infimum realizes the most economical way to build up the deformation (g, G) using approximations in SBV."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The relaxation theorem of Choksi and Fonseca [3, Theorems 2.6 and 2.17, Remark 3.3] says that, under some assumptions on W and ψ (a particular case of which are Assumptions 2.1, below), the relaxed energy admits the integral representation"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I (g, G) = \\int_{(cid:127)} H (∇g, G) dV + \\int_{J (g)} h([[g]], νg) dA"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where H and h are some functions determined explicitly in the cited theorems (Theorem 2.2 presents formulas for H and h for a particular case)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper deals with the relaxation of energy functions E for which the bulk contribution vanishes, i.e., with energy functions of the form"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "E(g) = \\int_{J (g)} ψ([[g]], νg) dA"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for each g ∈ SBV((cid:127))."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The main result, Theorem 2.3, below, gives explicit descriptions of the functions H and h from (4) and applies them to give simplified proofs of two particular cases Examples 2.5 and 2.6 given previously in [5][6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2. The main result and examples"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We make the following standing hypotheses about ψ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2.1. Assumptions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(i) The function ψ : Dn → R is continuous."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(ii) We have ψ(−a, −b) = ψ(a, b) and 0 ≤ ψ(a, b) ≤ C1|a| for every (a, b) ∈ Dn and some C1 > 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(iii) The function ψ( · , ν) is subadditive and positively homogeneous for each ν ∈ Sn−1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To ease the statements of the results, we extend any function ζ : Dn → [0, ∞) to an identically denoted function ζ : Rn × Rn → [0, ∞) by homogeneity with respect to the second variable, i.e., by assuming that the extended function satisfies ζ (a, tb) = tζ (a, b) for any t ≥ 0 and (a, b) ∈ Rn × Rn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This convention applies in particular to the functions ψ and h."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We need some notation to formulate the main results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Let Q = (− 1/2, 1/2)^n, and for every M ∈ Lin, let wM : ∂ Q → Rn be given by wM (x) = M x for every x ∈ ∂ Q."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, if (a, b) ∈ Dn, let Qb be any cube with unit edge, center at 0 ∈ Rn and two faces normal to b, and let za,b : Qb → Rn be the map defined by za,b(x) = 1/2 a(sgn(x · b) + 1), x ∈ Qb."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, if u ∈ SBV((cid:127)), let us put (cid:57)(Dsu) := \\int_{J (u)} ψ([[u]], νu) dA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following statement is a particular case W = 0 of the relaxation theorem of Choksi and Fonseca [3, Theorems 2.6 and 2.17, Remark 3.3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2.2. Theorem."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The effective energies H and h are given by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "H (A, B) = inf{(cid:57)(Dsu) : u ∈ SBV(Q), u = wA on ∂ Q, \\int_{Q} ∇u dV = B}"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for each A, B ∈ Lin and"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "h(a, b) = inf{(cid:57)(Dsu) : u ∈ SBV(Qb), u = za,b on ∂ Qb, ∇u = 0 on Qb}"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for each (a, b) ∈ Dn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following theorem, the main result of this paper, shows that the functions H and h admit a much more explicit description in terms of a single function (cid:56)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2.3. Theorem."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The functions H and h in Theorem 2.2 are given by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "H (A, B) = (cid:56)(A − B),\nh(a, b) = (cid:56)(a ⊗ b)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for every A, B ∈ Lin and (a, b) ∈ Dn, where (cid:56) is a subadditive and positively homogeneous function on Lin defined by each of the following equivalent Assertions (i)–(iv); moreover, for dyadic arguments, we have an additional Assertion (v)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(i) (cid:56) is the biggest subadditive function on Lin satisfying (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) ≤ ψ(a, b) for every (a, b) ∈ Dn; i.e., (cid:56)(M) = sup{(cid:50)(M) : (cid:50) is subadditive on Lin and (cid:50)(a ⊗ b) ≤ ψ(a, b) for every (a, b) ∈ Dn}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(ii) For every M ∈ Lin, (cid:56)(M) = inf{\\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) : (ai , bi ) ∈ Dn, i = 1, . . . , m, \\sum_{i=1}^{m}"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ai ⊗ bi = M}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(iii) For every M ∈ Lin, (cid:56)(M) = inf{(cid:57)(Dsu) : u ∈ SBV(Q), u = wM on ∂ Q, ∇u = 0 on Q}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(iv) For every M ∈ Lin, (cid:56)(M) = inf{(cid:57)(Dsu) : u ∈ SBV(Q), u = wM on ∂ Q, \\int_{Q} ∇udV = 0}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(v) For arguments of the form a ⊗ b, where (a, b) ∈ Dn, (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) = inf{(cid:57)(Dsu) : u ∈ SBV(Qb), u = za,b on ∂ Qb, ∇u = 0 on Qb}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0105", "paragraph_index": 105, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0105__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proof of Theorem 2.3 is given in Sections 5 and 6, below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0106", "paragraph_index": 106, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0106__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2.4. Remarks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0107", "paragraph_index": 107, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0107__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(a) Since the pointwise supremum of any family of subadditive functions is subadditive (e.g., [11, Theorem 7.2.2]), (15) really defines a subadditive function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0108", "paragraph_index": 108, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0108__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(b) Among the above characterizations of (cid:56), the closely related novel forms (i) and (ii) must be considered as the most important."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0108__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The main advantage of (i) and (ii) is that they establish connections to the wealth of results of the convexity theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0108__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These will be employed to analyze the examples to be formulated below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109", "paragraph_index": 109, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(c) In one dimension, one can orient the normals to jumps to be always the vector +1 (rather than −1) and hence the dependence of ψ on the second variable can be suppressed: ψ = ψ(a), a ∈ R. Assumption 2.1(iii) then says that ψ is subadditive and positively homogeneous."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the subadditive envelope (cid:56) of ψ is ψ itself, and all mentions of a subadditive envelope can be avoided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is not the case if Assumption 2.1(iii) is relaxed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, working in one dimension, Del Piero [7][8] calculated the relaxation of the energy (1) with the interfacial energy ψ of a general form, avoiding Assumption 2.1(iii)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "His main result contains the subadditive envelope of ψ also."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In light of the above discussion, this envelope plays a different but related role."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0109__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The relaxation of a purely interfacial energy of a more general form than that postulated in Assumptions 2.1 in arbitrary dimension will be treated in a future paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0110", "paragraph_index": 110, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0110__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(d) The expressions in (iii)–(v) already occurred previously, albeit without noting that they are mutually equivalent and equivalent to (i) and (ii), except for some particular cases to be mentioned below."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0110__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The formula for H in (13a) with (cid:56) defined in (iv) and the formula for h in (13b) with (cid:56) defined in (v) are direct consequences of Choksi and Fonseca’s expressions in (11) and (12)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0110__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The formula for H with (cid:56) given by (iii) crops up in the relaxation schemes by Baía, Matias and Santos [4, (3.2)] and by Barroso, Matias, Morandotti and Owen [6, Theorem 3.2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0110__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The relaxation schemes in the last two papers require among other things higher regularity of structured deformations and are not strictly comparable with that of Choksi and Fonseca described above."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0111", "paragraph_index": 111, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0111__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(e) The infimum (iii) could be, in principle, bigger than (iv)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0111__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, the infima are generally the same."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0111__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This has been established previously in [6] for the special choices of ψ described in the following examples, which motivated the present study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0112", "paragraph_index": 112, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0112__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2.5. Example [5, Theorem 4, particular case L = I ]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0112__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If ψ| · |(a, b) = |a · b| and ψ±(a, b) = {a · b}± for every (a, b) ∈ Dn, where { · }+ and { · }− denote the positive and negative parts of a real number, then (cid:56)| · |(M) = |tr M|, (cid:56)±(M) = {tr M}± for every M ∈ Lin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0112__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The effective energies H| · |, H±, h| · | and h± are determined through (cid:56)| · | and (cid:56)± by (13)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0113", "paragraph_index": 113, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0113__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in [5], {tr M}+ is a volume density of disarrangements due to submacroscopic separations, {tr M}− is a volume density of disarrangements due to submacroscopic switches and interpenetrations, and |tr M| is a volume density of all three of these nontangential disarrangements: separations, switches and interpenetrations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0113__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The evaluation in [5] of H (equivalently, of (cid:56)) for (21) is rather complicated; a recent paper by Barroso, Matias, Morandotti and Owen [6] presents some simplification and the realization of the minimizing sequence in the narrower class (iv) in Theorem 2.3 mentioned earlier."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0113__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our version of the derivation, which includes the minimizing sequence from (iv) via Theorem 2.3 also, is given in Section 7."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0114", "paragraph_index": 114, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0114__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2.6. Example [6, (5.3)]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0114__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If ψ(a, b) = |a · p| for (a, b) ∈ Dn, where p ∈ Rn is a fixed vector, then (cid:56)(M) = |M T p| for any M ∈ Lin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0115", "paragraph_index": 115, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0115__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3. Notation and functions of bounded variation"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0116", "paragraph_index": 116, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0116__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We denote by Z the set of integers, by N the set of positive integers, by Sn−1 the unit sphere in Rn and by Lin the set of all linear transformations from Rn into itself, often identified with the set of n × n matrices with real elements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0116__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We use the symbols “ · ” and “| · |” to denote the scalar product and the euclidean norm on Rn and on Lin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0116__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The latter are defined by A · B := tr(ABT) and |A| = √(A · A) where AT ∈ Lin is the transpose of A and tr denotes the trace."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0117", "paragraph_index": 117, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0117__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A real-valued function f defined on a vector space X is said to be subadditive if f (x + y) ≤ f (x) + f (y) for every x, y ∈ X and positively homogeneous if f (t x) = t f (x) for every t ≥ 0 and x ∈ X."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0118", "paragraph_index": 118, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0118__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If (cid:127) is an open subset of Rn, we denote by Ł1((cid:127), Lin) the space of Lin-valued integrable maps on (cid:127)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0118__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We denote by M((cid:127), Lin) the set of all (finite) Lin-valued measures on (cid:127)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0118__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If µ ∈ M((cid:127), Lin), we denote by µ (cid:120) B the restriction of µ to a Borel set B ⊂ (cid:127)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0118__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If G, Gk ∈ Ł1((cid:127), Lin), k = 1, 2, ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0118__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": ". . , we say that Gk converges to G in the sense of measures, and write Gk (cid:42)∗ G in M((cid:127), Lin), if \\int_{(cid:127)} Gk · H dV → \\int_{(cid:127)} G · H dV for every continuous map H : Rn → Lin which vanishes outside (cid:127)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0119", "paragraph_index": 119, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0119__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We state some basic definitions and properties of the space BV((cid:127)) = BV((cid:127), Rn) of maps of bounded variation and of the space SBV((cid:127)) = SBV((cid:127), Rn), special maps of bounded variation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0119__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For more details, see [12][13][14][15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0120", "paragraph_index": 120, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0120__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We define the set BV((cid:127)) as the set of all u ∈ L 1((cid:127)) = L 1((cid:127), Rn) such that there exists a measure Du ∈ M((cid:127), Lin) satisfying \\int_{(cid:127)} u · div T dV = −\\int_{(cid:127)} T · dDu for each infinitely differentiable map T : Rn → Rn×n which vanishes outside some compact subset of (cid:127)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0120__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here div T is an Rn-valued map on (cid:127) given by (div T )i = \\sum_{j=1}^{n} Ti j, j , where the comma followed by an index j denotes the partial derivative with respect to j-th variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0120__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The measure Du is uniquely determined and called the weak (or generalized) derivative of u. We shall need the following form of the Gauss–Green theorem for BV: if (cid:127) is a domain with lipschitzian boundary and u ∈ BV((cid:127)), then there exists an integrable map u∂(cid:127) : ∂(cid:127) → Rn such that \\int_{(cid:127)} dDu = \\int_{∂((cid:127))} u∂(cid:127) ⊗ ν(cid:127) dA, where ν(cid:127) is the outer normal to ∂(cid:127)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0120__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The map u∂(cid:127) is determined within a change on a set of A measure 0 and is called the trace of u."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0121", "paragraph_index": 121, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0121__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We define the set SBV((cid:127)) as the set of all u ∈ BV((cid:127)) for which Du has the form Du = ∇u V (cid:120) (cid:127) + [[u]] ⊗ νu (cid:120) J (u) A where ∇u, the absolutely continuous part of Du, is a map in Ł1((cid:127), Lin) and the term Dsu := [[u]] ⊗ νu (cid:120) J (u) A on the right-hand side of (24) is called the jump (or singular) part of Du."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0121__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The objects J (u) ⊂ (cid:127), [[u]] : J (u) → Rn and νu : J (u) → Sn−1 are called the jump set of u, the jump of u and the normal to J (u), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0121__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here J (u) is the set of all x ∈ (cid:127) for which there exist νu(x) ∈ Sn−1 and u±(x) ∈ Rn such that we have the approximate limits u±(x) = ap lim_{y→x, y∈H ±(x,νu (x))} u(x), where H ±(x, νu(x)) = {y ∈ Rn : ±(y − x) · νu(x) > 0}. For a given x ∈ (cid:127), either the triplet (νu, u+, u−) = (νu(x), u+(x), u−(x)) does not exist or it is uniquely determined to within the change (νu, u+, u−) (cid:55)→ (−νu, u−, u+)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0121__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With one of these choices, one puts [[u]] = u+ − u− and notes that [[u]] ⊗ νu is unique."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0121__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, we denote by (cid:104)r (cid:105) the integral part of r ∈ R. Clearly, r − 1 ≤ (cid:104)r (cid:105) ≤ r, 0 ≤ r − (cid:104)r (cid:105) ≤ 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0122", "paragraph_index": 122, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0122__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Writing r = kt, where t ∈ R and k > 0, and dividing by k, we obtain 0 ≤ t − (cid:104)kt(cid:105)/k ≤ 1/k and hence (cid:104)kt(cid:105)/k → t as k → ∞ uniformly in t ∈ R."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0123", "paragraph_index": 123, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0123__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4. Preliminary results"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0124", "paragraph_index": 124, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0124__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We put"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0125", "paragraph_index": 125, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0125__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "C B (M) := {u ∈ SBV(Q) : u = wM on ∂ Q, ∇u = 0 on Q},"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0126", "paragraph_index": 126, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0126__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "B (M) := {u ∈ SBV(Q) : u = wM on ∂ Q, \\int_{Q} ∇u dV = 0}"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0127", "paragraph_index": 127, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0127__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "for any M ∈ Lin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0127__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We start with the following preliminary results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0128", "paragraph_index": 128, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0128__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4.1. Proposition."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0128__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If A, B ∈ Lin and u ∈ B (A) and v ∈ B (B), then u +v ∈ B (A + B) and (cid:57)(Dsu + Dsv) ≤ (cid:57)(Dsu) + (cid:57)(Dsv); if (J (u) ∩ J (v)) = 0, then we have the equality sign in (28)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0129", "paragraph_index": 129, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0129__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0129__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have J (u + v) = Ku ∪ Kv ∪ L where L = J (u) ∩ J (v), Ku = J (u) \\ K , Kv = J (v) \\ K ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0129__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Next, we observe that on L we have νu(x) = ±νv(x) for A-almost every x ∈ L; since we have a freedom in the choice of the sign of νv, we assume νu(x) = νv(x) and denote µ = νu on L. Then [[u + v]] ⊗ νu+v = [[u]] ⊗ νu on Ku, [[v]] ⊗ νv on Kv, ([[u]] + [[v]]) ⊗ µ on L."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0130", "paragraph_index": 130, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0130__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "By the subadditivity of ψ, ψ([[u]] + [[v]], µ) ≤ ψ([[u]], µ) + ψ([[v]], µ) = ψ([[u]], νu) + ψ([[v]], νv) and hence (30) provides ψ([[u + v]], νu+v) = ψ([[u]], νu) on Ku, ψ([[v]], νv) on Kv, ≤ ψ([[u]], νu) + ψ([[v]], νv) on L."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0131", "paragraph_index": 131, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0131__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Integrating over J (u + v) and using (29), we obtain (cid:57)(Dsu + Dsv) = \\int_{J (u+v)}"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0131__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ψ([[u"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0131__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "+ v]], νu+v) dA ≤ \\int_{Ku} ψ([[u]], νu) dA + \\int_{Kv} ψ([[v]], νv) dA + \\int_{L} ψ([[u]], νu) dA + \\int_{L} ψ([[v]], νv) dA = (cid:57)(Dsu) + (cid:57)(Dsv), which completes the proof of (28)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132", "paragraph_index": 132, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4.2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Remark."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If the interfacial energy density ψ has the special form ψ(a, b) = (cid:51)(a ⊗ b) where (cid:51) : Lin → [0, ∞) is a subadditive and positively homogeneous function, then (cid:57)(Dsu) is given by (cid:57)(Dsu) = (cid:51)(Dsu) where Dsu := [[u]] ⊗ νu (cid:120) J (u) is the singular part of the derivative Du of u and (cid:51)(Dsu) := \\int_{J (u)} (cid:51)([[u]] ⊗ νu) dA is an instance of Reshetnyak’s [16] functional µ (cid:55)→ (cid:51)(µ) of a measure µ ∈ M(Q, Lin); see, e.g., [12, (2.29)]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The subadditivity and positive homogeneity of (cid:56) (asserted in Theorem 2.3) is then an instance of the general result [12, Proposition 2.37] asserting the same properties of the functional µ (cid:55)→ (cid:51)(µ)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Indeed, if Mi ∈ Lin and ui ∈ B (Mi ), i = 1, 2, then u1 + u2 ∈ B (M1 + M2) and therefore (cid:56)(M1 + M2) ≤ (cid:51)(Ds(u1 + u2)) = (cid:51)(Dsu1 + Dsu2) ≤ (cid:51)(Dsu1) + (cid:51)(Dsu2); taking the infimum over all u1 ∈ B (M1) and u2 ∈ B (M2) gives (cid:56)(M1 + M2) ≤ (cid:56)(M1) + (cid:56)(M2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The positive homogeneity follows similarly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0132__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We note that the interfacial energies in Examples 2.5 and 2.6 have the form (31), but this is not the case generally."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0133", "paragraph_index": 133, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0133__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following elementary result records some formulas to be employed below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, null, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0134", "paragraph_index": 134, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0134__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4.3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0134__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Remark. Let (cid:127) ⊂ Rn be an open bounded set with lipschitzian boundary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0134__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A countable family (cid:127)α, α ∈ N, of pairwise disjoint subsets of (cid:127) with lipschitzian boundaries is said to be a partition of (cid:127) if one can write (cid:127) = \\bigcup_{α=1}^{∞} (cid:127)α to within a set of null Lebesgue measure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0134__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Let us agree to say that ϕ ∈ L 1((cid:127), R) is piecewise constant if there exists a partition (cid:127)α such that ϕ is constant on each (cid:127)α."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0134__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If να is the outer normal to (cid:127)α and if aα is the value of ϕ on (cid:127)α, then ϕ ∈ BV((cid:127), R) if and only if \\sum_{(α,β)∈I} \\int_{∂(cid:127)α∩∂(cid:127)β} |aα − aβ| dA < ∞, where I = {(α, β) ∈ N 2 : α < β, (∂(cid:127)α ∩ ∂(cid:127)β) > 0}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0135", "paragraph_index": 135, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0135__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If this is the case, we have the formulas J (ϕ) = \\bigcup_{(α,β)∈I} (∂(cid:127)α ∩ ∂(cid:127)β), [[ϕ]]νϕ = (aα − aβ)νβ on ∂(cid:127)α ∩ ∂(cid:127)β for any (α, β) ∈ I, Dϕ = [[ϕ]]νϕ (cid:120) J (ϕ) A , to within changes on sets of null measure."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0135__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The total variation (mass) M(Dϕ) of Dϕ is equal to the sum in (32)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136", "paragraph_index": 136, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Assume that (32) holds, and prove that ϕ ∈ BV((cid:127), R) and that the three formulas above hold."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We note that if (32) holds then µ := [[ϕ]]νϕ (cid:120) J (ϕ) is a (“finite”) measure in M((cid:127), Rn)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Let us prove that µ is the weak derivative of ϕ, which will also prove ϕ ∈ BV((cid:127), R)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, we have to prove that \\int_{(cid:127)} ϕ∇ f dV = −\\int_{J (ϕ)} f [[ϕ]] dA for every class-infinity function f with support in (cid:127)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The application of the Gauss–Green theorem to each of the sets (cid:127)α provides \\int_{(cid:127)α} ϕ∇ f dV ≡ aα \\int_{(cid:127)α} ∇ f dV = aα \\int_{∂(cid:127)α} f να dA. Summing these equations over all α and using that να = −νβ, one obtains (34) and hence we have ϕ ∈ BV((cid:127), R), (33) and all the remaining assertions of the remark."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0136__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The converse implication is proved by reversing the above arguments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0137", "paragraph_index": 137, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0137__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0137__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The function (cid:56)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0138", "paragraph_index": 138, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0138__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The goal of this section is to prove that the functions defined in items (i)–(iv) of Theorem 2.3 coincide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0138__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We denote these functions by (cid:56)1, (cid:56)2, (cid:56)3 and (cid:56)4, respectively, and prove that they are the same by establishing the cycle of relations (cid:56)1 ≥ (cid:56)2 ≥ (cid:56)3 ≥ (cid:56)4 = (cid:56)1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0139", "paragraph_index": 139, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0139__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "5.1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0139__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Proposition. ( cid:56)1 ≥ (cid:56)2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0140", "paragraph_index": 140, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0140__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0140__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is easy to show that (cid:56)2 is a subadditive function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0140__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, the definition of (cid:56)1 gives the assertion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0141", "paragraph_index": 141, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0141__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proof of the following lemma contains a construction of the central minimizing sequence uk ∈ C (M) for Theorem 2.3(iii)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0141__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This sequence will be defined as the superposition of (a slight modification of) the sequence of step deformations sk, k = 1, . . . , defined on Q by sk(x) = k−1a(cid:104)kx · b(cid:105), x ∈ Q. Clearly, ∇sk = 0, and in view of (27), sk(x) → a(x · b) on Q as k → ∞. Thus, sk satisfies the boundary condition sk = wa⊗b on ∂ Q in the asymptotic sense; however, the definition of C (a ⊗ b) requires the exact form of that boundary condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0141__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this reason, we have to slightly modify sk near the boundary ∂ Q without violating the equation ∇sk = 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0142", "paragraph_index": 142, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0142__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "5.2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0142__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lemma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0142__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If M ∈ Lin and (ai , bi ) ∈ Dn, i = 1, . ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0142__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": ". , m, satisfy M = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ai ⊗ bi , then there exists a sequence uk ∈ C (M), k = 1, . . . , such that lim sup_{k→∞} (cid:57)(Dsuk) ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0143", "paragraph_index": 143, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0143__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We refer to Remark 5.3 for a mild condition on the sequence (ai , bi ) that guarantees that the lim sup in (36) strengthens to lim and the inequality sign to the equality sign."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0144", "paragraph_index": 144, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0144__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0144__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We shall first construct the sequence uk for the particular case when M = a ⊗ b is a dyad and then superimpose the sequences corresponding to the dyads ai ⊗bi , i = 1, . . . , m, to obtain the general case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0144__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, let (a, b) ∈ Dn and construct a sequence uk ∈ C (a ⊗ b), k = 1, . . . , such that lim_{k→∞} (cid:57)(Dsuk) = ψ(a, b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0145", "paragraph_index": 145, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0145__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Introduce the sets Ck = (1 − k−2)Q, Ll = (1 − (l + 1)−2)Q \\ (1 − l−2)Q, k, l ∈ N, and observe that Q = Ck ∪ \\bigcup_{l=k}^{∞} Ll with mutually disjoint summands for any k ∈ N. Here the product t S of a set S ⊂ Rn and a real number t is defined by t S = {t x : x ∈ S}. Equation (39) presents a decomposition of Q into the main set Ck, which is a large subset of Q for large k, while L k, L k+1, . . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0145__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "present infinitely many rectangular layers filling the gap Q \\ Ck and becoming more and more refined towards the boundary of Q."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0146", "paragraph_index": 146, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0146__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We use these sets Ck, L k, L k+1, . . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0146__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "to define a sequence of scalar functions ϕk : Q → R, k = 2, . . . , by ϕk(x) = (k − 1)−2(cid:104)(k − 1)2x · b(cid:105) if x ∈ Ck, l−2(cid:104)l2x · b(cid:105) if x ∈ Ll for some l ≥ k."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0147", "paragraph_index": 147, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0147__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let us use Remark 4.3 to prove that ϕk ∈ BV(Q, R)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0147__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Clearly, ϕk is a piecewise constant function in the sense of that remark."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0147__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using (25a), one finds that x · b − 1 ≤ ϕk(x) ≤ x · b; hence, |ϕk| is bounded on Q and thus ϕk ∈ L 1(Q, R)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0147__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It remains to verify (32)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0148", "paragraph_index": 148, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0148__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let us show that in the present case (32) reads \\int_{J (ϕk )} |[[ϕk]]| dA < ∞, where J (ϕk) = C ◦ k ∪ \\bigcup_{l=k}^{∞} (L ◦ l ∪ L ∂ l ) is the jump set, with C ◦ k = {x ∈ Ck : k2x · b ∈ Z}, L ◦ l = {x ∈ Ll : l2x · b ∈ Z}, L ∂ l = (1 − l−2)∂ Q, and on J (ϕk) [[ϕk]]νϕk = (k − 1)−2b on C ◦ k, l−2b on L ◦ l where l ≥ k, ηlνk on L ∂ l where l ≥ k is the jump and normal to the jump set, with ηl(x) = l−2(cid:104)l2x · b(cid:105) − (l − 1)−2(cid:104}(l − 1)2x · b(cid:105) and with νk denoting the outer normal to the scaled cube (1−k−2)Q."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0149", "paragraph_index": 149, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0149__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Equations (42) and (45) follow from the identities given in Remark 4.3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0149__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One has to enumerate the regions of constancy of ϕk in an arbitrary way to obtain the system of sets (cid:127)α, α = 1, . . . , and use the formulas of that remark."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0149__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The details are left to the reader."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0149__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This establishes the equivalence of the inequalities (32) and (41)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0150", "paragraph_index": 150, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0150__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To prove that (41) really holds, one finds from (45) that \\int_{J (uk )} |[[ϕk]]| dA = (k − 1)−2 (C ◦ k A ) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} l−2 (L ◦ l A ) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} \\int_{L ∂ l } |ηl| dA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0151", "paragraph_index": 151, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0151__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We estimate the terms (C ◦ k A ), (L ◦ l A ) and \\int_{L ∂ l } |ηl| dA as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0151__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, prove that |(C ◦ k A ) − (k − 1)2 n(Ck)| ≤ 2n, |(L ◦ l A ) − l2 n(Ll)| ≤ 4n and hence (C ◦ k A ) ≤ 2n + (k − 1)2 n(Ck), (L ◦ l A ) ≤ 4n + l2 n(Ll)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0152", "paragraph_index": 152, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0152__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let us prove (48b); the proof of (48a) is similar."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0152__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Let ω : Ll → R be defined by ω(x) = l2x · b − (cid:104)l2x · b(cid:105), x ∈ Ll."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0152__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then ω ∈ BV(Ll, R), Dω = l2b − b A (cid:120) L ◦ l , and hence the Gauss–Green theorem yields Dω(Ll) = l2 n(Ll)b − b (L ◦ l A ) = \\int_{∂ Ll} ωνLl dA, from which |m n(Ll) − (L ◦ l A )| ≤ \\int_{∂ Ll} |ω| dA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0154", "paragraph_index": 154, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0154__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The estimates (49) and (51) and the formula (47) provide \\int_{J (uk )} |[[ϕk]]| dA ≤ 2n(k − 1)−2 + n(Ck) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} (4nl−2 + n(Ll)) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} 4n(l − 1)−2 ≤ 1 + 2n(k − 1)−2 + 8n \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} (l − 1)−2 < ∞, where we have used n(Ck) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} n(Ll) = n(Q) = 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0155", "paragraph_index": 155, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0155__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, we have (41); hence, ϕk ∈ BV((cid:127), R) for every k and Dϕk = [[ϕk]]νϕk A (cid:120) J (ϕk) and ∇ϕk = 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0156", "paragraph_index": 156, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0156__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, note that the boundary trace ϕ∂ k of ϕk on ∂ Q satisfies ϕ∂ k (x) = x · b for every x ∈ ∂ Q."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0157", "paragraph_index": 157, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0157__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While a rigorous proof of this can be given by using the essential limit of ϕk at x ∈ Q, we here only note that the definition of ϕk yields that lim_{j→∞} ϕk(x j ) = x · b for any x ∈ ∂ Q and any sequence x j ∈ Q converging to x. For this it suffices to note that in view of (39) one finds that x j must belong to some Ll for some l = l( j) ≥ k. The limit x j → x then implies that l(k) → ∞, and then the definition (40) and the formula (27) provide (54)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0158", "paragraph_index": 158, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0158__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We define the sequence uk : Q → Rn, k = 2, . . . , by uk(x) = aϕk(x) for every x ∈ Q. By ϕk ∈ SBV(Q, R) and by (52) and (53), we have uk ∈ C (a ⊗ b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0158__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, [[uk]] = [[ϕk]]a ⊗ νϕk ; consequently, by (45), ψ([[uk]], νuk ) = (k − 1)−2ψ(a, b) on C ◦ k, l−2ψ(a, b) on L ◦ l for any l ≥ k, ψ(ηla, νl) on L ∂ l for any l ≥ k and hence \\int_{J (uk )} ψ([[uk]], νuk ) dA = (k − 1)−2ψ(a, b) (C ◦ k A ) + ρk, where ρk = \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} l−2ψ(a, b) (L ◦ l A ) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} \\int_{L ∂ l } ψ(ηla, νl) dA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0159", "paragraph_index": 159, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0159__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dividing (48a) by (k − 1)2, we obtain (k − 1)−2 (C ◦ k A ) → 1 as k → ∞. Using (6), we obtain that the nonnegative number ρk is bounded by (a constant multiple of) the quantity dk = \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} l−2 (L ◦ l A ) + \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} \\int_{L ∂ l } |ηl| dA ≤ \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} n(Ll) + 2n(k − 1)−2 + 4n \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} (l − 1)−2 ≤ k−2 + 2n(k − 1)−2 + 4n \\sum_{l=k}^{∞} (l − 1)−2 and hence ρk → 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0159__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Equations (55) and (56) then yield (37)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0160", "paragraph_index": 160, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0160__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We now complete the proof in the general case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0160__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By the preceding part of the proof, for each i ∈ {1, . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0160__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": ". , m}, there exists a sequence ui k ∈ C (ai ⊗ bi , 0), k = 1, . . . , such that lim_{k→∞} (cid:57)(Dsui k ) = ψ(ai , bi )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0160__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Define uk := \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ui k for every k. By (28), (cid:57)(Dsuk) ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} (cid:57)(Dsui k )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0160__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "lim sup_{k→∞} (cid:57)(Dsuk) ≤ lim_{k→∞} \\sum_{i=1}^{m} (cid:57)(Dsui k ) = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) by (57)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0161", "paragraph_index": 161, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0161__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, taking the infimum over all sequences ai and bi , one obtains from the definition of (cid:56)2 the inequality (cid:56)3(M) ≤ (cid:56)2(M)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0161__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The inequality (cid:56)3 ≥ (cid:56)4 is immediate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0162", "paragraph_index": 162, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0162__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "5.5. Proposition. ( cid:56)4 = (cid:56)1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0163", "paragraph_index": 163, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0163__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0163__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We seek to prove that (cid:56)4 is the biggest subadditive function satisfying (cid:56)4(a ⊗ b) ≤ ψ(a, b) for any (a, b) ∈ Dn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0163__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To prove the subadditivity of (cid:56)4, let A, B ∈ Lin and u ∈ B (A) and v ∈ B (B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0163__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Proposition 4.1 and (17) yield u + v ∈ B (A + B) and (cid:56)4(A + B) ≤ (cid:57)(Dsu + Dsv) ≤ (cid:57)(Dsu) + (cid:57)(Dsv)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0163__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Taking the infimum over all u and v then gives the subadditivity (cid:56)4(A + B) ≤ (cid:56)4(A) + (cid:56)4(B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0164", "paragraph_index": 164, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0164__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next we note that the biggest subadditive function (cid:50) such that (cid:50)(a ⊗ b) ≤ ψ(a, b) for any (a, b) ∈ Dn is automatically positively homogeneous; thus, it suffices to prove the maximality of (cid:56)4 among all subadditive and positively homogeneous functions satisfying (60)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0164__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, let (cid:50) be such a function and let M ∈ Lin and u ∈ B (M)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0164__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then by (60) and by Jensen’s inequality for positively homogeneous subadditive functions, (cid:57)(Dsu) := \\int_{J (u)} ψ([[u]], νu) dA ≥ \\int_{J (u)} (cid:50)([[u]] ⊗ νu) dA ≥ (cid:50)(\\int_{J (u)} [[u]] ⊗ νu dA) = (cid:50)(M)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0165", "paragraph_index": 165, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0165__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Taking the infimum over all u ∈ B (M), we obtain (cid:56)4(M) ≥ (cid:50)(M)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0166", "paragraph_index": 166, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0166__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This proves (cid:56)1 = (cid:56)2 = (cid:56)3 = (cid:56)4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0166__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We define the function (cid:56) by (cid:56) = (cid:56)1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0167", "paragraph_index": 167, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0167__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0167__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Completion of the proof of Theorem 2.3"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0168", "paragraph_index": 168, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0168__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For this section, we put, for every (a, b) ∈ Dn, C(a, b) := {u ∈ SBV(Qb) : u = za,b on ∂ Qb, ∇u = 0 on Qb} and denote by (cid:56)5(a, b) the infimum in (19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0168__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We then extend (cid:56)5 to Rn × Rn by homogeneity in the second variable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0169", "paragraph_index": 169, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0169__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "6.1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0169__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Proposition."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0169__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We have H (A, B) = (cid:56)(A − B) for every A, B ∈ Lin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0170", "paragraph_index": 170, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0170__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0170__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We employ Theorem 2.2 and the definition of (cid:56) in (18)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0170__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Invoking (11), we take any u ∈ SBV(Q) satisfying u = wA on ∂ Q, and \\int_{Q} ∇u dV = B. Then v, given by v(x) = u(x) − Bx, x ∈ Q, satisfies v ∈ B (A − B) and (cid:57)(Dsu) = (cid:57)(Dsv)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0171", "paragraph_index": 171, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0171__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "6.2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0171__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lemma."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0171__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We have (cid:56)5(a, b) ≤ (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) for every (a, b) ∈ Dn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0172", "paragraph_index": 172, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0172__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof. Let (a, b) ∈ Dn, and let (ai , bi ) ∈ Dn, i = 1, . . . , m, be a sequence satisfying a ⊗ b = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ai ⊗ bi ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0172__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our goal is to construct a sequence uk ∈ C(a, b), k = 1, . . . , such that lim sup_{k→∞} \\int_{J (uk )} ψ([[uk]], νuk ) dA ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0173", "paragraph_index": 173, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0173__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To define uk, let P = {x ∈ Rn : x · b = 0} be the plane through the origin perpendicular to b, let (cid:53) be the projection from Rn onto P, let F = P ∩ Qb, and put Bk = {x ∈ Rn : (cid:53)(x) ∈ (1 − k−1)F, 0 ≤ x · b < k−1} for any k ∈ N. Define uk : Qb → Rn by uk(x) = vk(x) if x ∈ Bk, za,b(x) else, x ∈ Qb, where vk(x) = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} k−1ai (cid:104}k2x · bi (cid:105) for any x ∈ Rn and k ∈ N."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0174", "paragraph_index": 174, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0174__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Employing Remark 4.2, we see that uk ∈ SBV(Qb); furthermore, clearly, uk = za,b on ∂ Qb and ∇uk = 0 on Qb; hence, uk ∈ C(a, b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0175", "paragraph_index": 175, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0175__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We proceed to prove (63)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0175__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have J (uk) = Nk ∪ Mk ∪ L k ∪ Sk, where Nk = F \\ (1 − k−1)F, Mk = {x ∈ ∂ B : 0 < x · b < k−1}, Sk = {x ∈ Rn : (cid:53)(x) ∈ (1 − k−1)F, x · b = k−1}, L k = \\bigcup_{i=1}^{m} Li k where Li k = {x ∈ Bk : k2x · bi ∈ Z}."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0176", "paragraph_index": 176, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0176__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The jump of uk and the normal to the jump set are [[uk]](x)νuk (x) = k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ai ⊗ bi 1Li k (x) if x ∈ L k, a ⊗ b if x ∈ Nk, (a − vk(x)) ⊗ νk if x ∈ Mk, (a − vk(x)) ⊗ b if x ∈ Sk, x ∈ J (uk), where νk is the outer normal to Bk and 1Li k is the characteristic function of the set Li k. Hence, the subadditivity of ψ in the first variable yields \\int_{L k} ψ([[uk]], νuk ) dA ≤ k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) (Li k A ); consequently \\int_{J (uk )} ψ([[uk]], νuk ) dA ≤ k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) (Li k A ) + \\int_{Mk} ψ(a − vk(x)), νk) dA + \\int_{Sk} ψ(a − vk(x)), b) dA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0177", "paragraph_index": 177, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0177__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let us now analyze the terms on the right-hand side of (67)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0177__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using the considerations as in the proof of Lemma 5.2 (see (48) and (49)), one finds that k−1 (Li k A ) → 1 as k → ∞ for every i = 1, . . . , m. Thus, k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) (Li k A ) → \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0178", "paragraph_index": 178, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0178__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Further, ψ(a, b) (Nk) → 0 since, obviously, (Nk) → 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0179", "paragraph_index": 179, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0179__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next note that, by (62) and (26), |ka(x · b) − vk(x)| = |ka(x · b) − \\sum_{i=1}^{m} k−1ai (cid:104}k2x · bi (cid:105)| = |\\sum_{i=1}^{m} ai (x · bi ) − k−2ai (cid:104}k2x · bi (cid:105)| ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} |ai ||(x · bi ) − k−2(cid:104}k2x · bi (cid:105)| ≤ k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} |ai |."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0180", "paragraph_index": 180, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0180__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Then if x ∈ Mk, |a − vk(x)| ≤ |a − ka(x · b)| + |ka(x · b) − vk(x)| ≤ |a| + k|a||x · b| + k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} |ai | ≤ |a| + |a| + k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} |ai | since k|x · b| ≤ 1 on Mk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0180__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, |a − vk(x)| ≤ c < ∞ for any x ∈ Mk and any k = 1, . . . ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0180__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A combination with (6) and (Mk) → 0 then provides \\int_{Mk} ψ(a − vk(x)), νk) dA → 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0181", "paragraph_index": 181, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0181__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Similarly, if x ∈ Sk, then kx · b = 1 and hence |a − vk(x)| ≤ |ka(x · b) − vk(x)| ≤ k−1 \\sum_{i=1}^{m} |ai | → 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0181__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, (6) yields \\int_{Sk} ψ(a − vk(x)), b) dA → 0 since (Sk) ≤ 1 for all k. Consequently, a combination of (67) with (68)–(71) provides (63) and hence the definition of (cid:56)5 gives (cid:56)5(a, b) ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) for any sequence (ai , bi ) satisfying (62)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0181__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Taking the infimum of the right-hand side over all such sequences and using the definition of (cid:56)2 ≡ (cid:56), we obtain the assertion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0182", "paragraph_index": 182, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0182__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "6.3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0182__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lemma."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0182__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We have (cid:56)5(a, b) ≥ (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) for every (a, b) ∈ Dn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0183", "paragraph_index": 183, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0183__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof. Let u ∈ C(a, b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0183__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Then, by Jensen’s inequality, \\int_{J (u)} ψ([[u]], νu) dA ≥ \\int_{J (u)} (cid:56)([[u]] ⊗ νu) dA ≥ (cid:56)(\\int_{J (u)} [[u]] ⊗ νu dA) = (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) since the boundary condition u = za,b on ∂ Qb implies \\int_{J (u)} [[u]] ⊗ νu dA = a ⊗ b. That is, we have \\int_{J (u)} ψ([[u]], νu) dA ≥ (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) for every u ∈ C(a, b)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0183__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Taking the infimum, we obtain (cid:56)5(a, b) ≥ (cid:56)(a ⊗ b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0184", "paragraph_index": 184, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0184__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "6.4. Proposition."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0184__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have h(a, b) = (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) for every (a, b) ∈ Dn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0185", "paragraph_index": 185, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0185__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Proof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0185__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This follows immediately from (12) and (19)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0186", "paragraph_index": 186, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0186__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This completes the proof of Theorem 2.3."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0187", "paragraph_index": 187, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0187__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "7."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0187__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Derivation of the examples"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0188", "paragraph_index": 188, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0188__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Derivation of Example 2.5 and (21)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0188__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We consider ψ| · |(a, b) = |a · b| first and prove (21a)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0188__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clearly, the function (cid:50)(M) = |tr M| is a subadditive function satisfying (14) with ψ = ψ| · | and hence (16) gives (cid:56)| · |(M) ≥ |tr M| for any M ∈ Lin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0188__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To prove the opposite inequality, we note that the definition (15) of (cid:56)| · | gives ψ| · |(a, b) = (cid:50)(a ⊗ b) ≤ (cid:56)| · |(a ⊗ b) ≤ ψ| · |(a, b) for every (a, b) ∈ Dn and hence (cid:56)| · |(a ⊗ b) = |a · b| and in particular (cid:56)| · |(a ⊗ b) = 0 if a · b = 0, which determines (cid:56)| · | on tensor products a ⊗ b. As a consequence, if N ∈ Lin can be written as N = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ai ⊗ bi where (ai , bi ) ∈ Rn × Rn, i = 1, . . . , m, where ai · bi = 0 for all i = 1, . . . , m, then (cid:56)| · |(N ) = 0 since 0 ≤ (cid:56)| · |(N ) ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} (cid:56)| · |(ai ⊗ bi ) ≤ \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ(ai , bi ) = \\sum_{i=1}^{m} |ai · bi | = 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0189", "paragraph_index": 189, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0189__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine (cid:56)| · | on a general M ∈ Lin, we write M = A + W where A and W are the symmetric and skew parts of M. Let e1, . . . , en be an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of A with the eigenvalues λi ; hence, A = \\sum_{i=1}^{n} λi ei ⊗ ei ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0189__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Then M = B + N where B = (tr M)e1 ⊗ e1, N = W + \\sum_{i=2}^{n} λi (ei ⊗ e1 − e1 ⊗ ei − (e1 + ei ) ⊗ (e1 − ei ))."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0189__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since W is a linear combination of the dyads ei ⊗ e j , 1 ≤ i (cid:54)= j ≤ n, one sees that N is of the form (72)–(73) and hence (cid:56)| · |(N ) = 0; consequently (cid:56)| · |(M) ≤ (cid:56)| · |(B) + (cid:56)| · |(N ) = (cid:56)| · |(B) = ψ((tr M)e1, e1) = |tr M|."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0190", "paragraph_index": 190, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0190__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Equations 13 complete the proof of (21a)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0191", "paragraph_index": 191, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0191__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To prove the two equations in (21b), we employ (21a) and (21b) as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0191__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One has ψ±(a, b) = 1/2 (|a · b| ± a · b), and hence, if (ai , bi ) ∈ Dn and M ∈ Lin satisfy \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ai ⊗ bi = M, then \\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ±(ai , bi ) = 1/2 (\\sum_{i=1}^{m} ψ| · |(ai , bi ) ± tr M)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0192", "paragraph_index": 192, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0192__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Taking the infimum as in (16) and using the above evaluation of (cid:56)| · | gives (cid:56)±(M) = 1/2 ((cid:56)| · |(M) ± tr M) = 1/2 (|tr M| ± tr M) = {tr M}±, which is (21b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0193", "paragraph_index": 193, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0193__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Derivation of Example 2.6 and (23)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0193__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The function (cid:50)(M) = |M T p| is a subadditive function satisfying (14), and we obtain in the same way as in the proof of Example 2.5 that (cid:56)(M) ≥ |M T p| for any M ∈ Lin and (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) = |a · p| and in particular (cid:56)(a ⊗ b) = 0 if a · p = 0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0194", "paragraph_index": 194, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0194__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To prove (cid:56)(M) ≤ |M T p|, we assume without loss of generality that | p| = 1 and let { p, e2, . . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0194__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "en} be any orthonormal basis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0194__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In view of 1 = p ⊗ p + \\sum_{i=2}^{n} ei ⊗ ei , M = 1M = p ⊗ M T p + \\sum_{i=2}^{n} ei ⊗ M Tei ; normalizing the second members of the dyads, we obtain M = |M T p| p ⊗ sgn(M T p) + \\sum_{i=2}^{n} |M Tei |ei ⊗ sgn(M Tei )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0194__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The subadditivity of (cid:56) provides (cid:56)(M) ≤ (cid:56)(|M T p| p ⊗ sgn(M T p)) + \\sum_{i=2}^{n} (cid:56)(|M Tei |ei ⊗ sgn(M Tei )) = |M T p| by (74)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0194__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, (cid:56)(M) ≤ |M T p| and the proof of (23) is complete."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0195", "paragraph_index": 195, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0195__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Acknowledgments"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5106", "paragraph_id": "triad_5106__response__p0196", "paragraph_index": 196, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0196__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I thank David Owen for a detailed discussion on the previous version of this work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0196__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "His stimulating questions contributed to the final version of the results presented here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0196__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, David Owen and the two anonymous reviewers pointed out to me that it is possible to replace my original coercivity assumption on ψ in Assumption 2.1(ii) by mere nonnegativity, which is necessary to cover Examples 2.5 and 2.6 and which is possible by [3, Remark 3.3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5106__response__p0196__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I am also thankful for the support of the institutional research plan RVO 67985840."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5106/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2009232900_W3098841818_W2725778862", "triad_name": "triad_5106", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5106__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An invited commentary on this article appears on page 1887, and the authors' response appears on page 1890."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prenatal maternal smoking is an established risk factor for lower birth weight and reduced fetal growth, and it is associated with increased risk of major childhood diseases such as asthma, obesity, and cancers (1-3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A complex chemical mixture of over 7,000 compounds make up cigarette smoke, including known reproductive toxicants such as carbon monoxide, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and nicotine."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although prenatal maternal cigarette smoke is a well-recognized risk factor for reduced fetal growth, mechanisms are only partially understood and might include both direct effects on the fetus and morphological and func- tional changes to the placenta (4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "DNA methylation (DNAm), occurring mostly at cytosine- phosphate-guanine dinucleotides (CpG sites), can involve exten- sive erasure, rewriting, and reprogramming during embryogene- sis and cellular differentiation (5)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This reprogramming phase might pose a susceptibility window for early nutritional and environmental cues to program future health trajectories of newborns by altering cellular structure, lineage commitment, physiology, and metabolic functions, a hypothesis known as fetal programming (6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For instance, prenatal smoking has been consistently associated with altered cord blood DNAm of several genes (7-10)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Previous studies have shown that cord blood DNAm variability associated with prenatal 1878 Am J Epidemiol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2019;188(11):1878-1886"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Methylation of DNA is vastly cell-type specific, and early environmental influences on the epigenome are likely tissue- and cell-type specific (17)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, investigating the role of target tissue in epigenetic studies is critical (18)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The placenta is the master regulator of the fetal environment, with active endocrine and metabolic functions, synthesizing hormones and regulating nutrient and waste exchange (19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nicotine, a parasympathomi- metic stimulant and primary constituent of tobacco smoke, acts as a vasoconstrictor reducing intervillous placental blood flow, increases hypoxia, and interferes with placental development (20, 21)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, many other reproductive toxicants present in cigarette smoke cross the placenta, exposing the fetus, and some accumulate within placental structures (22)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Consequently, the placenta might be particularly susceptible to prenatal tobacco smoke and a target tissue to mediate asso- ciations with fetal growth."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In this study, we hypothesized that DNAm variability of the placenta associated with prena- tal maternal smoking early in pregnancy would mediate the established association of prenatal smoking and lower infant birth weight."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Study participants were selected from the Genetics of Glu- cose Regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G) cohort, a prospective prebirth cohort recruited between January 2010 and February 2014 in Sherbrooke, Canada."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We recruited expecting mothers during the first trimester of pregnancy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They were eligi- ble for enrollment if they were 18 years of age or older, had a singleton pregnancy, did not have prepregnancy diabetes based on medical history and screening, and planned to deliver at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For the present study, mother-infant pairs were selected if they consented to placental tissue collection for DNA isolation and had >37 weeks of gestation at delivery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Gen3G cohort has been previously described (23)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mothers provided written informed consent prior to enrollment in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Study protocols were approved by the ethical review board from the Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Placental tissue from the fetal side was collected by trained staff within 30 minutes of delivery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A 1-cm 3 sample of placental tissue was collected approximately 5 cm from the umbilical cord insertion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Placental samples were subsequently stored at −80°C until DNA extraction occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We purified DNA from placen- tal samples using the All Prep DNA/RNA/Protein Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, Maryland)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Purity of extracted DNA was evaluated using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 UV/ Visible; Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, New Jersey)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the first research visit, occurring at a mean of 9.4 (stan- dard deviation (SD), 2.3) weeks of gestation, trained staff admin- istered standardized questionnaires to participating women to collect medical and lifestyle history, including smoking behav- ior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Participants were classified as current smokers or not cur- rent smokers (which included past smokers) based on self- report at this visit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Within 2 hours of delivery, birth weight was measured in grams with an electronic scale in the hospital, fol- lowing standard clinical protocol, by obstetrical nurses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Epigenome-wide DNAm measurements were performed on placental DNA and quantified using the Infinium Methylatio- nEPIC BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, California), measuring over 850,000 CpGs at a nucleotide resolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data processing and cleaning have been described previously and in the Web Appendix (available at https://academic.oup.com/aje) (24)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We report demographic characteristics using means and stan- dard deviations or proportions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We conducted epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of self-reported prenatal maternal smoking behavior by fitting linear regression models using lim- ma for each CpG on the β-value scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Confounding factors were selected a priori based on EWAS recommendations (25)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We controlled for exposure-mediator (maternal age), mediator- outcome (sex, parity, gestational age, and cell-type/DNAm het- erogeneity), and exposure-outcome (maternal body mass index, calculated as weight (kg)/height (m 2 )) confounding (Web Fig- ure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We examined models adjusting for cell-type/DNAm het- erogeneity estimated using latent-factors from ReFACTor (26), a reference-free adjustment method, using the first 10 principal components selected by visual inspection (Web Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We used quantile-quantile plots of P values from EWAS to inspect genomic inflation and calculated genomic inflation factors (λ)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used Manhattan and volcano plots to report EWAS results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We selected CpGs as candidate mediators if they were associ- ated with prenatal maternal smoking or birth weight in both crude and ReFACTor-adjusted models (Bonferroni-adjusted P < 6.94 × 10 −8 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We selected candidate CpG mediators found in both crude and ReFACTor-adjusted models to ensure repro- ducibility, given that reference-free methods have varying as- sumptions (27)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For each individual candidate CpG mediator, we fitted 2 lin- ear regression models: 1) the mediator model, with DNAm of the CpG as the outcome and prenatal smoking as a predictor, adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, parity, gestational age, sex, and the 10 principal components from ReFACTor; and 2) the outcome model, with birth weight as the outcome and prenatal smoking as a predictor, adjusting for the mediator, DNAm of the CpG, and the covariates from the first model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In mediation analyses, we adjusted for multiple comparisons using a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5% (<0.05) for the aver- age causal mediated effect tests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among the CpGs selected (FDR < 0.05), we tested for the exposure-mediator interaction using P < 0.10."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To test for statistical mediation, we used a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/188/11/1878/5566169 by Stanford University user on 03 October 2025 counterfactual framework to estimate the direct and indirect effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This method is implemented in the mediation package in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Aus- tria) (28)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We used 100,000 simulations to report estimates and 95% confidence intervals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, we tested for mediation among 3 CpGs previ- ously reported to mediate the association of smoking and birth weight in placenta (16)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For mediators found in our placenta analyses, we tested for mediation on 437 paired cord blood samples from our same cohort also measured with the Methy- lationEPIC array."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our approach to mediation analysis assumes the sequential ignorability assumption: that there is no unmeasured confound- ing of the exposure-outcome, mediator-outcome, exposure- mediator relationships and that none of the mediator-outcome confounders are affected by the exposure (29)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We visually in- spected violation of this assumption by estimating correlations (ρ) between the residuals of the mediator and outcome regres- sion for which direct and indirect effects would be zero."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We checked for outliers and assumptions of linear regression mod- els for mediation using regression diagnostic plots; all models reasonably met assumptions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among all candidate CpG mediators, we conducted KEGG biological pathway enrichment analyses using missMethyl with probe density bias correction (30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also performed enrich- ment of candidate CpG mediators to test the likely tissue/cell of origin of findings using eFORGE (https://eforge.altiusinstitute. org/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We performed data analyses using R, version 3.5.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We analyzed a total of 441 mother-infant pairs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At enrollment, mean maternal age was 28.3 (SD, 4.3) years and body mass index was 25.4 (SD, 5.6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All pregnant women were white, 48.5% were primiparous, and 38 (8.6%) reported currently smoking at the first research visit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Of the newborns, 52.6% were male; the mean ges- tational age was 39.5 (SD, 1.04) weeks, and mean birth weight was 3,443 (SD, 422.7) g (Table 1)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Prenatal maternal smoking was associated with a 175-g lower birth weight (95% confidence interval (CI): −305.5, −44.8) after adjustment for maternal age, body mass index, parity, gestational age, sex, and cell-type/ DNAm heterogeneity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Results remained consistent in crude and partially adjusting models or when using birth-weight-for- gestational-age z scores (Web Table 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prenatal maternal smoking was associated with placental DNAm at 89 CpGs (Bonferroni-adjusted P < 6.94 × 10 −8 ) in models adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, par- ity, gestational age, and sex."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further adjustment for cell-type/ DNAm heterogeneity yielded 153 differentially methylated CpGs (Bonferroni-adjusted P < 6.94 × 10 −8 ) (Figure 1A; Web Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Effect sizes ranged from 29.8% lower DNAm (cg27402634; the leucine, glutamate, and lysine rich 1 gene (LEKR1)) to 16.5% greater DNAm (cg11051192; polyhomeo- tic homolog 1 (PHC1)) in the placenta of prenatal smokers compared to nonsmokers (Figure 1B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For mediation analyses, we tested 71 CpGs individually as candidate mediators found to be differentially methylated (Bonferroni-adjusted P < 6.94 × 10 −8 ) in crude models and models adjusting for cell-type/DNAm heterogeneity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The 71 CpGs were annotated to genes enriched (FDR < 0.05) within the notch signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and the human papillomavirus infection pathway (Web Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 71 CpGs associated with smoking were enriched in DNAse I hypersensitivity sites of fetal placental tissues (Web Figure 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Genomic annotation and summary results from fully adjusted EWAS analyses of prenatal smoking for the 71 CpGs con- sidered as candidate mediators are reported in Web Table 3."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found 7 CpGs mediating the association between prena- tal maternal smoking and birth weight (FDR < 0.05; adjusted for 71 comparisons)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among these 7 CpGs, we observed exposure-mediator interaction for 5 (P < 0.10), as shown in Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As shown in Table 3, among mediators interacting with prenatal smoking, cg14160212 (located within 151 base pairs of the myelodysplastic syndrome 2 translocation-associated protein (MDS2) gene) had a mediated effect of 280-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −478, −102) for smokers but no mediating effect for nonsmokers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, cg22638236 annotated to the pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 1 protein gene (PBX1) had a mediated effect of 301-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −543, −86) for smokers but no mediated effect for nonsmokers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "DNAm of cg20385913 (within 5,569 base pairs of the cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily a member 2 (CYP1A2) gene) had a mediated effect of 244-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −457, −49) for smokers and no mediating effect for nonsmokers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "DNAm of cg11280108 (located within 3,609 base pairs of Vpr (HIV-1) binding protein (VPRBP)) had a mediated effect of 185-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −363, −25) for smokers and no mediated effect in nonsmokers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Last, cg01883283 annotated to the WW domain binding protein 1-like gene (WBP1L) had a mediated effect of 135-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −246, −34) among smokers only."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "As noted in Table 2, no exposure-mediator interac- tion was observed for cg23878024, with an average mediated effect of 86-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −144, −34), and Distribution of DNAm levels among the 7 mediating CpGs are shown in raincloud plots (Web Figure 5) and according to smoking status on boxplots (Web Figure 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Mediation analysis using birth-weight-for-gestational-age z scores as the outcome, instead of birth weight, yielded consistent results (Web Table 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0020__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Using 437 paired cord blood samples, we did not observe medi- ated effects at the 7 CpGs (Web Table 5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For comparability, we examined CpGs previously reported to mediate smoking-birth weight associations by placental DNAm in, to our knowledge, the only EWAS performed to date (16) and observed a consistent average causal mediated effect of 145-g lower birth weight (95% CI: −258, −36) for cg27402634 annotated to the leucine, glutamate, and lysine rich 16), possibly due to single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the probes (cg20340720, cg12294026) that might differ by minor allele frequency (Web Tables 6 and 7)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Another important difference is that we used the MethylationEPIC array covering over 400,000 new CpGs located mostly at regulatory elements compared to the 450K previously used (31)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In sensitivity analyses of the mediated effect estimates, the sequential ignorability assumption might be violated for resid- ual correlations of the mediator and outcome regressions far from the observed estimated mediated effects for all 7 CpGs (Web Figure 7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prenatal maternal smoking is an established risk factor for lower birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here we report our finding that placental DNAm of genes associated with prenatal maternal smoking mediated the association with reduced birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We observed interaction with 5 of the 7 CpGs found."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This resulted in a strong mediated effect among smokers and null, attenuated effects for nonsmokers for 5 out of the 7 CpGs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our results suggest that DNAm variability in the placenta associated with prenatal mater- nal smoking might play an active role in the well-established association of prenatal smoking and low birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Our results also highlight the need to consider exposure-mediator interac- tions in epigenetic studies as a relevant biological and statistical model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We observed several exposure-mediator interactions sug- gesting that prenatal maternal smoking must be present for the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/188/11/1878/5566169 by Stanford University user on 03 October 2025 mediator, placental DNAm, to affect birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a prime example of a mediated interaction, plausible for biologi- cal mechanisms and models (32)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A mediated-interaction epige- netic model is supported by previous studies that demonstrate epigenetic malleability associated with environmental expo- sures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, we have found that epigenetic variability associated with prenatal environmental exposures at birth might be attenuated as children age (33, 34)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, in a ran- domized trial it was demonstrated that DNAm variability asso- ciated with prenatal maternal smoking in placenta, cord blood and buccal cells can be restored to \"normal\" DNAm levels comparable to that of infants born to nonsmoking mothers after vitamin-C supplementation (35)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This reversibility of the medi- ated effect supports the hypothesis that prenatal maternal smok- ing must be present for DNAm to affect birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This concept of mediated interaction has been proposed to more accurately reflect phenomena observed in models of disease (32)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0024__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We propose that a mediated-interaction model is highly relevant to epigenetic studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The strongest CpG mediator was annotated to PBX1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "PBX1 encodes a nuclear protein that belongs to the PBX homeobox family of transcriptional factors, widely transcribed throughout the developing murine embryo and essential for skeletal pattern- ing and programming (36)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The PBX1 gene regulates osteoblast differentiation by altering chromatin structures and regulating transcription of bone specific genes (37)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A previous EWAS of cord blood reported greater DNAm of a genomic region in PBX1 to be strongly associated with higher birth weight for gestational age (38)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In adults, higher urinary nicotine equiva- lents among smokers were associated with greater leukocyte DNAm at CpGs near PBX1 (39)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a large study of adults, PBX1 DNAm of leukocytes associated with current body mass index across multiple cohorts, and this association was repli- cated for DNAm of adipose tissue (40)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Whether or not PBX1 DNAm of placenta at birth is relevant for future child adiposity remains to be tested."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prenatal smoking was also associated with 6.3% lower DNAm at cg01883283 annotated to WBP1L and mediated asso- ciations with birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Placental DNAm of this gene has been linked to prenatal smoking at a nearby CpG within 145 base pairs of our site (8.7% lower DNAm at cg20340720) (16)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, in this previous study, no evidence of a mediated effect between prenatal smoking and birth weight was found for cg20340720."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Another CpG mediator, cg24005876, annotated to the cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6) gene, is member of the serine/threonine protein kinases family and a critical regulator of cell cycle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The CDK6 gene has been shown to play an important role in the development of polyploidy as well as stromal decid- ualization (41)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a study of human term placentas, CDK6 mRNA was modestly correlated with infant birth weight (r = 0.33) (42)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This gene also covers a susceptibility loci for lung cancer shown to interact with smoking status/history (43)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CYP1A2 is involved in the metabolism of pharmacologi- cal compounds as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in cigarette smoke (44)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The CYP1A2 enzyme is induced by tobacco smoke, shown to be primarily mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (45)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Placental CYP1A2 expression has been de- tected in first trimester but not full-term placentas (46)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "From candidate gene studies, lower placental DNAm of the CYP1A1 gene, another CYP family member, has been consistently asso- ciated with prenatal smoking (47-49)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, prenatal maternal smoking has been consistently reported to be associ- ated with differential DNAm near CYP1A1 in cord blood analyses, as well as in an EWAS of placenta (9, 16)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Less is known about DNAm of cg11280108 within 3,611 base pairs of the Homo sapiens VPRBP gene but this region has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation, chromatin remo- deling, and oocyte survival and programming (50-52)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Much less is known about DNAm or placental expression of cg14160212 (myelodysplastic syndrome 2 translocation-associated pro- tein (MDS2)) or cg23878024 (CD28), and these CpGs did not directly annotate to genes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The underlying genetic archi- tecture could also influence observed results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, only one of our mediators (cg01883283; WBP1L) was located within 500 kb of a birth-weight single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs74233809) (53)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A previous study performed an EWAS of prenatal mater- nal smoking and placental DNA, investigating the mediated effect of DNAm (16)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this study, cg27402634 (LEKR1) ex- plained up to 36% of the association between prenatal smoking and lower birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our cohort, cg27402634 had the strongest association with prenatal smoking but did not reach an FDR < 0.05 for the average mediated effect."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We did observe a similar mediated effect of 145-g lower birth weight post hoc, but contrary to the previous study, an exposure-mediator inter- action was present at this site."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although we did not observe mediation for the other 2 CpGs reported by Morales et al. ( 16) (cg25585967 and cg12294026) within the trio rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (TRIO) gene body, they were con- sistently associated with greater placental DNAm for smokers with similar magnitudes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our results highlight that prenatal maternal smoking signatures of placenta DNAm are distinct of cord blood signatures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, using paired cord blood samples from our study we found no evidence of mediation at the 7 discovered CpGs from placenta."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We compared the 71 CpGs associated with maternal smoking in placenta to 6,073 CpGs (8) previously reported from meta-analyses of cord blood and found that only 1 CpG (cg21992501; tetratricopeptide repeat domain 27 (TTC27)) positively associated with smoking in our placenta samples and in the meta-analyses of cord blood."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our study has several important limitations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In DNAm studies with exposure misclassification, it has been demonstrated that DNAm of CpGs could serve as better biomarkers of the exposure than self-report, thereby increasing the type I error rate, underesti- mating the direct effect, and overestimating mediated effects (54)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also did not collect objective exposure biomarkers, and it is possible that our estimated mediated effects are inflated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, self-reported smoking during pregnancy had high sen- sitivity (97.6%) and specificity (100%) compared with plasma cotinine in a comparable Canadian population (55) and other large cohorts (56)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Another important limitation is that we did not ascertain sustained smoking throughout pregnancy-women could have stopped smoking after the first research visit-or ex- posure to secondhand smoke."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Future studies should consider the impact of periconceptional paternal smoking and its impact on germ cell DNAm and on the infant's epigenome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Timing of ex- posure, mediator, and outcome ascertainment is an important limitation of our study-women could have continued to Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/188/11/1878/5566169 by Stanford University user on 03 October 2025 smoke throughout pregnancy and placental DNAm levels could have changed until birth, when birth weight was mea- sured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, in the general Canadian population, approxi- mately 53% of women quit smoking by the third trimester of pregnancy (57), so it is likely that most women in our study quit by the third trimester."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Additionally, placental DNAm profiles are largely established in early gestation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our assumptions are that smoking in early pregnancy influences DNAm of placental genes that are established in early gestation, thereby influencing fetal growth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, it is possible that fetal growth influences placenta DNAm."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, our results must be interpreted in light of the timing of exposure and DNAm measurements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An important strength of our approach is the implementation of the counterfactual framework in mediation analysis to esti- mate effects in the presence of exposure-mediator interactions as a relevant biological model for epigenetic epidemiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, statistical mediation might not accurately reflect underlying causal biological processes such as transcriptional memory or cell lineage commitment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, our results do not necessarily reflect a causal biological mechanism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Future studies could also develop epigenetic biosensors of prenatal smoking from placenta DNAm signatures that might serve as biomarkers of the prenatal environment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, in this cohort, we observed that placental DNAm variability at specific loci associated with prenatal mater- nal smoking might mediate the association with lower birth weight within biologically relevant genes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Placental DNAm mediators annotated to the PBX1 gene, involved in skeletal pat- terning and programming; CYP1A2 gene, whose activity is induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke; CDK6, whose expression in placenta has been associ- ated with birth weight and stromal decidualization; and the WBP1L gene, previously shown to be differentially methylated in the placenta of smokers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, we report evidence of signifi- cant exposure × mediator interactions and propose this to be highly relevant model for epigenetic epidemiology."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_235__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A substantial body of literature has shown robust associations between prenatal smoking exposure and DNA methylation levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The pattern of DNA methylation can be used as a molecular signature of past prenatal smoking exposure and might also provide mechanistic insights into associations between prenatal smoking exposure and adverse health outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this issue of the Journal, Cardenas et al. [ 6] evaluated whether DNA methylation mediates the association between prenatal smoking and low birth weight in a tissue that is mechanistically relevant to birth weight—the placenta—using formal mediation analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They found that methylation levels, at 5 loci, mediated smoking exposure effects on birth weight but only among children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Given the use of formal mediation methods and measurement in a mechanistically relevant tissue, this work has the potential to inform novel directions for intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Replication of these findings in larger and more racially and ethnically diverse samples, repeated measures to better tease apart the timing of DNA methylation changes with respect to exposure and birth weight, and continued use of intervention-focused mediation methods are needed before the impact of these findings will be fully realized."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since the publication of Joubert et al. 's [1] seminal work showing a replicable epigenetic signature of prenatal smoking exposure in the cord blood of newborns, epidemiologists and pediatricians, among many others, have been excited about the potential implications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Joubert et al. performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) that identified DNA methylation at 26 specific loci across the genome that showed statistically significant differences in cord blood methylation among infants from Norway between those whose mothers smoked tobacco during pregnancy and those whose mothers did not smoke."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The methylation effect estimates for these same 26 loci were remarkably similar in cord blood samples from infants in North Carolina, showing a measurable biological impact of prenatal environmental experiences that can be detected after birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This was reinforced by later work showing similar findings in peripheral blood collected during early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood [2-5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These highly robust association findings between prenatal smoking exposure and DNA methylation at birth or later in life are exciting for 2 reasons: 1) they suggest that environmental biomarkers of prenatal exposures can be measured from samples obtained much later than the prenatal window, thus expanding opportunities to examine prenatal origins of health using cohorts and other samples for whom exposure information was not obtained during that window; and 2) they offer the possibility that DNA methylation changes might mediate prenatal exposure effects on child health outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A methylation-mediated mechanism could further inform prevention strategies beyond existing guidelines to cease smoking during pregnancy or could inform strategies to ameliorate harmful effects in the child after exposure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, several key issues must be addressed when considering mechanistic implications of methylation, including tissue specificity, timing, and design and analytical tools applied to specific mechanistic questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A first consideration is that DNA methylation patterns are tissue- and cell-type specific, such that information from blood samples might not be relevant to mechanisms that involve other tissue types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is part of the purpose of epigenetic machinery: to define the pattern of genes that should be “on” or “off” in particular cells and organs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, blood-based DNA methylation measurement might not be a direct indicator of exposure-disease mechanisms if blood is not a primarily involved tissue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Epigenetic measurement in other tissue types would be necessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Second, epigenetic marks are dynamic over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This provides a mechanism for cells to respond to their environment and to control key developmental functions (e.g., so that a fetal brain grows rapidly but doesn’t continue to grow in adulthood)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thus, timing of the epigenetic measurement is critical to a mechanistic interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Given these caveats, the robust previous findings of association between a prenatal smoking exposure and infant or childhood DNA methylation in blood might not necessarily inform the mechanism of risk for outcomes where blood is not the primary affected tissue or when methylation state at birth—or at a particular postnatal age—might not be relevant to the mechanistic timing of epigenetic influence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0037__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Mechanistic insights require examination of the epigenetic patterns in specific tissues and specific developmental windows."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Beyond these considerations, there has to date also been a paucity of appropriate design and analytical approaches that specifically evaluate DNA methylation as a mediator of exposure-outcome associations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous studies have shown associations between prenatal smoking and DNA methylation, and separately between DNA methylation and child health outcomes, including preterm birth and birth weight, yet these have rarely been examined together via formal mediation analyses and with appropriate prospective data collection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this issue of the Journal, Cardenas et al. [ 6] address these limitations by estimating causal mediation effects of DNA methylation in the relationship between prenatal smoking exposure and low birth weight in the child."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instead of cord blood, they measured DNA methylation in placenta, a developmental tissue highly relevant to fetal growth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They tested 720,077 loci in the genome and found statistically significant methylation differences between smokers and nonsmokers at 71 of those loci."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They further tested for epigenetic mediation using the mediated interaction decomposition methods of VanderWeele [7] and reported mediated interaction at 5 specific locations in the genome (cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites), where the mediated association of maternal smoking through methylation to birthweight was detectible only in the presence of maternal smoking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These results suggest that methylation levels at specific CpG sites, in a tissue that is directly relevant to birth weight, might mediate the effects of prenatal smoking on birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If true, this would suggest methylation as a potential target of intervention to prevent low birth weight among mothers who smoke in pregnancy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is encouraging to see an application of formal mediation analysis in this context, particularly for a growth-relevant tissue type, and measurement of exposure, methylation, and outcome in a plausible timing sequence to infer directional mediated effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The potential importance of this work would be the implication that methylation could serve as a biologic target for future prevention/intervention efforts to prevent low birth weight, particularly among mothers who smoke."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because DNA methylation is modifiable, there is some promise to this line of thinking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, much is left to do before the promise of such a finding can be realized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As with all moderately sized genome-scale discovery approaches, larger samples and greater precision of effect sizes is needed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Assuming that epigenome-wide association study results trend similarly to analogous genome-wide association study (GWAS) pursuits, much larger samples will be needed to define reliable effect sizes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Further, there are likely many placental CpG sites that truly associate with prenatal smoking and/or with low birth weight that could not be detected in this current sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0040__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Consistent, yet small, risk effects in GWAS have tended not to emerge until tens to hundreds of thousands of samples were included in pooled or meta-analyses [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Like genetic studies, DNA methylation studies are also susceptible to confounding by ancestry as well as to heterogeneity of effects by ancestry and environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The sample in Cardenas et al. is restricted to one ancestry and cultural/environmental context, so it might not be generalizable to different genetic backgrounds or prenatal environmental contexts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, few of the previously reported placenta DNA methylation CpG sites associated with maternal smoking [9] showed similar effect sizes in this current sample, potentially due to differences in context."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This highlights the need for larger and more diverse samples in future discovery and replication studies, while also protecting against confounding by ancestry among other sources of confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Race- and ethnicity-specific findings will be important to inform population-relevant intervention strategies and to ensure equity in this type of research."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are a few other points to consider that might be fruitful in future directions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, there is evidence that methylation might act in coordinated ways, such that a single CpG site is less relevant than a group of nearby, or even translocated, CpGs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This would imply that, rather than considering each CpG in a separate set of association and mediation analyses, machine-learning or spatially informed sets of CpG methylation might be the best unit of inquiry."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the analytical approach used by Cardenas et al. [ 6] provides strong statistical evidence for mediation effects but does not overcome concerns regarding the timing of the exposure, DNA methylation, and birth weight measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Methylation in placenta is essentially measured at the same time as the outcome, although it presumably reflects recent methylation states during pregnancy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same can be argued for the timing overlap of exposure and placental methylation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The lack of longitudinal measures for each these factors over the course of pregnancy makes true causal inference hard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Emerging methods using extracellular vesicles that originate in the placenta might allow this for other forms of epigenetic marks, such as microRNAs, which can be measured in real time in maternal circulating blood during pregnancy [10-12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the specific approach to mediated interaction estimation is worth discussion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the DNA methylation literature, several groups have applied the “causal inference test” approach from the gene expression literature [13, 14], where the goal is to rule out associations between DNA methylation and disease outcomes that are likely consequences of the disease rather than causes—particularly when using case-control designs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These were developed for mediation that assumes that methylation mediates genetic associations with outcome, similar to Mendelian randomization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The prenatal smoking exposure of interest in Cardenas et al. [ 6] cannot rely on such an assumption of directionality or absence of confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This ambiguity and potential for confounding exists between the exposure-mediator relationship and the mediator-outcome relationship in this particular setting."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further, the main question of the paper is not just whether DNA methylation associations are causal or consequential of low birth weight but rather whether methylation specifically mediates the known association between maternal smoking and low birthweight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is exactly where more formal epidemiologic mediation methods, such as those used by Cardenas et al., can be most useful."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, even in this context, it is important to be very clear about the reason for estimating mediation effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Presumably, it is to identify the most efficacious, feasible, and practical target(s) for intervention."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Application of 4-way decomposition and other traditional parametric model–based mediation methods, which aim to determine how much of the total exposure-outcome effect is explained by the mediator, might not be the most informative approach if the goal is to assess potentially modifiable interventions [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nguyen et al. [ 15] have recently described the causal mediation frameworks through this lens, and further work addressing this specific question might benefit from their framing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, it is clear that DNA methylation measured at birth or after, in blood or other tissues, is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This has clear utility as a biomarker tool that might enable epidemiologic inquiry about prenatal exposure risks for later disease even when the prenatal window cannot be captured prospectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the arguably more important implication, that DNA methylation actually biologically mediates the risk effects of prenatal exposure, has yet to be conclusively determined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Cardenas et al. provide evidence for the potential mediating effects of placental DNA methylation in the risk association between prenatal smoking and low birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is promising given the relevance of placenta for fetal growth and the potential modifiability of methylation or associated functional gene regulation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__critique__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Yet our field must be vigilant about getting this right by continuing to consider the implications and limitations of evidence to date, given limited sample sizes, knowledge of how DNA methylation works in concert at multiple sites of the “methylome” and with other epigenetic mechanisms, and what can be learned from specific cells and at specific developmental windows, and we must continue to apply rigorous design and analytical approaches with a framework of interventional applications in mind."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_235__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Ladd-Acosta and Fallin for their thoughtful commentary [1] regarding our work on prenatal maternal smoking and placenta DNA methylation mediators [2]. They raise several critical points regarding biomarkers and mediators in epigenetic epidemiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As noted in their commentary, a promising feature of epigenetic research is the malleability of some epigenetic markers as potential biological targets that might offset adverse health outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This was in part our motivation in testing epigenetic mediators, in addition to expanding our molecular understanding of the genomic fingerprint of prenatal smoking on fetal growth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_235__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While we agree that much work is needed to capitalize on this promise as a public health intervention, there is encouraging preliminary evidence that supports nutritional interventions that offset epigenetic toxicity associated with environmental exposures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, a randomized crossover trial of subjects exposed to fine particulate matter demonstrated that B-vitamin supplementation nearly prevented DNA methylation alterations compared with placebo [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For prenatal smoking, a randomized controlled trial of vitamin-C supplementation showed that the intervention group was able to restore DNA methylation levels of candidate genes associated with prenatal maternal smoking [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_235__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As suggested, studies in ethnically diverse populations with larger sample sizes and increased statistical power are needed to detect moderate to small associations, likely missed in our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our study was limited in size, within a relatively homogeneous population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, for these efforts, we encourage investigators and cohorts with available data to participate in the Pregnancy and Childhood Epigenetics (PACE) consortium, a global consortium of researchers pooling data in meta-analyses of DNA methylation studies across several cohorts [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_235__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We concur that refining the timing of measurements for both the molecular marker and prenatal maternal smoking are needed to obtain better estimates and avoid cross-sectional comparisons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, the integration of multiple molecular markers (e.g., genetics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) is needed to fully understand the interplay and downstream consequences of the DNA methylation associations found for prenatal smoking across tissues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_235__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A major challenge highlighted by the authors is the tissue specificity of epigenetic marks and the need to use disease- and exposure-relevant tissues or cells [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While blood, cord blood, and now placental DNA are widely collected and being used in epigenetic studies, the tissue-specificity challenge presents an opportunity to study target epigenetic marks relevant to the question."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition to asking causal questions, tissue-specific DNA methylation signatures might persist years after an exposure, enabling the discovery of biosensors of environmental exposures [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_235__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "235", "paragraph_id": "triad_235__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Last, the use of parametric and other statistical mediation analyses has been a topic of debate recently [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As pointed out by the authors, it is important to identify the question before performing mediation analyses [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our intent was to answer an explanatory question as well as identifying methylation sites that were significant mediators of the association between maternal smoking and birth weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As others have pointed out, a DNA methylation mediator could be a proxy for the causal change and not necessarily a driver of the association."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, DNA methylation changes might reflect altered transcription binding [8] or serve as surrogate markers of cell type or cell subtype expansion [9]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We concur that multiple lines of evidence are still needed to provide conclusive evidence and design public health interventions to target epigenetic biomarkers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_235__response__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Replication across studies, methods, and robustness of results are required before interventions can be recommended."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_235/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972637963_W2981827167_W2982231258", "triad_name": "triad_235", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_235__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Critical objections are a welcome means of removing ambiguities or clarifying implicit assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For this reason, I am very grateful that Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues has written a reply to my paper \"Animal Suffering, God and Lessons from the Book of Job\" (Gasser 2021)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This gives me the opportunity to rethink this topic again and try to present it in a more precise manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "First, I present a brief sketch of my account."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Then I address two points of criticism that seem to be based on misunderstandings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Central to the problem of evil is the presupposition that God is a morally perfect being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The core of the discussion works with the following principles:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(a) A morally perfect being eliminates evil as far as it is possible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(b) Within the realm of logical possibilities, an omnipotent being has no limits of agency."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With these two principles at hand, one can argue that we should expect that a morally perfect and omnipotent being will eliminate all evils unless it is impossible to do so. Since there are many evils in the world that we are certain it is logically possible to avoid or eliminate, we have very strong evidence that such a being does not exist."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Advocates of theism have mainly responded to this challenge by pointing out that there might exist possible higher goods (e.g., freedom of will, character building, union with God, etc.), which can only be achieved by allowing evils in the world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a consequence, God is morally justified in permitting these evils as they are necessary and indispensable instruments for bringing about higher goods."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Once this instrumental relation between evils and higher goods is not exclusively reserved for human beings but applied to creation in general, then also the suffering of animals can be explained in a similar fashion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Trent Dougherty, for example, develops an expanded soul-making theodicy for animals: Accord- ingly, God, by being in a caring and loving relationship with all of creation, will enfold the suffering of any creature in a greater good that organically defeats this evil."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The most likely way to do this is through some future process of soul-making which requires animal resurrection and deification in the eschaton (Dougherty 2014, pp. 145-46)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent paper (Gasser 2021), I argue that this understanding of God is couched in overly personalistic terms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "God is imagined similar to a human person and judged accordingly with the moral standards appropriate for human agents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Without doubt, there Religions 2022, 13, 264."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030264 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions is this tradition of a personal conception of God; however, it should not be ignored that there is also another powerful tradition, namely that of so-called classical theism, in which personal attributes of God are of secondary importance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is so because God as creator is not a part of the created world, and therefore God cannot belong to the moral community as humans do."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A main problem of the problem of evil is the anthropomorphic understanding that the human-human relationship is the template for all kinds of relationships, including the divine-human one."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 3, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once this view is rejected, the problem of evil changes as the central moral assumptions regarding God ought to be revised."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We cannot apply our moral categories to God as these categories belong to the created but not to the transcendent order of being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The idea I am proposing is that God is interested in its creation, but the essential values that shape the divine view are to be explicated less in terms of moral categories than in terms of non-moral goods such as complexity, fecundity, creativity, adaptability, or the will to live."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To put it more pointedly, humans might be less central to God's overall creational purposes than personalistic interpretations of a theistic God generally presuppose."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Such a view may seem odd at first glance, but-according to my argumentation, which draws also upon exegetical interpretations such as those of Carol A. Newsom (Newsom 2003) and Steven Chase (Chase 2013)-the divine speeches in the Book of Job can be understood in precisely this way: God teaches Job to expand his focus by opening up the narrow circle of human-oriented moral questions toward the astonishing and mysterious sublimity of natural and cosmic processes where moral categories are non-applicable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both perspectives are separated by the moral sphere as it distinguishes the human and the non-human realm: Responsibility, justice, empathy, or orientation toward moral values are essential coordinates of the human world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These features constitute the human life-form in the first place."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When it comes to the world of other living beings or the non- living dimensions of creation, however, these features have no essential role to play."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Most scientists consider animals to be a-moral because they lack the cognitive capacities required for (full) moral agency (see, for instance, Tomasello 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Accordingly, we do not blame a predator for killing a pray because hunting and killing animals is a central feature of a predator's life-form, but moral understanding is not."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the light of this understanding, the divine speeches in the Book of Job highlight both perspectives and the tension that comes with them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Newsom writes: \"What Job has just heard in the divine speeches, however, is a devastating undermining of his understanding of the unproblematic moral continuity between himself, the world, and God. It is a profound loss of unity, a recognition of the deeply fractured nature of reality\" (Newsom 2003, p. 253)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is not one perspective from which the world is grasped as unified and well- ordered but a holistic and an individual perspective, each of which is shaped by different normative schemes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To a structurally similar conclusion comes philosopher Wes Morriston: \"The Hassidic teacher, Rabbi Bunam, said that 'A man should carry two stones in his pocket."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On one should be inscribed, \"I am just dust and ashes\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "On the other, \"For my sake was the world created\". And he should use each stone as he needs it.' The experience of the whirlwind has taught Job to use the first stone. But what we need, and what the book of Job tries, with only partial success, to teach us, is how to use them both together\" (Morriston 1996, p. 356)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both Newsom and Morriston point out that the tension in such an understanding of the God-world relationship cannot be brought to a higher synthesis; rather, it is our lot to endure it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In his encounter with the divine, Job realizes this essential feature of the world and our tragic place in it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this assessment of the human condition is correct, then it also helps to understand the criticisms that have been raised in Cordeiro-Rodrigues's reply."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I briefly address two points of criticism that seem to me particularly worthy of con- sideration: The first criticism says that the God I am proposing is immoral because God apparently accepts gratuitous (animal) suffering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, \"God as creator is also the father of all existing beings and therefore has stronger duties towards them\" (Cordeiro- Rodrigues 2022, p. 3) than parents have toward their children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The second criticism says that if God as a transcendent being is not subject to moral rules, then either no objective moral standards exist or they are inscrutable for us."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In either way, our moral order would be permanently undermined because divine morality does not correspond to ours, and, as a consequence, humans would easily get into situations where they would make the wrong decision and thus be responsible for moral evils (Cordeiro-Rodrigues 2022, p. 6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first criticism presupposes that God ought to be thought of as strictly personal and therefore as a moral subject observing those moral rules that are also applicable to us."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cordeiro-Rodrigues refers to Desmond Tutu's work for making the point that God cares about right and wrong and, thus, about a moral universe."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In analogy to the obvious moral principle that letting someone suffer is only permissible in the light of a higher good attained through it, God has to respect this principle as well."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This interpretation is undoubtedly widespread in current accounts of theodicy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Take, for instance, Eleonore Stump's remarkable reading of the book of Job in her seminal study Wandering in Darkness (Stump 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She interprets the divine speeches as expression of God's providential care which is directed toward intimate second-personal closeness to God."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Stump concludes: \"Focusing on the second-person account of the divine speeches and the second-person experience of God that Job has while God is speaking to him shows us that there is for Job a second-personal explanation of his suffering [ . . . ]\" ( Stump 2010, p. 225)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One has to notice, however, that this line of interpretation faces serious challenges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In her specific account, Stump has to radically reinterpret the many passages of the divine speeches where a wild and untamable nature is presented, which renews itself through the cycle of eating and being eaten."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here the experience of a second-personal and caring relationship of God to creation finds hardly any point of connection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In more general terms, the question arises to what extent higher-good theodicies can convincingly explain that all the suffering in the world is a necessary and indispensable means for achieving these goods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Stump, for instance, explicitly wants to limit her account to adult and mentally functional humans as she does not know whether it is applicable to the nature of suffering of animals, infants, or cognitively disabled individuals and the possibility of their personal growth of the relationship with God (Stump 2010, p. 4; similarly McCord-Adams 1999, p. 28)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A positive evaluation might suggest that there are possibilities of adapting the proposed solution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, a negative evaluation will interpret this delimitation as a kind of capitulation in front of particularly challenging instances of suffering."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I think we have a strong intuition to assume that if suffering is necessary at all, then less terrible instances of it would do it as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Daniel Howard-Snyder expresses this idea as follows: \"Suppose God had simply prevented us from ever having genocidal thoughts. Would we then have been unable to perceive the hideousness of living unto ourselves? Would we have lacked the requisite incentive to turn to God? [ . . . ] We each need to answer this question for ourselves, but for my own part, on careful reflection I can't see how [ . . . ] God would be justified in permitting so much horrific evil and suffering rather than a lot less\" (Howard-Snyder 2008, p. 340)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In other words, the effort to understand God as a moral being can lead to the idea that this conception must be abandoned, and God ought to be disqualified as immoral."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To show that God can have good reasons for allowing terrible suffering does not yet imply that God also has good reasons for permitting any kind of suffering, no matter how horrific."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is precisely the existence of such evils that makes it so difficult to maintain a comprehensive moral order in which God functions as the source and universal guarantor of it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This difficulty is also evident in animal theodicies when additional assumptions about possible future developmental scenarios of animals in the eschaton are proposed for avoiding the impression of gratuitous animal suffering."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, the focus on a Tutuist framework for tackling the problem of evil constraints the conceptual resources of the debate considerably because moral standards for human-human relationships are elevated to the general standard for any relationship, including the one between God and humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The assumption of such a comprehensive moral order of reality entails a considerable argumentative burden, which is often seen as doomed to failure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It seems to me that Cordeiro-Rodrigues did not adequately grasp this point or he considers it to be as too easily solvable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The image of God outlined in the Book of Job (and what I have sympathies for) places God beyond such a moral order."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This does not mean that God has no interest in human beings and their well-being; rather, it says that God wants to liberate human beings from the misleading assumption that the entire cosmos is governed according to a moral order, which guarantees an adequate compensation for all instances of suffering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such a moral order, to put it bluntly, is an important and worthwhile ideal of human life but, apparently, not of divine creation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With such an understanding of the God-world relationship, the unity of a moral order encompassing God and creation is no longer available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "By letting the idea of morality as a leading category for our overall understanding of reality go, the human view is able to open up into a profoundly tragic dimension of our existence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, Newsom draws the following conclusion of her interpretation of the Book of Job: \"Like the ostrich, Job, too, brings his children into a dangerous world, where they may well be crushed and trampled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Unlike the ostrich, however, which forgets the dangers to its offspring, it is unlikely that Job can be said to forget their vulnerability\" (Newsom 2003, p. 258)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This brings me to the second criticism, which says that if \"there is an inscrutable moral code for humans, then [ . . . ] this would mean that humans can never be held accountable for moral wrongs\" (Cordeiro-Rodrigues 2022, p. 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even if there were a divine moral code that is beyond human comprehension, this would not imply that we are bereft of any insight into valid moral principles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since one can only use what they have got, in such a scenario, we would have to adhere to the moral principles accessible to us thanks to our reason."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Take the moral insight that suffering may only be imposed on others if this is the only way to achieve a higher good."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This insight is not simply given to us, but we can justify it and argue that it is reasonable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If, therefore, a hidden divine moral code completely different from our moral principles were to exist, then this matter of fact would not further affect us, since any access to this divine order is denied to us."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Note that the view I am proposing is not making any claims in this direction."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather, the idea is that there are non-moral values such as continuous creativity, remarkable adaptability, prolific life-circles, amazing bio-diversity, etc., whose axiological weight we are able to grasp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If God were to appreciate these values, then we were able to grasp at least certain aspects of this holistic divine perspective on the world."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A final point: Is this concept of God proposed still a Christian God? This question shapes the criticisms put forward. I believe this concept of God belongs to the rich bib- lical tradition which emphasizes that the world as we know it is dangerous."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After all, a single misstep in paradise brought humanity into the world as we know it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Against this background, the crucial question is: Can it ever be reasonable for participants in terrible suf- ferings like Job to stop seeing this suffering as an obstacle to trusting that God is interested in our well-being and in a relationship with us?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here is a proposed answer: Those involved in suffering will stop blaming God for it when they accept their lives as they are-even with all the suffering."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This, according to the interpretation I follow, is the lesson that the story of Job wants to teach us."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We come to accept our lives not when we give up all hope but when we reach a point where participation in terrible situations of suffering no longer threatens the integrity of an individual's personality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Acceptance does not mean letting go of the conviction that suffering was prima facie ruinous to one's life, but it does mean letting go of the demand that things should have gone differently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Acceptance does not mean that the painful, wrong, and prima facie ruinous events count for nothing or that we should no longer care about them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Rather, these events are no longer capable of destroying our integrity as a human person because we have reached a state where we no longer have to struggle with what has happened and where we no longer try to find a hidden meaning or divine plan where there is none."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The aim is to come to a stable understanding of our place in the cosmos that is able to integrate what has happened into a meaningful context."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From a Christian perspective, one can add that the firm trust that God is our secure fundament finds personal involvement in suffering terrifying (think of Jesus in Gethsemane) but achievable as it involves the hope that the creator of this world can at the same time be the re-creator of a better world."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such a view of hope for the next life does neither explain suffering away nor dispose of a grand theory of suffering, but it makes it, at best, bearable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Georg Gasser has recently attempted a new explanation to the problem of animal suffering, i.e., how can a morally perfect, omniscient, and omnipotent God allow the gratuitous suffering of animals? His argument can be interpreted in two ways: (i) creation is amoral and therefore there is no problem of animal suffering; (ii) God’s morality is beyond us and not responsive to humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In both cases, the problem of animal suffering is, according to Gasser, explained."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Grounded on the thought of Desmond Tutu, I contend, however, that both (i) and (ii) imply that God would be immoral, which is an unacceptable implication for Christians."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, Gasser’s explanation fails to solve the problem of suffering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, I uphold that if God exists He is necessarily a moral agent and if one wishes to give up such property, then also needs to give up His omnipotence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "On top of this, I challenge the idea that there is a naturalistic fallacy in holding a Tutuist conception of God."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 5, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent article in Religions, Georg Gasser [1] attempts a new explanation of the problem of animal suffering: how can a morally perfect, omniscient, and omnipotent God allow the gratuitous suffering of animals? This is a challenge to God’s existence because a God with such characteristics would presumably not allow such gratuitous suffering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Gasser’s answer is slightly ambiguous, and it can have two possible interpretations: (i) animal suffering does not challenge the existence of God because creation is amoral and He does not rule the universe according to moral laws; alternatively, Gasser may be arguing that (ii) the moral laws of God are non-humancentric and thereby not only are not responsive to humans but also beyond human understanding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Hence, animal suffering does have a moral justification but just not one that humans expect or can understand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I believe that Gasser argues for (i), but because there are elements in his text that suggest (ii), I will address both in this comment to his article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Inspired by the thought of Desmond Tutu, I contend that both (i) and (ii) would imply that God is immoral rather than amoral."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More precisely, God’s failure to stop evil He is able to stop at a low cost is immoral because it violates social harmony and, thereby, neglects the moral status of some of His creation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Additionally, I contend that Gasser’s argument removes the possibility of attributing moral blame or praise to human action, which is not only a questionable moral implication but also an idea at odds with Christian values."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "As this is an unacceptable implication for Christians, I argue that Gasser’s theory fails to solve the problem of animal suffering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Further, I contend that these criticisms I raise do not fall in the naturalistic fallacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "As a starting point, I treat the problem of evil as fundamentally a moral question [2]; further, I share the intuition of philosophers like Eleonor Stump and Marilyn McCord Adams, that to be sound, a theodicy needs to be grounded in Christian values [3][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0028__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Note also that my goal is not to challenge the existence of God as I do not carry out an extensive analysis of different theodicies, but simply to challenge Gasser’s argument."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first possible interpretation of Gasser’s argument is that animal suffering can be explained if God is conceived of in less personalistic terms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Gasser suggests a God inspired by Classical Theism, where God is a non-personal being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, God is primarily the creator and sustainer of everything."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So, for Gasser, God is not a guarantor of moral rules and there are no moral principles in creation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In Gasser’s words: ‘God directly [is] a sublime power in nature who does not rule the world in accordance with a moral order."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "’ [ 1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Thus, if creation is amoral because God is not concerned about morality, then animal suffering is to be understood as a mere fact of creation without needing further moral explanations for why it occurs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Gasser thereby concludes that ‘the idea is that creation is not ordered according to any principles of justice and therefore it makes no sense to demand them’ [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Inspired by the thought of Tutu, I wish to show that Gasser’s argument would lead to an implication that Gasser and most Christians are not willing to accept; that is, if it is true that evil occurs gratuitously and God is able to stop it, but because He does nothing, God is not simply amoral as Gasser suggests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0029__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Instead, if this were the case, God would be immoral."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To understand this, it is important to start by pointing out that for Tutu, we live in a moral universe with a personalistic God."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, he states that ‘This is a moral universe ( . . . ) God is a God who cares about right and wrong."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "God cares about justice and injustice’ [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "During Apartheid, Tutu wrote to P. W. Botha (who was President of South Africa at the time) telling him that the anti-Apartheid activists have already won because they were on the side of justice and God will ultimately bring fairness to the world [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Underlying this idea that the world is moral is also a Tutuist moral theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "From a Tutuist perspective, the highest good is the promotion of social harmony: ‘Harmony, friendliness, community are great goods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Social harmony is for us the summum bonum—the greatest good’ [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This is an endorsement of the Afro-communitarian idea of Ubuntu, a concept that means ‘I am because you are and prescribes engaging in socially harmonious/positive communal relationships’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Tutu’s quote is often interpreted as implying the idea that individuals ought to act in ways that promote the goods of others and, particularly, their welfare and virtue [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0030__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The prescription implies some duties."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Individuals are under a duty to promote the welfare and virtue of others, to the extent that it is reasonable, and it does not bring them great cost."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, if one is somehow responsible for other individuals’ goodness, refraining from aiding others may be a violation of the prescribed ethic [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, if I have a duty to take care of my children, refraining from promoting their welfare and virtue means that I fail to fulfill my duties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Let us say that I refrain from taking my children to school, then I am violating a duty to promote their well-being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the African philosophical context, this duty to promote everyone’s well-being and virtue is something that all individuals are understood to have; but this universal rule does not have to be accepted for the purpose of this comment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Instead, it is sufficient to accept that individuals have special duties towards significant others [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Parents, in particular, are in a unique relationship with their children and thereby may be the only ones realistically in a position to promote their welfare and virtue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Why do we have duties towards some beings? Tutu’s own work has little to offer about normative ethics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "He routinely uses the concept of ‘human dignity’ to explain what is morally wrong with the Apartheid and racism [7][5][11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonetheless, he not only never defines the concept, but the question at stake here is regarding non-human animal suffering, a topic which Tutu himself does not address."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fortunately, several Tutuists have developed a Tutuist-inspired concept of moral status that can bring light to this question."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Grounded on Tutu’s idea that social harmony is the highest good, some Tutuist philosophers have argued that what makes beings morally worthy is the fact that they can either be the object or subject of communion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "That is, their capacity to either engage in social harmony or be a recipient of social harmony is what makes individuals deserve moral consideration [12][13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Taking this on board, the most fundamental moral wrong involved in neglecting the welfare and virtue of animals is to fail to provide them what they are entitled to in virtue of their moral status [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "A violation of dignity (human or not) is precisely a failure to treat individuals as they deserve [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "According to this Tutuist understanding of the world, if Gasser were right that God does not rule the world according to moral rules, then God is not simply being amoral, He is being immoral."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0032__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "For if the ethic prescribes that we are duty-bound to promote the welfare and virtue of others (especially significant others) when it is reasonable to do so, then a God who watches His creation suffer gratuitously without doing anything is like a father who neglects to take care of the welfare of his children."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In virtue of their moral status, animals are at the very minimum entitled to not be placed in situations where they suffer gratuitously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, imagine an animal unknowingly drinks a poison I placed in front of him, and I happen to have the antidote in my pocket."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I can easily stop him from taking it or give him the antidote, but I just stand still watching the animal slowly dying."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "My action is wrong in at least two ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "I am guilty of misplacing the poison and should take responsibility; even if I were not guilty of it, it would be easy for me to stop it and I did not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In both cases, it is clearly wrong for me to neglect the welfare of the animal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The most fundamental reason underlying it is that in both cases I neglect that the animal has sufficient moral value to require any intervention and, thereby, neglect my duty towards the animal."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "God, in the face of a situation which is not costly for Him and that He created, is duty-bound to address that evil, otherwise He is immoral."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Just like I could have avoided the suffering of the animal, so can God avoid gratuitous suffering and, to the extent that He does not, then He is being immoral."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The question becomes more pressing if I have special duties towards the suffering being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Note that God as the creator is also the father of all existing beings and therefore has stronger duties towards them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0033__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "In other words, if God just watches an animal (which is His creation) suffering gratuitously when He could avoid it at a low cost, then He is disrespecting the moral status of this animal; God owes respect to the animal due to the animal’s moral status and has a special duty to honor this moral status because He is the father."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Gasser could object that this Tutuist theory does not have universal appeal and I need to make a stronger point with an example that is convincing not just to Tutuists but also other ethicists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, to understand the generally shared moral intuition underlying my argument, take another thought experiment which I contend to have wide appeal to individuals who hold different ethical views."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Peter Singer imagined a situation where a child has fallen into a pond and is drowning."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Someone passes by and sees that it would be fairly easy to pull the child out and the only cost to this person would be turning up late to work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In such a situation, most would agree that there is an obligation to rescue the child because it is relatively easy to do this at a low cost without a significant burden [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Singer is a utilitarian, and he uses this argument to ground some utilitarian arguments about aid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Nonetheless, the core point of Singer by formulating this thought experiment is not to show that utilitarianism is true."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Instead, his goal is to show that there is something most of us immediately recognize as morally wrong when confronted with this example."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Not aiding the child when the cost is so low is intuitively morally wrong, independently of one being a deontologist or a utilitarian."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The point I wish to make therefore is independent of what moral theory one prefers: without regard to whether one holds Tutuist ethics or a consequentialist perspective like Singer, one recognizes that the action is morally wrong."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In Gasser’s theory, God’s actions are analogous to the one of the person who lets the child die."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0034__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Given that God is omnipotent, it does not seem that God would endure great costs in avoiding animal suffering and it is Gasser’s burden to prove otherwise."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moore’s thesis, if true, does, indeed, pose a problem to Christian ethics because Christian ethics is routinely grounded on metaphysical questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the theory were true, then what God is like, how God is related to the world, what He did, what Jesus was like, and so forth seems to entail nothing regarding morality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "According to the naturalistic fallacy argument, there is no single value judgement entailed by these [23][24]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nonetheless, I reject that this objection can challenge my argument."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As W.K. Frankena and Bernard Williams pointed out, even if one assumes that there is some kind of fallacy in the kind of reasoning that Moore is criticizing, it seems that Moore is being uncharitable towards most of his opponents [20][25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The principle of charity requires that one’s statements are understood in the most reasonable or rational way possible [26][27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Hence, when someone is stating, say, ‘X is pleasant, therefore X is good’ the most charitable interpretation of this is that this is an enthymeme where there is a suppressed premise ‘whatever is pleasant is good’ [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0036__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Moore is guilty of uncharitably neglecting that there is a hidden premise [20][25]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 12, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To show that I do not fall into a naturalistic fallacy, I wish to make explicit the chain of reasoning that led to my criticism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The detailed reasoning of the current criticism is as follows: Syllogism 1 Social harmony is the highest moral good."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( p) Moral status is given in virtue of the capacity for engaging in social harmony either as a subject or an object."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "( p) Morality prescribes (especially towards significant others) that one acts according to moral goods and that being’s moral status is respected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "( p) Therefore, morality prescribes one acts in socially harmonious ways and respects beings’ moral status (especially that of significant others)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "( c) Syllogism 2 To respect a being’s moral status means to treat them with social harmony."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "( p) Social Harmony is defined as the combination of solidarity and identification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "( p) Solidarity requires one to avoid evil and aid others when this is not unreasonably costly to do so. ( p) Therefore, one ought to avoid evil and aid others when this is not unreasonably costly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "( c) Syllogism 3 God does not avoid evils or aid others that He can reasonably avoid or aid those He can easily aid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "( p) Those who allow evils that can be reasonably avoided or who do not aid those they can easily aid are acting immorally. ( p) God is acting immorally. ( c) None of the premises above derives a moral proposition or a moral property from a natural proposition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Instead, it looks at the situation and infers that there is an immoral act."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "The inference from a specific situation is not a ‘naturalistic fallacy’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The naturalistic fallacy is not that one cannot apply ethical principles to real circumstances [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Instead, it is that conclusions about value are inferred from premises about nature (rather than value statements)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Gasser could further challenge my contention on two grounds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "Firstly, Gasser could object that I am assuming God is a moral agent when the question being discussed is whether He really is a moral agent or not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "In other words, I am committing a petitio principii fallacy as I am assuming to be true without warrant what is to be proved, i.e., that God is a moral agent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Secondly, Gasser can challenge my argument by contending that moral realism is false, and it is not verifiable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Following an Ayerian line of thought, Gasser can uphold that there is nothing out there like ‘moral facts’ which can be observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "According to this view, only those things that are empirically verifiable can be proved to be true."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "Nevertheless, there is no such thing in the world that corresponds to a ‘moral fact’ [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Given that my theory seems to assume that there are moral facts out there, then my theory is false."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0037__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "Having into consideration that this moral view of the world is incoherent, then the best alternative would be to uphold an amoral perspective of nature as Gasser does."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To answer the first objection, it is important to clarify what to be a moral agent means."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To be a moral agent is to have the capacity to discern right from wrong and thereby to be held accountable for one’s actions [30]. Is God a moral agent? He is necessarily so. If He is omnipotent, He must be a moral agent as if he were not, this would imply that he is not capable of understanding right and wrong and this is a contradiction in terms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Put differently, the concept of ‘omnipotence’ necessarily entails that one is capable of exercising moral agency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The same cannot be affirmed for immorality and amorality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These refer to the absence of a capability to be moral or to a situation where morality is not a relevant factor (e.g., whether to drink jasmine or green tea) [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, unless Gasser is willing to give up omnipotence, he cannot contend that God is not a moral agent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Regarding the second objection, the first reply is that if this strong verificationist theory were true, this would render most universal propositions false."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "For example, this would mean that propositions such as ‘all flamingos are pink’ or ‘all men are mortal’ are false because there is no possible way to verify all the cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Due to the fact that this theory is too demanding, generally speaking, philosophers consider today that it should be abandoned [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Instead, a better approach is to find theories that have a strong explanatory power."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Moreover, the fact that we have imperfect knowledge of moral facts does not stand as an argument against moral realism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Natural sciences also revise their arguments and have imperfect knowledge and routinely revise their theories according to new paradigms [31]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0038__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "We do not conclude from this that there are no natural facts and there is no reason to infer differently regarding moral facts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A second possible interpretation of Gasser’s argument is that it is not that the world is amoral but that divine and human moral principles are distinct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This interpretation is suggested in the following passages: ‘If God is in no way dependent on the world and cannot be influenced by it, the moral standards obvious to us are hardly applicable to God."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since the problem of evil lives from these standards, evils in the world no longer count as direct counter-evidence to God’s existence as it might be the case that our moral concerns are in no way God’s concerns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "’ [ 1] And: ‘God is responsive to values, but these values may not make an exclusive reference to us.’ [ 1] According to this view, creation is moral but not human-driven."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "So, according to this interpretation, it is not that God is amoral like in the previous case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Instead, His moral code is different and not responsive to humans; thereby He cannot be judged by such standards."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In this second interpretation, Gasser is not concerned about the naturalistic fallacy given that he himself seems to admit that God is the ultimate source of morality, which is precisely the kind of problem that proponents of the naturalistic fallacy are at odds with."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 23, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first problem with this view is that it collapses into one of the interpretations of the Book of Job that Gasser finds incomplete and unconvincing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the view that moral standards do not apply to God is true, in the face of such horrendous injustices as Job seems to suffer, we can only conclude that God’s moral rules are beyond human understanding and that Job should simply accept his destiny and humbly submit to God in the face of His greatness. But if there is an inscrutable moral code for humans, then this has several negative implications which seem not only to be at odds with Christian morality but also to be morally questionable more generally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this theory were true, this would mean that humans can never be held accountable for moral wrongs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Just like a baby who cannot understand what is right and wrong and should not be held morally responsible for her actions, humans likewise should not, in this view, be held responsible for not following a rule which is impossible to understand: their relationship to God’s moral code is analogous to the one of babies vis à vis the moral code of adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Gasser may reply that there is a human moral code given by God which humans should humbly follow, and therefore they should be held accountable for not following it even if they do not understand it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nonetheless, the existence of a general moral code which is simply repeated rather than understood brings further problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "No general moral code can be of any use for particular situations unless it is understood and, thereby, applied in particular cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In fact, a salient Christian idea is that the Bible needs to be understood as a whole so that its values are honoured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "According to this view, without such understanding, it is not possible to find moral guidance in the Bible [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Furthermore, it seems that a necessary requirement for one to be a moral person is that one understands and, thereby, can reasonably predict the consequences of one’s actions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Without knowing these, one’s actions are simply random acts or repeated meaningless forms of behaviour [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "There is little or nothing praiseworthy about a robot mechanically repeating an action (e.g., a traffic sign changing colours to regulate the traffic)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "What is praiseworthy is that a certain person knows she is doing something that can achieve a greater good or that honours a certain value."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Even if there is some value in repeating a morally right action, it is surely better to do something understanding it is morally right than to simply blindly and mechanically do it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Again, this coheres with the salient Augustinian Christian tradition of thought where moral actions are better if they are understood [33]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "More intriguingly, if God does not provide an understandable moral code for humans, then He would be acting immorally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "As explained in the previous section, under Tutuist ethics, everyone (including God) is duty-bound to help individuals acquire virtue. But an omnipotent being not creating an understandable moral code means basically to create/allow unnecessary confusion amongst humans who will misunderstand His moral code and, thereby, cause evil."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "If this were true, then God would be responsible for the moral evils in the world because He had provided misleading guidance to humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "For example, in a war situation, a general may be responsible for a war crime committed by her soldiers if she has deliberately misled them to believe, say, that innocent civilians were soldiers and this led her soldiers to kill innocents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "To put it in a syllogism: Social harmony requires one to help others to act morally if costs to oneself are not unreasonable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "( p) When one fails to aid others to be morally better or causes others to be worse, one is acting immorally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "( p) There are occasions where God both fails to aid individuals and leads individuals to act immorally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "( p) Therefore, God is immoral. ( c) Note that the point is not that God should reveal Himself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "As Swinburne suggests, there may be plausible reasons for God to not be obviously present as a stimulation for humans to do good [18][19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0040__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "Instead, the point is that if it is impossible for humans to know God, then Him not revealing moral norms cannot be explained as a method for stimulating humans to do good, but as undermining the possibility of doing good."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this piece, I evaluated Gasser’s argument for the problem of animal suffering considering Tutu’s thought. I argued that Gasser’s view has unacceptable implications for Christian doctrine, i.e., that God is immoral."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, Gasser’s theory, if one starts from a Christian viewpoint, cannot be true."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, I argued that Gasser’s views also imply that humans can neither be praised nor blamed for their moral choices and actions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Finally, I contended that holding this moral perspective about God does not imply the naturalistic fallacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nonetheless, this does not disprove the existence of God because not only are there other theodicies which do not face the same problem, but also there are other concepts of God outside Christianity that do not understand God as morally perfect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__critique__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further research should explore a Tutuist explanation of the problem of animal suffering."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this reply, I aim to clarify my ideas presented in a recent paper and to address criticisms that have been raised by Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues regarding my interpretation of (animal) suffering and God."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Critical objections are a welcome means of removing ambiguities or clarifying implicit assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this reason, I am very grateful that Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues has written a reply to my paper “Animal Suffering, God and Lessons from the Book of Job” [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This gives me the opportunity to rethink this topic again and try to present it in a more precise manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Central to the problem of evil is the presupposition that God is a morally perfect being."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The core of the discussion works with the following principles: (a) A morally perfect being eliminates evil as far as it is possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "( b) Within the realm of logical possibilities, an omnipotent being has no limits of agency."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "With these two principles at hand, one can argue that we should expect that a morally perfect and omnipotent being will eliminate all evils unless it is impossible to do so. Since there are many evils in the world that we are certain it is logically possible to avoid or eliminate, we have very strong evidence that such a being does not exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Advocates of theism have mainly responded to this challenge by pointing out that there might exist possible higher goods (e.g., freedom of will, character building, union with God, etc.), which can only be achieved by allowing evils in the world [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0042__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "As a consequence, God is morally justified in permitting these evils as they are necessary and indispensable instruments for bringing about higher goods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4951__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once this instrumental relation between evils and higher goods is not exclusively reserved for human beings but applied to creation in general, then also the suffering of animals can be explained in a similar fashion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Trent Dougherty, for example, develops an expanded soul-making theodicy for animals: Accordingly, God, by being in a caring and loving relationship with all of creation, will enfold the suffering of any creature in a greater good that organically defeats this evil [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In a recent paper [1], I argue that this understanding of God is couched in overly personalistic terms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "God is imagined similar to a human person and judged accordingly with the moral standards appropriate for human agents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Without doubt, there is this tradition of a personal conception of God; however, it should not be ignored that there is also another powerful tradition, namely that of so-called classical theism, in which personal attributes of God are of secondary importance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is so because God as creator is not a part of the created world, and therefore God cannot belong to the moral community as humans do."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A main problem of the problem of evil is the anthropomorphic understanding that the human–human relationship is the template for all kinds of relationships, including the divine–human one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Once this view is rejected, the problem of evil changes as the central moral assumptions regarding God ought to be revised."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We cannot apply our moral categories to God as these categories belong to the created but not to the transcendent order of being."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The idea I am proposing is that God is interested in its creation, but the essential values that shape the divine view are to be explicated less in terms of moral categories than in terms of non-moral goods such as complexity, fecundity, creativity, adaptability, or the will to live."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "To put it more pointedly, humans might be less central to God’s overall creational purposes than personalistic interpretations of a theistic God generally presuppose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0043__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Such a view may seem odd at first glance, but—according to my argumentation, which draws also upon exegetical interpretations such as those of Carol A. Newsom [4] and Steven Chase [5]—the divine speeches in the Book of Job can be understood in precisely this way: God teaches Job to expand his focus by opening up the narrow circle of human-oriented moral questions toward the astonishing and mysterious sublimity of natural and cosmic processes where moral categories are non-applicable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4951__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 17, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [17, 17, 17], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4951", "paragraph_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At this point, it is important to emphasize that I do not defend an ananthropocentric view, that is, the view that humans are completely irrelevant to the divine purpose and do not matter to God at all [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather, humans are one aspect of God’s perspective on creation among those others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We are one but not the only essential part of the creational picture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Accordingly, the divine perspective is related to creation in a twofold way: One perspective understands the human being as a part of the larger universe in which moral categories have no direct point of reference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The other perspective, however, is related to the individual human being as a direct addressee of God as the divine speeches in the book of Job illustrate and, thus, also involves the moral order intrinsically connected to the human life-form."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Both perspectives are separated by the moral sphere as it distinguishes the human and the non-human realm: Responsibility, justice, empathy, or orientation toward moral values are essential coordinates of the human world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These features constitute the human life-form in the first place."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "When it comes to the world of other living beings or the non-living dimensions of creation, however, these features have no essential role to play."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Most scientists consider animals to be a-moral because they lack the cognitive capacities required for (full) moral agency [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Accordingly, we do not blame a predator for killing a prey because hunting and killing animals is a central feature of a predator’s life-form, but moral understanding is not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In the light of this understanding, the divine speeches in the Book of Job highlight both perspectives and the tension that comes with them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Newsom writes: “What Job has just heard in the divine speeches, however, is a devastating undermining of his understanding of the unproblematic moral continuity between himself, the world, and God. It is a profound loss of unity, a recognition of the deeply fractured nature of reality” [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "There is not one perspective from which the world is grasped as unified and well-ordered but a holistic and an individual perspective, each of which is shaped by different normative schemes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "To a structurally similar conclusion comes philosopher Wes Morriston: “The Hassidic teacher, Rabbi Bunam, said that ‘A man should carry two stones in his pocket."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "On one should be inscribed, “I am just dust and ashes”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "On the other, “For my sake was the world created”. And he should use each stone as he needs it.’ The experience of the whirlwind has taught Job to use the first stone. But what we need, and what the book of Job tries, with only partial success, to teach us, is how to use them both together” [8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Both Newsom and Morriston point out that the tension in such an understanding of the God–world relationship cannot be brought to a higher synthesis; rather, it is our lot to endure it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4951__response__p0044__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "In his encounter with the divine, Job realizes this essential feature of the world and our tragic place in it."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4951/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3217083965_W4220778854_W4220796476", "triad_name": "triad_4951", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4951__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a peroxisomal disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene (http://www.x-ald.nl) (Mosser et al., 1993), which codes for the transporter of very long-chain fatty acids (5C22:0) (van Roermund et al., 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ABCD1 defi- ciency impairs peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid degradation resulting in increased cytosolic very long-chain fatty acid-CoA levels (Kemp et al., 2011), which are further elongated by the very long-chain fatty acid-specific elongase, ELOVL1 (Ofman et al., 2010), thus causing very long-chain fatty acid accumulation (Moser et al., 1981; Kemp and Wanders, 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In males, disease course and symptomatology have been studied extensively (Engelen et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The clinical spectrum ranges from isolated adrenocortical insufficiency, slowly progressive myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy in adulthood (adrenomyeloneuropathy) to a rapidly progressive and fatal cerebral demyelinating disease in boys or adult men (cerebral-adrenoleukodystrophy)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The most frequent phenotype in males is adrenomyeloneuropathy (van Geel et al., 1994; Engelen et al., 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There have been several studies and observations concerning the phenotype of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "O'Neill et al. ( 1984) described 21 obligate carriers and several were shown to have signs and symptoms of myelopathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It was esti- mated that 50% develop symptoms at some point in their life (Moser et al., 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In a small study, eight females were found to have myelopathy and in a retrospective study the frequency of symptoms increased with age (van Geel, 2000; Schmidt et al., 2001)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These studies provide no information on the prevalence of neurological symptoms in the entire population of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers, as data were acquired in small groups and may be biased towards females with symptoms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Adrenal insufficiency is rare in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy car- riers (el-Deiry et al., 1997), and there are only a few reports of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers that developed cerebral- adrenoleukodystrophy (Pilz and Schiener, 1973; Jung et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some studies suggested that disease severity could be related to the pattern of X-inactivation, whereas others refuted this observation (Migeon et al., 1981; Watkiss et al., 1993; Maier et al., 2002; Salsano et al., 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary goal of our study was to estimate the proportion of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers that develop symptoms and to characterize these symptoms both clinically and with ancil- lary investigations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A secondary goal was to determine if the X-inactivation pattern of the ABCD1 gene was associated with symptomatic status."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We designed a prospective cross-sectional cohort study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Female car- riers over the age of 18 years were eligible to participate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Academic Medical Centre and the Medical Centre Alkmaar from 2008-10."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To prevent bias for symptomatic women, we tried to examine all female relatives with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy of the women participating."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Through the Dutch X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patient organization, letters to invite X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers to participate were sent to all members."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The study protocol was approved by the local Institutional Review Board."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "After informed consent was obtained, women visited the outpatient clinic for assessment, which included questionnaires, neurological examination, neurophysiological tests, blood samples and skin biopsy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A careful history with emphasis on neurological complaints and neuro- logical examination was performed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, symptoms of incon- tinence, gait disorder, maximum walking distance, and sensory disturbance were recorded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Urinary incontinence was defined as urge incontinence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Stress incontinence was not considered a symptom of myelopathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A gait disorder was considered present if the walking distance was significantly reduced or running was not possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Sensory complaints were recorded if there were paraesthesias or numbness in the lower extremities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Sensory disturbances on examin- ation were considered present if there was reduced sensation to touch, pinprick, vibration or position sense in the lower extremities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Muscle strength was rated using the Medical Research Council Scale and spasticity was rated using the Ashworth scale (Ashworth, 1964)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An Expanded Disability Status Scale value was scored based on the history and physical examination performed during the visit and recorded in the medical chart (Kurtzke, 1983)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Carriers with peripheral neuropathy or myelopathy were considered symptomatic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Myelopathy was considered present if: (i) there were symptoms of myelopathy (for instance sphincter disturbance); and (ii) signs of myelopathy on neurological examination (pyramidal tract or dorsal column signs) were present."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If only symptoms were present (for instance faecal incontinence) but no signs on neurological exam- ination, myelopathy was not scored as present."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Peripheral neuropathy was considered present if nerve conduction studies and/or EMG were abnormal (as described below)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All participants completed the Dutch version of the SF-36 (Quality of Life Assessment) (Aaronson et al., 1998), and the AMC Linear Disability Scale (Weisscher et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "SF-36 values can be com- pared to reference values for the Dutch population, matched for gender and age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The AMC Linear Disability Scale values were"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nerve conduction studies and EMG were performed according to a fixed protocol, allowing comparison with reference values and possibly follow-up in the future (Verhamme et al., 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Compound muscle action potential amplitudes, baseline to negative peak, were recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis, abductor hallucis brevis, and extensor digitorum brevis on one side."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A summated compound muscle action potential amplitude was calculated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Motor nerve conduction velocities were calculated after distal and proximal stimulation of the right median, tibial, and peroneal nerves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sensory nerve conduction velocity, calculated based on negative peak markers, and sensory nerve action potentials amplitudes, baseline to negative peak, were investigated for the left median nerve and right sural nerve."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A summated sensory nerve action potential amplitude was calculated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Electromyography was done of the left anterior tibial, and interosseus I/II muscles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An axonal peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed if in two separate nerves at least one parameter was outside the 95% confidence interval (CI) and the criteria for demyelinating peripheral neuropathy were not ful- filled (Van Asseldonk et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Somatosensory evoked potentials of left median and the posterior tibial nerves on both sides and brain- stem auditory evoked potentials on both sides were registered, con- forming to local protocols (Aramideh et al., 1992; Aalfs et al., 1993)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Venous blood samples were taken and plasma and lymphocytes stored as described previously (Engelen et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From skin biopsy material primary fibroblast cell lines were generated and cultured as described (Valianpour et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Very long-chain fatty acids (C26:0 and the C26:0/C22:0 ratio) were determined in plasma and fibroblasts as described (Valianpour et al., 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity was measured essentially as described by incubating cells with 30 mM deuterium-labelled C22:0 (D 3 -C22:0) (Kemp et al., 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ABCD1 protein levels were deter- mined by immunofluorescence and quantitative immunoblot (Kemp et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mutation analysis of the ABCD1 gene was performed as described (Boehm et al., 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ABCD1 allele-specific expression (ABCD1 allele-specific expression) of 38 carriers was measured by pyrosequen- cing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "RNA was extracted from primary fibroblasts and complementary DNA synthesized as described (Bieche et al., 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ratio of normal versus mutant allele expressed was measured by pyrosequen- cing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Complementary DNA was PCR-amplified using biotin-labelled primers followed by quantitative pyrosequencing using a PyroMark Q96 ID instrument (Qiagen)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Biotin-labelled single-stranded amplicons were isolated following the protocol using the Qiagen PyroMark Q96 Workstation pyrosequenced with a sequencing primer (PCR- and sequencing-primers are provided in Supplementary Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each sample was pyrosequenced in the upper direction (with lower biotin- labelled amplicons) and in lower direction (with upper biotin-labelled amplicons)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ratio of normal versus mutant allele was measured using the PyroMark ID software (Qiagen)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For each carrier, the ABCD1 allele-specific expression value represents the mean of upper and lower reads (determined in two independent experiments)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For included samples, variations between upper and lower reads were 410%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For validation, we repeated the experiment for a subset of samples (n = 6) using different PCR primers or independent comple- mentary DNA samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ABCD1 allele-specific expression values were similar (variations 44%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ABCD1 allele-specific expression pattern was defined as 'severely' skewed with an expression of the normal allele 410% and 'moder- ately' skewed with an expression of the normal allele between 11-25%, similar to a previous report (Miozzo et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the manuscript ABCD1 allele-specific expression will be referred to as X-inactivation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For five patients the ABCD1 allele-specific expression analysis was not possible because of the complexity of the mutation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instead, ABCD1 allele-specific expression values were calculated using ABCD1 protein immunofluorescence and determination of the ratio of ABCD1 protein positive and negative cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Data were analysed with IBM SPSS statistics version 19 (IBM Inc.), Microsoft Excel from Office 2010 and Prism version 5 (GraphPad Software)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Depending on the distributional properties, outcome meas- ures were expressed as means AE standard deviation (SD) or as medians with ranges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Statistical significance was assessed by independent sample Student's t-test for normally distributed continuous data and the Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed continuous data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All reported P-values are two-sided and were not adjusted for multiple testing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The SF-36 scores were converted to z-scores based on the Dutch norm population, using the appropriate age groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "AMC Linear Disability Scale scores were analysed as described previously (Weisscher et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The relationship between symptomatic status, age and the pattern of X-inactivation in skin fibroblasts were analysed by logistic regression."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Forty-six females from 26 kindreds were enrolled in the study (one kindred with five females, two with four females, two with three, five with two, and 17 with one)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Twelve were recruited through the outpatient clinic, 34 were relatives of these females or responded to the letter sent to members of the Dutch X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patient organization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Complete clinical and electrophysiological data were available from 46 females, blood samples were available from 45 females (one refused venepunc- ture) and skin biopsies were obtained from 43 women (two refused skin biopsy, one fibroblast culture failed because of a yeast infection)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The age of the included females ranged from 22 to 76 years (average 48 AE 13 years) (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Mutation analysis was done in 45 females."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For one obligate carrier no leucocytes were available, the mutation in that subject was considered to be the mutation found in her father and paternal uncle (Table 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Symptoms, signs and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores are presented in Table 1 and summarized by age group in Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Complaints of incontinence (both urinary and faecal), abnormal gait, and sensory symptoms were common."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Myelopathy was found in 29/46 (63%) and peripheral neuropathy in 26/46 (57%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Two of 46 (4%) had peripheral neuropathy without myel- opathy, and 11/46 (24%) had myelopathy without peripheral neuropathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thirty-one of 46 (67%) were considered symptomatic because of either myelopathy and/or peripheral neuropathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The percentage of women with signs and symptoms suggestive of myelopathy increased with age (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The percentage of symptomatic females increased from 2/11 (18% in the youngest age group) to 7/8 (88% in the oldest age group)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0024__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Logistic regres- sion showed a significant relationship between age and symptom- atic status, with the probability of being symptomatic increasing clearly with age [P = 0.002; odds ratio (OR) 1.2 (1.07-1.34); Fig. 2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Quality of life, as measured by the SF-36, was not statistically significant different between asymptomatic and symptomatic car- riers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, on measures that are related to physical disability (Fig. 3A), there was a trend towards a statistically significant dif- ference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There were no differences in emotional or mental health between asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The levels of disability were measured by the AMC Linear Disability Scale scores (Fig. 3B) and these were compared to data from the CARPA study, a prospective cohort study in Parkinson's disease (Post et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The AMC Linear Disability Scale scores were lower in the group of symptomatic X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers compared with the asymptomatic carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Symptomatic carriers had AMC Linear Disability Scale scores comparable to patients with Parkinson's disease at baseline and 1 year after diagnosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers 26/46 (57%) had a peripheral neuropathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The abnormalities mostly consisted of a reduction in compound muscle and sensory nerve action potential amplitudes, with a marginal slowing in nerve conduction velocity (Table 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is consistent with a sensorimotor axonal peripheral polyneuropathy, as has been reported to occur in males with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (van Geel et al., 1996)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The somatosensory evoked potential from the median (arm) nerve was abnormal in 3/42 (7%) of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers (four registrations failed because of technical reasons), of the tibial (leg) nerve 14/44 (30%) were abnormal (two registra- tions failed) (Table 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The median nerve somatosensory evoked potential was normal in all 15 asymptomatic carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The posterior tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potential was abnormal in one (7%) asymptomatic carrier."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Three of 27 (11%) symptomatic carriers had an abnormal median nerve somatosensory evoked potential and 13/29 (45%) had an abnormal tibial nerve somato- sensory evoked potential."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The average latency of the cortical peak increased with age for median nerve and tibial nerve somatosen- sory evoked potential."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The percentage of abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials increased with age (Table 4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Brainstem auditory evoked potential measurement failed for tech- nical reasons in one participant (Table 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the entire group, 26/45 (58%) had an abnormal brainstem auditory evoked poten- tial, mostly consisting of an increased I-V and I-III interval."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the asymptomatic group, 3/13 (23%) had a normal brainstem audi- tory evoked potential."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the symptomatic group this proportion was 23/32 (72%) had an abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potential."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There were no significant left-right differences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Plasma C26:0 were increased (2.26 AE 0.69 mmol/l; reference values 1.05 AE 0.078 mmol/l; Table 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thirty-one of 45 (69%) had abnormal plasma very long-chain fatty acids levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There were no significant differences in plasma C26:0 levels between asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers (P = 0.16)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast to what we reported before, C26:0 levels did not increase with age (Stradomska and Tylki-Szymanska, 2001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fibroblast C26:0 levels were increased in 37/43 (86%), and the C26:0/C22:0 ratio in 36/43 (84%) (Table 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The D 3 -C16:0/D 3 - C22:0 flux-ratio was decreased in 26/43 (60%), indicating reduced peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acids beta-oxidation capacity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Two of 43 (5%) carriers had normal C26:0 levels in plasma and fibroblasts, and 1/45 (2%) had normal C26:0 levels and normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There was a clear correl- ation between the ABCD1 protein levels in fibroblasts and the residual peroxisomal beta-oxidation capacity, C26:0 synthesis and very long-chain fatty acids levels (Fig. 4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The distribution of ABCD1 allele-specific expression (which will be referred to as the pattern of X-inactivation) is shown in Fig. 5A."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There was no evidence for skewing to either the mutated or normal ABCD1 allele."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The pattern appeared random and the median value was exactly 0.5."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The pattern of X-inactivation was similar between age groups (Fig. 5B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This contrasts with previous reports that documented a highly skewed pattern of X-inactivation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers (Migeon et al., 1981)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We subsequently correlated the pattern of X-inactivation with biochemical parameters in fibroblasts, i.e. ABCD1 protein levels, residual beta-oxidation activity and very long-chain fatty acids levels (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A clear correlation was found between the pattern of X-inactivation and the biochemical parameters in the fibro- blasts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, if there was preferential expression of the normal allele, the level of ABCD1 protein was higher, residual rates of beta-oxidation were higher, very long-chain fatty acids synthesis was lower, and very long-chain fatty acids levels were lower, and vice versa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine if the pattern of X-inactivation correlates with symptomatic status it is important to consider age as there is a strong correlation between age and symptomatic status (Fig. 2)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Logistic regression showed no correlation between symptomatic status and the ABCD1 allele-specific expression pattern, also after adjustment for age [P = 0.74; OR 1.00 (0.97-1.02)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In Fig. 5C and D the distribution of X-inactivation in asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers is plotted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers develop neurological symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, one of the earliest descriptions of an adreno- myeloneuropathy-like phenotype in X-linked adrenoleukodystro- phy was a female patient (Penman, 1960)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is not common knowledge among physicians (Jangouk et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Several X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers were reported to undergo cervical laminectomy for suspected cervical spondylogenic myelop- athy (van Geel et al., 1997)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this largest prospective cross-sectional cohort of female carriers to date, we found that neurological abnormalities are common and that the frequency increases steeply with age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The main symptoms were consistent with myelopathy, as in males with adrenomyeloneuropathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is striking how often faecal incontin- ence is reported as an early symptom."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One should bear in mind, however, that it is often not voluntarily reported because it is felt to be embarrassing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To our knowledge, this is not reported often in males with adrenomyeloneuropathy or in other degenerative myelopathies, for instance, hereditary spastic paraplegia, albeit that this feature may not have been specifically asked for (Salinas et al., 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our cohort sphincter disturbance is a frequent (13/46) and early symptom, and even occurs in a few (2/17) symptomatic carriers without other signs of myelopathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interestingly, most females with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy were actually relieved to find out that their symptoms were related to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, as often they had been told that an X-linked disease does not cause symptoms in 'carriers'."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Signs of peripheral neuropathy were mostly absent or minor clinically, and did not seem to contribute much to the overall dis- ability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is possible that signs and symptoms were masked by the more prominent signs of myelopathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Notwithstanding, on elec- trophysiological testing about 57% of the females in this cohort fulfilled the criteria for an axonal sensorimotor neuropathy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There was no statistically significant difference in SF-36 scores between asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers (Fig. 3A)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although any symptom may affect quality of life, it seems that the majority of symptomatic carriers have symptoms that do not impact the SF-36 enough to be visible at group level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The z-scores are usually below zero for the symptomatic carriers on the meas- ures related to physical symptoms (Fig. 3A), but the standard de- viation is large, supporting the previous assumption."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, symptomatic females show a trend towards reduced quality of life in domains related to physical symptoms (Fig. 3A), correspond- ing to the signs of myelopathy frequently present in our cohort."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Analysis of the AMC Linear Disability Scale revealed that mani- festing X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers had similar disabil- ity as patients with Parkinson's disease 1 year after the diagnosis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, compared to our cohort, the Parkinson's disease cohort was significantly older (average age 67 versus 48 years), suggest- ing that the burden of disease in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers is considerable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Somatosensory evoked potential was reported to be very sensi- tive in detecting abnormalities in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers in a presymptomatic stage (Restuccia et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our cohort, however, somatosensory evoked potentials of the median nerve (arm) were normal in all asymptomatic, and abnormal in only 11% of the symptomatic females."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is not surprising, as in none of the symptomatic females the arms were affected clin- ically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Somatosensory evoked potentials of the posterior tibial nerve (legs) were only abnormal in 7% of the asymptomatic and 45% of the symptomatic females."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, we conclude that somatosensory evoked potential is not superior to clinical examination in detecting myelopathy in our cohort."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In agreement with an earlier report, brainstem auditory evoked potential was abnormal in 58% (Restuccia et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A larger proportion of the symptomatic carriers had an abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potential compared with the asymptomatic car- riers (72% versus 23%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The findings were non-specific, mostly consisting of an increased I-V or III-V interval."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This indicates a slowing of conduction in the brainstem."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For clinical practice brain- stem auditory evoked potential has no value as a diagnostic tool."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As has been known for several decades, 15-20% of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers have normal plasma C26:0 (Moser et al., 1999)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found that a slightly higher proportion (31%) had normal plasma C26:0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, even in cultured fibro- blasts the C26:0 can be normal (Moser et al., 1983), as was the case in 6/43 (14%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Combining C26:0 levels in plasma and fibro- blasts marks 41/43 (95%) of the females in our cohort as biochemically abnormal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This corresponds to an earlier observation that by combining very long-chain fatty acids measurements in plasma and fibroblasts 93% of carriers can be identified (Moser et al., 1983)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acids beta-oxidation activity in cultured fibroblasts varied from com- pletely normal to values found in males with X-linked adrenoleu- kodystrophy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By combining very long-chain fatty acids measurements and beta-oxidation activity, 44/45 X-linked adre- noleukodystrophy carriers (98%) could be identified."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, this still does not reliably identify all X-linked adrenoleukodystro- phy carriers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, in females, only ABCD1 mutation analysis identifies all carriers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We showed that the biochemical abnormalities in fibroblasts correlated with the X-inactivation pattern, i.e. the more skewed to the mutant allele, the more abnormal the fibroblasts were bio- chemically."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our study showed that in fibroblasts, ABCD1 allele- specific expression (ABCD1 allele-specific expression) predicts the biochemical phenotype."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 12, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "X-inactivation was considered to be skewed preferentially to the mutant allele (Migeon et al., 1981)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That finding cannot be repro- duced in our data set (Fig. 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, the median skewing was 49:51, suggesting a random ABCD1 allele-specific expression pattern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For over two decades there has been controversy over whether X-inactivation predicts the symptomatic status of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Watkiss et al. ( 1993) reported that symptomatic status and X-inactivation in fibroblasts do not correl- ate in a small sample of 12 females."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A more recent report sug- gested that skewed X-inactivation patterns in leukocytes did correlate with symptoms in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers (Maier et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, the assay used in that study (HUMARA) has limitations because of the genetic distance be- tween the human androgen receptor (Xq12) and ABCD1 gene A limitation of our study is that not all X-linked adrenoleukody- strophy carriers in The Netherlands were examined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Even though we tried to minimize selection bias by including not only females from the outpatient clinic, and $75% of the participants were recruited through the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patient organization (with 52 female members) and relatives, it is still possible that the participants are not a totally random sample of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Based on the frequency in our cohort it can be estimated there are at least 200 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers in the Netherlands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Our cohort therefore probably contains no more than 25-30% of all X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers in The Netherlands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "It cannot be excluded that those without symptoms were less likely to participate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Although there was no age-matched control cohort, it is unlikely that the symptoms described are attributable to normal ageing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy cannot be considered a part of healthy ageing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0046__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Co-morbidity, like dia- betes, was rare in the cohort."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers are highly likely to develop symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The most important predictor is age, with most carriers having some clinical manifestation beyond age 60."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clinical manifestations are mostly related to myelopathy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Especially striking is the high incidence of faecal incontinence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Peripheral neuropathy is not prominent clinically, although based on nerve conduction studies 57% have a sensorimotor axonal peripheral neuropathy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Biochemical abnormalities are common, but cannot exclude X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with certainty in females."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The biochemical abnormalities in fibroblasts are clearly related to the X-inactivation pattern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We were not able to show a link between X-inactivation and symptomatic status, but this may be related to the limitations stated above."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "X-linked"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_534__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sir, In an interesting study recently published in Brain, Engelen et al. ( 2014) describe a cohort of 46 Dutch heterozygotes with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, representing 26 kindreds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They found that signs and symptoms of neurological involvement increased with age among the females included [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the authors express concern that selection bias may have skewed their results towards preferential inclusion of symptomatic subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We reported the same phenomenon of age-dependent penetrance among females in our own study (Horn et al., 2013), published in Pediatric Neurology (March, 2013), but not referred to in the present article [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_534__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This was the first prevalence study that looked at males and females with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy using modern diagnostic methods, including 26 adult females belonging to 13 separate kindreds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study had no selection bias, as all known cases of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in Norway (population 5 million) were included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All symptomatic females were older than 50 years, the asymptomatic ones were younger than 50 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Asymptomatic females with neurological signs of long involvement constituted a middle group age-wise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Four tract females, reportedly healthy, were unavailable for clinical examination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Naturally, asymptomatic females with no symptomatic family members could not be included except by screening measures, not yet established in Norway."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_534__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The findings by Engelen and coworkers lend support to our own results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subsequently, further support was found in our recent study (Horn et al., 2014) of small nerve fibre involvement in subjects with a disease-causing mutation in the ABCD1 gene (males and females with or without symptoms of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy): 10 of 11 subjects showed evidence of small nerve fibre involvement [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This was found even among young, asymptomatic heterozygotes with no clinical signs of emerging myelopathy, and increased with age and severity of symptoms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__critique__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This indicates that the central and peripheral nervous system is affected in most or all heterozygotes with a mutation in the ABCD1 gene, hence these subjects are not simply carriers of a gene mutation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_534__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sir, We thank Horn et al. ( 2014) for their comments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The paper they refer to was published after the first version of the manuscript of our paper (Engelen et al., 2014) was completed, otherwise it would have been included as a reference."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_534__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_534__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Their findings are indeed completely in line with our study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_534__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "534", "paragraph_id": "triad_534__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_534__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with interest the recent report from Horn et al. on small nerve fibre dysfunction in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and will certainly look at that in our patient population in the future."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_534/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2150643970_W3021437023_W2130367155", "triad_name": "triad_534", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_534__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It follows that the response of services to missed appointments should be in keeping with the seriousness of the consequences, yet current evidence for telephone prompts and other interventions to encourage attendance is equivocal at best and only relates to studies in newly referred patients (Macharia et al, 1992; Reda & Makhoul, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mitchell & Selmes (2007, this issue) state that 'Many [patients] who miss appointments because of slips and lapses later rearrange without adverse consequences'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this were true, there would be no indication for these authors' recommendation that further clinic appointments be sent after a non-attendance without first awaiting contact from the patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the study on which this statement is based (Sparr et al, 1993) was carried out in a military clinic for combat veterans in the USA and had several methodological limitations such that the results have to be interpreted with caution: the non-attendance rate was particularly low (9%); data were collected retrospectively from the treating clinician without corroboration from the case notes; and no definition of what was meant by an 'adverse outcome' was given."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sparr et al reported that over 70% of patients who missed their appointment spontaneously contacted the clinic to reschedule and they concluded that there was no need for the clinic to actively re-engage non-attenders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, in our prospective study of non-attenders at a psychiatric out-patient clinic in London, we found that both new and follow-up patients who missed a single appointment were very"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this issue of APT Mitchell & Selmes present an article detailing why patients miss appointments and how clinicians should respond."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many of the papers quoted relate to the psychiatric out-patient clinic."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this commentary, as well as picking up on some of the themes that emerge from their article, I explore the attachment that psychiatrists seem to have to this particular model of patient contact."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "unlikely to re-engage with the clinic (Killaspy et al, 2000), and one study from outside the UK found that only half those who missed an appointment re-engaged (Pang et al, 1996)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These 'slips and lapses' are a combination of cleri- cal error on the part of the clinic and, with regard to follow-up patients, social disorganisation secondary to the executive dysfunction and negative symptoms of the mental illness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Clerical error accounts for a lower proportion of missed appointments in psy- chiatric clinics (5-12%: Sparr et al, 1993; Killaspy et al, 2000) than in other medical specialties (28-33%: Verbov, 1992; Potamitis et al, 1994) but this is a po- tentially preventable cause of non-attendance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Al- though simple systems to remind patients about their appointments may appear to have face validity, they can only be effective for people who are con- tactable, such as those who actually have a work- ing telephone (Burgoyne et al, 1983)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The associated resources involved also have to be considered and there are currently no published examples of well- conducted cost-effectiveness analyses of telephone or other prompts to reduce non-attendance at mental health appointments in the UK."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Written information leaflets and orientation statements, which are help- ful in reducing anxiety about the appointment for newly referred patients, may be more effective at improving attendance rates than prompts (Kluger & Karras, 1983; Swenson & Pekarik, 1988)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Last year I was invited to write a review article for APT on the origins and future of the out-patient clinic in contemporary mental health services (Killaspy, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This article detailed the history of how the model developed some 300 years ago from a vehicle to triage new admissions to asylums and later became a replica of the approach used in other medical specialties for patient assessment and review."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the consistently high non- attendance rates and evidence of poor outcomes for non-attenders with severe and enduring mental health problems, I suggested that it might be time to review the usefulness of the clinic model for this client group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I explored an alternative approach that could be integrated within our existing and highly developed community mental health services to facilitate assessment and brief interventions for newly referred patients with common mental disorders and that would provide appropriate triage for patients requiring longer-term care from secondary mental health services."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "New Roles for Psychiatrists (National Working Group on New Roles for Psychiatrists, 2004) and the Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Community Mental Health Teams (Department of Health, 2002) have far reaching implications and contain detailed guidance on the delivery of assess- ment services for patients newly referred to mental health services and on ongoing treatment for patients with severe and enduring mental health problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both documents describe a secondary mental health service that appears to have no out-patient clinics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "So why, despite the relevant policy to support a new direction, are psychiatrists still inclined to use the clinic model? Is it because we see ourselves as hospital doctors whose activity is measured in the familiar approach of the out-patient clinic? Is it that we enjoy the only part of the job where we get to form a one-to-one therapeutic alliance with our patients, providing a welcome relief from our usual role of multidisciplinary team work? Are we under- confident in our non-medical colleagues' skills in assessment and one-to-one interventions? Are there some more-challenging patients that we feel only we have the experience to contain?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "None of these possible explanations has been researched, but in exploring the issue of the thera- peutic alliance, Mitchell & Selmes suggest that the patient's perception of the therapeutic alliance with the clinician and of the latter's helpfulness is important in preventing disengagement from the clinic ('Attendance at follow-up appointments is more a reflection of the patient's satisfaction with care than of the perceived need for further help')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the two large studies that have investigated satisfaction with psychiatric out-patient services have not found a statistically significant relationship between dissatisfaction with care and drop-out (Killaspy et al, 1998; Rossi et al, 2002), although considerable patient dissatisfaction has been expressed about being seen by the junior doctor rather than the consultant (Killaspy et al, 1998; McIvor et al, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, the content of the interaction between patients with psychosis and their psychiatrists appears to be rather unsatisfactory at out-patient appointments (McCabe et al, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The report on proposed new roles for consultant psychiatrists highlighted the problems of the out- patient clinic model:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "'There was almost universal dissatisfaction with out-patient clinics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The doctor is isolated from the team and patients frequently do not attend."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients may present very differently in the artificial environment leading to differences with staff who see the patient at home."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients are brought back routinely so as not to lose touch with them rather than out of necessity' (National Working Group on New Roles for Psychiatrists, 2004: p. 12)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since out-patient non-attendance is no longer a Healthcare Commission performance indicator, it is likely that managerial attention on the out-patient clinic will fade."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The evidence currently suggests that the out-patient model is best targeted at people who are most able and likely to keep appointments and that alternative approaches are indicated for those with more complex mental health problems, including assertive outreach for particularly 'difficult- to-engage' clients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A more radical review of the model could allow the integration of assessment and brief interventions for newly referred patients, and multidisciplinary triage of those requiring longer- term care under the care programme approach within the full range of community mental health services."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alternatively, we could continue to organise our services so that the most expensive member of the team sees the patients with the least complex problems and accept the resultant waste of resources when 1 in 3 do not attend."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "None."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3937__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients miss about 20% of scheduled appointments for mental health treatment, almost twice the rate in other medical specialties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Up to 50% of patients who miss appointments drop out of scheduled care."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many who miss appointments because of slips and lapses later rearrange their appointments without adverse consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Those that do not are at risk of further deterioration, relapse and hospital readmission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Predictors of non-attendance are complex and linked with the predictors of missed medication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Service barriers and administrative errors are common but are often overlooked in the absence of feedback from patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Of prime importance are the therapeutic alliance and degree of ‘helpfulness’ of the clinician but again these are rarely measured routinely."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Useful markers of engagement include patient-rated trust, satisfaction and degree of perceived participation in treatment decisions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Much can be done to improve attendance in most services."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Simple measures such as offering prompt, convenient appointments, offering reminders and augmenting with telephone contact have a reasonable evidence base."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Scales to assess therapeutic alliance are now available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Complex interventions need to be evaluated carefully in order that the overall benefits outweigh costs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0010__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "We suggest that clinicians consider accessibility, discharge policies and patient feedback when examining local rates of non-attendance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3937__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is the second of two articles by Mitchell & Selmes in APT on patient engagement and retention in treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first, which addressed non-adherence to medication, appears in the previous issue of the journal [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The financial cost of missed appointments in the National Health Service (NHS) has been estimated at £360 million per year [2], most of this accounted for by non-attendance in primary care and hospital out-patient clinics."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The purpose of this article is to review the extent and predictors of non-attendance in people with mental disorders presenting in primary and secondary care."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although one approach may be to fundamentally question the merits of out-patient clinics [3], our approach is to examine essential predictors and solutions within current models of care."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3937__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In considering the classification of missed appointments it is important to distinguish between those who do not attend their first appointment and those who do not attend follow-up appointments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unfortunately, in reviewing the literature few studies uphold this distinction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is also useful to separate individuals who occasionally miss appointments (partial non-attendance) and those who disengage from any follow-up (often called treatment drop-outs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To put non-attendance in context, patients may experience difficulty following medical advice at each stage of their patient journey (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3937__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The extent of non-attendance in psychiatry (and perhaps its impact on the patient) may be significantly greater than in other medical specialties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 2002–2003, 19.1% of psychiatry out-patient appointments were missed in England, compared with an NHS-wide figure of 11.7% [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of note, the Commission for Healthcare Improvement (now the Healthcare Commission) showed that non-attendance rates varied more than fivefold across 83 mental health trusts in England [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These national figures have been replicated in numerous small studies based in psychiatry outpatient clinics, which have reported non-attendance rates of 15.6–28% when examined as a proportion of all offered appointments [6][7][8][9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rates of initial non-attendance are usually higher than follow-up non-attendance, although this pattern may not hold for certain specialties [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The frequency of partial non-attendance is higher than the rate of full discontinuation (drop-out), echoing the findings of studies of missed medication [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Regarding partial non-attendance, Akerblad et al [10] in Sweden found that among 1031 patients with depression treated in primary care over a 6 month period only 54.6% of all scheduled appointments were kept."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In the largest study of full disengagement, Young et al [11] found that 31% of community psychiatric patients were lost to follow-up over the course of 1 year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__critique__p0013__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Over the course of 2 years the documented attrition rate for unscheduled drop-out may be as high as 50% [12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3937__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this issue of APT Mitchell & Selmes present an article detailing why patients miss appointments and how clinicians should respond."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many of the papers quoted relate to the psychiatric out-patient clinic."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this commentary, as well as picking up on some of the themes that emerge from their article, I explore the attachment that psychiatrists seem to have to this particular model of patient contact."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The evidence that non-attendance of patients at psychiatric out-patient clinics is a major problem that is highly wasteful of resources is unequivocal, but evidence-based guidance regarding what to do about missed appointments is much less clear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Up to 50% of people with any form of mental health problem miss an appointment either in primary or secondary care at some point during a treatment episode, around 30% of all psychiatric out-patient appointments are missed and somewhere between a quarter and a half of people who miss an appointment completely disengage from mental health services [1][2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the consequences of missing an appointment are more serious for people with severe and enduring mental health problems such as schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder and bipolar affective disorder, who are much more likely to require a subsequent admission than those with common mental disorders [3][4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Most people being seen as follow-up patients have a diagnosis of a severe and enduring mental health problem, whereas newly referred patients generally have common mental disorders [6][7][5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Response to missed appointments"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It follows that the response of services to missed appointments should be in keeping with the seriousness of the consequences, yet current evidence for telephone prompts and other interventions to encourage attendance is equivocal at best and only relates to studies in newly referred patients [8][9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mitchell & Selmes [2] state that ‘Many [patients] who miss appointments because of slips and lapses later rearrange without adverse consequences’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this were true, there would be no indication for these authors’ recommendation that further clinic appointments be sent after a non-attendance without first awaiting contact from the patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the study on which this statement is based [10] was carried out in a military clinic for combat veterans in the USA and had several methodological limitations such that the results have to be interpreted with caution: the non-attendance rate was particularly low (9%); data were collected retrospectively from the treating clinician without corroboration from the case notes; and no definition of what was meant by an ‘adverse outcome’ was given."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sparr et al reported that over 70% of patients who missed their appointment spontaneously contacted the clinic to reschedule and they concluded that there was no need for the clinic to actively re-engage non-attenders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, in our prospective study of non-attenders at a psychiatric out-patient clinic in London, we found that both new and follow-up patients who missed a single appointment were very unlikely to re-engage with the clinic [5], and one study from outside the UK found that only half those who missed an appointment re-engaged [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These ‘slips and lapses’ are a combination of clerical error on the part of the clinic and, with regard to follow-up patients, social disorganisation secondary to the executive dysfunction and negative symptoms of the mental illness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Clerical error accounts for a lower proportion of missed appointments in psychiatric clinics (5–12%: [10][5]) than in other medical specialties (28–33%: [11][12]) but this is a potentially preventable cause of non-attendance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although simple systems to remind patients about their appointments may appear to have face validity, they can only be effective for people who are contactable, such as those who actually have a working telephone [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The associated resources involved also have to be considered and there are currently no published examples of well-conducted cost-effectiveness analyses of telephone or other prompts to reduce non-attendance at mental health appointments in the UK."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Written information leaflets and orientation statements, which are helpful in reducing anxiety about the appointment for newly referred patients, may be more effective at improving attendance rates than prompts [14][15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Relevance of the out-patient model in contemporary mental health services"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Last year I was invited to write a review article for APT on the origins and future of the out-patient clinic in contemporary mental health services [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This article detailed the history of how the model developed some 300 years ago from a vehicle to triage new admissions to asylums and later became a replica of the approach used in other medical specialties for patient assessment and review."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the consistently high non-attendance rates and evidence of poor outcomes for non-attenders with severe and enduring mental health problems, I suggested that it might be time to review the usefulness of the clinic model for this client group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I explored an alternative approach that could be integrated within our existing and highly developed community mental health services to facilitate assessment and brief interventions for newly referred patients with common mental disorders and that would provide appropriate triage for patients requiring longer-term care from secondary mental health services."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "New Roles for Psychiatrists [16] and the Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Community Mental Health Teams [17] have far reaching implications and contain detailed guidance on the delivery of assessment services for patients newly referred to mental health services and on ongoing treatment for patients with severe and enduring mental health problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both documents describe a secondary mental health service that appears to have no out-patient clinics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "So why, despite the relevant policy to support a new direction, are psychiatrists still inclined to use the clinic model? Is it because we see ourselves as hospital doctors whose activity is measured in the familiar approach of the out-patient clinic? Is it that we enjoy the only part of the job where we get to form a one-to-one therapeutic alliance with our patients, providing a welcome relief from our usual role of multidisciplinary team work? Are we under-confident in our non-medical colleagues’ skills in assessment and one-to-one interventions? Are there some more-challenging patients that we feel only we have the experience to contain?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "None of these possible explanations has been researched, but in exploring the issue of the therapeutic alliance, Mitchell & Selmes suggest that the patient’s perception of the therapeutic alliance with the clinician and of the latter’s helpfulness is important in preventing disengagement from the clinic (‘Attendance at follow-up appointments is more a reflection of the patient’s satisfaction with care than of the perceived need for further help’)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the two large studies that have investigated satisfaction with psychiatric out-patient services have not found a statistically significant relationship between dissatisfaction with care and drop-out [18][19], although considerable patient dissatisfaction has been expressed about being seen by the junior doctor rather than the consultant [18][20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, the content of the interaction between patients with psychosis and their psychiatrists appears to be rather unsatisfactory at out-patient appointments [21]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The report on proposed new roles for consultant psychiatrists highlighted the problems of the out-patient clinic model:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "‘There was almost universal dissatisfaction with out-patient clinics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The doctor is isolated from the team and patients frequently do not attend."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients may present very differently in the artificial environment leading to differences with staff who see the patient at home."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients are brought back routinely so as not to lose touch with them rather than out of necessity’ [16]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3937", "paragraph_id": "triad_3937__response__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since out-patient non-attendance is no longer a Healthcare Commission performance indicator, it is likely that managerial attention on the out-patient clinic will fade."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The evidence currently suggests that the out-patient model is best targeted at people who are most able and likely to keep appointments and that alternative approaches are indicated for those with more complex mental health problems, including assertive outreach for particularly ‘difficult-to-engage’ clients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A more radical review of the model could allow the integration of assessment and brief interventions for newly referred patients, and multidisciplinary triage of those requiring longer-term care under the care programme approach within the full range of community mental health services."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3937__response__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alternatively, we could continue to organise our services so that the most expensive member of the team sees the patients with the least complex problems and accept the resultant waste of resources when 1 in 3 do not attend."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3937/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135681743_W2164763996_W2149355384", "triad_name": "triad_3937", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3937__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chronic opioid use for non-cancer-related illness has been increas- ingly scrutinised in recent years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While the total number of opioid prescriptions is decreasing in the United States, the average number of prescriptions per year remains at 51.4 per 100 citizens."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1 This im- plies that a large number of prescriptions continue to be provided for non-cancer-related conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This problem is not limited to the United States, as emerging literature over the past few years from Europe reports increased rates of opioid prescriptions for non-can- cer-related pain."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2,3 Data suggest that chronic opioid use impairs clinical care with worse disease outcomes and increases all-cause mortality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "4"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic illness with a re- lapsing and remitting course."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Disease flares are accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting and diarrhoea."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These symptoms are often severe enough to prompt emergency room visits, during which patients are likely to receive opioids as our group has shown previously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "5 This phenomenon has also been docu- mented outside the US, as prior studies reported Canadian patients with chronic opioid use and IBD had more emergency department visits and decreased quality of life as compared to patients without chronic opioid use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "6,7 Furthermore, previous studies have found chronic opioid use in IBD is associated with worse surgical outcomes, longer hospital stays and increased mortality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "8,9 Many predictors of chronic opioid use are associated with poorer outcomes in IBD such as smoking, depression and therapeutic non-compliance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "5,10 We sus- pect that chronic opioid use may further interfere with productive therapy by enhancing patient behaviours that compromise effective clinical management."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In recent years, IBD therapeutic management has placed in- creasing emphasis on rapid escalation of therapy in response to disease biomarkers to improve outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "11 Thus, clinicians are often hypervigilant in modifying therapeutic regimens in response to perceived disease flares."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While 'tight control' improves disease management in the vast majority of IBD patients, we suspect that it potentiates an unintended negative impact in patients who regularly receive opioids."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "IBD patients receiving chronic opioids are susceptible to both IBD flares and the clinical manifestations of opioid withdrawal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12 There is similarity between symptoms of opioid withdrawal and IBD flares including abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea and malaise, which falsely mimics disease re- currence and complicates disease management."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the interest of maintaining 'tight control' of IBD, we suspect that providers abandon biologic therapies and label patients with chronic opioid use as 'primary non-responders'. 13 Currently, there are no studies investigating the impact of the recent shift in IBD management to obtain 'tight control' on patients with chronic opioid use."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We hypothesise that this group may have rapid therapeutic cycling, which quickly leaves patients without treatment options."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study is designed to determine if chronic opioid use is associated with early discontinuation of biologic therapies independent of disease severity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study followed a retrospective cohort design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The study population included individuals diagnosed with IBD who received their first biologic prescription during the years 2011-2016."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Individuals with IBD were identified utilising the ICD-9 (555.X, 556.X) or ICD-10 (K50.X, K51.X) diagnosis codes for Crohn's dis- ease and ulcerative colitis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The study index date was identified as the earliest date associated with either inpatient administration or outpatient prescription claims of a biologic agent of interest, in- cluding adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab, golimumab, vedoli- zumab and ustekinumab."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Inpatient administrations were identified by Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System J-codes, and outpatient prescription claims were identified by Generic Product Identifier codes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the index date, individuals were included if they were ≤65 years of age and fully enrolled with prescription drug bene- fits for at least 6 months prior to the index date and 2 years after the index date."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients >65 were excluded from analysis due to incomplete data in the Truven MarketScan Commercial Database, which does not include Medicare claims data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Relevant covariates and outcomes of interest for each individual were extracted begin- ning 6 months prior to the index date and ending either at a gap in full enrolment or the study termination date (31 December 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Individuals were then separated into cohorts based upon ob- served chronic opioid use throughout the entire study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Outpatient opioid prescription claims were identified utilising GPI codes beginning with '65'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Chronic opioid use was defined as hav- ing at least a 90-day supply of outpatient opioid prescriptions in a 6-month period without any 30-day gaps in opioid coverage, a defi- nition that has been utilised in previous studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "5,14-18 Chronic opi- oid use was observed both in the 6-month pre-index period and the post-index study period."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Insurance claims data utilised in this study were procured from the Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters da- tabase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Truven MarketScan Research Databases (www.truve nheal th.com) are administrative claims-based databases represent- ing more than 255 million covered individuals and are considered representative of the privately insured population in the US."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More than 2100 peer-reviewed articles have been published utilising MarketScan data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "19"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary outcome of interest was persistence to biologic ther- apy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Persistence days were defined as the period from the index 13652036, 2021, 6, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.16269 by Stanford University, Wiley Online Library on [03/10/2025]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License date to the first 8-week gap in supply of any biologic of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An 8-week gap was chosen as it would be equivalent to missing a full dosing interval of the any of the biologics of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individuals were deemed non-persistent if they had an 8-week gap in supply prior to the end of the study window or their eligible period of en- rolment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Secondary outcomes of interest included the number of unique biologics utilised by individuals, and the days persistence to each biologic in chronological sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All persistence calculations were carried out in SAS software version 9.4 20 utilising previously validated methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "21,22"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Demographic covariates of interest were collected, including sex, age, geographic region and enrolment dates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Diagnosis of relevant comorbid conditions and Charlson comorbidity index were evalu- ated and reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "23 All diagnoses were identified utilising Clinical Classifications Software for ICD-9 and ICD-10 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), as well as previous litera- ture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "24,25 Diagnoses were coded as binary variables for individuals with at least one diagnosis code during the 6-month pre-index pe- riod or the post-index study period."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patterns of healthcare utilisation were also examined, includ- ing hospital admissions, emergency department visits, abdominal surgeries, endoscopies, the utilisation of inpatient and outpatient steroids and receipt of opioid agonist therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Abdominal surger- ies and endoscopies were identified utilising Procedure Classes Software from HCUP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "26 Inpatient medication utilisation was determined by Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System J-codes, and outpatient medication claims were identified by Generic Product Identifier codes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Variations in assessed outcomes and covariates in IBD patients with or without chronic opioid use were initially examined and assessed for statistical significance (P < 0.05) utilising Chi-square and t test methods in SAS software, version 9.4."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A survival analysis was conducted with chronic opioid use as the in- dependent variable of interest and days of biologic persistence con- sidered as the endpoint."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients who were persistent to biologic therapy at the end of their observation period were treated as right- censored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Univariable survival curves were estimated for categorical variables, and the functional form of continuous variables was as- sessed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Univariable hazard ratios were reported for categorical vari- ables and for those continuous variables that showed evidence of being linear in the log-hazard."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A Cox proportional hazards regression model was developed to assess the relationship between chronic opioid use and the risk of discontinuing therapy, while adjusting for potential confounding in- fluences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A purposeful variable selection strategy was followed in developing the multivariate model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "27 Model discrimination and cali- bration were quantified by Harrell's c statistic and the May-Hosmer goodness-of-fit test 28 with G = 10 risk score groups respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "R Core Team 29 was used for the survival data analysis, with the survival package 30 for statistical modelling, and the survminer package 31 for plotting survival curves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Significance level for null hypothesis testing was set at 5%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The final study cohort comprised of 16 624 individuals with IBD who were initiated on biologic therapy during the study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this co- hort, we identified 9013 (54.2%) individuals who received an opioid prescription, with 1768 (10.6%) meeting criteria for chronic opioid use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Substance use disorder was diagnosed in 26.9% of the chronic opioid use cohort, and 15.2% received opioid agonist therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Subjects with chronic opioid use were observed to have greater periods of continu- ous insurance coverage than others in the study population, which allowed for longer follow-up during this study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Individuals with chronic opioid use had a median follow-up time of 1443 days compared to 1270 days in those without a diagnosis of chronic opioid use (P < 0.0001; Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A significantly greater proportion of IBD patients with chronic opioid use had Crohn's disease as compared to those without (87% vs 84.2%, P = 0.002), whereas no significant dif- ference between the cohorts was observed in the incidence of ulcera- tive colitis and indeterminate colitis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For this reason, disease subtype was included in the multivariable model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0017__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, other results were not classified by disease subtype in order to simplify reporting."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Significant differences in patient demographics were noted among those with chronic opioid use, including sex, age and geographic re- gion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients with chronic opioid use were predominantly female (57.4% vs 50.8%) and older (mean age of 45 vs 37)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The majority of patients with chronic opioid use were in the age range of 45-65 years old (55.1%), while just 35.7% of IBD patients without chronic opioid use fell into this same range (P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients with chronic opi- oid use were more likely to reside in the 'Southern' region than those without chronic opioid use (P < 0.0001), whereas patients without chronic opioid use were more likely to reside in the 'Northeast.'"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "IBD patients in the chronic opioid use cohort were significantly more likely to utilise more than one biologic agent during the study pe- riod (P < 0.0001; Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects with chronic opioid use utilised a mean 1.5 different biologics, as compared to 1.37 biologics in the reference IBD cohort (P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Individuals with chronic opioid use were significantly more likely to utilise adalimumab (P < 0.0001), golimumab (P = 0.0003), certolizumab (P < 0.0001) and ustekinumab (P = 0.029) than those in the reference IBD cohort."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, 13652036, 2021, 6, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.16269 by Stanford University, Wiley Online Library on [03/10/2025]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License individuals with chronic opioid use were less likely to receive inf- liximab (P = 0.0002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There was no significant difference in vedoli- zumab use between groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to a higher number of unique biologic agents used over the study period, we found that IBD patients with chronic opi- oid use had decreased duration of persistence to biologic therapy Table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A sig- nificantly greater proportion of patients with chronic opioid use had decreased persistence to biologic therapy when compared to the IBD reference group (P < 0.0001), as evidenced by the low percentage of biologic therapy persistence observed in the chronic opioid use group (16.2%) compared to the IBD reference group (33.5%) at the end of the study period (P <0.0001) (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Treatment duration on the first and second biologic agents prescribed for IBD was significantly shorter in patients with chronic opioid use compared to those with- out (P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, no significant difference was observed between groups by the third, fourth or fifth lines of therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Healthcare utilization, including emergency department visits, hos- pital admissions, abdominal surgeries, mean number of endosco- pies and steroid usage, was observed to be significantly higher in the chronic opioid use cohort (P < 0.0001) (Table S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The rates of common comorbidities and conditions, including fistula, malnutri- tion, mental disorder, cancer, chronic pain and arthritis diagnoses, were all significantly higher in the chronic opioid use cohort com- pared to the reference IBD patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The average Charlson comor- bidity index was significantly higher in chronic opioid use patients compared to the reference IBD patients (1.17 vs 0.69; P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The chronic opioid use cohort experienced more comorbid condi- tions and disease complications, while also utilising healthcare re- sources to a greater extent than the reference cohort."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Univariable survival curves by chronic opioid use status were sig- nificantly different (P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects with chronic opioid use were 56% more likely to be non-persistent (hazard ratio 1.56, 95% CI [1.48-1.65])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among other categorical variables, only Crohn's disease failed to show a significant univariable association with risk of non- persistence (hazard ratio 0.98, 95% CI [0.93-1.03]) (Table S2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among After variable selection and assessment of the proportional haz- ard assumption, the main effects model included chronic opioid use, dichotomous age (<50 vs ≥50), gender, arthritis, mental disorder, ab- dominal surgery, inflammatory bowel disease type, number of inpa- tient admissions and inpatient steroid exposure (Table 4)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subjects with chronic opioid use were 23% more likely to be non-persistent to biologic therapy, after adjusting for the other variables included in the final multivariable model (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% CI [1.16- 1.31])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Diagnostics indicated that the final model was stable and well-calibrated (P-values in all 10 risk score groups were well above 0.05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Concordance was c = 0.60, indicating moderate predictive accuracy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based upon our univariable analysis, the time to discontinuation decreases with increased comorbid conditions, emergency depart- ment visits, inpatient admissions and steroid therapies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "IBD patients with chronic opioid use in our study population were observed to have higher rates of comorbidities and healthcare utilisation as com- pared to the reference cohort."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using these variables as surrogate markers for disease acuity, we acknowledge the possibility that chronic opioid users have more severe IBD, which contributes to higher rates of biologic failure and therefore decreased persistence to biologic therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also considered the possibility that the chronic opioid use cohort was simply sicker overall, given this group had a higher Charlson comorbidity index compared to the reference group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the chronic opioid use cohort was still 23% more likely to discontinue biologic therapy early even when controlling for the most relevant surrogate factors of disease severity using a mul- tivariable predictive model."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This suggests that the difference cannot be solely attributed to greater disease severity or concomitant co- morbidities in the chronic opioid use cohort, which lends strength to the study's conclusions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results presented show that the risk of biologic discontinuation increased linearly as the number of emergency department visits and outpatient steroid usage increased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "IBD patients with chronic opioid use were observed to visit the emergency department more frequently and receive higher doses of steroid therapy for presumed IBD flares."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More frequent emergent healthcare utilisation in pa- tients as well as a greater reliance on rescue steroid therapy may lead to earlier determination of biologic therapy failure and subse- quently decreased persistence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, given that IBD patients with chronic opioid use are more likely to have early discontinuation of biologic therapy even when controlling for surrogate markers of disease severity, including measures of healthcare utilisation, we suspect that other factors associated with chronic opioid use de- crease the likelihood of persistence to biologic therapies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Symptoms of opioid withdrawal that occur with chronic opioid use resemble IBD flares, and may lead providers to inappropriately switch bio- logic therapies under a false assumption of poor disease control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, gaps in biologic therapy due to shorter periods of per- sistence may diminish treatment effect and increase the risk for the development of antibodies to biologics, necessitating discontinua- tion or therapeutic switch."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "32 It is interesting to note that patients with chronic opioid use were significantly more likely to receive self-injectable biologic therapies than those without chronic opioid use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This could be an additional reason for decreased persistence to therapy in this patient popula- tion, as it places increased onus on patients to obtain and self-admin- ister therapy without further provider contact."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Lack of persistence to therapy may be detected in a timelier manner in those receiving infusion therapies and allow for more rapid intervention to ensure patients remain on track with therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study relies on commercial insurance claims data, which may not be representative of the non-insured and Medicaid/Medicare populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The retrospective design of this study may introduce increased risk of confounding factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Due to the large scale of data collection, we were unable to track direct indicators of disease se- verity, including abdominal CT scan findings, endoscopy findings, faecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein, etc."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, we were un- able to directly control for disease severity and were forced to use surrogates of disease severity including abdominal surgeries, fistula and inpatient admissions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We acknowledge that direct indicators of disease severity are a major factor in clinical decision-making with regard to therapeutic alteration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found that chronic opioid use is independently associated with a shorter period of persistence to biologic therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The number of biologic therapeutic options for IBD remains relatively limited, and recognition of this phenomenon is of paramount importance for pre- serving therapeutic options for IBD patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Prior to abandoning a biologic therapy, we implore clinicians to remain hypervigilant for withdrawal symptoms, and ensure that patients with chronic opioid use demonstrate definitive biomarkers of ongoing disease activity such as elevated faecal calprotectin and/or endoscopic appearance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, we suggest that clinicians involved in the care of IBD pa- tients remain vigilant in identifying patients at risk for chronic opioid use and work with patients to find alternative methods for symptom and pain control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Future study investigating the benefit of partner- ships with addiction medicine to improve outcomes in IBD is merited."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2338__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients with IBD frequently endure chronic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite the drawbacks of opioids in IBD, a significant proportion of IBD patients rely on them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In line with the global opioid epidemic, the use of opioids has increased in IBD [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Up to 30% of IBD outpatients and up to 70%-90% of hospitalised patients receive opioids [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this journal, Rhudy et al report a retrospective study assessing the association between chronic opioid use and biologic agent persistence [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The authors hypothesise that IBD patients with chronic opioid use frequently experience symptoms of opioid withdrawal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These symptoms may mimic disease recurrence, resulting in a rapid cycling of biologics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Using the Truven MarketScan Database, 1768 out of 16,624 patients were identified as chronic opioid users."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The primary outcome ‘persistence’ was defined as the period from the index date to the first 8-week gap in supply of any biologic of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The IBD patients with chronic opioid use utilised more different biologics (1.5 vs 1.37 in the reference group) and had a lower persistence on biologics (16.2% vs 33.5%)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0029__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "When controlling for various confounders, patients with chronic opioid use are 1.23 more likely to be non-persistent to biologic therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2338__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 14, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [14, 14, 14], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This does not necessarily mean that biologics are discontinued inappropriately in IBD patients with chronic opioid use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, reasons for discontinuation were not recorded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, although the association between chronic opioid use and persistence was independent of surrogate markers of disease activity (steroids, healthcare utilisation), objective markers were missing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, conclusions about causal relationships between chronic opioid use and persistence could not be drawn from the present study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Chronic opioid users may have a more complex IBD, which is characterised by a higher turnover of different biologics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In contrast, chronic opioid users may develop difficult to control symptoms which are interpreted as disease recurrence, leading to treatment cycling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Despite the inherent limitations of the retrospective design, the results are strengthened by the large patient population and sound statistical methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "More importantly, this study touches upon a relevant topic in clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Chronic opioid use is associated with numerous side effects, increased infections, and mortality [2, 4, 5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Even more worrisome, data supporting a benefit of opioids for pain control and quality of life are lacking [6, 7]. What to do with this information?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "First, opioid use should be discussed with patients before discharge or during outpatient visits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Second, the stepwise pain management should be critically reviewed, focusing on non-opioid pharmacological alternatives (COX-2 inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants) and psychological and behavioural support [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "A recent study shows that a multimodal intervention, including an IV acetaminophen protocol, a gastroenterology consult note ‘smartphrase’, an IBD pain management pathway, and automated text message alerts, substantially reduced intravenous opioid use and hospital length of stay, with similar pain scores [9]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__critique__p0030__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Implementation of a multidisciplinary team and a holistic approach in order to reduce chronic opioid use and prevent further harm is of vital importance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2338__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Dr van der Have and Dr Maljaars for their commentary on our work [1], [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study was inspired by observations in our IBD clinic, a large tertiary referral centre in a state plagued by the opioid epidemic."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While the limitations of using large databases such as Truven are well highlighted, we agree with the statement, 'chronic opioid users may develop difficult to control symptoms interpreted as disease recurrence, leading to treatment cycling.' This phenomenon further underscores the importance of relying on objective evidence of disease recurrence, be it elevated biomarkers (eg CRP or fecal calprotectin), weight loss, imaging, or endoscopic visualization, prior to abandoning therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2338__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Drs van der Have and Maljaars provide many wonderful examples of strategies and interventions which can be pursued for identifying and treating IBD patients at risk for chronic opioid use."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree a multidisciplinary approach is essential for the management of IBD patients at risk for opioid dependence, and believe future studies quantifying their benefit will further incentivize widespread implementation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2338__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2338", "paragraph_id": "triad_2338__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2338__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors' declarations of personal and financial interests are unchanged from those in the original article [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2338/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3123976660_W3134448591_W3135780979", "triad_name": "triad_2338", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2338__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mitral regurgitation is a public health problem, as the most frequent valvular disease 1 leading to frequent referrals, hospitalizations, and cardiac surgery, 2 and its burden is expected to increase with ageing of the population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 Degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) with mi- tral valve prolapse is the most frequent organic mitral regurgitation and the most repairable, but it is often undertreated in routine clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "3 This prevalent under treatment in both Europe and North America has multiple causes, 4 but is favoured by sub-optimal risk as- sessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "2 In DMR, individual risk factors have been identified 5-11 and endorsed by clinical guidelines."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "12,13 However, while guidelines strongly recommend a combination of those risk factors in an inte- grated process, 12,13 there has so far been no attempt at deriving and validating a risk score satisfying such unmet need."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The lack of an inte- grated risk score usable at diagnosis contrasts with the availability of surgical risk scores, 14 which are nevertheless instrumental mainly in surgical decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Current unavailability of a mortality score in DMR should not be surprising, since very large cohorts of patients with uni- form diagnosis and comprehensive clinical data are required, war- ranting multi-centre collaboration to obtain separate cohorts for the derivation and validation process (the two mandatory steps to obtain a score and to make it applicable to daily practice)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0001__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The international MIDA registries 15,16 provide the unique opportunity to analyse a comprehensive set of risk markers (prospectively and homoge- neously collected) in an integrated manner, allowing derivation and subsequent external validation of a MIDA Score specifically applicable to DMR."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Accordingly, we aimed at developing a risk score easily derivable from routinely collected clinical/echocardiographic parameters endorsed by guidelines and at validating this score externally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also wanted to verify the hypothesis that a user-friendly MIDA mor- tality score is independently and incrementally predictive of short- and long-term survival after diagnosis of DMR."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In summary, we aimed at providing for the first time a tool able to position a given patient within a continuous spectrum of mortality risk whether assigned to surgical treatment or to continuing medical therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A fully detailed 'Methods' section is available as Supplementary material online, whereas a more concise version is reported below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Mitral Regurgitation International DAtabase (MIDA) registries were created by systematically merging a series of prospectively assembled electronic institutional echocardiographic databases, each originally generated to optimize echocardiographic reporting (see Appendix)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All patients provided prior informed consent for anonymous publication of their clinical data; the study was conducted in accordance with institu- tional guidelines, national legal requirements, and the revised Helsinki declaration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present reporting complies with the TRIPOD statement and dedicated tutorials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "17 18"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All MIDA registries share analogous general eligibility criteria: (i) inclusion of consecutive patients with primary DMR by transthoracic echocardiog- raphy; (ii) availability of a comprehensive clinical/instrumental evaluation at index echocardiography; (iii) exclusion of secondary (functional) mitral regurgitation of any aetiology, ischaemic regurgitation, significant con- comitant aortic disease, mitral stenosis, active endocarditis, congenital diseases, prior valve surgery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients analysed in the Derivation Cohort were those included in the MIDA-Flail Registry encompassing 1/1/1980 to 12/31/2005."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "15 Patients en- rolled in the MIDA-Flail Registry fulfilled the general inclusion/exclusion criteria of the MIDA registries, but, as an additional requirement, they all received a diagnosis of DMR and flail leaflets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Validation Cohort consists of consecutive patients enrolled in the MIDA-BNP Registry, encompassing 1/1/2000 to 31/12/2013."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "16 The MIDA-BNP Registry fulfils the general inclusion/exclusion criteria of the MIDA registries, but it additionally requires -as a specific inclusion criter- ion- a blood sample collection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The diagnosis of flail leaflets is not manda- tory for the MIDA-BNP Registry, and both DMR and mitral valve prolapse or DMR and flail leaflets can be included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "By study design, pa- tients could be part of only one of the two cohorts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Echocardiographic data were analysed as collected at the time of echo- cardiography 19 without subsequent modification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The severity of DMR was based on the final diagnosis reported in the original echocardio- graphic report, which was performed by integrating all recorded echocar- diographic parameters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "12,13,20"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prognostic markers analysed to create the MIDA Score were selected on the basis of their known link to outcome in DMR and their guideline- based mention as a potential trigger for surgery (i.e. age > _65 years, left atrial diameter > _55 mm, ejection fraction < _60%, left ventricular end- systolic diameter > _40 mm, heart failure symptoms, atrial fibrillation, and right ventricular systolic pressure >50 mmHg)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "11-13"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary end point was long-term survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The secondary end point was 1-year survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Outcome was ascertained by investigators blinded to baseline predictors of outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The follow-up was completed up to death, end of the study or at least 5 years in 3322 (91%) patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since surgery is a competing risk event when analysing survival under medical management, we took advantage of competing risk analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This approach makes it possible to estimate hazard rates separately for each transition, diagnosis to surgery, or diagnosis to death, stratified by centre."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A Markov proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for predictors at transitions from diagnosis to surgery, or diagnosis to death."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Proportional hazard assumptions were evaluated with scaled Schoenfeld residuals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hazard ratios of univariate competing risk models were estimated in the Derivation Cohort for the components of the Score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Weights for these risk factors were calculated by redoing the univariate, transition-specific HR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In order to capture the risk attached to the consequences of volume overload (rather than the nonspecific risk of death related to aging), 11 the weight for age > _ 65 years in keeping with the results of competing risk analysis was set at a value of 3 (see Supplementary material online for more explanation)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For each pa- tient the MIDA Score was calculated as the sum of these weights (Table 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The predictive ability of the MIDA Score for survival under med- ical management was described using a Harrell's C-statistic for the survival models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "21 The C-statistic ranges from 0.5 to 1.0, with values of 0.5 indicating no predictive ability, and a value of 1.0 indicating per- fect predictive ability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The C-statistic was estimated by fitting a com- peting risk model to the derivation data and the validation data separately."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since some variables may not have been detectable (e.g. systolic pulmon- ary pressure in the absence of tricuspid regurgitation), the main analysis was based on the clinical principle that absent or missing variables are counted as negative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As an additional analysis, multiple imputation was used to generate 10 data sets and then to average the results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Association of the MIDA Score with 1-year mortality was analysed with a logistic regression model in the Derivation Cohort and validated for the Validation Cohort."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The C-statistic (Somer's D) was used to examine the predictive power of the score in the Validation Cohort."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Baseline characteristics of 2472 patients included in the Derivation Cohort are summarized in Table 1 (left column)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Flail leaflet was idio- pathic in 2301 (93%) patients, caused by healed endocarditis in 171 (7%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Involvement was confined to the posterior leaflet in 1956 (79%) patients and to the anterior leaflet in 346 (14%), while both leaflets were involved in 170 (7%) patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During follow-up (9.2 ± 5.4 years), 960 deaths occurred (390 under medical management)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Overall survival at 10 years was 68 ± 1% (56 ± 2% in patients symptomatic at diagnosis)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At univariate analysis, symptom presence, ejection fraction < _60%, left-ventricular end-systolic diameter > _40 mm, atrial fibrillation pres- ence, right ventricular systolic pressure > _50 mmHg, left atrial diam- eter > _55 mm, and age > _65 years were all associated with survival Table 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the Derivation Cohort, the median MIDA Score was 4 (25th- 75th percentile: 2-6) (Table 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The MIDA Score adjusted for age was independently associated with an increased risk of death under med- ical follow-up (adjusted HR [95% CI] per unit 1.20 [1.15-1.25] P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The independent prognostic significance of the MIDA- Score was also confirmed by competing risk model and multiple im- putation (adjusted HR [95% CI] per unit 1.18 [1.13-1.23] P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The concordance for the model with the MIDA Score adjusted for age in the Derivation Cohort was satisfactory [c = 0.78; standard de- viation (SD) 0.02]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mitral valve surgery was eventually performed in 1934 (78%) pa- tients (89% repair)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The median time (25th-75th percentile) from the baseline echocardiogram to the operation was 0.2 (0.1-1.9) years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During a post-surgical follow-up of 9.2 ± 4.8 years (median [25-75th percentile], 8.7 [6.3-12.1] years), 570 patients died."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The MIDA Score regardless of age was associated with an increased risk of post- surgical death (adjusted HR [95% CI] per unit 1.15 [1.11-1.19] P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Data on recurrence of regurgitation after repair were available for 1480/1713 patients; 20 years' freedom from > _3þ mitral regurgitation was 88% (95% CI, 86-90)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Baseline characteristics of the Validation Cohort (n = 1194) and MIDA Score distribution are depicted in Tables 1 and 3, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When compared to the Derivation Cohort, patients included in the Validation Cohort were more often symptomatic, although showing less severe consequences of DMR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These findings can be explained by the limited reproducibility of symptom assessments, the higher prevalence of female patients in the Validation Cohort, and the higher use of beta-blockers rather than digoxin in this group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "22 During a follow-up of 4.8 ± 2.4 years, 191 deaths occurred (131 under medical management)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Overall survival at 10 years was 68 ± 5% (59 ± 7% in patients symptomatic at diagnosis)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Surgery was eventually per- formed in 725 patients (93% repair)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Competing risk analysis confirmed the MIDA Score to be re- gardless of age associated with long-term risk of death under medical management (adjusted HR [95% CI] per unit 1.13 [1.01-1.22]; P < 0.001) (c = 0.81; SD 0.03)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The MIDA Score re- gardless of age also predicted long term post-surgical outcome (adjusted HR [95% CI] per unit 1.35 [1.19-1.54]; P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Association of the MIDA Score with 1-year mortality was analysed with a logistic regression model in the Derivation Cohort and validated in the Validation Cohort and found to be satisfactory (Derivation Cohort: c = 0.7540; Validation Cohort: c = 0.7537) (Figure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since remarkably similar 5- and 10-year survival rates were recorded and an analogous prognostic ability of the MIDA Score had been con- firmed, we combined Derivation and Validation Cohorts to further increase the sample size in order to facilitate long-term follow-up and sub-group analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Baseline characteristics of the Combined Cohort are reported in Tables 1 and 3, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During a follow-up of 7.8 ± 5.0 years, 1151 patients died."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 84 ± 1 and 69 ± 1% years, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "During a medical follow-up of 2.1 ± 3.5 years, 521 patients died."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Figure 2 reports the independent association of the MIDA Score with mortality under medical management in selected sub-groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Long- term survival according to the categories of MIDA Score is depicted in Figure 3A and (using multiple imputation) in Figure 4A (see Supplementary material online)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Surgery was eventually performed in 2659 patients (90% repair)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During a post-surgical follow-up of 7.8 ± 4.8 years, 630 patients died."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Perioperative mortality occurred in 40 patients (1.5%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The mean EuroSCORE II was: 1.72% (median [25-75th percentile] 1.17 [0.75- 1.98]) in the entire population; 3.04% in patients who died during the perioperative period (vs. 1.71% in those who survived, P = 0.004); 1.99% in those who were treated exclusively medically (vs. 1.62% in those who were operated on, P < 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the post-surgical outcome was analysed, the MIDA Score retained its independent prognostic significance from age and In conclusion, DMR management requires extensive prognostic assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12,13 The MIDA Score, developed using the largest co- horts of DMR medically and surgically treated ever analysed, can for the first time position a given patient within a continuous spec- trum of short- and long-term mortality risk, overall, under medical management and after surgery, providing incremental and inde- pendent prognostic information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our findings-generated by analysis of data collected at multiple centres from different contin- ents-may contribute to improve DMR management, by not only facilitating guidelines application but also providing a useful tool to test new therapeutic options for patients with DMR in homoge- neous categories of risk."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2069__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), lack of mortality scores predicting death favours misperception of individual patients’ risk and inappropriate decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Mitral Regurgitation International Database (MIDA) registries include 3666 patients with pure, isolated, DMR consecutively diagnosed by echocardiography at tertiary centres."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The MIDA Score was derived from the MIDA-Flail-Registry by weighting all guideline-provided prognostic markers, and externally validated in the MIDA-BNP-Registry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The MIDA Score ranged from 0 to 12 depending on accumulating risk factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In predicting total mortality post-diagnosis, the MIDA Score showed excellent concordance both in Derivation Cohort (c = 0.78) and Validation Cohort (c = 0.81)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In the whole MIDA population, 1-year mortality with Scores 0, 7–8, and 11–12 was 0.4, 17, and 48% under medical management and 1, 7, and 14% after surgery, respectively (P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Five-year survival with Scores 0, 7–8, and 11–12 was 98 ± 1, 57 ± 4, and 21 ± 10% under medical management and 99 ± 1, 82 ± 2, and 57 ± 9% after surgery (P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In models including all guideline-provided prognostic markers and the EuroScoreII, the MIDA Score provided incremental prognostic information (P < 0.002)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0026__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The MIDA Score may represent an innovative tool for DMR management, being able to position a given patient within a continuous spectrum of short- and long-term mortality risk, either under medical or surgical management."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2069__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mitral regurgitation is a public health problem, as the most frequent valvular disease leading to frequent referrals, hospitalizations, and cardiac surgery, and its burden is expected to increase with ageing of the population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) with mitral valve prolapse is the most frequent organic mitral regurgitation and the most repairable, but it is often undertreated in routine clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This prevalent under treatment in both Europe and North America has multiple causes, but is favoured by sub-optimal risk assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In DMR, individual risk factors have been identified and endorsed by clinical guidelines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, while guidelines strongly recommend a combination of those risk factors in an integrated process, there has so far been no attempt at deriving and validating a risk score satisfying such unmet need."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The lack of an integrated risk score usable at diagnosis contrasts with the availability of surgical risk scores, which are nevertheless instrumental mainly in surgical decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Current unavailability of a mortality score in DMR should not be surprising, since very large cohorts of patients with uniform diagnosis and comprehensive clinical data are required, warranting multi-centre collaboration to obtain separate cohorts for the derivation and validation process (the two mandatory steps to obtain a score and to make it applicable to daily practice)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The international MIDA registries provide the unique opportunity to analyse a comprehensive set of risk markers (prospectively and homogeneously collected) in an integrated manner, allowing derivation and subsequent external validation of a MIDA Score specifically applicable to DMR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Accordingly, we aimed at developing a risk score easily derivable from routinely collected clinical/echocardiographic parameters endorsed by guidelines and at validating this score externally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We also wanted to verify the hypothesis that a user-friendly MIDA mortality score is independently and incrementally predictive of short- and long-term survival after diagnosis of DMR."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__critique__p0027__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In summary, we aimed at providing for the first time a tool able to position a given patient within a continuous spectrum of mortality risk whether assigned to surgical treatment or to continuing medical therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2069__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most frequent valvular disease in developed countries [1], [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The degenerative aetiology predominates in primary MR, therefore its management represents an important public health issue [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It has been observed both in Europe and in the USA that there is an underuse of surgery in patients with MR when indicated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This occurs with the frequent finding that risk evaluation is not adequate, leading to undertreatment of the sickest patients while conversely lower risk patients are often overtreated [4]-[7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The search for an improvement of risk stratification in patients with degenerative MR was the aim of the study published by Grigioni et al. in this issue of the journal [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The goal was to define a score to predict early and late mortality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The authors should be congratulated for putting together what is the largest study ever published on degenerative MR since it included >3000 patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0028__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The patient population comes from two registries: the MIDA Flail registry (2472 patients) was used as a derivation cohort for the score, and the MIDA BNP registry (1194 patients) served as the validation cohort."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among the potential limitations of the present study we should take into account the fact that the inclusion period covers more than two decades, which may lead to significant changes in practices as regards both diagnosis and management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although no specific information was given about co-morbidities, the patient population seems to be at relatively low risk since EuroSCORE II ranged from 1 to a maximum of 2.48, mean age was 66 years, a large proportion of patients were asymptomatic, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 64%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus it is likely that the high-risk patients currently treated using percutaneous device are under-represented here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also lack precision as regards the methods used for grading the severity of MR; however, it was assessed using an integrative approach in experienced teams."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, most patients had flail leaflets which usually results in severe MR."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The MIDA score was derived from the derivation cohort by weighing clinical and echocardiographic parameters which are in the guidelines: age >_65 years, left atrium diameter >_55 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction >_60%, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter >_40 mm, heart failure symptoms, atrial fibrillation, and right ventricular systolic pressure >_50 mmHg."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All criteria corresponding to recommendations for surgery in guidelines were strongly associated with outcome, and this is a further proof of the validity of guidelines and of the relevance of the proposed thresholds [9], [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The positive aspects of this score are that it includes both clinical and echo variables taking into account all criteria together with a weight which is proportional to their prognostic impact."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The MIDA score is simple, thus it may be expected to be user-friendly which may facilitate its use in practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The score showed a good discrimination and also a good calibration, with a C index of 0.78 and 0.81, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally it appears that the MIDA score adds incremental value in comparison with the guideline-provided prognostic markers and the EuroSCORE II for predicting 1- and 5-year mortality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The fact that the MIDA score has a good predictive performance of 1-year mortality in medically treated patients is an important contribution in decision-making since it allows for a better assessment of the respective outcomes of operated and medically treated patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The predictive value of the MIDA score in operated patients further highlights the prognostic impact of the consequences of MR on the left ventricle, left atrium, and pulmonary pressures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is a further incentive to consider early surgery in severe MR without waiting for overt symptoms or left ventricular dysfunction."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A number of methodological limitations do, however, exist, among which one of the most important is the fact that the populations in the derivation and validation cohorts were significantly different as regards important characteristics such as gender (males: 72% in the derivation cohort vs. 65% in the validation cohort), symptoms (asymptomatic patients: 67% vs. 43%), and number of patients with flail leaflets (96% vs. 77%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is understandable that performing such a large study was at the price of some heterogeneity and it would be theoretically desirable to concentrate on a more homogenous population with flail leaflets only, severe MR assessed using precise quantification methods, and including only asymptomatic patients where decision-making is more difficult, while surgery is theoretically indicated when MR is severe and symptoms are present."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, percutaneous treatment should be part of the treatment performed since it has a growing role in current practice when affordable [11]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Beyond the issues intrinsic to the value of this score, it is a bit of an oversimplification to think that a score can summarize all the factors in the decision, even more so when addressing a population of elderly patients with a large number of co-morbidities, which are not taken into account in the MIDA score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A simple score could be used more often but it will not provide the solution for the management of a specific patient [12], [13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In such cases, the only way to proceed is the judgement of a Heart Team integrating a number of clinical, anatomic, and procedural variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such a process was recently put forward and is now recommended in the new ESC EACTS guidelines on the management of valvular disease [14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The suggestion that undertreatment is largely due to the absence of such a score also somewhat oversimplifies the problem because the reasons are probably multiple."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the MIDA registry, patients who were denied surgery were at higher operative risk, as shown by differences in risk scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This finding was the same in the Euro Heart Survey, in which the EuroSCORE was higher in patients referred to surgery than in those medically treated, although all of them had a theoretical indication for surgery [4], [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We share the opinion of the authors that this finding suggests that the operative risk is overstressed in decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "High-risk patients are also likely to have a particularly poor outcome under medical therapy, but this does not seem to be fully taken into account by the practitioners in charge of the therapeutic decision."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2069", "paragraph_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A process needs to be followed to overcome undertreatment of MR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first step would be to identify gaps in knowledge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This can be done by awareness studies performed among primary care physicians and cardiologists [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A similar effort was made in Europe and was presented during the last annual congress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In parallel, another way to identify the gaps in knowledge will come from registries such as the Euro Heart Survey and its second phase which was just finalized and included >7000 patients throughout Europe, the results of which are to be expected next year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This identification of the gaps will facilitate the development of new educational programmes specifically targeting the gaps derived from awareness studies and registries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The efficacy of educational programmes will then be evaluated based on changes in knowledge and, more importantly, practices and outcomes to be evaluated by repeated registries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2069__response__p0035__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thus this study contributes to an improvement in our knowledge in the management of degenerative MR, but there is still a lot of work to be done."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2069/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2112050863_W2804557607_W2805728359", "triad_name": "triad_2069", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2069__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Male lemurs have well-developed scent glands on the wrists (an- tebrachial scent glands) and shoulders (brachial scent glands)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The antebrachial gland is mainly composed of apocrine glands and secretes small quantities of a highly volatile clear fluid, whereas the brachial gland is composed of sebaceous glands that produce a brown greasy paste [5, 6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using these secretions, lemurs perform scent marking to advertise their social rank [7, 8] or reproductive state, as well as to demarcate territories or mediate intergroup spacing [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "During the breeding season, male lemurs rub their wrists to mark their territory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They rub their antebrachial and brachial scent glands on their own tails and then wave their tails to spread the glandular volatiles that threaten other males [10, 11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "With these behaviors, the male lemurs display their dominance status to potential rivals within the small multimale-multifemale groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Taken together, vola- tiles in glandular secretions seem to play a role in male-male communications among lemurs [12, 13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0001__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, male-female communications through the glandular secretions of lemurs had not yet been well examined."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Meanwhile, several studies have attempted to analyze the chemical components of lemur secretions at a molecular level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) anal- ysis, long-chain acids and esters were found in the anogenital se- cretions of lemurs; the chemical profiles were distinguishable be- tween the sexes [14, 15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The male brachial secretions have individual differences in their relative concentrations of compo- nents and, thus, are likely used for individual recognition [9, 16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Scordato et al. [ 9] analyzed four glandular secretions (brachial, Current Biology 30, 2131-2138, June 8, 2020 ª 2020 Elsevier Inc. 2131 ll A B C D E F G H"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine whether the degree of females' interest in male scent marks changes seasonally, the duration that females snif- fed male scent marks during the breeding season was compared with the duration of sniffing during the nonbreeding season at the Japan Monkey Centre (JMC)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We defined the breeding season af- ter the date on which estrous individuals were confirmed within the group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In previous studies, November to February is the breeding season and March to October is the nonbreeding sea- son in the Northern Hemisphere [20, 21] and, in our cases, the breeding season began from late October to November."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Multi- male-multifemale (8 females and 4 males) groups are naturally reared in an outdoor enclosure at the center (Figure 1A), and focal male scent marks were observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Females sniffed male scent marks during the breeding season significantly longer than during the nonbreeding season (p = 0.038; Figures 1B and S1A)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This result indicates that female lemurs are more attracted to male scent gland secretion during the breeding season."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, secretions were collected, using a micropipette tip, from the antebrachial scent gland on the wrist of three male lemurs (Bon, Doitsu, and Afu) at the Research Institute of Evolutionary Biology at the Tokyo University of Agriculture (RIEB) and one male (Dan) at Yumemigasaki Zoological Park (YZP) (Figures 1C and 1D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Se- cretions were collected twice per month from January 2013 to December 2014 and once per month from June 2018 to February 2019 (Figure 1E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The volume of secretions tended to be larger dur- ing the breeding season (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Each collected sample was used for GC-MS analysis and/or behavioral assay, as described in Figure 1E."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The smell of secretions collected during the breeding season was described as more fruity, floral, and sweet than those during the nonbreeding season, which were evaluated as being more bitter, leathery, animalic, and green by human senses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, female lemurs may use this odor differ- ence as a signal to judge the timing of mating."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To examine the attractiveness of male secretions to females, the sniffing behavior of two female lemurs toward each of the male antebrachial samples (i.e., eight and six samples derived from the breeding and nonbreeding seasons, respectively, from Bon and Doitsu) was observed during the breeding season at the RIEB (Figures 1E-1G and S1B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Before the behavioral assay, each female was isolated for approximately 1 h so she could habituate to the testing environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then, the female was pre- sented with a cotton pad containing 1 mL of male secretions for 2 min; the duration of cotton pad sniffing was recorded (Figures 1F and 1G)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The total average time that the females sniffed the cotton pads that had secretions from the breeding season was significantly longer than that for the cotton pads with secretions from the nonbreeding season, or for the control cotton pads."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The sniffing frequency and the number of times the cotton pads were sniffed were variable among the samples, whereas the duration of each sniffing event was always longer for samples from the breeding season, which resulted in a longer total sniffing dura- tion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "After that, we presented cotton pads with secretions to two other females reared at the JMC, and the result was the same (Figure 1H)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These results suggest that female lemurs sniff male secretions derived from the breeding season longer than secretions from the nonbreeding season."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, an attempt was made to determine the chemical profiles of compounds in male antebrachial secretions that females were attracted to during the breeding season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To identify the key com- pound(s), the profiles of volatile chemicals emitted from the male secretions obtained during the breeding and nonbreeding sea- sons were compared using GC-MS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The GC-MS analyses demonstrated that among the many peaks that were present, 50 appeared in more than two analyzed Bon (age 9) samples; these 50 peaks were analyzed further (Table S1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, the relative median peak area difference between breeding- and nonbreeding-season samples was determined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In samples from Bon (age 9), the amounts of #21 (dodecanal), #26 (12-methyltridecanal), and #28 (tetradecanal) were higher during the breeding season than the nonbreeding season, whereas the amount of #24 (acetamide) was higher during the nonbreeding sea- son (Figures 2 and S2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In samples from Doitsu (age 17), the amount of #26 was also higher during the breeding season, and #21 and #28 tended to be higher (Figure 2C; Table S2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Samples from Afu (age 9) and Dan (age 23) also showed the same tendencies for #21, #26, and #28 (Figure 2C; Tables S3 and S4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, principal- component analysis results for seven breeding-season and 10 nonbreeding-season samples from Bon showed that compounds #21, #24, #26, and #28 had a strong effect on the differences seen between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons (Figure S3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The total ion chromatograms of Bon's samples are shown in Figure 2A."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 2B shows the overlaid chromatograms of Bon's samples in which the chemical identities of #21, #24, #26, and #28 were confirmed using the retention times and mass spectra of standard samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The scents of #21, #26, and #28 were green, floral/fruity, and floral/green, respectively, according to the GC-MS olfactometry analysis and were Medians (bands inside boxes), quartiles (boxes), and 1.5 times the interquartile ranges (whiskers) and outliers (circles and scores beside arrows) are shown in the boxplots."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "identical to those of standard samples (Figure 2B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The scents of these compounds were also consistent with the breeding-sea- son samples evaluated by human senses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Based on these re- sults, three C12 and C14 aldehydes are strong candidate com- pounds for female lemur attraction."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It was hypothesized that one cause of increased dodecanal, 12-methyltridecanal, and tetradecanal secretion was the higher testosterone levels reported in male lemurs during the breeding season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To test this hypothesis, the serum testosterone level was manipulated by injecting testosterone intramuscularly into the 9-year-old male (Bon) from July to August, which corresponded to the nonbreeding season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The testosterone level was higher during the breeding season in both the 9- and 17-year-old males (Bon and Doistu), as previously reported, although the level in the 17-year-old male was much lower than in the 9-year-old male, which was likely due to aging (Figure 3A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The testosterone injection into the 9-year-old male during the nonbreeding season resulted in a higher serum testosterone level, and that level was similar to that in the 17-year-old male (Figure 3A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "GC-MS was used to quantify the amounts of dodecanal, A B C Report acetamide, 12-methyltridecanal, and tetradecanal in secre- tions at the indicated time after testosterone injection (Fig- ure 3A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12-methyltridecanal and acetamide demonstrated a significant increase and decrease, respectively, in testos- terone-boosted samples (Figure 3B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Tetradecanal had a nonsignificant tendency to increase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No change for dodecanal was observed (Figure 3B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These results are consistent with the observation that the amounts of 12-methyltridecanal in the 17-year-old male lemur were lower than those in the 9-year-old male (Figure 2C), which is likely due to a lower testosterone level (Figure 3A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine the female sniffing behavior associated with the above candidate compounds, two female lemurs (the same indi- viduals as in Figures 1F and 1G) were presented with cotton pads that contained different amounts of dodecanal, 12-methyltride- canal, or tetradecanal for 2 min and the sniffing duration was measured at the RIEB."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No increase in sniffing duration was observed for dodecanal, whereas significant increases were observed for 12-methyltridecanal and tetradecanal at amounts greater than 490 and 300 ng, respectively (Figure 4A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A measurement of 490 ng of 12-methyltridecanal is equivalent to 20-100 mL of breeding-season secretion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These results suggest A B that 12-methyltridecanal and tetradeca- nal are key compounds in the male ante- brachial glandular secretions that elicit attractive behaviors among female lemurs during the breeding season."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the effect of the above candidate aldehyde com- pounds was examined in relatively more natural and social conditions in an indoor enclosure at the JMC (Figure 4B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To determine whether females were interested in these alde- hydes, they were presented with cotton pads that contained different amounts of dodecanal, 12-methyltridecanal, or tetra- decanal for 5 min (Figure 4B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the breeding season, no in- crease in the total number of sniffing events per trial, or the to- tal sniffing duration per trial, was observed for each compound, whereas conspicuous increases were observed for the three-compound mixture (Figure 4B, upper panel)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, the duration of females' responses to any single compound was not different from their response to the control solution, whereas females sniffed significantly longer at mix- tures with concentrations of 3-10 ppm for 10 mL solutions, which is equivalent to a 3 to 30 mL breeding-season secretion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "On the other hand, females in the nonbreeding season were not interested in these compounds (Figure 4B, lower panel)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These results support the hypothesis that the identified C12 and C14 aldehydes are key compounds in male antebrachial ll Current Biology 30, 2131-2138, June 8, 2020 2135 Report glandular secretions that elicit attraction behaviors of female lemurs during the breeding season."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the results of many studies indicating intraspecies chemical communications among primates, no research where the phero- mone-like molecules were identified had been published."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was partially due to the complexity of volatile compounds contained in body odors or secretions and the difficulty of performing reliable behavioral experiments in primates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This study used lemurs, with unique exocrine scent glands and a specific marking behavior, to successfully identify volatile long-chain aldehydes that increased A B during the breeding season in a testos- terone-dependent manner and appeared to be major male-specific odorants involved in female attraction during the lemur-breeding season."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is conceivable that the identified C12 and C14 aldehydes are putative sex pheromones that aid male-female interactions among lemurs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There have been several reports of GC- MS analyses of secreting glands in lemurs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hayes et al. [ 15] reported that anogenital gland secre- tions contained long-chain alcohols and esters that showed sex differences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Scordato et al. [ 9] reported that brachial secre- tions were thick and viscous, containing squalene and choles- terol derivatives, whereas labial and scrotal secretions contained organic acids and esters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They also determined that antebrachial secretions were highly volatile and contained fewer compounds than other glands [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Boulet et al. [ 14] reported 338 and 203 semiochemicals in labial and scrotal secretions, respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "None of these studies, however, reported the specific com- pounds that are involved in sexual communication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Three C12 and C14 aldehydes identified in this study have not previously been detected in the secretions of lemurs or in any secreting ll 2136 Current Biology 30, 2131-2138, June 8, 2020 Report gland of other primate species (Mandrillus sphinx [22]; Callithrix jacchus [23])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are, however, some reports of these com- pounds being detected in animals other than primates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Dodeca- nal, tetradecanal, and 12-methyltridecanal have been reported to exist in lamb wool [24] and were suggested to be involved in the recognition of newborn sheep by their mothers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Tetradecanal is known as a sex pheromone in mantis and Helicoverpa assulta [25, 26]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, although the identified aldehydes are novel find- ings in primate species, long-chain fatty aldehydes appear to be used as communication tools widely throughout the animal kingdom."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has been reported that the volatile composition of male brachial gland secretions correlates with testosterone level [9, 20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consistently, testosterone administration in the 9-year-old male during the nonbreeding season resulted in an increase in the amount of the C12 and C14 aldehydes that were secreted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also observed that the volume of antebrachial gland secre- tions increased in both the breeding season and the testos- terone-effective period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, the seasonal change in the amount of C12 and C14 aldehyde secretion from the 17-year- old male was small."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The reproductive age of ring-tailed lemurs starts at 2-4 years [27, 28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The mean (±SD) lifespan of females was 4.9 ± 4.9 years and the longest was 20 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Male lemurs rarely live beyond 10 years in the wild, although the maximum lifespan in captivity has been recorded as 37 years among females and 35 years among males [29]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, the 9- and 17-year-old male subjects of this study could be stratified into prime adult and old age, respectively, and the testosterone- dependent change is a signal from young reproductive males toward females."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the female side, young females are inter- ested in males' secretions during the breeding season, whereas old females that have passed their reproductive age equally snif- fed secretions during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons (data not shown)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, both young reproductive males and females appear to benefit from their mating choice, and sub- sequent reproductive behaviors demonstrated during the breeding season by males are associated with the production of testosterone-dependent C12 and C14 aldehydes, which females sense."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Can we say that the identified C12 and C14 aldehydes in lemurs are pheromones?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The classical definition of a pheromone is a sub- stance that is secreted by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species (conspecific) to induce a specific re- action, such as a stereotyped behavior or endocrinological change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The identified C12 and C14 aldehydes seem to support this definition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Future studies on behaviors or endocrine changes might help us to argue more explicitly about whether the identified C12 and C14 aldehydes in lemurs are sex pheromones."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nonethe- less, the identification of key volatiles used in sexual communica- tions among lemurs introduces a way to better understand chem- ical communications among primates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Detailed methods are provided in the online version of this paper and include the following:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3225__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pheromones mediate a wide range of functions across the animal kingdom [1], and such chemosensory communication is especially widespread among mammals [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent paper in Current Biology, Shirasu, Ito et al. [ 3] describe the results of a series of chemical and behavioral studies that identified three aldehyde odors released from the wrist gland of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) that could represent the first identified sex pheromones in male primates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Observations of a captive group and controlled presentations of isolated male scent samples showed captive female lemurs sniffing antebrachial scent marks longer on average during the breeding season."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Comparison of the chemical profiles of antebrachial secretions between breeding- and non-breeding-season samples revealed three aldehydes putatively responsible for the female response, the concentration of one of these subsequently shown to increase following testosterone injection of one male."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Average sniffing duration of two females increased slightly with increasing concentrations of two of the three aldehydes in one experiment, and so did the response of seven other females to swabs with mixtures of the three compounds, compared to individually presented aldehydes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From these results, the authors conclude that “it is conceivable that the identified C12 and C14 aldehydes are putative sex pheromones that aid male–female interactions among lemurs.”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here, I argue that, in fact, more data are needed to determine whether antebrachial marking and these substances are actually involved in mediating the attractiveness of males to females during the breeding season."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "My specific concerns pertain to several aspects of the methods that produce ambiguous results and conclusions that are too strong, especially when considering the broader context of lemur biology."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, there are issues with reported methodology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects used to explore the response to male scents, for example, were not equally familiar with each other because the scent of one male was presented to females kept at another institution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, variation in female sniffing behavior may have (also) been due to variable familiarity with the scent donors [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It also remains unknown whether the samples from the (non-)breeding season and the unspecified control were presented simultaneously or sequentially, and if the latter, in which order."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, most data were derived from a single male, where repeated sampling revealed a difference in aldehyde concentrations between seasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These patterns were not replicated in three other males, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same criticism applies to a testosterone challenge, which included only one male but no control."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because samples from a single male were also used to assess the behavioral response of only two females in most behavioral assays, the general study design also raises substantial concerns about pseudoreplication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, the empirical basis for this study’s claims may be considered interesting, but preliminary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These experiments raise more challenging questions still about methodology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, it remains unknown whether longer duration or higher frequency of sniffing represent greater interest, motivation, unfamiliarity or animals’ challenges in sampling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Are five sniffing events of two seconds conjointly equivalent to one investigation over ten seconds?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The authors chose duration as their measure because it was less variable than frequency; but there is no a priori reason for favoring one measure over the other."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Explicit statements of underlying assumptions and cautious interpretation are needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 8, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, claims that “this could be the first sex pheromone in primates” ignore results of earlier work and reflect a lack of familiarity with certain aspects of the mating system of ring-tailed lemurs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is possible that the authors wanted to emphasize the fact that their study might be the first to chemically identify a primate sex pheromone because experimental evidence for the olfactory communication of sexual status of female primates has been first presented more than 50 years ago [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While Darwin [6] considered “structures that produce sounds and odors with the sole purpose of attracting females” to represent examples of sexually selected traits, it has proven difficult to unambiguously demonstrate the function of putative mammalian male sex pheromones."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If the aldehydes identified by Shirasu, Ito et al. [ 3] do act as male sex pheromones, their putative function remains obscure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ring-tailed lemurs live in bisexual groups year-round; there is no need for males to attract females to them, like calling frogs, for example, and females are presumably familiar with all permanently co-resident males and their odors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further, these substances did not elicit immediate mating, and sniffing is not a response specific to these signals; hence, they had no releaser effect [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A potential priming effect, as has been demonstrated for several substances in male urine that accelerate female puberty and synchronize estrus in other mammals [7], for example, is unlikely, because female lemur reproductive physiology is under photoperiodic control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thus, the reported seasonal changes in the bouquets of male antebrachial secretions are most likely not used by the females “as a signal to judge the timing of mating” [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This leaves the possibility that the aldehydes advertise male identity and quality and subsequently bias female mate choice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Females may evaluate males over months prior to mating [8], priming their later mate choice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, while there is a link between male odors from scrotal glands and genetic quality [9], female ring-tailed lemurs mate promiscuously with all males of their group during their one-day annual estrus after carefully choosing their first mates [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Also, as all males produce a mixture of similar compounds, males could only differ in amounts or ratios of chemicals produced; but the female response did not increase linearly across a >30-fold range of concentrations and was not consistent across experiments; the experiment with two females indicated that they sniffed more in response to higher concentrations of two individual components, whereas the group of seven females appeared to sniff more in response to lesser concentrations of the mixture (but not to any concentration of the individual components)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, tail-waving is exhibited only by males, it occurs far more frequently among male dyads (‘stink fights’), and the top-ranking male exhibits this behavior most often."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, males’ antebrachial secretions rubbed on substrates are much more often inspected and overmarked by other males than by females [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors’ failure to test the response of males biased their study design from the start toward testing only one potential function of this signal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Without similar study of male responses, it remains unknown whether the compounds identified by Shirasu, Ito et al. [ 3] have a specific function in male–female communication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Following from all the foregoing, I find the conclusions presented in their paper suggestive at best."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study should be replicated with larger samples that include male responses to these scents and controls for both familiarity and social relations, as well as for the multi-modal nature of this fascinating display."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3225__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We sincerely appreciate the constructive comments made by Peter Kappeler [1] regarding our paper, “Key male glandular odorants attracting female ring-tailed lemurs” [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We largely agree with the points raised in these comments, and believe these should be considered as critical discussion that would enable a more reasonable assessment of our findings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With regard to the first point, as we have clearly indicated in our paper, at present, we cannot justifiably claim that the odors identified in lemurs are sex pheromones, given that we have yet to establish why the lemurs are attracted to these odors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although we have verified that females show greater sniffing behavior only during the breeding season, it is still unclear whether this behavior is associated with heightened sexual activity and results in a greater number of mating opportunities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this regard, it will be necessary for us to determine more precisely how the behavior of females changes as a consequence of sniffing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is also conceivable that these odors are utilized for male–male communication, given their possible testosterone dependency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There are admittedly certain limitations to primate studies particularly with respect to increasing the number of animals and developing suitable methodologies to examine behavioral traits under natural conditions, and we readily acknowledge that our presumptions regarding the identity of the odors were somewhat premature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, we are confident that further extensive studies will enable us to confirm whether the identified odors are pheromones."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With respect to the second point raised, we agree that chemical communication in non-human primates is well established."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this regard, from the perspective of chemical structures, a mixture of short-chain fatty acids emitted from female vaginal secretions was reported to serve as a female pheromone in rhesus monkeys [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, on the basis of studies of anosmic rhesus monkeys, other researchers subsequently refuted their results [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To the best of our knowledge, there have been no further reports regarding the key substances involved in chemical communication among primates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Numerous behavioral studies on primates, including those investigating territorial and sexual behavior among conspecifics, have, nevertheless, provided compelling evidence to indicate that chemical communication is involved."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, on the basis of our detailed chemical analyses and structural identification of key substances, we propose that these substances may be involved in chemical communication among non-human primates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As Kappeler [1] correctly states, our findings regarding the nature of the odor we identified, and its putative role in lemur behavior, are essentially preliminary and that there are many questions left unanswered that will need to be addressed in the future."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would, however, like to clarify some of the methodological points raised by Kappeler [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Firstly, regarding the issue of the variation in female sniffing behavior, the two male samples were obtained from the same institute, whereas the samples were sniffed by females in two different institutes and all the females showed longer sniffing duration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Secondly, with respect to the sample presentation method, the samples were presented sequentially in a randomized order."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thirdly, in our analysis of the amounts of aldehydes produced, we detected significant differences in 12-methyltridecanal in different seasons, and found that amounts increased in response to hormone treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, the other two aldehydes merely showed tendencies in each of the animals analyzed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We re-analyzed the data using the combined data obtained from two animals (Bon and Doitsu)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To minimize the effects of individuality, we standardized the peak area values (z values) for each male sample, and compared breeding and non-breeding samples by combining the data from two animals, and accordingly detected significant differences for each of the three compounds, namely, dodecanal (q = 0.032), 12-methyltridecanal (q = 0.032), and tetradecanal (q = 0.032)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Analyses were performed using the Brunner–Munzel test, and false discovery rates (q values) were calculated from the p values using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, with regards to the control for testosterone, we agree that its use would be desirable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, however, it is difficult to obtain permission for the use of this compound in our centers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3225", "paragraph_id": "triad_3225__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3225__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The main focus of this study, which we hope is appreciated as solid, is the chemistry part, which took several years, shedding a light on olfactory communication at the molecular level in a primate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3225/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3017066507_W3099343176_W3102509959", "triad_name": "triad_3225", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3225__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "About 3%- 4% of fetuses have breech presentation at term."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 In 2000, the Term Breech Trial (TBT) was published in The Lancet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "2 This study included 121 centers in 26 countries, and showed that planned ce- sarean sections were associated with less neonatal mortality and morbidity than planned vaginal births for breech- presenting fe- tuses at term."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The maternal outcome was equal for the two delivery methods."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This study resulted in a huge decrease in breech deliver- ies worldwide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "3"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Six years later, a prospective observational study comparing planned vaginal and cesarean breech deliveries in France and Belgium found a low rate of neonatal mortality and morbid- ity in both groups."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study concluded that it was safe to deliver selected breech- presenting fetuses vaginally, in modern, well- equipped obstetrical units at term."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "4"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After the TBT was published, there were discussions in Norway about whether the study could be applied to Norwegian obstetrical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An expert group from the Norwegian center of Medical Method Evaluation reviewed the literature on delivery methods for breech- presenting fetuses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The expert group concluded that both the selection process for breech deliveries and the experience of obstetricians in Scandinavia dif- fered from those described in the TBT."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The expert group concluded that vaginal delivery of breech- presenting fetuses could be advised for Norwegian women, provided that there was a rigorous selection process, careful birth monitoring and the presence of qualified clini- cians."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "5 Authors of a Registry- based Cohort Study in Norway came to the same conclusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "6"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The frequency of vaginal breech deliveries in Norway decreased after the TBT, but has stabilized between 30% and 34% after 2010."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "7 Induction of labor (IOL) in vertex position increased from 20% to 24% in Norway during our study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "7 Induction is associated with increased rates of cesarean section in international retrospec- tive register studies, but not in randomized controlled trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "8,9 It is unclear whether the high cesarean rates are due to induction itself or to confounding by indication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "10 IOL has become an accepted pro- cedure in breech presentations in Norway."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There is limited evidence, solely from case series, on the safety of breech induction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "11,12 This paper seeks to add to that body of evidence."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0004__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We aimed to compare the outcomes of spontaneous and induced breech deliveries and to describe variations in induction rates over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This was a retrospective cohort study, evaluating the management of labor and birth outcomes in breech presentations at Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs Hospital), Norway, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2019."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The obstetric ward had responsibil- ity for patients in the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, with approximately 3700 births each year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Standardized, quality- controlled procedures were used to collect and record information relating to births and deliveries in an electronic birth journal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Women with a single fetus in breech presentation were first recommended an external cephalic version, and if external cephalic version failed, a vaginal birth was recommended for women with un- complicated pregnancies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The selection criteria for vaginal breech deliveries at the hospital all through the study period included ges- tational age of more than 34 weeks, estimated birthweight between 2000 and 4500 g, and complete or frank breech presentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Fetal growth restriction was not a criterion for exclusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Cesarean sec- tion was not recommended at the hospital before pregnancy week 25."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Between pregnancy weeks 25 and 34 a vaginal birth was allowed in women with their cervix fully dilated and the presenting part of the fetus at a low station at admission."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pelvimetry was performed using computer tomography in women who had not given birth vaginally previously and with a planned vag- inal breech delivery after 37 weeks of gestation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The local guidelines for pelvimetry criteria follow the Norwegian guidelines for breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The following measurements are suggested when pelvim- etry is used to determine if vaginal breech delivery is an option (pelv- imetry is not mandatory): the pelvic inlet sagittal diameter should be larger than 11 cm and the pelvic outlet, measured as the sum of the interspinous distance, the intertuberous diameter, and the sagittal pelvic outlet diameter, should be larger than 31.5 cm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The planned delivery route was thoroughly discussed with the woman at the outpatient clinic during the third trimester."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the case of an unknown breech presentation at admittance, the mode of de- livery was determined by the doctor on call after discussion with the woman, following the same criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Pelvimetry was not performed in women arriving late in labor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Induction of labor was an approved option in the hospital guide- lines, and the indications for induction were similar for cephalic and breech presentations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The induction procedure started with a bal- loon catheter, misoprostol or dinoprostone administered vaginally in women with an unripe cervix."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In women with a ripe cervix the recommendation for cephalic induction was amniotomy, followed by oxytocin infusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, amniotomy was usually avoided as a start procedure in breech inductions because of the risk of umbilical cord prolapse."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Intrapartum cesarean section rates were similar in induced and spontaneous breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There was no signifi- cant difference in metabolic acidosis nor in pH <7.0 in the umbilical artery when comparing the two groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The main outcome was intrapartum cesarean section (ICS), and secondary outcomes were postpartum hemorrhage, sphincter rup- tures, Apgar scores, pH in the umbilical artery, and metabolic aci- dosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Metabolic acidosis was defined as pH <7.0 combined with a base excess lower than −12."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All data were obtained from the hospital birth journal, Natus (CSAM)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We performed an a priori power analysis based on an estimate of 30% ICS in spontaneous breech deliveries and 45% ICS in induced breech deliveries and an induction rate of 20% in planned vaginal births."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using a chi- squared test, α = 0.05 and power = 0.80, 515 women were needed in the study (412 spontaneous labors and 103 induced labors)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Categorical variables were compared using a chi- squared test or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables were compared with a Mann- Whitney U test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Variations over time were analyzed with linear- by- linear association."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The association between ICS and IOL was analyzed using logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders such as parity, maternal age, body mass index, ges- tational age, and ethnicity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Duration of labor in spontaneous and induced labors was analyzed with survival methods and compared with a log- rank test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Cesarean sections and labors with duration >15 hours were censored."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Data were analyzed with the statistical software package SPSS statistics version 26.0. ( IBM SPSS) and P values <.05 were consid- ered statistically significant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics on 12 September 2019 (2019/7190) and approved by the health authority at St. Olavs Hospital on 12 December 2019."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In all, 30 769 women delivered at Trondheim University Hospital during the study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The number of annual deliveries varied from 3556 to 4021."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The frequency of preterm deliveries (before pregnancy week 37) was 4.7% in women with a single fetus in ce- phalic presentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The mean birthweight was 3535 g and 1.6% of neonates had an Apgar score of <7 at 5 minutes, 3.2% had pH <7.10, 1.3% had pH <7.05, and 0.5% had pH <7.0 in the umbilical artery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the women, 1061 had a singleton fetus in breech presen- tation (3.5% of the total births)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We excluded seven women with intrauterine fetal death before the start of the labor, leaving 1054 women in the study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In all, 210/1054 (20%) women de- livered before 37 weeks of gestation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Figure 1 presents a flow chart of the study population."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A vaginal birth was planned in 606 (57.5%) women and cesarean section was planned in 448 (42.5%) women; a further 350 of the 448 neonates were delivered by prelabor cesar- ean section."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Four women with a planned cesarean section delivered vaginally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because the labor started before the scheduled date, 94 neonates were delivered with ICS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In all, 22 women delivered vag- inally before pregnancy week 34, of whom 14 were in week 23 or 24."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Variations in the frequency of overall cesarean sections, planned vaginal births, successful vaginal births, and frequency of induced labors are shown in Figure 2 for nulliparous women and in Figure 3 for parous women."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We did not observe any significant change in induction rates during the study period (P = .10 and P = .55) in nulliparous women and parous women, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 2 compares the outcome of planned cesarean section and planned vaginal delivery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Induction of labor was performed in 127/606 (21.0%) women with planned vaginal birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The indications for induction were pro- longed prelabor rupture of membranes (21/127), postterm pregnan- cies (17), oligohydramnios (13), hypertensive disorders (11), diabetes (4), growth restriction (6), large fetuses (4), maternal request (3), or a combination of indications (48)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The induction started with the use of a balloon catheter in 70 cases, vaginal misoprostol in 46 cases, di- noprostone in seven cases, oxytocin in three cases, and amniotomy in one case."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found no significant difference in the frequency of ICS when comparing induced and spontaneous deliveries: 48.0% vs 45.7%, re- spectively (P = .64)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 3 compares the outcomes of labor and neonates in spontaneous and induced labors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Logistic regression analyses are presented in Table 4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unadjusted and adjusted odd ratios for an ICS in women with induced labors were 1.08 (95% CI 0.73- 1.60) and 1.65 (95% CI 0.92- 2.94), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The median birthweight was significantly higher in induced labors than in labors with spontaneous onset, 3452 g vs 3120 g, respectively (P < .01)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The median length of the pregnancy was significantly longer in in- duced labors than in labors with spontaneous onset with gestational age of 283 days vs 274 days, respectively (P < .01)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Three fetuses with planned vaginal birth died during labor, two after spontaneous onset of labor and one after induced labor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All three were extremely preterm, two in pregnancy week 23 and one in week 25."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The fetus in pregnancy week 25 had spontaneous onset of labor and was delivered by emergency ICS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Birthweight was 575 g, but the baby was stillborn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Arterial pH was measured in 489/606 (81%) of the planned vagi- nal deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The median pH in the umbilical artery was significantly lower in neonates with induced labors compared with neonates with spontaneous labors (7.22 vs 7.25; P = .02), the frequency of pH <7.05 was 7.0% vs 2.9% (P = .05) in the two groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The frequency of pH <7.0 was not significantly different between neonates with induced and spontaneous labors; 2.6% vs 0.8% (P = .14), respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Three neonates with planned vaginal birth had metabolic acidosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the first case, labor started spontaneously in pregnancy week 41 and the woman delivered vaginally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This child was treated with hypothermia, had normal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain after 5 days and was without any sequelae at the age of 3 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second neo- nate was delivered in week 32, after spontaneous onset of labor, followed by ICS because of preterm labor and bleeding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the third case, labor was induced in pregnancy week 38."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The neonate was delivered with ICS because of fetal distress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We have not received"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In nulliparous women with planned vaginal birth, the estimated median duration of the active phase of labor was 547 minutes (95% CI 466- 628 minutes) in induced labors vs 478 minutes (95% CI 434- 522 minutes) in spontaneous labors (log- rank test; P = .44)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In parous women with planned vaginal birth, the estimated median duration was 214 minutes (95% CI 49- 379 minutes) in induced labors and 264 minutes (95% CI 205- 323 minutes) in spontaneous labors (log- rank test; P = .89)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When comparing induced and spontaneous breech deliveries, we found no difference in the frequency of ICS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There was no signifi- cant difference in the frequency of pH <7.0 and the frequency of metabolic acidosis was <1% in both groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Intrapartum deaths oc- curred only in extremely preterm cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The TBT led to a change in the practice of delivering term breech fetuses towards more planned cesarean sections in many coun- tries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "3 A study from Ireland found a significant increase in planned cesarean section in nulliparous and parous women when compar- ing the time periods before and after the TBT."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "13 In Norway, 57% of breech- presenting fetuses were delivered by cesarean section from 1991 to 2000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The cesarean section rate increased to 67.6% during 2001- 2010 and was stable at 67.8% during 2011- 2018."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "7"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A few publications have studied the safety of induction of breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A study from France and Belgium compared induction of breech labor with planned cesarean section."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They found no signifi- cant differences in maternal or fetal outcome, and supported IOL as an alternative for breech- presenting fetuses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "12 We found no difference in the ICS rate when comparing sponta- neous and induced labors."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is different from what was found in a systematic review and meta- analysis of seven studies from 2018, 11 which found that the cesarean section rate increased when labor was induced."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The neonatal outcomes were similar in both groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We observed a significantly higher median birthweight in in- duced labors than in spontaneous labors, probably because of higher gestational age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Apgar score was significantly higher in neonates with planned cesarean section compared with neonates with planned vaginal birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is in accordance with international studies as well as other Norwegian studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "14- 17 The median pH in the umbilical artery was significantly lower in induced labors com- pared with labors with spontaneous onset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The meta- analysis from 2018 did not find any statistically significant differences in pH in the umbilical artery when comparing induced and spontaneous la- bors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "11 A Dutch population- based study found increased perinatal death when comparing induced breech deliveries with spontaneous breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "17 We observed three stillbirths in the group with planned vaginal birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Two of these births were spontaneous, one was induced."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "All three fetuses were extremely premature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0028__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We be- lieve that neither the selection of a planned vaginal birth nor the choice of induction had any consequence for their outcome."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "National guidelines have different recommendations for IOL in breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists guidelines state that women should be informed that IOL is normally not recommended."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "18 The Canadian guidelines of 2009 did not recommend IOL because of a paucity of evidence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 2019 Canadian guidelines list the limited evidence and recom- mend IOL as an acceptable option."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "19 In France, breech presentation at term is not a contraindication to IOL."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "20 In view of the worldwide increase in cesarean section rates for breech deliveries, it is important to consider the possible con- sequences that the first cesarean section may have for subse- quent labors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "According to a meta- analysis from 2018, subsequent labors following a cesarean section will show an increased risk of hysterectomy, abnormal placentation, uterine rupture, stillbirth, and premature birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "21 Another result of the increasing trend towards planned cesarean sections in breech deliveries is the potential lack of training in vagi- nal delivery for obstetrical staff."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Around 20% of breech presentations were undiagnosed at admission, 22 some leading to difficult abdominal deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "23 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists notes the decreasing number of practitioners with the skills and ex- perience to perform vaginal breech delivery."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "24 Obstetrical skills to manage vaginal breech delivery should be as widespread as breech presentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0030__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "25"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Suboptimal antenatal care and/or management of in- hospital deliveries is more common in deliveries with intrapartum or neonatal death than in deliveries where the offspring survives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Multiple methods have been tried in the search for improved birth outcomes for breech- presenting fetuses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A retrospective co- hort study published in 2017 compared vaginal delivery in the dor- sal position with vaginal delivery in an upright position."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The paper concluded that upright vaginal breech delivery was associated with reductions in maternal and neonatal injuries, the cesarean rate, du- ration of the second stage of labor, and the number of maneuvers required. 27 This method seems promising, and has the potential to rekindle vaginal breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Especially in low- resource coun- tries, it is important to avoid unnecessary operative interventions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The main strength of our study is a large study population in a hospital where all clinicians on call have maintained skills in vaginal breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first Norwegian study to focus on induction of breech presentations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most important limitation is that we do not have long- term follow- up results for the cohort."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Other limitations are a retrospec- tive design and missing umbilical cord samplings in around 20% of the fetuses studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Pelvimetry was routinely performed after preg- nancy week 37 in nulliparous women with a planned vaginal birth, but unfortunately we lack information about the frequency of pel- vimetry in women with unknown breech presentation at admission."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another limitation is that data on transfer of neonates to the neona- tal intensive care unit are lacking."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When comparing the outcome of spontaneous and induced breech deliveries, we found no significant difference in the frequency of ICS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, we did not find any significant differences in pH <7.0 or in metabolic acidosis between the two groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Lastly, we did not observe any significant change in induction rates over time in either nulliparous or parous women."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Guidance of women with breech presentation is a subject of continuous discussion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Welle-Strand et al [1] concluded that there was no significant difference for cesarean section rates or umbilical artery pH lower than 7.0 when comparing induction of breech with spontaneous delivery in their Norwegian cohort."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the difference in pH lower than 7.0, which was 2.6% and 0.8% respectively, combined with a significant difference in pH measured as a continuous variable clearly shows that the induced cohort had a clinically significant lower pH. It is expected that induction could lead to stronger contractions and therefore to lower pH or even to increased risk of head entrapment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When there is biological plausibility and other outcomes support the result, it has to be taken into account when interpreting the results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding cesarean section, the adjusted analyses showed a 65% increased risk in the women who underwent induction even though confidence intervals covered no effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As increased risk of cesarean section has also been found in other studies [2], it seems too simplified to conclude that “no significant effect was found."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” A recent review found increased risk of admission to neonatal intensive care units [2] in a cohort of only 700 induced women."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hence, there is considerable uncertainty of how induction affects outcomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of real concern is that the rate of Apgar score below 7 after 5 minutes was 11% in the planned vaginal group compared with only 3% in the planned cesarean section group in the current study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The rate of pH below 7.05 was 7% in women with induced breech delivery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This seems extremely high as we would expect that the women offered induction were carefully screened for pregnancy complications associated with intrauterine distress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As stated by the authors, randomized controlled trials [3] have shown increased risk associated with planned vaginal breech delivery compared with cesarean section."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The study was heavily criticized and followed by observational studies arguing that the risks could be eliminated through selection."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, a meta-analysis of observational studies has confirmed that vaginal delivery is riskier in a “real-life” set-up [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A three times increase in the rate of Apgar lower than 7 after 5 minutes was also found in a Belgian/French cohort study that supposedly showed the safety of breech deliveries [5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The real question is how many mothers would choose a vaginal delivery if they knew."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to thank Schroll and Krebs for their comments on our manuscript [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Delivery mode in breech-presenting fetuses will continue to be discussed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An expert group from the Norwegian Center of Medical Method Evaluation reviewed the literature in 2003 and concluded that vaginal delivery could be advised provided there is a qualified selection, careful birth monitoring and the presence of qualified personnel [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We presented results from a large Norwegian hospital in 2012-2019 and we do agree that 11% of newborns with 5-minute Apgar score <7 in women with planned vaginal birth is a high frequency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The duration of the expulsive phase is longer in vaginal breech deliveries than in cephalic presenting fetuses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is recommended that the birth attendant should maintain a hands-off position until the fetal umbilicus is visible and then deliver the baby with active maneuvers [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Planned vaginal breech birth implies an increased risk of short-term fetal morbidity, low 5-minute Apgar score, and a low umbilical arterial pH compared with planned cesarean section [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We observed 5-minute pH <7.05 in 3.9% of planned vaginal births but metabolic acidosis in only three newborns (0.6%) [5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This means that the majority with low pH had a respiratory acidosis with a low risk of long-term adverse outcome."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The association between induced cephalic presentations and cesarean sections is discussed."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In register-based studies, the frequency of cesarean sections is higher in induced labors, but this is not confirmed in randomized studies, probably due to confounding by indications [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We did a power analysis before investigating our population and supposed intrapartum cesarean section rates would be 30% in spontaneous labors vs 45% in induced labors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The actual figures were 46% and 48%, respectively, and the difference was not significant after adjusting for confounders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The most important newborn outcome is the frequency of metabolic acidosis, which occurred in only one of 127 newborns among induced labors and in two of 479 in spontaneous labors [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3", "paragraph_id": "triad_3__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our objective was not to discuss whether vaginal breech deliveries still should be recommended, but to compare spontaneous and induced breech deliveries."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We think that induction of labor is an acceptable procedure in labor wards practicing vaginal breech deliveries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3__response__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is in accordance with recommendations in the recently published NFOG textbook for medical students, which states that spontaneous onset of labor is optimal, but induction of labor for selected patients may be feasible [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3120038154_W3129906946_W3133202096", "triad_name": "triad_3", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A literature search was carried out using Medline (1946-January 2014), Embase (1974-January 2014) and the Cochrane Library."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The research question was, 'What is the evidence for the use of specific therapeu- tic interventions in the management of perioperative pain in procedures that have a high risk of chronic pain and whether these interventions reduce chronic post-surgical pain?' We used a combination of key- words and subject headings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The subjects of interest included amputation, mastectomy, thoracotomy, peri- operative, pain, neuropathic, chronic pain, pre- emptive, epidural, regional and the relevant drug names and classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All subject headings were exam- ined for relevant terms that are related to the types of operation performed and the types of intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Articles were limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adult human participants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additional studies were identified by manually tracking references from published papers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "On some occasions, where a manu- script was unavailable, the authors were contacted directly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Studies were also excluded in which subjects were recruited after the perioperative period and those with follow-up periods of less than 2 months were excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Studies with high risk of bias as assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (Higgins and Green, 2011) were excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additional studies were identi- fied by manually tracking references from published papers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "On some occasions, where a manuscript was unavailable, the authors were contacted directly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All of the trials were reviewed independently by each of the authors and consensus was reached as to the inclusion and interpretation of each individual trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This review focused only on surgical procedures associated with a high incidence of chronic pain: amputation, mastectomy and thoracotomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Studies investigating acute pain and chronic pain were ana- lysed, whereas studies in which subjects were recruited after the perioperative week and those with follow-up periods of less than 2 months were excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Once all of the trials were collated and ana- lysed, an assessment was made of the potential to perform a meta-analysis of the quantitative efficacy of specific interventions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "• Appropriate dose regimes of gabapentinoids, antidepressants, local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia may potentially reduce pain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Ketamine and intercostal cryoanalgesia were not effective at reducing chronic pain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Total intravenous anaesthesia may be beneficial."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The combined literature search identified 598 records and a further 6 additional records were identified through the manual tracking of references."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After the duplicates were removed, 331 records were screened, and of these, 252 excluded as being clearly irrelevant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A total of 79 records were therefore assessed for eligi- bility and of these 47 were excluded (the most common reasons were as follows: not RCT, inappro- priate study design, high risk of bias, inadequate size, not related to pain and/or chronic pain not assessed)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thirty-two trials met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the 32 trials, 5 (16%) studied amputation, 17 (53%) studied thoracotomy and 10 (31%) studied mastectomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Details of all studies are summarized in Tables 1 and 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mean sample size was 89 (±12 SD) subjects (range 36-343)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The mean duration of patient follow-up in the trials was 7 (±1 SD) months following the surgical procedure (range 2-15)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Four of the trials had more than two study arms and (reflecting the complexity of clinical practice) 13 trials incorporated multiple interventions within the same study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The outcome measures varied between studies; the visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-100 mm) was used in 22 trials; a version of the numerical rating scale (NRS; 0-10) was used in 20 trials; and the verbal rating score (0-3 = nil/mild/moderate/severe) was used in four trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Pain at rest and movement was assessed in nine trials and quantitative sensory testing was used in eight trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "A multidimensional score such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire was used in nine trials."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Five of the trials studied the impact of the gabapenti- noids and the dose regimen and duration of therapy was different in every trial (Fassoulaki et al., 2002, 2005; Nikolajsen et al., 2006; Amr and Yousef, 2010; Kinney et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One trial incorporated the anti- depressant venlafaxine (Amr and Yousef, 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Six trials studied the impact of ketamine; two consisted of intravenous ketamine without epidural analgesia (Hayes et al., 2004; Dualé et al., 2009), two consisted of intravenous ketamine in addition to epidural anal- gesia (Joseph et al., 2012; Mendola et al., 2012) and two examined the effect of epidural ketamine (Wilson et al., 2008; Ryu et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Six trials studied the impact of cryoanalgesia in thoracotomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of these, two trials compared cryoanalgesia against control treat- ment with intravenous opioids (Gwak et al., 2004; Sepsas et al., 2013), one trial compared cryoanalgesia to epidural analgesia (Ju et al., 2008), two trials com- pared the effect of cryoanalgesia versus placebo in thoracotomy patients who all had epidural analgesia (Yang et al., 2004; Mustola et al., 2011) and one trial compared cryoanalgesia to non-divided intercostal muscle flap (Lu et al., 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Six trials examined the impact of local anaesthetic; of these, three incorpo- rated infiltration with differing doses of ropivacaine in mastectomy (Albi-Feldzer et al., 2013; Baudry et al., 2008; Vigneau et al., 2011), one trial studied the impact of lidocaine infiltration in thoracotomy patients that already had a thoracic epidural in situ (Cerfolio et al., 2003), one trial examined the effect of intravenous lidocaine (Grigoras et al., 2012) and the remaining one assessed the impact of topical EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic) cream in mas- tectomy patients (Fassoulaki et al., 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The impact of regional analgesia was studied in eight trials (two amputation, two mastectomy and four thoracotomy)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Three trials examined whether commencing an epi- dural prior to thoracotomy was better than commenc- ing it at the end of the procedure (Obata et al., 1999; Ochroch et al., 2002; Senturk et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One trial compared pre-surgical epidural and low-dose intraop- erative remifentanil infusion versus post-surgical epi- dural and high-dose intraoperative remifentanil infusion (Salengros et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One trial compared epidural analgesia to epidural saline plus standard management of thoracotomy pain (Nikolajsen et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Two trials examined the impact of paraverte- bral block for mastectomy patients (Kairaluoma et al., 2006; Ibarra et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "One trial had five study arms that studied epidural therapy, fentanyl patient- controlled analgesia (PCA) and standard therapy before, during and after amputation (Karanikolas et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A single trial examined the impact of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) versus inhala- tional anaesthesia in thoracotomy patients with tho- racic epidurals in situ (Song et al., 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In patients after mastectomy, gabapentinoids reduced acute pain in three trials (Fassoulaki et al., 2002, 2005; Amr and Yousef, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Gabapentinoids also reduced the overall incidence of chronic pain in one (Fassoulaki et al., 2002) and the incidence of chronic burning pain in another (Fassoulaki et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There was no difference in NSAID use between groups during the first week."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Gabapentin did not reduce acute pain in two trials where epidural analgesia was used for amputation or thoracotomy, respectively (Nikolajsen et al., 2006; Kinney et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the former, therapeutic doses of gabapentin were used, but the patients had chronic pain preoperatively secondary to vascular disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In the latter, only a single dose of gabapentin was given perioperatively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The antidepressant venlafaxine (37.5 mg) was associated with significantly lower post-mastectomy pain after 7 days, and after 6 months, the incidence of post-mastectomy burning and stabbing pain was significantly lower (Amr and Yousef, 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Seven trials investigated the acute and chronic impact of regional anaesthesia including whether it could have a beneficial pre-emptive effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One study found that although epidural analgesia was effective in the acute perioperative setting, it did not reduce chronic phantom limb pain in patients who had chronic pain preoperatively secondary to vascular disease (Nikolajsen et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, two trials found that epidural analgesia reduced acute and chronic pain versus control therapy after thoracotomy and ampu- tation, respectively (Senturk et al., 2002; Karanikolas et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Four trials examined whether the timing of epidural analgesia could impact on acute and chronic pain (Obata et al., 1999; Ochroch et al., 2002; Senturk et al., 2002; Karanikolas et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "One of these trials found that it made no difference to acute or chronic pain whether the epidural was commenced immediately before or after the thoracotomy proce- dure (Ochroch et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In contrast, the remaining three trials found that the optimization of analgesia preoperatively had a beneficial impact on both acute and chronic pain (Obata et al., 1999; Senturk et al., 2002; Karanikolas et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two trials of mastec- tomy patients investigated preoperative paravertebral block."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first trial found that paravertebral block significantly reduced acute pain and chronic pain 1 year later compared with sham block (Kairaluoma et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The second trial found that paravertebral block had no significant impact on acute pain, but reduced the prevalence of chronic pain, compared with control (Ibarra et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One trial compared preoperative epidural commencement with low-dose intravenous remifentanil infusion versus post- operative epidural commencement with a high-dose intravenous remifentanil infusion for thoracotomy patients (Salengros et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They found no differ- ence in acute pain, but high-dose remifentanil with a post-operative epidural was associated with a higher incidence of chronic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition, they found that the surface area of chest wall allodynia was signifi- cantly larger for the high-dose remifentanil group during the first post-operative month."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A single large trial of thoracotomy patients receiving thoracic epidurals compared TIVA with propofol and remifentanil against inhalational anaesthesia with sevoflurane (Song et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There was no differ- ence in acute pain between the two groups, but the incidence of chronic pain was significantly reduced at 3- and 6-month assessments in the TIVA group."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Gabapentinoids, antidepressants, local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia have the potential to reduce the severity of both acute and chronic pain for patients undergoing amputation, thoracotomy or mastectomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ketamine and cryoanalgesia do not appear to be promising agents for reducing chronic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "TIVA with propofol may have the potential to reduce the inci- dence of chronic pain, whereas the effect of opioids such as remifentanil is unclear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This systematic review was limited to amputation, mastectomy and thoracotomy because these opera- tions are considered to be associated with a combina- tion of nociceptive and neuropathic symptoms and carry a high risk of chronic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If it is accepted that the severity of acute pain is correlated with the risk of developing chronic pain, then it follows that the peri- operative period is a logical target for interventions aimed at reducing or preventing the phenomenon."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The positive and the negative results of this review are both important to guide future clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Spe- cifically, it is useful to note the ineffective or harmful therapies so that they may be avoided and further trials of them may also be avoided."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The trials included in this systematic review were of varying quality, but addressed the majority of conven- tional methodological standards."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the hetero- geneity of the trial methodology and outcome measures ruled out the performance of a meaningful meta-analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the lack of consistency and comparability between trials, several consistent themes emerge in the results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Acute pain in the peri- operative period after amputation, mastectomy and thoracotomy appears to be a mix of nociceptive and neuropathic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The acute neuropathic component is potentially responsive to agents that work on neu- ropathic symptoms, but not nociceptive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The acute neuropathic component may be relatively resistant to conventional analgesics, but is potentially published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of treatable, and if the correct intervention is utilized in the correct manner (dose/duration/timing), it has the potential to reduce the development of chronic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A number of trials included in this review studied a single, brief intervention, which was typically not enough to achieve long-term benefits, potentially due to the fact that the process of neuroplasticity that can continue for days or weeks post-operatively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The days following an operation appear to be as important as the day of the operation itself, i.e., the potential ben- efits of a pain-free initial 12 h could be made obsolete if the pain is severe thereafter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Furthermore, neuro- pathic symptoms may take several days to manifest post-operatively, thus emphasizing the importance of recognition and referral to a vigilant and cognizant acute pain service."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There were mixed results for the gabapentinoids; these agents reduced acute post-operative pain unless an effective epidural was present, in which case no sig- nificant difference was observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Within the trials, gabapentinoids were often given once only or at sub- therapeutic doses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, if an appropriate thera- peutic dose was administered for a longer period of time, the efficacy appeared greater."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is in keeping with other studies of acute post-mastectomy pain reported in the literature (Dirks et al., 2002; Grover et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of note, vascular patients with chronic pain preoperatively continued to have chronic pain post-operatively despite gabapen- tin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Separately, the antidepressant venlafaxine was associated with enhanced analgesia 1 week after mas- tectomy and after 6 months despite being adminis- tered at the potentially sub-therapeutic dose of 37.5 mg."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interpretation of the trials examining the potential benefits of regional analgesia as a single group was challenging due to the inherent heterogeneity of trial methodology."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Effective regional techniques in the hands of skilled clinicians can ablate the peak noxious barrage (Bonhomme et al., 2006; Wennervirta et al., 2008) of pain in the perioperative period and poten- tially minimize pathological neural plasticity impli- cated in the genesis of chronic pain (Woolf and Salter, 2000; Scholz and Woolf, 2007; Harvey and Dickenson, 2008; Ivani et al., 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unsurprisingly, the majority of the trials included in this review found regional analgesia to be beneficial for reducing perioperative pain and subsequent chronic symptoms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The single trial that found epidural analgesia to be no better than standard analgesia comprised vascular patients with pre-existing chronic pain prior to amputation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is perhaps unsurprising that a few days of epidural anal- gesia did not impact on the chronic symptomatology of these vasculopaths."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several trials examined the timing of regional intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In particular, the complex trial by Karanikolas et al. ( 2011) indicated the benefits of early epidural insertion and continued infusion for the entire perioperative period."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the same trial also found that if patients were managed aggressively and effectively with systemic opioids, an acceptable outcome could also be achieved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Early commencement of regional analgesia may offer some benefits for post-operative pain and may have other advantages such as facilitation of balanced anaesthe- sia, minimization of sympathetic stress on the cardio- vascular system and potential reduction of blood loss."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "They are also particularly useful in patients who are opioid tolerant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Optimal duration of regional analgesia is yet to be determined and potential benefits may be lost if epidural infusions are discontinued too early for logistical reasons."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Infiltration of local anaesthetic could provide a brief period of analgesia, but did not impact on the risk of developing chronic pain."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, intraoperative intravenous lidocaine and perioperative EMLA cream reduced the incidence of chronic pain following mas- tectomy, without making a significant impact on acute pain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Remifentanil infusions have become a popular com- ponent of balanced anaesthesia for a multitude of sur- gical procedures."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the theoretical concept of opioid-induced hyperalgesia appeared to be confirmed in a relevant clinical setting in the trial by Salengros et al. ( 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, high-dose intraoperative remifentanil was also associated with an increased risk of chronic post-surgical pain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, TIVA with propofol and remifentanil was associated with a reduced incidence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain than inhalational anaesthesia with sevoflurane (Song et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given the phenomenon of opioid- induced hyperalgesia (Ballantyne and Mao, 2003; Angst and Clark, 2006; Raghavan et al., 2011), the potential benefit of TIVA is more likely to be propofol- mediated, potentially via glutamate, GABAA and glycine receptors (Song et al., 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While ketamine is an effective co-analgesic agent for acute pain and has the advantage that it may be used by patients in whom the oral route is unavailable, it did not reduce the risk of chronic post-surgical pain and its use in general is limited by dysphoric side effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ketamine also offered no additional benefit in the presence of effective epidural analgesia."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of even greater concern is intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia, which could arguably be renamed as 'cryoneuralgia' and perhaps be considered as an adjunctive therapy only in the setting of palliative care."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Current mainstream perioperative management for amputation, thoracotomy and mastectomy is highly variable, but the choices that anaesthetists make may have long-term implications for patients under their care."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Standard practices that rely primarily on opioids and NSAIDs for perioperative analgesia may be inad- equate for patients at risk of neuropathic pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Sepa- rately, techniques such as cryoanalgesia should be avoided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Gabapentinoids and antidepressants (which are not considered to be effective for nociceptive symptoms), as well as local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia, may potentially reduce the severity of both acute and chronic pain for patients undergoing operations associated with a high risk of chronic post- surgical pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, some pharmacological agents may take a number of hours to be of benefit and therefore therapeutic dosages should be used for several weeks in many instances."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There have been promising results for the use of gabapentinoids in other conditions (Brogly et al., 2008; Buvanendran et al., 2010; Gray et al., 2011) but anti-neuropathic pain drugs have not been proven to be beneficial for surgical interventions that are pre- dominantly associated with nociceptive pain such as minor gynaecological procedures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cases of neuro- pathic pain may be discovered using simple screening tools routinely, e.g., DN4 or LANSS (Bennett, 2001; Bouhassira et al., 2005), and by identifying those who are experiencing a disproportionate level of pain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Appropriate interventions at this stage may provide superior analgesia and facilitate optimum recovery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Not all cases of chronic post-surgical neuropathic pain may be prevented, but the risk may be reduced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This may decrease the burden on society and the amount of financial resources spent on the management of chronic pain syndromes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Future trials in this field should focus on conditions with a high risk of neuropathic pain, e.g., amputation, thoracotomy and mastectomy. They should use appro- priately high dosages of medications, and therapy could commence prior to surgery and continue for several weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patient follow-up should be for a minimum of 6 months and a much more comprehen- sive and multidimensional assessment made of the character and severity of pain at rest and movement with an emphasis on level of function and basic neu- rophysiological testing (Melzack, 1987; Wilder-Smith et al., 2003; Kehlet and Rathmell, 2010; Wildgaard et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All authors had an active role in all aspects of the literature review which included a detailed discussion of the results and the manuscript."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3792__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dear Editor,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Humble, Dalton and Li’s extensive systematic review regarding chronic post-operative pain [1] included more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) than a similar Cochrane review by Andreae and Andreae [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Twelve to four thoracotomy RCTs, seven to five breast surgery RCTs and five to three amputation RCTs identified and reviewed by Humble et al. [ 1] compared to Andreae and Andreae [2] respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ironically, it is Humble’s search method that fell short of the recommendation from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [6]:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Present full electronic search strategy for at least one database, including any limits used, such that it could be repeated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "[ 6]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, using a combination of keywords and subject headings [1], does not contain sufficient information for the interested reader to validate its findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This flawed methodology also prevents the original authors from periodically updating their review, the second and often underappreciated component of the Cochrane Challenge [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Repeatable electronic search strategies allow for transparency as to which RCTs were identified and excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Andreae and Andreae used the Cochrane Collaboration’s recommended optimally sensitive search strategy (OSSS): a 29-line algorithm, consisted of three strategies, of increasing sensitivity but decreasing specificity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a result, by repeating their search, it can be determined that of the 12 RCTs that were included in Humble’s review, they were identified by the OSSS but were not utilized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conversely, there were four RCTs in Andreae’s review that were not in Humble’s review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is uncertain if these RCTs were identified and excluded by Humble or if it was a failure of the search method to identify them."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ideally, a unified search method that is simple and easy to use, with high sensitivity and specificity should be agreed upon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "My co-workers and I [3] have independently assessed the OSSS and found it to be highly sensitive (99.6%) with moderate specificity (78%), compared to manual hand searches in analgesia-related research conducted by Oxford University [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The acceptance of OSSS by reviewers has been less than enthusiastic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So much so that the Cochrane Collaboration revised the OSSS to the highly sensitive search strategy (HSSS), essentially the first of the three search strategies of the OSSS, with minor adjustments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The HSSS is inherently problematic, preventing it to be the unified search method: it is only applicable in MEDLINE/PubMed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The HSSS relies upon the publication type ‘randomized controlled trial.pt’, a subject heading that is manually identified by trained librarians of the US Library of Medicine."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An enormous undertaking that is labour-intensive, time-consuming and expensive."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This publication type does not exist in EMBASE, arguably the most comprehensive bibliographic database."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite zero results from three of the eight lines of algorithm, all of Humble’s 24 RCTs were contained within the 2041 resultant articles identified, line 14 of the EMBASE search."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I have previously proposed an alternate search strategy that can be applied in MEDLINE and EMBASE and validated in thoracotomy-related RCTs: (double blind$ or random$).af. [ 3, 7] This search strategy relies upon the authors of RCTs to declare it so, in the title, abstract or any other ‘fields’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It was validated to be highly sensitive (96%) and specific (98%) compared to hand searching [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the context of Humble and Andreae’s systematic reviews, this search strategy identified all of the RCTs in EMBASE alone."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The latter introduce an interesting dilemma on two fronts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Firstly, are the enormous efforts by the USNLM in manually tagging ‘randomized controlled trial.pt’ justified? Secondly, with further confirmation, it may be that searching EMBASE will be sufficient and the ever-expanding number of medical bibliographic databases (e.g. Cochrane Library, CENTRAL, CINAHL) or for that matter MEDLINE and PubMed may be redundant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__critique__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "T. K. F. Chow\nAdjunct Senior Lecture, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3792__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Dr Chow for his interest in our work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Dr Chow is indeed correct that our review included more randomized controlled trials than another review that he mentions (Andreae, 2013) and with which we are of course familiar."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we disagree with a number of his opinions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Specifically, our search methodology was carried out as per PRISMA recommendations as documented in some detail in our submission to the EJP and this was subject to thorough peer review."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3792__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chow is correct in the sense that it is difficult to perform literature searches in a way that includes every pertinent article, but this is a problem for literature reviews in general and not of specific relevance to our review alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of note, we realized this limitation and sought to enhance capture of missed trials by incorporating methods such as manual tracking of references lists of known papers, as mentioned in our results section [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We took this pragmatic approach with the view that it was better to include these papers than to exclude them for the sake of what could be considered illusory methodological purity, given the inherent pitfalls of searching large databases, as Chow himself discusses in his letter [2][4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3792__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We draw to his attention the fact that our systematic review contains a total of 32 RCTs, not 24 as indicated by Dr Chow’s letter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, Dr Chow poses a good question concerning the four RCTs from Andreae’s review that were excluded from our paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We can confirm that we were aware of and did indeed review all the RCTs within Andreae’s review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We excluded specific publications for good reason."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Within the reference frame of our review, there are in fact only three RCTs in Andreae’s review that we could have included."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3792__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These are: Katsuly-Liapis, Pinzur and Reuben."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first of these was only an abstract and had highly questionable methodology, as detailed by Andreae [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The second one had significantly suboptimal methodology and only included a total of 21 patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The third paper was by an author that is well known to have received a prison sentence for falsification of data and therefore it was thought best to exclude that one too."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3792__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3792", "paragraph_id": "triad_3792__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we reiterate our appreciation of his interest in our work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We recognize the numerous search strategies and their individual merits."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also point out another tool by Chow that has been overlooked, the ‘DBRCT.af’ [3] and would encourage other researchers to consider doing the same in the interest of collaboration so that we can improve care for our patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This was indeed the motivation behind our own systematic review, which has generated much interest already."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3792__response__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We hope that it will actually influence anaesthetic practice internationally and continue to stimulate ongoing research in this interesting field."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3792/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2119992051_W1911697893_W1938610024", "triad_name": "triad_3792", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3792__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most widely employed methods for dietary inference include mesowear, the visual scoring of macroscopic tooth wear (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000; Fraser et al., 2014; Kaiser & Fortelius, 2003; Kaiser & Solounias, 2003), and microwear, the quantification of microscopic marks on the chewing surfaces of the teeth at either low or high magnification (Grine & Kay, 1988; Merceron, Blondel, Bonis, Koufos, & Viriot, 2005; Semprebon et al., 2004; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002; Ungar et al., 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both mesowear and micro- wear have proven to be extremely useful tools for inferring the di- etary preferences of extant and extinct mammals (and nonmammals) from numerous families (DeSantis & Haupt, 2014; DeSantis et al., 2015; Donohue et al., 2013; Fortelius & Solounias, 2000; Fraser & Theodor, 2010, 2011, 2013; Fraser et al., 2009, 2014; Grine & Kay, 1988; Haupt et al., 2013; Hedberg & DeSantis, 2017; Semprebon et al., 2004; Solounias et al., 1995)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mesowear method, as proposed by Fortelius and Solounias (2000), approximates the diets of herbivorous \"hoofed mammals\" (including artiodactyls, perissodactyls, with newer iterations also including proboscideans) by quantifying the relative amounts of attritional and abrasive wear apparent on the cusps of the cheek teeth (premolars and molars)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mammalian mastication is driven by asymmetric contraction of the masseter, pterygoideus, and tempo- ralis muscles on the working and balancing sides, which produces a transverse movement of the mandible (Janis, 1979; Rensberger, 1973; Smith, 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During the chewing stroke, the cheek teeth ex- perience both attrition and abrasion (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Attrition occurs during the interaction of opposing wear facets and results in cusp sharpening as the facets slide past one another."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Abrasion occurs during the interaction of the teeth with ingested items including food particles, resulting in the dulling of the cusps (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The original Fortelius and Solounias (2000) mesowear method involves visual categorization of tooth cusp relief (the height dif- ference between the intercusp valleys and the tip of the cusp) and shape (sharp, round, blunt) (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individuals that experience high attrition (browsers) tend to have high relief and sharp cusps while individuals that experience high abrasion (graz- ers) have low relief and blunt cusps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Intermediate or mixed feeders (10%-90% grass consumption) tend to have low- or high- relief cusps with rounded tips, depending on whether their diet is dominated by grasses or browse (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Mesowear yields fairly high rates of correct classification (~60%-80%) of ruminant artiodactyls among the dietary categories of browser, grazer, and mixed feeders (Fraser & Theodor, 2011; Fraser et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Microwear is the quantification of microscopic wear features on the teeth that result from masticating different foods with different physical properties (Solounias & Semprebon, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Traditionally, microwear analysis involves the quantification of the numbers of pits and scratches on the tooth surface within predefined counting areas or grids as identified by one or more human observers (Grine & Kay, 1988; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Pits are thought to be formed as a result of enamel on enamel contact during which small fragments of enamel are chipped away, while scratches are thought to be formed by abrasive items such as phytoliths or exogenous grit being scraped across the enamel surface (Hoffman et al., 2015; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Traditional microwear analysis may be carried out at either high (Grine & Kay, 1988) or low magnifica- tion (Semprebon et al., 2004; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The low- magnification method has been widely employed due to low cost and the accessibility of light microscopes, whereas the high- magnification method requires a scanning electron microscope (SEM)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Low- magnification microwear methods yield intermediate re- sults of successful dietary classification for ruminants (~64%) but, in combination with other dietary metrics such as mesowear, yield very high rates of correct classification (~90%) (Fraser & Theodor, 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Studies of tooth microwear have also grown to include three- dimensional textural analysis of tooth surfaces at high magnification (Ungar, Simon, & Cooper, 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A popular implementation of this approach is known as dental microwear textural analysis (DMTA), for which the tooth surface is scanned across the z- axis using a white- light confocal profiler generating a point cloud matrix (Scott et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Point cloud matrices are then analyzed using scale- sensitive fractal analysis, which operates on the idea that apparent length, area, and volume can change at varying observational scales, and that these changes correlate to the material properties of consumed food (Ungar et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, a surface that seems smooth 5358 | FRASER Et Al. at the coarse scale of a human observer, such as a rug, might seem rough and varied at the scale of an ant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Implementation of DMTA has been limited by the low number of available microscopes and the high cost of the analytical software required to compute the neces- sary textural values (SurFract, Norwich, VT, USA)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, DMTA is shown to be an effective method for differentiating a wide array of mammalian taxa based on dietary preference including artiodac- tyls (Scott, 2012; Ungar, Merceron, et al., 2007; Ungar, Scott, et al., 2007; Ungar et al., 2012), shrews (Withnell & Ungar, 2014), primates (Scott, Teaford, & Ungar, 2012), carnivorans (Desantis, Schubert, Scott, & Ungar, 2012; Schubert, Ungar, & DeSantis, 2010; Ungar, Scott, Schubert, & Stynder, 2010), marsupials (Prideaux et al., 2009), and xenarthrans (Haupt et al., 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mesowear and microwear data were collected from the literature (Appendix S1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mesowear data are heavily biased toward \"hoofed mammals,\" given that they are devised for dietary inference in se- lenodont and lophodont perissodactyls and artiodactyls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although newer mesowear methods have been developed for proboscideans (Saarinen et al., 2015), the phylogenetic breadth of these datasets is too small for the analyses used herein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, given that Proboscidean mesowear is scored on a different scale, the data cannot easily be integrated into other existing mesowear datasets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly, we have not included the mesowear III method (Solounias, Tariq, Hou, Danowitz, & Harrison, 2014) because the training data- set is too small for a statistically robust analysis of phylogenetic sig- nal."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Unlike mesowear, the microwear data (low magnification and textural) encompass mammals from most dietary guilds and most major clades (Appendix S1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Fortelius and Solounias (2000) mesowear method involves visually categorizing the cheek teeth based on two variables: cusp relief (the height difference between the intercusp valleys and the tip of the cusp) and cusp shape (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cusp relief categories are high and low [cutoffs are discussed in Fortelius and Solounias (2000)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The cusp- shape categories are sharp, rounded, and blunt."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sharp cusps are defined as those with little or no round- ing between the mesial and distal wear facets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rounded cusps are defined as those with a smooth cusp tip intervening between the mesial and distal wear facets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Blunted cusps are defined as those in which the wear facets had been worn away (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Modifications of the Fortelius and Solounias (2000) me- sowear method involve assigning each individual tooth a number based upon cusp shape and cusp relief according to two methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Teeth that show high relief and sharp cusps are then assigned a value of 0, those with high relief and round cusps are assigned a value of 1, those with low relief and rounded cusps are assigned a value of 2, and those with low or negative relief and blunted cusps are assigned a value of 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mesowear scores of individuals are then averaged to produce a species average (Rivals & Semprebon, 2006; Rivals et al., 2007)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the second mesowear scoring method of Kaiser, Brasch, Castell, Schulz, and Clauss (2009), the cusps are categorized in the same way as Fortelius and Solounias (2000) except that they add an additional mesowear category, low relief and sharp cusps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Teeth that show high relief and sharp cusps are assigned a value of 0, those with high relief and round cusps are assigned a value of 1, those with low relief and sharp cusps are assigned a value of 2, those with low relief and rounded cusps are assigned a value of 3, and those with low or negative relief and blunted cusps are assigned a value of 4 (Kaiser et al., 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The \"low- magnification\" microwear (LMM) method was devel- oped by Solounias and Semprebon (2002) and uses light stereomi- croscopy (rather than SEM) to examine microwear at comparatively low magnification, thus allowing for large numbers of samples to be processed relatively quickly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The original LMM method involves vi- sualizing tooth casts under a standard light stereomicroscope at 35× magnification utilizing oblique lighting and evaluating the number of pits and scratches on the enamel surface in a 0.4 × 0.4 mm area."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some newer implementations have increased the magnification to 70× (Townsend & Croft, 2008), but we have not included these data in our analyses for reasons of comparability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Photographic methods have been introduced (Fraser et al., 2009; Merceron et al., 2005) but have not been applied widely enough for inclusion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The DMTA method was developed by Ungar et al. ( 1991) and uses a white- light confocal profile to generate and quantify a 3D point cloud of the surface being scanned (Scott et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For each analysis, the profiler scans at 100× magnification four ad- jacent fields of 104 × 138 μm 2 each, spaced laterally by 0.18 μm and with a vertical resolution >0.05 μm in order to be compara- ble to SEM- based microwear (Ungar, 2015)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, attempts to compare DMTA photosimulations to other types of microwear have produced mixed results (DeSantis et al., 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using scale- sensitive fractal analysis (SSFA), quantified length, area, and vol- ume scale measurements are calculated, which are the values used for comparison and analysis across and between taxa (Articus, Brown, & Wilhelm, 2001; Brown & Siegmann, 2001; Pedreschi, Aguilera, & Brown, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While SSFA produces over a dozen textural variables (Scott et al., 2006), only three are consistently reported in the literature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The length- scale variable, anisotropy (epLsar), represents how similarly directionally aligned features of similar length are to one another, with higher anisotropy indi- cating more aligned features (Ungar et al., 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consumption of tough foods (e.g., grass, muscle) may yield more anisotropic sur- faces (Scott et al., 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The area- scale variable, area- scale frac- tal complexity (Asfc), is a measure of how surface area changes as a function of scale, where the resultant Asfc value is the curve of the steepest part of the slope (Scott et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Higher Asfc val- ues indicate a more \"pitted\" surface thought to be caused by the consumption of brittle foods (e.g., nuts, bones) (Scott et al., 2005; Ungar, Scott, et al., 2007; Ungar, Merceron, et al., 2007; Ungar et al., 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The volume scale variable, textural fill volume (Tfv), is measured by filling the scanned area with course (10 μm) and fine (2 μm) cuboids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The course volume is then subtracted from the FRASER Et Al."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "fine volume, yielding only the volume of the textural features and canceling out any overall shape or curve of the broader scanned area (Scott et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Higher Tfv is associated with chewing of harder food items (e.g., chitin and calcite shells, grit) (Scott et al., 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additional textural features not often reported in the liter- ature are described in Scott et al. ( 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To summarize the multivariate DMTA data, we performed a prin- cipal component analysis (PCA) on epLsar, Asfc, and Tfv and extracted the species scores on the first and second principal components for further analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also extracted mammal dietary information from the EltonTraits 1.0 database (Wilman et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The EltonTraits diet data were combined into six categories: the percentage of the diet composed of (1) invertebrates, (2) vertebrates, (3) fruits, (4) nectar, (5) seeds, and (6) other plant materials (e.g., leaves and stems)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because the data must sum to 100% and are thus inap- propriate for PCA, we transformed the data into z- scores (Pineda- Munoz, Lazagabaster, Alroy, & Evans, 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We calculated the z- scores as the difference between individual values and the group mean divided by the standard deviation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We extracted the species scores on the first and second principal components for further analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We used the phylogeny of Faurby and Svenning (2015) for all of the analyses of phylogenetic signal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The number of species included in each analysis of phylogenetic signal is shown in Table 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We used two measures of phylogenetic signal: (1) phylogenetic heritability or H 2 sensu (Lynch, 1991) and (2) Pagel's λ (Freckleton et al., 2002; Pagel, 1992, 1999)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We do not use p- values because the traditional cutoffs between significant and nonsignificant (.05 or .001) are arbitrary and thus uninformative for our analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "H 2 is a measure of the phylogenetic heritability of a trait because it is an estimate of the degree to which phylogenetically related species can be used to predict the phenotype of each other (Lynch, 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "H 2 is calculated as: where σ 2 α is the additive component of the trait variance (the phy- logenetic effect or component that is transmitted to descendants) and σ 2 T is the estimated total variance of the trait mean (the sum of the additive variance and residual variance)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We calculated H 2 using a phylogenetic generalized linear mixed- effects modeling in the MCMCglmm R package (Hadfield, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We included phylogeny as a random effect and used an inverse Wishart prior for the vari- ances and a normal prior for the fixed effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The parameters for the inverse Wishart are V and ν, the variance and degree of belief for V, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all models, we used an uninformative prior with the following parameters: V = 10 −6 , ν = −1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MCMCglmm uses a normal distribution for the fixed effects, which we considered ap- propriate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We ran the MCMC for 2,600,000 iterations with a burn- in of 600,000 iterations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We subsampled the MCMC at an interval of 2,000 iterations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In R, H 2 was then calculated by dividing the poste- rior distribution of covariance matrices for the random effect (phylo- genetic effect) by the sum of the covariance matrices for the random and fixed (tooth wear) effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We report the mean and upper and lower 95% confidence limits."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also estimated Pagel's (1999) λ using fitContinous in the Geiger R package (Harmon, Weir, Brock, Glor, & Challenger, 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Pagel's λ is a branch- length transformation parameter that is itera- tively estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) from a set of tip data and a phylogenetic topology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When λ = 0, all tips of the phylogeny are equal to the root- tip distance, and thus, the topology is equiva- lent to a star phylogeny."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As all tip branch lengths are the same, a ML value of 0 for λ indicates a situation in which there is no relationship between tip data and branch lengths in the tree."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When λ = 1, the internal branches of the phylogenetic tree are left alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, a ML value of λ = 1 applies to tip data that are directly inversely re- lated to the branch lengths connecting tip taxa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This is equivalent to a Brownian motion model of character evolution along the phyloge- netic topology."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To demonstrate the impact of using phylogenetic comparative methods on discriminability among species with differing die- tary niches, we used phylogenetic discriminant function analysis (PDFA) and quadratic discriminant function analysis (QDFA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We chose to analyze the LMM dataset for this purpose because mi- crowear is comparable among a large set of taxa (unlike mes- owear, which can be quantified only for selenodont artiodactyls and lophodont perissodactyls)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Dietary categorization was based on the Elton Traits 1.0 database (Wilman et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Carnivores were defined as species relying primarily on vertebrates and in- vertebrates (including insectivores)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We combined vertebrate and invertebrate carnivores primarily because very few species spe- cialize exclusively on one or the other, excepting mammalian hy- percarnivores; and we wanted to avoid arbitrary cutoffs as much as possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Herbivores were defined as species relying primarily on plants (including fruits)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Finally, omnivores were defined as spe- cies relying on any mix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We recognize that mammal dietary data can be classified in a va- riety of ways but employment of a different classification system would not alter our prediction that nonphylogenetic methods overestimate discriminability among dietary guilds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Quadratic discriminant function analysis is used for discrimina- tion of groups, in this case dietary guilds, based on a multivariate dataset (the training dataset)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "QDFA identifies the combination of variables (quadratic functions) that achieves maximum separa- tion among the defined groups in the training dataset (Hammer & Harper, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "QDFA differs from linear DFA in allowing for unequal variance-covariance matrices among classes (i.e., dietary guilds)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Classification is made by assigning observations to the class with the closest centroid using the Mahalanobis distance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The utility of the resulting set of discriminant functions is assessed by the rate at which observations are correctly grouped into their original class."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A high rate of correct classification means that species with unknown diets can be classified with a reasonable degree of confidence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Phylogenetic discriminant function analysis relies on an approach called flexible discriminant analysis, which takes advantage of the fact that linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is equivalent to canonical correlation analysis and thus reduces to a multiresponse linear re- gression (Hastie, Tibshirani, & Buja, 1994)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When implementing FDA, portions of the LDA calculation are replaced by least squares regres- sion (Hastie et al., 1994), thus also allowing for the removal of phy- logenetic bias (Motani & Schmitz, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Phylogenetic comparative methods such as phylogenetic generalized least squares regression remove phylogenetic bias through a modification of variance-cova- riance matrices (Grafen, 1989), as is done during PDFA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We imple- mented PDFA as described in detail by Motani & Schmitz, 2011."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components of mammal diet explain a cumulative 50.8% of the variance in the data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "PC1 most strongly delineates insectivores and carnivores from species that feed primarily on plant materials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PC2 reflects separation of the frugivores and nectar specialists from other species (Figure S1)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Diet PC1 and PC2 show very high values of λ and phylogenetic heritability or H 2 , which suggest a high level of dietary PNC among the taxa examined (Table 1; Figures 1, 2a-b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Likewise, mesowear (both scoring methods) shows very high val- ues for H 2 and λ (Table 1; Figures S2-S3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "LMM stands out as having the lowest values for both heritability and phylogenetic signal as es- timated by λ (Table 1; Figure S4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "PC1 and PC2 of dental microwear textures (DMTA) explain a cumulative 79.2% of the data variance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "PC1 reflects separation of species with high anisotropy (epLsar) and high- scale fractal complex- ity (Asfc) as well as textural fill volume (Tfv)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PC2 largely reflects the separation of species with high textural fill volume from the others (Figure S5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similar to diet and mesowear, DMTA PC1 and PC2 show very high values of H 2 and λ (Table 1; Figures S6-S7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Tooth wear is known to reflect everything from the lifetime diet to the last few meals of individual animals and is therefore thought to vary on relatively short timescales (Davis & Pineda- Munoz, 2016; Teaford & Oyen, 1989); tooth wear shows change throughout the lifetime of individuals as well as variation among individuals, and dif- ferent populations within species (DeSantis et al., 2009; Fortelius et al., 2002; Rivals & Semprebon, 2006; Scott et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For these F I G U R E 1 Analytical tooth wear methods show high phylogenetic signal as measured using heritability (H 2 ) and Pagel's λ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "DMTA stands for dental microwear texture analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PC1 and PC2 refer to the first and second principal components, respectively FRASER Et Al. reasons, tooth wear is often considered to be taxon or phylogeny free, as it is thought to reflect feeding behavior under the implicit assumption that this behavior is highly labile (Blomberg, Garland, & Ives, 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the assumption of lability, one of the most common applications of analytical tooth wear methods is for the in- ference of average species diets (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000; Fraser & Theodor, 2011; Semprebon et al., 2004; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002), an approach that has been applied with considerable F I G U R E 2 Dietary preference shows phylogenetic clustering that corresponds to the major clades of mammals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Phylogenetic trait maps of the first (a) and second (b) principal components of mammal diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Darker colors indicate positive values on the principal component axis while warm colors indicate negative values FRASER Et Al. success (Donohue et al., 2013; Fortelius & Solounias, 2000; Fraser & Theodor, 2011; Haupt et al., 2013; Hedberg & DeSantis, 2017; Semprebon et al., 2004; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We show herein that mammalian diets, summarized at the species- level, show high phylogenetic signal (Table 1; Figure 2a-b) and that mammals may show some degree of trophic PNC (although it is outside the scope of this paper to definitively test for PNC in mammal diets; Münkemüller, Boucher, Thuiller, & Lavergne, 2015)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If tooth wear proxies are reliable reflections of average spe- cies' diets, as many studies suggest they are (Donohue et al., 2013; Fortelius & Solounias, 2000; Fraser & Theodor, 2011; Haupt et al., 2013; Hedberg & DeSantis, 2017; Semprebon et al., 2004; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002), then logic would dictate that they must show a similar degree of phylogenetic signal."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We demonstrate that all of the analytical tooth wear data analyzed herein show strong phylo- genetic signal (Table 1; Figure 1); mean H 2 and Pagel's λ are consis- tently high for mesowear and microwear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Microwear is thought to be acquired during an animal's last few meals, suggesting a greater de- gree of lability, but we find similar degrees of phylogenetic signal for mesowear and dental microwear textures (DMTA; Table 1; Figure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "LMM shows the lowest phylogenetic signal, although we still con- sider it to be high (Table 1; Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The difference in phylogenetic signal between LMM and DMTA might reflect (1) the coarser scale at which LMM is quantified, (2) observer bias (i.e., high variability among the studies we included), or (3) that LMM is less reflective of enamel microstructure, which is likely to be phylogenetically inher- ited."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Regardless, as with diet (Table 1; Price et al., 2012), the ways in which mammal teeth wear appear to be conserved among closely related taxa and slow to change on evolutionary timescales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The re- sult is the overestimation of discriminability among mammal species with diverse diets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the case of LMM, we find a ~40% difference in correct dietary classification between quadratic and PDFA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We suggest that our finding of high dietary and tooth wear phylo- genetic signal among mammals reflects evolutionary conservation of functional traits related to feeding; that is, the traits that determine the foods that individuals can effectively exploit are phylogeneti- cally conserved, these traits constrain the average diets of species, and, in turn, the ways in which the teeth wear during feeding."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mammal diets are constrained by their feeding morphology (i.e., the form and function of the feeding apparatus) (Mendoza, Janis, & Palmqvist, 2002; Perez- Barberia & Gordon, 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A classic ex- ample of dietary constraint occurs among members of the genus Equus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Modern equids have continuously erupting, hypsodont (i.e., high crowned) cheek teeth (premolars and molars) that require con- stant wear, which is acquired through the introduction of exogenous grit into the mouth during grazing (Jardine, Janis, Sahney, & Benton, 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the absence of sufficient wear, horses develop a deadly condition referred to as wave mouth, when the molars fail to wear at equal rates (Damuth & Janis, 2011; Janis & Fortelius, 1988)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a result, over their lifetimes, individuals are constrained into a grazing lifestyle (but note that they can exploit other resources for short periods of time)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Due to their gritty diet, molars of adult Equus tend to have flat mesowear profiles and microwear dominated by abrasive features (i.e., scratches) (Fortelius & Solounias, 2000; Solounias & Semprebon, 2002)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The dentition of xenarthrans may be similarly constraining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The earliest xenarthrans were likely insectivores, and, like many other insectivorous mammals, evolved a simplified dentition or became completely edentulous (e.g., aardvarks, pangolins) (Gaudin & Croft, 2015; Vizcaíno, 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Within Pilosa, anteaters continue to persist on an insectivorous diet and are completely edentulous, whereas modern sloths have evolved into exclusively arboreal folivores (McNab, 1979)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Having lost the ability to produce enamel, sloths instead rely on teeth composed of hypermineralized ever- growing dentin (sometimes defined as \"orthodentine\"), which, like equids, also require consistent grinding against each other, food, and exog- enous particulates to prevent overgrowth (Kalthoff, 2011; Ungar, Teaford, Glander, & Pastor, 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although dentin is softer than enamel and thus exhibits wear in noncomparable ways (Hirschfeld, 1985; MacFadden, DeSantis, Labs Hochstein, & Kamenov, 2010), microwear studies have shown that xenarthran tooth wear is indica- tive of diet when compared within xenarthra (Haupt et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We suggest that dietary constraints, such as are apparent among Equus species and sloths, are responsible for the high phylogenetic signal of mesowear and microwear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 13, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [13, 13, 15], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are a number of ways that tooth morphology influences and constrains the diets of individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mammalian teeth vary widely in both form and function (Lucas, 2004; Reilly, McBrayer, & White, 2001; Wall & Smith, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Teeth of different shapes are evolved to perform specific functions such as cutting, grinding, slicing, or pul- verizing (Lucas, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, grinding teeth are often charac- terized by numerous flat blades of enamel oriented perpendicular to the chewing stroke (Kaiser, Fickel, Streich, Hummel, & Clauss, 2010), while pulverizing teeth are shaped and function like a mortar and pestle (Lucas, 1979)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Different tooth shapes have evolved to increase the effectiveness with which mammals orally process different food types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For example, carnivoran carnassial teeth perform slicing, al- lowing effective mastication of flesh, while lophodont equid molars perform grinding and thus effective processing of grasses (Lucas, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "While the evolution of specific tooth shapes improves mas- tication of particular foods, it can also limit the degree to which individuals can exploit other foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "For example, monocot leaves are characterized by numerous sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths and have thick cell walls (Wright & Illius, 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Significant grind- ing is required to exploit the nutrition in monocot cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Carnivorans, particularly hypercarnivores (>70% meat in diet) such as felids (Van Valkenburgh, 2007), have reduced dentition and lack teeth with grinding surfaces (Solé & Ladevèze, 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Therefore, the shearing function of hypercarnivore carnassial teeth is insufficient for pro- cessing tough monocot leaves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Although less specialized carnivores can and do eat grasses, due, in part, to inefficient mastication, they are precluded from relying on monocots as their sole source of nu- trition (considerations of gut morphology and excessive tooth wear notwithstanding)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "As such, through limiting the foods individual mammals can effectively orally process, tooth shape can limit the average diet of a species (Pineda- Munoz et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Furthermore, FRASER Et Al. it is well established that tooth shape is phylogenetically conserved (Kangas, Evans, Thesleff, & Jernvall, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0045__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "We therefore expect members of the same species and of closely related species with similar tooth morphology to display similar dietary preferences (as shown in Table 1 and Figure 2a-b) and thus characteristics of their tooth wear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Teeth of certain shapes may also influence wear through act- ing as guides during the chewing stroke (Kaiser et al., 2010; von Koenigswald, Anders, Engels, Schultz, & Kullmer, 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In mam- mal species with complex and high- relief tooth cusps, the occlusal pathway is altered as the antagonistic teeth occlude (Maier, 1984)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Tooth guidance is apparent as both attritional wear facets and stria- tions or microwear oriented in the direction of tooth movement (von Koenigswald et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Tooth guidance is less apparent among species with low- relief cusps in which tooth occlusion is controlled primarily by the activity of the jaw- closing muscles (Kaiser et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The wear experienced by flatter teeth tends to be dominated by abrasive wear rather than attritional wear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, to some degree, guidance of the teeth by their antagonists or lack thereof during mastication influences the presence and distribution of cer- tain types of wear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given that tooth shape is phylogenetically con- served (Kangas et al., 2004), the degree of tooth guidance and, thus, the types of wear apparent on the teeth are expected to be similarly phylogenetically conserved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Tooth wear is also influenced by the orientation of the chewing stroke, as it is determined by the organization of the chewing mus- cles (Fraser & Rybczynski, 2014; Lucas, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The chewing stroke is divided into two phases, which correspond broadly to jaw closing and tooth incursion (phase I) and jaw opening and tooth excursion (phase II) (Greaves, 1980; Hiiemae, 2000; Janis, 1979; Rensberger, 1973; Wall & Smith, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The angle of tooth incursion is influenced by the arrangement of the three primary jaw- closing muscles, the masseter, pterygoideus, and temporalis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Grazing mammals, for exam- ple, emphasize transversely oriented shredding and shearing during chewing, in part because the origination surface for the superficial masseter is extended anterior to the zygomatic arch (Mendoza et al., 2002; Spencer, 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The result is the re- orientation of the mas- seteric force arm from caudal to more rostral, allowing more mus- cular force to be applied at the molars in a buccolingual direction (DeMar & Barghusen, 1972; Greaves, 1991; Herring & Herring, 1974; Herring, Rafferty, Liu, & Marshall, 2001; Smith, 1993; Williams, Vinyard, Wall, & Hylander, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Similarly, three- dimensional re- constructions of carnivoran tooth occlusion show nonplanar attri- tional contact; the amount of lateral movement of the teeth during mastication is correlated with tooth number and dental complexity (Evans & Fortelius, 2008), both characters known to be highly phylo- genetically conserved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As above, species with transversely oriented chewing strokes tend to show abrasive wear features."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0049__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thus, the ori- entation of the chewing stroke is also an influential factor in how the teeth wear, particularly in species with limited tooth guidance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although there is likely some individual variation, it is unlikely that the orientation of the chewing muscles (areas of insertion and orig- ination) is widely variable within a species or among closely related species that have inherited similar diets from their most recent com- mon ancestor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summation, we suggest that both mesowear and microwear show high phylogenetic signal because the feeding apparatus of mammals is an evolutionary and functional module."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Characteristics of the jaws, teeth, and chewing stroke evolve in concert to enable the exploitation of new food types (Fraser & Rybczynski, 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a functional module, the different components of the feeding appa- ratus (e.g., jaws, teeth) must evolve and change together to main- tain function or produce a change in function such as a transition from one feeding type to another (Raia, Carotenuto, Meloro, Piras, & Pushkina, 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, modern Equus have evolved high crowned cheek teeth as a means of increasing the lifespan of the teeth in the face of increased abrasive wear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "But high crowned teeth require considerable space in the jaw."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Modern Equus has therefore also evolved a robust and dorsoventrally wide mandible as well as posteriorly displaced orbits (Macfadden, 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A transition from brachydont to hypsodont could not have occurred in the absence of compensatory changes to the jaws."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, a shift to graz- ing on tough grasses that demand significant grinding required an associated shift in the orientation of the chewing stroke, the orien- tation of the enamel bands of the cheek teeth, and flattening of the tooth profile to enable a highly transverse chewing stroke (Fraser & Rybczynski, 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In turn, the ways in which Equus teeth experience wear are altered, trading attritional for abrasive wear and thus higher relief cusps for low relief."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a similar vein, hypercarnivores such as felids require powerful jaw- closing muscles for capturing and dispatching prey (Valkenburgh & Ruff, 1987)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a result, the temporalis muscle, a jaw- closing mus- cle with a slightly posteriorly directed line of action, is comparatively large (Wall & Smith, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The sagittal crest of the skull is similarly enlarged to provide a larger surface of origination for the tempora- lis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The result is a comparatively vertically oriented chewing stroke evolved for killing prey and cutting flesh (Valkenburgh & Ruff, 1987)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The teeth of felids also show complex relief, enhanced tooth guid- ance during chewing, and prevalence of shearing- type wear (Ungar, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As in Equus, transitioning into a carnivorous niche has pro- duced a suite of changes in the felid feeding apparatus."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0054__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Slow changes in the function of the feeding apparatus and mammal diet on evolu- tionary timescales have thus combined to produce detectible phy- logenetic signal in tooth wear proxies thought only to reflect much shorter timescales (i.e., the lifetime of individuals or last few meals)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our finding of high phylogenetic signal for mesowear and micro- wear does not imply that the only information conveyed by tooth wear is phylogenetic; tooth wear is not necessarily taxonomy or phylogeny in disguise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The utility of mesowear and microwear for delineating individual and temporal differences in tooth wear is clear (Louys, Ditchfield, Meloro, Elton, & Bishop, 2012; Scott et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our interpretation is that the tooth wear of individuals from a particular species can vary within some range that is constrained FRASER Et Al."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "by the evolutionary morphology of their feeding apparatus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As such, changes through time or among individuals can be detected but these changes will fall within the range set by morphology and thus the ways in which the feeding apparatus functions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In some cases, experimental diets produce changes in tooth wear but also induce wear features expected given the chewing mechanics of the species (Hoffman et al., 2015)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, comparison of dentin wear among distantly related taxa with different dental morphologies suggests there is little basis for comparison (Haupt et al., 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We therefore do not intend to recommend the disuse of microwear and mesowear for understanding average species diets or more detailed aspects of their biology. But what do our findings mean in practice?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do not suggest that the species, population, and individual- level tooth wear differences reported in previous studies reflect phenomena other than chewing mechanics and diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our argu- ment is a statistical one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Phylogenetic nonindependence can be a considerable problem if a comparison of distantly related taxa is desired (e.g., a comparison of Equus to Bos) and p- values or ex- ploratory methods such as discriminant function analysis are used to test for significant differences among trophic groups (Barr & Scott, 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We will not elaborate here because there is a vast literature on phylogenetic nonindependence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We highlight that compensations for phylogenetic nonindependence are rarely applied in tooth wear studies (Fraser et al., 2014; Mihlbachler & Solounias, 2006), despite the widespread use of phylogenetic comparative methods in ecology and paleontology (Blomberg & Garland, 2002; Losos, 2008; Miles & Dunham, 1993)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We there- fore recommend their application in studies of tooth wear wher- ever possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0059__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For modern mammals, nearly complete phylogenies are widely available (Faurby & Svenning, 2015; Fritz & Purvis, 2010) using the taxonomy of both Wilson and Reeder (2005) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For fossil mammals, the number of phylogenies is increasing, cla- distic and otherwise (Fraser et al., 2015), and in the absence of phylogenetic information, taxonomy can also be used (Soul & Friedman, 2015)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are numerous phylogenetic comparative methods that can be put to good use by scientists using tooth wear including, but not limited to, phylogenetically independent contrasts, phylogenetic generalized least squares, phylogenetic principal components analysis, and PDFA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All of these analyses are now available in the free software platform R in packages such as ape, geiger, and caper (Harmon et al., 2008; Orme et al., 2011; Paradis, 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Mammal diets and tooth wear show significant phylogenetic sig- nal when using Pagel's λ and phylogenetic heritability (H 2 )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• We suggest that phylogenetic conservation of functional traits re- lated to feeding explains phylogenetic signal in mammal diet and tooth wear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The ways in which teeth wear are determined, in part, by di- etary constraints placed on animals by their morphology and the influence of morphology on the ways in which the teeth occlude."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Tooth wear is not merely phylogeny in disguise; it can vary among individuals and time periods, but the degree of variation is con- strained by morphology and thus phylogeny."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Application of common, well-documented phylogenetic compara- tive methods can circumvent statistical issues related to noninde- pendence among tooth wear data points due to PNC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Restriction of tooth wear comparisons to closely related species with similar dental morphologies will reduce the need for phylo- genetic comparative methods but limit within-guild comparison of distantly related taxa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4796__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dear Editor, A new study by Fraser, Haupt, and Barr (2018) urges the use of phylogenetic comparative methods, whenever possible, in analyses of mammalian tooth wear."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We are concerned about this for two reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, this recommendation may mislead the research community into thinking that phylogenetic signal is an artifact of some sort rather than a fundamental outcome of the evolutionary process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Secondly, this recommendation may set a precedent for editors and reviewers to enforce phylogenetic adjustment where it may unnecessarily weaken or even directionally alter the results, shifting the emphasis of analysis from common patterns manifested by large clades to rare cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4796__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fraser et al. ( 2018) take phylogenetic niche conservatism as a starting point for their study, implying that species are constrained by ancestral traits and therefore have a “reduced dietary ability over evolutionary time.” That is plausible, as per our hypothetical example above."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, what is misleading is the follow-up statement that “dietary inferences from tooth wear are biased by phylogenetic relatedness,” inferred from the fact that “tooth wear dietary proxies show strong phylogenetic signal” [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Methods of determining diet from tooth wear, as well as any other analytical methods of determining diet such as stable isotopes or fecal analyses, do not assume or require diet to be independent of phylogenetic affinity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "What they assume is that within the domain of validity of a method, each diet leaves a detectable trace (i.e. it wears teeth in a distinct way or leaves a distinct composition of isotopes), no matter which taxon the tooth comes from."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4796__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This gives these proxies the flexibility to not only monitor similarities in diet when they might be expected (e.g. between certain distantly related taxa), but to document differences in diet when they might not necessarily be expected based on tooth morphology alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Differences between closely related taxa have been captured, for instance, in bovids [2], cervids [3], ungulates [4], feliforms [5], canids [6], primates [7], and macropodids [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, many bioarchaeological studies have demonstrated distinctive and predictable diet-related differences in both gross dental wear and microwear within a single species, Homo sapiens [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Equus and Bos example, pointed out by Fraser et al. ( 2018) as a case of possible problem with phylogenetic non-independence, in fact shows the opposite: Distantly related taxa, with convergently similar diet, have very similar results from all dental wear proxies [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, experimental studies have demonstrated different microwear attribute values in the same species when fed foods with different textural properties and/or grit loads [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In many cases, the diets of extinct taxa are also vastly different from those of extant taxa, despite being members of the same family [12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0069__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Function-driven methods, such as mesowear or microwear, therefore give us the chance to recognize both similarities and differences in paleobiology that might not be detectable via traditional morphological or taxic techniques."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4796__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The same sort of thing can be said for stable isotope techniques where, for instance, experimental manipulations of diet result in changes to the isotopic composition of sampled tissues [13] and where, for example, carbon isotope values for bovids from the early hominin sites in South Africa indicate that 25% of specimens would be misclassified (in terms of diet) if based on taxonomic affiliation alone [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The fact that diet is not independent of phylogeny is one of the fundamental outcomes of the evolutionary process, since a descendant species is never created de novo but builds upon inheritance from its immediate ancestor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "“ Species of the same genus have usually, though by no means invariably, some similarity in habits and constitution, and always in structure” [15], this is a phylogenetic signal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Phylogenetic niche conservatism, however, results when closely related species are more similar ecologically than would be expected based on their phylogenetic relationships [16]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, the phylogenetic signal itself, as tested by Fraser et al. ( 2018), would not indicate evolutionary constraints; however, its residual as compared to random divergence could indicate it [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Multiple studies (reviewed by Losos, 2008) have found that phylogenetic niche conservatism is by no means omnipresent, while phylogenetic signal is the norm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4796__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "And even if lineages remain conserved within their diets and habitats, it does not follow that functional relationships between (dental) traits and diets become decoupled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If teeth of the same kind remain useful for the same diets, like carnassials for eating meat, inference of diets via dental proxies would not be biased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An analogy can be made to an X-ray machine used at airports to detect the presence of sharp objects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Suppose a family arrives that have jointly prepared for a picnic, and therefore, all have knives in their pockets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If the machine correctly detects all the knives, it would yield the equivalent of a phylogenetic signal in its outputs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This does not mean that the method by which the machine detects knives is biased, or needs to be adjusted. And if we adjust the machine in order to decrease phylogenetic signal, in this situation, the result will be undoubtedly worse; the machine will either make false alarms or miss real detections (Type I and Type II errors)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Tooth wear is a function of behaviors occurring in life."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0071__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It is fundamentally different from genetically mediated dietary proxies, such as occlusal morphology, so its analysis should not be constrained by the use of phylogenetic comparative methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4796__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do not mean to imply that phylogenetic methods are wrong as such. They have their meaningful uses but their relevance depends on the research question rather than the source of the data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Yet a statement received by some of us from a recent reviewer echoes a worrying trend to enforce phylogenetic adjustments everywhere where data of phylogenetic origin are used: “Although I agree with the authors’ rationale for not wanting to use PGLS1, in this day and age it is simply not acceptable to NOT do the analyses using PGLS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” We argued that this was unnecessary, and the editors were in agreement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Analysis of phylogenetically related data is not trivial, and there is no solution that fits all purposes (see Westoby, Leishman, and Lord (1995), Losos (2008), Revell (2010) for comprehensive discussions)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We strongly disagree with the recommendation of Fraser et al (2018) to use phylogenetic comparative methods in studies of mammalian tooth wear whenever possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Phylogenetic regression is not by itself a better or more advanced analysis method than ordinary regression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__critique__p0072__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The choice of the methods and interpretations of results depends on the authors of analyses and the research questions they tackle."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4796__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our recent study, we describe strong phylogenetic signal in tooth wear dietary proxies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We believe that phylogenetic signal is detectable in tooth wear because the feeding apparatus acts as an evolutionary and functional module [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Due to the significant functional role of the feeding apparatus, changes in one component impact the other components of the module [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The result is a difference in chewing stroke, the ways in which the teeth contact each other, and, thus, the ways which the teeth wear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We further argue that such modularity of the chewing apparatus results in certain functional and thus evolutionary constraints, potentially leading to phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The end result is that tooth wear (like diet) shows strong phylogenetic signal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In fact, our finding seems unsurprising given that much of the methodological practice in the application of analytical tooth wear methods acknowledges this phylogenetic signal [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0073__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We subsequently make a recommendation that, when possible and necessary, appropriate phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) be applied, a recommendation that has been made time and time again in the ecology and evolution literature [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "DeSantis et al. ( 2018), however, express concern that (a) our study will cause editors to unnecessarily enforce the use of phylogenetic comparative methods during review and (b) that our study will mislead researchers into thinking phylogenetic signal is merely an artifact, rather than a result of the evolutionary process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our recent study, we do not suggest that tests for phylogenetic signal and PCMs be applied when they are unnecessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, studies focused on a small number of species within the same genus are unlikely to require such statistical corrections [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also recommend authors be familiar with the limitations of tests for phylogenetic signal when their sample of species is small [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We strongly assert that the source of phylogenetic signal in diet and thus tooth wear is the evolutionary process of descent with modification from a common ancestor [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, there is a complex relationship among evolutionary process, rate, and phylogenetic signal [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The implication of the DeSantis et al. ’s argument, however, is that if phylogenetic signal results from the evolutionary process, there is no need to correct for it statistically."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We disagree strongly with this implication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Even if the phylogenetic signal in dietary proxies such as mesowear and microwear is \"meaningful\" in the sense that it is related to diet, this does not change the statistical difficulties introduced by phylogenetic nonindependence [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0074__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Furthermore, in no way does the presence of phylogenetic signal, nor suggesting that PCMs be used when necessary, imply that dietary proxies are unreliable indicators of diet."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Suppose we are using hypsodonty (presence of high crowned teeth) as a metric for inferring grazing behavior among mammals [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If we sample a number of mammals and use a discriminant function analysis to estimate the strength of association between hypsodonty and feeding behavior, we would find that hypsodonty is a very good indicator of a grazing lifestyle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the gelada baboon, an open-area feeder whose diet is dominated by grasses, would be misclassified by the discriminant function, based on the absence of hypsodont cheek teeth [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the strength of the association between hypsodonty and grazing is over-estimated in this scenario."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hypsodonty is an honest indicator of grazing, but it is constrained to certain phylogenetic groups, and there exist other ways to be a grazer that do not require hypsodonty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a further hypothetical example used by DeSantis et al. ( 2018), families on their way to the airport tend to be either \"knife carrying\" or \"knifeless.\" We extend this example to suggest that, if the material from which the knives are made shows \"phylogenetic signal,\" airport security might overestimate the strength of the link between beeping magnetometer alarm and the presence of sharp cutting tools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "While the beeping alarm is an honest signal of the presence of a knife, there are other equivalent knife-wielders that are not detectable by this method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0075__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In our recent study, we use a phylogenetic discriminant function analysis to demonstrate the result of such overconfidence arising from phylogenetic signal on our ability to correctly classify mammals by diet using tooth wear [13]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "DeSantis et al. ( 2018) further suggest that (a) convergence of diets among distantly related mammals and (b) intraspecific dietary differences negate the need to correct for phylogenetic signal in tooth wear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We consider the following example."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Hypsodonty has evolved numerous times within Mammalia but; for our purposes, let us consider only artiodactyls and perissodactyls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All extant equids are hypsodont."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Some clades of artiodactyls possess similarly high-crowned teeth such as members of the tribe Bovini and family Antilocapridae."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The presence of high-crowned teeth is notably nonrandomly distributed throughout Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Hypsodont members of these clades have inherited their high-crowned teeth from a common ancestor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In fact, as far as we are aware, hypsodonty never reverses; hypsodont taxa never return to a low-crowned condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "So, we would attain significant estimates of phylogenetic signal for hypsodonty even though it has arisen multiple times via different developmental and genetic mechanisms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0076__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Convergent evolution therefore does not negate the need for phylogenetic comparative methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dietary change through time might indicate weak or absent PNC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as acknowledged by DeSantis et al. ( 2018), PNC, and phylogenetic signal are not the same phenomenon [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Significant phylogenetic signal can result both from a Brownian Motion model of evolution, wherein a trait evolves via a random walk, as well as PNC, a phenomenon wherein closely related species are more similar than is expected given a Brownian Motion model of trait evolution [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, significant phylogenetic signal can occur in the absence of PNC."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The fact that intraspecific shifts in diet occur among mammals therefore has no bearing on whether dietary phylogenetic signal exists within Mammalia or whether it needs to be corrected for."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The tooth wear of members of a species can and do vary through time but we suggest that they vary within some range that is determined by functional constraints of the feeding apparatus [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This manifests as dietary shifts, say from a less gritty diet to a more gritty diet, but should rarely manifest as an intraspecific shift from herbivory to carnivory, for example [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We further agree with DeSantis et al. ( 2018) that experimental diets can and do change the properties of mammal tooth wear [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "However, our study refers only to the natural diet of mammals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0077__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Feeding a lion rocks would most assuredly change how the teeth wear but has no bearing on whether the natural diets of mammals show phylogenetic signal and indicates nothing about how common PNC is among mammals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, DeSantis et al. ( 2018) rightly indicate that most PCMs assume that the residuals of y ~ x from an ordinary least squares regression are statistically independent [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In cases where the x and y variables show no autocorrelation but the residuals of y do, ordinary least squares regression performs poorly [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Herein, we demonstrate that when both x and y show high phylogenetic signal, the λ estimates for the residuals of y consistently indicate high phylogenetic signal [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, justified in recommending the use of PCMs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Furthermore, Revell (2010) recommends fitting a phylogenetic generalized least squares model using maximum likelihood to simultaneously estimate λ and the regression coefficients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If λ is zero, PGLS converges on the ordinary least squares solution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0078__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, the application of a PCM, specifically PGLS, from the outset should not mislead researchers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4796", "paragraph_id": "triad_4796__response__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, we agree with DeSantis et al. ( 2018) that phylogenetic comparative methods need not be applied when their use is unnecessary or unjustified such as during a study of intraspecific dietary variation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, we note that application of phylogenetic comparative methods (most notably phylogenetic generalized least squares) when phylogenetic signal is low will not lead researchers astray [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our recent study thoroughly describes the fact that phylogenetic signal can arise from descent with modification and PNC."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We thus also agree with DeSantis et al. ( 2018) that phylogenetic signal in the context of tooth wear not be viewed as a mere inconvenient artifact. But we disagree with their implication that PCMs are therefore unnecessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4796__response__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If authors are interested in interpreting p-values from comparisons of species from disparate clades, they should have an understanding of the structure of their data as it pertains to phylogenetic signal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4796/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2802431297_W2897248275_W2897932608", "triad_name": "triad_4796", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4796__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on all the findings about the possible treatment in the pre- clinical phase of RA, reliable biomarkers are needed to identify patients who are on the trajectory to develop RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Once a panel of biomarkers has been found and carefully validated, popula- tion screening for evidence-based, effective treatment is a con- ceivable approach in the efforts to prevent RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this context, recently, the combination of ACPAs, RF and anticarbamylated peptide (CarP) autoantibodies 5 has been shown to provide a very high odds ratio for RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "6 Unfortunately, RF and anti-CarP autoantibody data were not available for the population described by van Zanten et al. 1"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_369__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the Lifelines Study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study with a targeted 30-year follow-up, it might be possible to gain follow-up information on this study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It will be interesting to see which partici- pants will eventually develop RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, it would be valu- able to test the stored serum samples for as many biomarkers as possible in order to identify patients who develop RA in a certain period of time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Lastly, combining biomarker data with clinical parameters might result in sufficient power to precisely predict the development of RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "7 Several studies have now repeatedly shown that ACPAs and other biomarkers (eg, autoantibodies, inflammatory proteins, cytokines and microRNA) can antedate the development of RA by many years."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "7 8 Although these data are intriguing, it would be more valuable to have biomarkers that are able to provide insights into the evolution of RA within the next 6-12 months, corresponding to the so-called window of opportunity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "9 10 When it comes to population screening, health economics becomes an important factor in the equation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Since the global healthcare expenditures are constantly increasing and reaching non-sustainable thresholds in many jurisdictions, health eco- nomic studies of direct and indirect costs will be needed to dem- onstrate that investments in screening for pre-RA and early interventions or therapies are not outweighed by poor clinical outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Based on remarkable healthcare expenditures on the management of RA, there is a significant opportunity to achieve meaningful savings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0002__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "2 11 12"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_369__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The design of the different RA prevention trials is rather diverse in terms of the treatment used and the inclusion criteria for the individuals at risk to be treated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "2 Therapeutic agents range from hydroxychloroquine to biologics (eg, tumour necrosis factor- alpha inhibitors)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Different treatments surely require also differ- ent timings in the preclinical phase of the disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Lastly, infor- mation as to who will develop RA in the distant future might be more useful in case preventive drugs (such as vaccines) become available."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_369__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__critique__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), in addition to rheumatoid factor (RF), represent a serological hallmark in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this context and with interest I read the recent article by van Zanten et al [1] summarising the results from the Dutch ‘Lifelines Study’, a large population-based study of 40,132 individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this setting and using an adjusted cut-off for the ACPA assay, the prevalence of ACPAs was 1.0% and associated older age, female gender, smoking, joint complaints, RA and first-degree relatives with rheumatism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_369__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The early identification of patients in the preclinical phase of RA is of high importance as it became evident during the last decade that early intervention can prevent joint damage in patients with RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consequently, several ongoing studies are focused on the prevention of RA based on the treatment of individuals at high risk to develop RA [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All these prevention trials leverage the concept of the ‘window of opportunity’ to prevent or delay the clinical ravages and attending healthcare expenditures associated with RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although a recent trial was unable to prevent the onset of RA (PRAIRI, unpublished data), the study clearly demonstrated that the treatment in the preclinical phase of RA postponed the development of the disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Most studies aim to treat patients as early as possible, an approach which seems intuitive."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, it is unclear if treatment too early in the clinical course also leads to failure of response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Most conventional approaches to the prevention of RA are based on the concept of restoring the lost tolerance of the immune system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_369__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "PRECLINICAL RA\nThe risk for the development of RA depends on many factors, which can be divided into two main categories: the modifiable (eg, smoking, behaviour) and the constant risk factors (eg, genetics) [3][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The preclinical phase of RA may be initiated by modification of the risk profile (eg, smoking) and is characterised by break of tolerance as part of the autoimmune processes, leading to increasing joint inflammation and eventually tissue damage and significant morbidity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The development of RA has primarily been linked to factors that affect the gastrointestinal, the respiratory and reticuloendothelial systems [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An additional challenge to identify the right time for treatment is the patient-specific rate of the evolution from preclinical to clinical RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In some patients, the preclinical phase can take several years, whereas in other patients, this conversion happens in a shorter period of time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Factors contributing, to defining or accelerating this transition are not fully understood."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_369__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "BIOMARKERS\nBased on all the findings about the possible treatment in the preclinical phase of RA, reliable biomarkers are needed to identify patients who are on the trajectory to develop RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Once a panel of biomarkers has been found and carefully validated, population screening for evidence-based, effective treatment is a conceivable approach in the efforts to prevent RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this context, recently, the combination of ACPAs, RF and anticarbamylated peptide (CarP) autoantibodies [5] has been shown to provide a very high odds ratio for RA [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unfortunately, RF and anti-CarP autoantibody data were not available for the population described by van Zanten et al [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As the Lifelines Study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study with a targeted 30-year follow-up, it might be possible to gain follow-up information on this study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It will be interesting to see which participants will eventually develop RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In addition, it would be valuable to test the stored serum samples for as many biomarkers as possible in order to identify patients who develop RA in a certain period of time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Lastly, combining biomarker data with clinical parameters might result in sufficient power to precisely predict the development of RA [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_369__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__critique__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several studies have now repeatedly shown that ACPAs and other biomarkers (eg, autoantibodies, inflammatory proteins, cytokines and microRNA) can antedate the development of RA by many years [7][8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although these data are intriguing, it would be more valuable to have biomarkers that are able to provide insights into the evolution of RA within the next 6–12 months, corresponding to the so-called window of opportunity [9][10]. When it comes to population screening, health economics becomes an important factor in the equation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since the global healthcare expenditures are constantly increasing and reaching non-sustainable thresholds in many jurisdictions, health economic studies of direct and indirect costs will be needed to demonstrate that investments in screening for pre-RA and early interventions or therapies are not outweighed by poor clinical outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on remarkable healthcare expenditures on the management of RA, there is a significant opportunity to achieve meaningful savings [2][11][12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_369__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__critique__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CLINICAL PREVENTION TRIALS\nThe design of the different RA prevention trials is rather diverse in terms of the treatment used and the inclusion criteria for the individuals at risk to be treated [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therapeutic agents range from hydroxychloroquine to biologics (eg, tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Different treatments surely require also different timings in the preclinical phase of the disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__critique__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Lastly, information as to who will develop RA in the distant future might be more useful in case preventive drugs (such as vaccines) become available."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_369__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__response__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to thank Michael Mahler for his letter, ‘Population-based screening for anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA): A step in the pathway to the prevention of rheumatoid arthritis?’ In his letter, Dr Mahler makes a plea to analyse and define reliable biomarkers to identify subjects who are on the trajectory to develop rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree with this notion of Dr Mahler as current efforts are increasingly focusing on the possibility to install early preclinical treatment to prevent progression to RA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_369__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__response__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, several randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) have been initiated recently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These clinical trials will investigate the therapeutic potential of agents such as rituximab (PRAIRI study: NTR No. 1969), abatacept (APIPPRA study: ISRCTN No. 46017566 and ARIAA study: EudraCT No. 2014-000555-93), hydroxychloroquine (StopRA trial: NCT No. 02603146) and methotrexate (TREAT EARLIER: NTR No. 4853) in individuals at risk of RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A study evaluating the immunomodulatory effect of atorvastatin in patients with seropositive arthralgia has also been initiated (STAPRA study: NTR No. 22389)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_369__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__response__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our publication contributes to these and other efforts as it describes the presence of a prominent biomarker for RA, ACPAs, in a large population-based study and thereby aids to the development of predictive algorithms identifying individuals at risk for RA development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As outlined in this publication, we determined the prevalence of ACPA positivity and its association with known RA risk factors in 40,136 participants from the Lifelines cohort [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Lifelines is a large ongoing prospective population-based cohort study and biobank to investigate the interaction between environmental and genetic factors in the development of chronic diseases [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The standardised protocol includes physical examination, extensive questionnaires, and biobanking of serum, plasma, urine and DNA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_369__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__response__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants will be followed up according to a fixed protocol for at least 30 years [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Within the existing infrastructure, additional collection of data and additional studies in already biobanked and future samples can be performed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, the composition of the microbiome is currently being analysed in over 900 subjects participating in the Lifelines deep cohort [5], eventually facilitating the contribution of the microbiome composition to the risk to develop RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Likewise, genetics such as whole genome sequencing including human leukocyte antigen (sub-) typing can be performed, thereby allowing the analyses of the contribution of the microbiome in the susceptible genetic background to the development of autoimmunity [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Other described predictive markers like the acute-phase reactants erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein and additional markers can be incorporated in the development of prediction models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_369__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__response__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, recent insight into the specificity of the combined presence of ACPA, rheumatoid factor and anticarbamylated protein antibodies provides interesting possibilities in further narrowing down persons at risk [7][8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Overall, Lifelines will give us the unique opportunity to gain follow-up information on our study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With funding, it will be possible to measure additional biomarkers as indicated above."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, this cohort is well suited for subsequent analyses on other biomarkers and risk factors, as also advocated by Dr Mahler."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_369__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "369", "paragraph_id": "triad_369__response__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our future goal is to build a prediction model that can distinguish participants at high risk from those at low risk to develop RA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such a model is relevant because both animal data and clinical data suggest that prevention of RA may be possible and early treatment aiming at drug-free remission is possible [9][10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The performance of RCTs on preventive treatment strategies in individuals at risk for RA is challenging."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_369__response__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The development of reliable assays and predictive algorithms to define a population with high enough at risk is crucial to allow the design of effective preventive therapy aiming to restore immune homeostasis with a great specificity, low toxicity and long-term effectiveness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_369/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563583703_W2592769050_W2593042491", "triad_name": "triad_369", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_369__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Underreporting of violent events has been defined as failure of victimized employees to report these events to their employers, the police, or other officials (Findorff, McGovern, Wall, & Gerberich, 2005)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Underreporting hinders violence prevention efforts in two ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, underreporting results in an underestimation of the true extent of the problem, thus indicating less of a need for prevention of possible negative effects than may actually be warranted (Bensley et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, without knowledge of the full spectrum of violent events to which workers are exposed, prevention efforts can only be designed to affect limited aspects of the problem (Arnetz, 1998; Arnetz, Aranyos, Ager, & Upfal, 2011a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In health care, various reasons for underreporting WPV have included lack of injury or time lost, time-consuming incident reporting procedures (Arnetz, 1998; Gates, 2004; Lanza & Campbell, 1991), lack of supervisory or coworker support, fear of reprisal or blame (Gates, 2004; Sato, Wakabayashi, Kiyoshi-Teo, & Fukahori, 2013), belief that reporting will not lead to any positive changes (Gates, 2004; Kvas & Seljak 2014), and the common perception among health care workers that violence is simply \"part of the job\" (Gates, 2004; Lanza & Campbell, 1991; Lanza, Schmidt, McMillan, Demaio, & Forester, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Varying definitions of violence among employees and within organizations (Arnetz, 1998; Sato et al., 2013) can also affect reporting behavior."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Physical assaults by patients, relatively common in emergency (Gacki-Smith et al., 2009; Gates, Ross, & McQueen, 2006; Taylor & Rew, 2011), psychiatric (Lanza et al., 2011), and geriatric (Leonard, Tinetti, Allore, & Drickamer, 2006; Zeller et al., 2009) departments, may not be reported if staff perceive that the aggressive behavior was unintentional, that is, related to the patient's illness (Hesketh et al., 2003; Lanza & Campbell, 1991; Sato et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Health care workers may also be reluctant to report non-physical violence from patients or co-workers because the behavior incurs no injury and may be organizationally sensitive, especially when it concerns the misuse of power by the perpetrator, such as when an employee is bullied by a supervisor (Ferns & Meerabeau, 2009; Findorff et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The magnitude of WPV underreporting among health care workers is difficult to quantify."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Questionnaires have been used to measure reporting behavior among workers (Ferns & Meerabeau, 2009; Findorff et al., 2005; Sato et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These studies have found a high prevalence of underreporting of both physical and non-physical violence, with all results based solely on employee self-report."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Earlier research compared different forms of incident reporting (Arnetz, 1998; Bensley et al., 1997; Grenade & Macdonald, 1995) and also found high rates of underreporting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In a 12-month period, employees at 47 health care workplaces recorded 684 violent events on incident reporting forms developed for the research study; based on self-report, only 147 incidents (21%) were also filed as official work injury reports (Arnetz, 1998)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bensley and colleagues (1997) compared assault injury rates among staff in a psychiatric hospital using compensation claims, hospital incident reports, and questionnaire data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rates differed widely: 13.8, 35, and 415 injuries per 100 employees per year were reported based on compensation claims, incident reports, and self-report, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "That study used the hospital ward as the unit of analysis because questionnaires were anonymous and it was not possible to link individual responses to individual workers' compensation or work injury reports."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Grenade and Macdonald (1995) found student nurses' underreporting of physical assault using both documented incidents and a self-report questionnaire."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, that study only compared results via the two methods without linking the two data sets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the researchers' knowledge, no study to date has linked individual questionnaire responses about WPV exposure and reporting behavior with actual incident documentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using individual workers as the unit of analysis could quantify the magnitude of violence underreporting and identify specific worker characteristics associated with underreporting."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The current study compared individual questionnaire responses with actual documentation of WPV events in a cohort of hospital employees."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The aim of the study was to increase understanding of underreporting by investigating differences between self-report and actual documentation practices, and explore characteristics and reporting patterns of health care workers who underreport."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Based on previous research (Arnetz, 1998; Bensley et al., 1997; Grenade & Macdonald, 1995), it was hypothesized that reports of violence via questionnaire would exceed the number of actual documented incidents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, it was expected that reporting would be highest among hospital employees who were injured as a result of a WPV incident (Findorff et al., 2005; Sato et al., 2013) and among those working on psychiatric and emergency units (Arnetz, Hamblin, Ager, Aranyos, Upfal, et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was conducted in an American hospital system comprised of seven hospitals and approximately 15,000 employees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The hospital system maintains a centralized electronic database of employee-reported occupational accidents and incidents, including needlestick injuries, slips, trips and falls, and violent events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Incident reports are documented by employees via any hospital system computer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The current study used a subset of the database that included only WPV data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hospital employees are encouraged to report all types of WPV, both physical and non-physical, including incidents perpetrated by patients or visitors, Workplace Health Saf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 August 31. known as Type II violence, and those perpetrated by other employees, Type III violence (Injury Prevention Research Center [IPRC], 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The violence database was linked to the human resource database that provides information on employee age, gender, job category, date of hire, employment status, and paid productive hours (PPH)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This linkage enabled the calculation of standardized rates of violence per 100 full-time equivalents (FTEs) per year, thus providing the hospital system with comparison rates of violence occurrence across hospitals, work units, and over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This population-based surveillance and reporting system and WPV database have been described previously (Arnetz et al., 2011a; Arnetz, Aranyos, Ager, & Upfal, 2011b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hospital system policy required employees to document all WPV incidents, both with and without resulting injury, via the electronic reporting system or to a supervisor (Arnetz, Hamblin, Ager, Aranyos, Essenmacher, et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The current study was limited to employees on 42 hospital units (N = 2,010) across the hospital system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on analysis of rates of WPV from a 30-month period (January 2010-June 2012), these units were identified as being at increased risk for violence (Arnetz, Hamblin, Ager, Aranyos, Upfal, et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The questionnaire developed for the study measured employees' experience with violence and aggression at work during the past year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Socio-demographic/background items included age, gender, place (hospital) of employment, job category, supervisor status (yes/no), length of employment in the health care field, and length of employment within the hospital system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Violence was defined as acts or threats of physical or verbal aggression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Employees were asked whether they had been a target of violence or aggression at work during the past year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Response alternatives were \"No, never,\" \"Yes, once or twice,\" and \"Yes, several times\" (Arnetz & Arnetz, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Violence-related injury: Employees were also asked whether they had sustained any physical injury as a result of a violent incident (No, none; Yes, mild injury; Yes, serious injury) and whether they had lost time from work as a result of a violent event (No, Yes)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0009__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Four items concerned reporting of violent incidents and asked whether employees were familiar with the centralized system for reporting incidents of WPV (No, Yes); whether they had reported a violent incident via the system during the past year (No, never; Yes, once or twice; Yes, several times); if employees had not reported a WPV incident in the electronic system, they were asked to provide a reason for not doing so; and whether they had reported WPV another way: to a supervisor, via the Compliance Hotline, a toll-free number that an employee may call to report any type of work-related issue anonymously, or by some other means."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Underreporting was defined as the percentage of employees who self-reported experiencing a WPV event but did not report any events into the electronic system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Current hospital system policy mandates employees report any known incidents of violence through the electronic system or to a supervisor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Supervisors must record all reported incidents through the electronic system within 24 hours from the end of the shift."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, incidents reported by employees to their supervisors are theoretically entered into the system, either by the employee or the supervisor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the spring of 2013, employees assigned to all 42 hospital units (N = 2,010) were asked by the researchers to participate in a questionnaire survey regarding their exposure to WPV and knowledge of the WPV reporting system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Questionnaires were mailed home to employees along with a postage-paid return envelope and a cover letter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The letter described the purpose of the study and informed employees that participation was voluntary and questionnaire responses were anonymous."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Employees gave their consent to participate in the study by completing and returning the questionnaire."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Each employee responding to the questionnaire received a US$10 gift card by mail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The cover letter explained that each questionnaire was coded with an identification number that enabled the research team to identify respondents from a master list."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Once the questionnaires had been returned and the gift cards had been mailed out, the list linking identification numbers with respondent names and addresses was destroyed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Approximately 2 weeks after the first mailing, reminders and questionnaires were re-sent to non-respondents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board at the university and the Research Review Council of the hospital system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using the pseudo identification numbers on the questionnaire survey, individual questionnaire responses were compared with actual events entered into the electronic reporting system in the previous 12 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Questionnaire data were linked to the database by a hospital system data analyst; the research team only had access to de-identified data from the hospital system database."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chi-square analysis was used to compare questionnaire respondents with non-respondents in regard to gender, age group, employment status (full-time, part-time, and contingent), job category, job tenure, and documentation of WPV incidents via the electronic system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Underreporters, that is, employees who reported WPV through this study but did not document any incidents in the electronic system, were compared with reporters, that is, employees who both self-reported an incident through this study and documented incidents in the system, using chi-square statistics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In a final step, forward stepwise logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with reporting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The dependent variable, reporting (yes/no), was calculated as having reported exposure to WPV on the questionnaire and also reported an incident in the electronic system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "An additional logistic regression was conducted to assess factors associated with reporting a violent event to a supervisor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Independent variables in both regressions included employee age, gender, type of work unit, job tenure, employment status, violence-related injury, and lost work time due to a violent event."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of 446 employees responded to the questionnaire (response rate 22%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "More than 80% of respondents (n = 364) were female and 35% (n = 157) were 50 years of age or older."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The majority of respondents (n = 269, 60%) were nursing staff, part-time employees (n = 194, 44%) and worked in either acute care nursing units (n = 157, 35%) or emergency departments (n = 120, 27%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Respondents differed significantly from non-respondents with Workplace Health Saf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 August 31."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "regard to age (60.1% respondents vs. 49.1% non-respondents ≥ 40 years, p < .001), job tenure (17.5% respondents vs. 11.6% non-respondents worked ≥ 20 years in the hospital system, p < .01), and job category (5.2% patient care associates among respondents vs. 12.6% among non-respondents, p < .001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0015__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Respondents did not differ significantly from non- respondents with regard to documentation of a WPV incident in the electronic system in the past year (8.3% respondents vs. 6.5% non-respondents, p = .19)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 1 presents a flowchart summarizing survey responses and hospital system documentation of violent workplace incidents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of the 446 employees who responded to the questionnaire, 275 (62%) reported experiencing at least one WPV event in the previous year; of these, 243 did not document an incident in the database, representing an overall rate of underreporting of 88%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surprisingly, 63 of the 275 who self-reported violent events (23%) also reported having documented at least one incident via the electronic reporting system, but only 12 (4%) actually did so."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among the remaining 212 employees who stated in the questionnaire that they did not document a violent incident electronically, 20 (9%) actually did so."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, in reality, only 32 of the 275 employees (12%) who self-reported a violent event had formally documented the incident via the electronic reporting system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 1 summarizes and compares characteristics of employees who documented violent events in the electronic reporting system (\"reporters,\" n = 32) with employees who did not (\"underreporters,\" n = 243)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to gender, age, or length of employment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Reporters included a significantly greater proportion of full-time employees than underreporters, and no contingent workers were found among reporters (p < .05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fifty percent of reporters (n = 16) had been injured as a result of a WPV incident, compared with 11.5% (n = 28) among underreporters (p < .001); 25% of reporters (n = 8) had lost time from work due to a WPV incident compared with 4.5% (n = 11) among underreporters (p < .001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the 275 questionnaire respondents who said they had experienced a WPV incident, 45% (n = 125) reported the violence using an alternative method (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of the 32 who did report via the electronic system, 14 (43.8%) also reported in some other way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among the 243 underreporters, who did not report an incident via the electronic system, 111 (45.7%) did report using an alternative method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Reporting to a supervisor was the most common alternative method; slightly less than 80% of both reporters and underreporters reported these incidents to their supervisors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 3 summarizes the reasons for not reporting a WPV incident as described by the 212 questionnaire respondents who stated they had experienced a violent event, but had not reported it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As indicated in Figure 1, 20 of the 212 individuals actually had documented an incident in the electronic system; thus, Table 3 compares results by reporters and underreporters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The most common reasons for not reporting were that the individual had not been a target of/witness to a violent event (29.9%) and did not believe that reporting leads to change (28.4%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The only significant difference between reporters and underreporters Workplace Health Saf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 August 31. concerned being unsure of how to report; surprisingly, this was more common among reporters (20%) than underreporters (5.4%) although only 14 respondents in total had selected this alternative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Overall, 43 respondents had noted \"other\" reasons for not reporting including fear of retaliation (n = 13); the incident was reported by someone else (n = 6); the incident was patient-related (psychological or cognitive impairment) and was included in either patient notes or discussed among the health care team (n = 6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results of the logistic regression that examined factors associated with reporting incidents of violence in the electronic system are summarized in Table 4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Employees had a higher likelihood of reporting via the electronic system if they incurred a physical injury as the result of the violent incident (OR = 6.22) or if an incident resulted in time away from work (OR = 3.56)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "No other demographic or work-related factors were significant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Factors associated with reporting WPV to a supervisor are summarized in Table 5."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Having worked less than 5 years (OR = 0.42) and working as security staff (OR = 0.22) were both significantly associated with lower likelihood of reporting WPV to a supervisor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The aims of this study were (a) to compare the self-report of WPV via the questionnaire with actual documentation of violent incidents in a cohort of hospital employees, and (b) to examine the individual and job characteristics and reporting patterns of \"reporters\" versus \"underreporters.\" As hypothesized, a greater proportion of questionnaire respondents (62%) self-reported an incident of WPV in the previous 12 months, compared with 12% who actually documented the incident via the electronic reporting system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This finding is consistent with previous research (Ferns & Meerabeau, 2009; Findorff et al., 2005; Sato et al., 2013) based solely on self-report."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Findorff and colleagues (2005) conducted a study in a single health care organization and found that less than 60% reported physical violence and less than 50% reported non-physical violence to their employers; most reports were oral and not otherwise documented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ferns and Meerabeau (2009) reported that 45% of nursing students experienced verbal abuse during their clinical training and the majority (63%) stated they had reported the incident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, only four incidents were documented in writing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sato and colleagues (2013) found that more than 30% of nurses reported experiencing patient aggressive behavior in the previous month, but 70% did not report the incident."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second hypothesis was that reporting would be highest among hospital employees who were injured, and among those working on psychiatric or emergency units; this was partially supported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A significantly greater proportion of reporters had been injured or lost time from work as a result of a violent event, compared with underreporters; these two factors were also significantly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting through the electronic system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This finding may in part be explained by hospital system policy, which states that employees who have been injured on the job and seek care at Occupational Health Services must document the incident in the electronic system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These findings support previous research that found a higher likelihood of reporting when the symptoms or impact of the violence were more severe (Findorff et al., 2005; Sato et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Both studies were based Workplace Health Saf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 August 31."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "solely on self-report."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results of the current study did not support the hypothesis that psychiatric and emergency department employees are more likely to report violence compared with employees on other units."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Comparisons by type of unit (Table 1) revealed that a larger proportion of psychiatric employees were reporters (18.8%) than underreporters (6.2%), but emergency department employees had a larger proportion of underreporters (30.9%) than reporters (28.1%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the researchers did not find a higher likelihood of reporting through the electronic system in any one type of work unit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Only 32 of the 275 employees (12%) who self-reported violence in the workplace had formally documented the incident via the electronic reporting system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This finding suggests an overall underreporting rate of 88%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An earlier study of 47 health care workplaces based entirely on worker self-report found a similar underreporting rate of 79% (Arnetz, 1998)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, a closer look at the questionnaire data in the current study revealed that more than 45% of the 275 who self-reported violence in the past year (n = 125) used other methods to report the incident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Those individuals reported the incident verbally to their supervisors (79.2%), via the Compliance Hotline (15.2%), or other means (18.4%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although a small number (n = 14, 11.2%) of personnel had also reported through the electronic system, the majority (n = 111) had not."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The only factors significantly associated with informal incident reporting to a supervisor were short job tenure (< 5 years) and working as security staff; both were associated with lower likelihood of reporting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sato and colleagues (2013) found that nurses with less work experience were less likely to report aggressive behavior."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Combining all of the alternative methods with electronic documentation, the rate of underreporting dropped to 48%; 143 reporters (32 electronic reporters and 111reporters by other means) leaves 132 of 275 exposed who did not report."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although this is an improvement over 88%, almost half of the incidents were not reported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This finding has implications for this and similar health care organizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The hospital system in this study has worked for the past decade to establish a centralized electronic system for reporting WPV (Arnetz et al., 2011a, 2011b), and human resource policy mandates reporting of known incidents of violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although employees who verbally report incidents to their supervisors may be fulfilling their responsibility to report, these informal reports may not always be available to upper management for policy decisions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is the first study to examine underreporting of WPV among health care workers by linking and comparing individual questionnaire responses (self-report) regarding WPV experiences with actual incident documentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, a number of limitations should be considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, the study was conducted in a single hospital system in one geographic area of the United States, and results may not be generalized to hospitals in other areas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the response rate on the questionnaire was low (22%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the researchers compared characteristics of respondents with those of non-respondents and found few significant differences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, all further analyses were limited to only the cohort of respondents who self-reported WPV (n = 275)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, the questionnaire items related to experience of violence were retrospective (past year), and recall bias may have affected the results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This bias was especially evident in that 63 of the 275 who self-reported violent events (23%) also self-reported having documented at least one incident via the electronic reporting system, when, in fact, only 12 (4%) actually had done so."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It may be that several of these individuals had indeed reported incidents in the electronic system earlier, but not in the past year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conversely, of the 212 employees who self-reported that they did not record a violent incident electronically, 20 (9%) actually had."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the main aim of this study was to better understand the magnitude of underreporting of WPV generally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Analyses did not examine the type of violence experienced or reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As suggested in earlier research (Findorff et al., 2005), it is likely that underreporting of non-physical violence is greater than that of physical violence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The lack of agreement between employees' survey responses and actual report practices may be due to lack of injury, recall bias, or a lack of motivation to use the central electronic reporting system to report violent events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Underreporting is a hindrance to determining the actual extent of WPV toward health care workers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Understanding the magnitude of underreporting and the characteristics of health care workers who are more likely to underreport may provide hospitals with a more accurate estimate of WPV and determine where to focus education, training, and prevention efforts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4997__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The recent study by Arnetz et al. [ 1] concluded that hospital employees underreported incidents of workplace violence mainly because non-victims (witnesses) tended to report incidents far less often than victims."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, this conclusion is not well supported by the data in their study because of unclear definitions of violence, insufficient separation of the participants into the two groups of victims of violence and witnesses of violence, and plausible alternative explanations for the findings, as explained below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the 446 hospital workers surveyed, a flowchart in Figure 1 in the above study indicates that 62% of them (n = 275) answered “Yes, I was a target of violence within the last year.” Of these 275 respondents, the same flowchart shows that 212 of them answered that “I did not report the violence” in the survey."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, when asked about reasons for not reporting incidents of violence (Table 3), 30% of the 212 respondents answered that they were neither a target nor witnesses to violence."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The contradicting answers indicate a low reliability for the participants’ determination of whether they were a target of workplace violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This problem can be addressed by giving the participants of the survey an option to indicate the nature of the violence experienced and their role (e.g., target, witness)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The low reliability regarding workplace violence may have been due to an unclear definition of violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the flowchart in Figure 1 documents whether a participant had been a target of violence, the authors state in the “Methods” section that the question was whether the participant had been a target of either violence or aggression with no definition provided for aggression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The two forms of this question would be expected to produce different responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, the “Results” section reported that the question was whether the participant had experienced a violent incident, presumably including the witnessing of an incident without being a target."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The confusing definitions of violence could explain the low reliability of the responses, but this is not the only possible explanation for the low reliability of the responses to the same question at two different places in the survey."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Another possible explanation is faulty recall due to the lengthy recall period of 1 year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Recall periods for injuries or similar events, such as hospital stays, have been shown to be unreliable if more than 3 months prior [2][3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study reported that 88% of hospital workers who experienced workplace violence failed to report the incident using the official electronic system, and thus concluded that this finding indicated a need to take action."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The estimate of 88% is likely exaggerated for the following reasons."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, one incident could have been witnessed by multiple employees but reported only once by one person in the electronic reporting system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If an employee knows that someone else reported it, they may decide that this is sufficient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This explanation is supported by the study conclusion that employees tended not to report incidents if they were not the victims of violence themselves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "By the methods used in the study, this explanation would inflate the numbers of employees who failed to report an incident."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the study hospital system only encouraged workers to report via the electronic system, but does not require it. If it is only encouraged, workers cannot be expected to report anything or everything."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is probably unreasonable to conclude that a failure-to-report problem exists when reporting is not mandated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This explanation also would be expected to inflate the failure-to-report percentage."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study by Arnetz et al. has many strengths including an adequate sample size, use of multiple sites within a hospital system, appropriate statistical analysis, clear discussion of workplace violence literature, and a focus on a critical occupational health and safety problem."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite these strengths, due to the low response reliability of the key questions and evidence of alternative explanations for the findings, the study conclusion, that hospital employees drastically underreport workplace violence, is not well supported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Instead, an alternative conclusion, that workplace violence reporting may be acceptable, but the value of the electronic reporting system is low among hospital employees, particularly nurses, is proposed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4997__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are grateful for the thoughtful comments on our recent article, “Underreporting of Workplace Violence: Comparison of Self-Report and Actual Documentation of Hospital Incidents” [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The writer raises issues that are well worthy of discussion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, on a number of points, there has been some misunderstanding that we hope this response will clarify."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The writer states that our article concluded “ . . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "that hospital employees under-reported incidents of workplace violence mainly because non-victims (witnesses) tended to report incidents far less often than victims” [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This was not the main conclusion of our article and is factually incorrect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A closer look at Table 3 (p. 206) reveals no statistically significant difference between reporters and under-reporters with regard to being a target or witness of violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Our main conclusions in this article were (a) the majority of hospital workers who experienced violence at work (88%) did not record the incident in the hospital system’s electronic database, (b) nearly half of hospital workers who experienced violence (45%) did report the incident to their supervisors, (c) hospital workers who were injured in a violent incident and/or lost time from work due to a violent incident were significantly more likely to report using the electronic system (Table 4), and (d) workers with less than 5 years job tenure and security staff were significantly less likely to report a violent incident to supervisors (Table 5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We believed that the juxtaposition of “physical” and “verbal” would suffice as indication to the questionnaire respondents that we were using a broad definition of “violence.” Moreover, in the item asking “What type(s) of violence/aggression did you experience?” the first response alternative was “Verbal aggression (shouting, swearing)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "” The writer posits that “the two forms of this question would be expected to produce different responses,” but in truth, we could not be sure that responses would differ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Workplace violence is subjective; what may be perceived by one worker as “violence” may be perceived by another as lower-level aggression [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We recognize that perception may influence reporting, which is why we specifically combined physical violence and aggression in a single question."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Low reliability for the participants’ determination of whether they were a target of workplace violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The question on whether the individual had been a target of violence or aggression during the past year was followed by two additional questions: “Who was violent or aggressive towards you?” and “What type(s) of violence/aggression did you experience?” Both items had “I wasn’t a target of violence” as a possible response alternative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, questions regarding why employees did not report a violent incident used the response alternative, “I wasn’t a target or witness of violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "” We believe that this may be the source of the writer’s confusion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In other words, when asking about experience of violence at work, we asked only whether employees had themselves been the target of violence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When asking why they had not reported an incident, we included the option that they had not even witnessed such an incident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The reason the questions were structured this way has to do with hospital system policy, as indicated on page 202 of our article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hospital system policy actually mandates that employees report any known incidents of violence, either through the electronic system or to a supervisor."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Policy does not specify that an employee must be a target of violence to report the violent episode; rather, any “known incident of violence” should be reported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In previous research on this hospital system, we found that incident reporting by third parties not directly involved in the violent incident does occur [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another possible explanation is faulty recall due to the lengthy recall period of 1 year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree with the writer that recall bias is a possible confounder of this study, a point we raised ourselves in the “Strengths and Limitations” section, page 208."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As justification, the survey, part of a large, randomized controlled intervention study, was administered pre-intervention and 1-year post-intervention."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, asking about experience with workplace violence over the course of the previous 12-month period was a deliberate effort on our part to compare self-report with documentation of incidents over the same period of time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The estimate of 88% is likely exaggerated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The writer contends that “an incident could have been witnessed by multiple employees but reported only once by one person in the electronic reporting system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If an employee knows that someone else reported it, they may decide that this is sufficient” [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is nothing in our data to support this statement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The writer further posits that the statement is supported “by the study conclusion that employees tended not to report incidents if they were not the victims of violence themselves.” As indicated in the point above regarding low reliability, this is a misunderstanding that we hope we have now clarified."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is probably unreasonable to conclude a failure-to-report problem exists when reporting is not mandated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This explanation would also be expected to inflate the failure-to-report percentage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As clarified in the low-reliability point above, reporting acts of known violence is, in fact, mandated by the hospital system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The writer is correct in that reporting via the electronic system is encouraged but not required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the mandate states that an employee should report either via the system or directly to one’s supervisor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As we point out on page 202, unit supervisors also have a mandate to report all violent events of which they are notified into the electronic system within 24 hours from the end of the shift during which they received the notification."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Thus, theoretically, incidents should ultimately be entered into the electronic database."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0054__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Our study indicates that electronic database reporting occurs in only 12% of cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 7, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4997", "paragraph_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": ". . . the value of the electronic reporting system is low among hospital employees, particularly nurses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We can agree that the electronic reporting system is underused for reporting incidents of workplace violence, and among nurses, there were more under-reporters (62.6%) than reporters (40.6%, Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, other, more far-reaching implications of this study’s findings exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As we stated on page 208, although employees who report verbally to their supervisors may be fulfilling their responsibility for reporting, the informal reports may not be reaching upper management for policy decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A hospital system or other health care organization can only develop prevention strategies based on available data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "By implementing the electronic system, this particular hospital system has made a concerted effort to facilitate the employee reporting process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4997__response__p0055__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Our data indicate that the system is underused."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4997/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2137627030_W2317741586_W2338460363", "triad_name": "triad_4997", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4997__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While PBHs can be generated at the QCD epoch [14] (for a recent analysis see Ref."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "[ 15]) or during phase transitions [16], a popular mechanism for the formation of PBHs is within the so-called \"spiky\" scenario in which PBHs are originated from the enhancement of the curvature power spectrum arXiv:1801.09415v2 [astro-ph."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "CO] 12 Mar 2018 below a certain length scale due to spiky features [17-19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such an enhancement can be produced either within single-field models of inflation, see for instance Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "[ 20-22] for some recent work, or through a spectator field which does not contribute significantly to the total curvature perturbation on large observable scales (which is ultimately responsible for the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background anisotropies), but whose unique role is precisely to enhance the power spectrum at small scales, see for example Refs. [ 23-26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This spectator field can be even the Higgs of the Standard Model [27, 28]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation has been enhanced during inflation from its ∼ 10 −9 value at large scales to ∼ 10 −2 on small scales, and after the fluctuations have been transferred to radiation during the reheating process after inflation, PBHs may form from sizeable fluctuations in the radiation density field if they are able to overcome the resistance of the radiation pressure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A perturbation of fixed comoving size may not start to collapse till it re-enters the cosmologi- cal horizon."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, the size of a PBH at formation is related to the horizon length when the corresponding perturbation enters the horizon and collapses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Fluctuations collapse immediately af- ter horizon re-entry to form PBHs if they are sizeable enough."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indicating by ζ the gauge-invariant comoving curvature perturbation with power spectrum P ζ , one can define the smoothed version of it ζ R ( x) = d 3 y W (| x − y|, R) ζ( y) (1.1) and its variance σ 2 (R) = d 3 k (2π) 3 W 2 (k, R)P ζ (k), (1.2) where the smoothing out is operated through a window function W (k, R) where one has to select the radius as the comoving horizon length R H = 1/aH. A given region collapses to form a PBH if this variance is larger than a critical value ζ c (0.05 − 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The actual value depends on the equation of state w of the fluid when the perturbation re-enters the horizon [29]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For radiation w = 1/3 and one obtains ζ c 0.086."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Larger values are also used in the literature [30-32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A common value is ζ c 1.3 and we will adopt it as representative from now on."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Notice that one could use also a better criterion [30] based on the density contrast (during the radiation era and on comoving slices) ∆( x) = (4/9a 2 H 2 )∇ 2 ζ( x) for which the critical value is ∆ c 0.45 [33] 1 ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "At any rate, our formulae will be valid for both ζ( x) and ∆( x) and their corresponding power spectra on small scales must be rather large if a significant number of PBHs have to form."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The mass of a PBH at formation may be directly related to the number N of e-folds before the end of inflation when the corresponding density fluctuation leaves the Hubble radius M (m 2 P /H)exp(2N ) [35], where m P is the Planck mass."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Now, defining ν(M ) = ζ c σ(M ) , (1.6) the Gaussian mass fraction β prim (M ) for ν ∼ > 5 can be well approximated by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since PBHs are generated through very large, but rare fluctuations, their mass fraction at formation is extremely sensitive to changes in the tail of the fluctuation distribution and therefore to possible non-Gaussianities in the density contrast fluctuations [19, 40-48]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This implies that non-Gaussianities need to be accounted for within the spiky scenario as they can alter the initial mass fraction of PBHs in a dramatic way."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are certainly not the first ones to make this point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, the presence of a scale-invariant local non-Gaussianity, which is nowadays severely constrained by CMB anisotropy measurements [49], can significantly alter the number density of PBHs through mode coupling [50, 51]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact here we are rather referring to that non-Gaussianity which is almost inevitably generated at the same small wavelengths where the density perturbations are sizeable and that in the literature is often disregarded, most probably given the associated technical difficulties."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To have the feeling of the level of non-Gaussianity associated to the large perturbations giving rise to the PBHs, let us consider the second-order gauge-invariant comoving curvature perturbation ζ 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During inflation, when the perturbations have already left the Hubble radius, it satisfies the equation [52]ζ 2 = − H (ρ 0 + P 0 ) δP 2 | ρ − 2 (ρ 0 + P 0 ) δP 1 | ρ − 2(ρ 0 + P 0 )ζ 1 ζ 1 , (1.8) where ρ 0 and P 0 are the background energy and pressure densities, δP | ρ is the gauge-invariant non- adiabatic pressure perturbation (on uniform density hypersurfaces) and ζ 1 is the linear gauge-invariant comoving curvature perturbation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In single-field models the non-adiabatic pressure perturbation van- ishes and the curvature perturbation ζ is conserved at any order in perturbation theory on super-Hubble scales, consistently with Eq. ( 1.8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, in single-field models the perturbations are generated at Hubble crossing and Eq. ( 1.8) is not useful to estimate the level of non-Gaussianity associated to the fluctuations responsible for the PBHs and one has to resort to a different way of estimating the level of non-Gaussianity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, in the case of spectator fields, the curvature perturbation is not conserved on super-Hubble scales since the non-adiabatic pressure perturbation is not zero."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In such a case, Eq. ( 1.8) signals that the same sizeable linear perturbations which will be responsible for the generation of the PBHs upon horizon re-entry inevitably give rise to sizeable second-order perturbations and therefore to non-Gaussianity, that is ζ 2 = O(1)ζ 2 1 barring cancellations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This simple argument shows that the level of non-Gaussianity in the large, but rare fluctuations associated to the PBHs nay be not insignificant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The goal of this paper is to discuss the impact of non-Gaussianity on the initial PBH mass fraction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1. we follow closely Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "[ 53] and use a path-integral formulation to provide the probability that the density contrast is larger than a critical value within the horizon at formation time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The expressions are not original, but maybe known more in the community dealing with halo bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They are exact and no approximations are taken;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2. discuss the fine-tuning needed to achieve for the non-Gaussianity to play no role in the deter- mination of the PBH mass function;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3. compute in two popular classes of spiky models the impact of non-Gaussianity, showing that neglecting it leads to blunders in the estimation of the PBH mass fraction;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4. discuss the impact of non-Gaussianity on the clustering of PBHs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The paper is organised as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In section II we describe the technicalities based on the path- integral approach which allow to write exact expressions for the various quantities of interest in the presence on non-Gaussianity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In section III we introduce the notion of fine-tuning associated to the non-Gaussianity and in relation to the primordial PBH mass fraction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sections IV and V contain two illustrative examples and section VI touches the notion of clustering and non-Gaussianity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, conclusions are contained in section VII."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This section addresses the calculation of the exact non-Gaussian PBH abundance through a path- integral approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It has the virtue of not making any simplifying assumption or approximation, but at a price of being rather technical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The uninterested reader can jump directly to the final result in Eq. ( 2.28) or its simplified version (2.32)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We follow closely Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "[ 53] which we reproduce the results of."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In this sense this section does not contain any new finding, but maybe results are derived in a more transparent way."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider the overdensity field ζ( x) with a generic probability distribution P [ζ( x)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The partition function Z[J] in the presence of an external source J( x) is given by Z[J] = [Dζ( x)]P [ζ( x)]e i d 3 xJ( x)ζ( x) , (2.1) where the measure [Dζ( x)] is such that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The functional Taylor expansion of the partition function Z[J] in powers of the source J( x) specifies the correlators, while the corresponding expansion of W [J] = ln Z[J] generates the connected correlation functions, which we will denote by We have already introduced the smoothed curvature perturbation over a scale R in Eq. ( 1.1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a similar manner, we define smoothed connected correlation function ξ (N ) R ( x 1 , · · · , x N ) as ξ (N ) R ( x 1 , · · · , x N ) = ξ (N ) R ( y 1 , · · · , y n ) N i=1 d 3 y i W (| x i − y i |, R), (2.4) so that ξ (2) R ( x, x) = ξ (2) R (0) = σ 2 R , (2.5) is the variance over the scale R. For later use, we also define the normalised correlators"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let us also recall that the functional W [J] is written in terms of the connected correlation functions ξ (N ) as"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We now wish to characterise the threshold statistics by requiring that ζ R exceeds a certain threshold ζ c , which we can write as ζ R > νσ R ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Then the peak overdensity ρ ν,R ( x) is defined as ρ ν,R ( x) = Θ(ζ R ( x) − νσ R ), (2.9) where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step-function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The joint probability that in all points, ( x 1 , · · · , x N ), the overdensity is above the threshold is given by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since dΘ( x)/dx = δ( x) and 2πδ( x) = ∞ −∞ dφ e iφx , the Θ-function may be expressed as Θ( x) = ∞ −x da ∞ −∞ dφ 2π e iφa , (2.11) and therefore,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where J is defined as J( x) = N i=1 J i with J i ( x i , x) = φ i W (| x − x i |, R), and in the third line in Eq. ( 2.12) we have redefined a i → a i /σ R ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using Eq. ( 2.8) we may express ln Z[J] as"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We may put the last expression in a more explicit form using Eq. ( 2.5)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To calculate the expression (2.18), we have used the formula"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where H m−1 are Hermite polynomials and Erfc(x) = √ 2/π ∞ x exp(−t 2 )dt is the complementary error function, we find that Eq. ( 2.21) can be re-expressed as Π (N ) ν,R ( x 1 , · · · , x N ) = ∞ =0 1 !"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "   { 1 ,··· , N }∈P ,N ! n 1 ! · · · n N !"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ξ { 1 ,··· , N } N r h r (ν)    , (2.23) where Ξ { 1 ,··· , N } denotes the sum of Ξ( x i 1 , · · · , x i )'s at 1 , · · · N points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For N = 3 and = 4, the possible partitions are (4, 0, 0), (3, 1, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 1, 1) and then we have for example,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are finally ready to collect the results to find the probability for a single density contrast to be above the threshold."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It can be directly calculated by evaluating the one-point statistics"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where the argument (0) means that all the correlation functions are computed at the same point, Ξ n (0) = Ξ( x, x, · · · , x), (2.29) and Ξ( x 1 , x 2 , · · · , x n ) is given by Eq. ( 2.20) with ξ (2) R omitted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, we have"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We draw the attention of the reader to the fact that the expression (2.28) is exact and no approxima- tions have been taken along the way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, it simplifies in the case of large threshold ν 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this limit, using the asymptotic behaviour (ν 1) of the Hermite polynomials and the complementary error function"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "we find that Eq. ( 2.28) reduces to"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where the argument (0) means that all the correlation functions are computed at the same point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the smoothing radius is taken to be R H , this expression becomes the mass fraction β prim (M )."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Apart from the limit ν 1, it is exact as it contains all the non-Gaussian correlators for which no assumption needs to be taken."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If one wishes to relax even the assumption of large ν, one can resort to Eq. ( 2.28)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After this technical detour, we are ready to ask under which circumstances non-Gaussianity alters the predictions of the primordial abundance of black holes in a significant way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To answer this question one of course should look at her/his own preferred model and estimate the amount of non-Gaussianity through the non-vanishing correlators with order larger than two."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, one can take inspiration by what is routinely done in high energy physics and introduce the notion of fine-tuning, that is how much sensitive is a given observable on the parameters it depends upon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For instance, in supersymmetric models, where the phenomenon of electroweak symmetry breaking is induced radiatively by the running with energy, one may compute the response of an observable such as the mass squared of the Z-boson m 2 Z to a change of a parameter of the model defined at some high energy [55]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In full similarity, we can ask ourselves how sensitive is β prim (M ) to the various cumulants, defined by the relations"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We may therefore define the fine-tuning ∆ n to be the response of the PBH abundance to the intro- duction of the n-th cumulant"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the particular structure of the non-Gaussian correction to the PBH abundance, one can im- mediately understand the physical significance of this fine-tuning parameter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, in the presence of the n-th cumulant, one can express the new non-Gaussian PBH abundance (2.32) in terms of the Gaussian abundance"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This implies that the PBH abundance is exponentially sensitive to the non-Gaussianity unless ∆ n is in absolute value smaller than unity"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Inspecting Eqs. ( 1.7) and (2.32), we see that"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This tells us that non-Gaussianity alters exponentially the Gaussian prediction for the PBH abundance unless"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To investigate how restrictive this condition is, we will analyse two representative classes of spiky models, one based on a single-field and the other based on the presence of a spectator field."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In single-field models of inflation the power spectrum of the comoving curvature perturbation is given by [56] P ζ (k) = H 2 8π 2 m 2 P 1 k 3 , (4.1) where = −d ln H/dN is one of the slow-roll parameters and N is the number of e-folds till the end of inflation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since the generation of PBHs requires the jumping of the value of the power spectrum of about seven orders of magnitude from its value on CMB scales, without even specifying the single- field model of inflation, one may conclude that there must be a violation of the slow-roll condition |∆ ln /∆N | ∼ > O(1) [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In particular, this happens when the inflaton field goes through an inflection point in the scalar potential, see Fig. 1, thus producing a sizeable resonance in the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Correspondingly, slow-roll conditions are broken and the spike in the curvature perturbation may lead to a copious production of PBHs, see for instance Refs. [ 20, 22] for some recent proposals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the inflaton experiences a plateau in its potential, since must be extremely small, a short period of Ultra Slow-Roll (USR) is achieved during which the equation of motion of the inflaton background φ 0 reduces to [57-62]φ 0 + 3Hφ 0 0, (4.2) and the piece dV (φ 0 )/dφ 0 is negligible so that there is an approximate shift symmetry in the inflaton field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The slow-roll parameter η =˙ H = 2φ 0 φ 0 H + 2 −6 (4.3) is therefore sizeable, signalling the breaking of the slow-roll conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During such a phase of USR inflation, = 3 2φ 2 0 V (φ 0 ) ∼ a −6 , (4.4) and the comoving curvature perturbation increases as P ζ ∼ e 6∆N , (4.5) where ∆N parametrises the duration of the USR phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thanks to the approximate shift symmetry as well as the dilation symmetry, one can characterise the bispectrum of the perturbations generated during the USR phase."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The non-Gaussianity turns out to be completely local (δφ is basically a massless scalar field on the de Sitter background in the limit ≪ 1 and non-Gaussianity is generated after Hubble radius crossing) [59, 60, 63]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The corresponding skewness reads"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where we have neglected the effect of the window functions in the momentum integrals 2 ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since the condition (3.6) for non-Gaussianity to play no significant role is S 3 ∼ < 0.06 σ 2 R H 0.02 1.3 ζ c 3 , (4.8) where we have normalised σ 2 R H to the value necessary to get the right abundance of dark matter from PBHs [32] (neglecting accretion), we see that the Gaussian estimate on the PBH mass fraction is hardly trustable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of course this result strongly depends on the values of σ 2 R H and ζ c , but it signals a potential danger."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact, one can do better at this stage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We can use the δN formalism [66-68] to evaluate the higher-order cumulants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the δN formalism the scalar field fluctuations are quantized on the flat slices and related to the comoving curvature perturbation ζ through the relation ζ = δN ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "During the USR phase and in the case of a sharp transition back to the slow-roll phase, one obtains [59] N (φ 0 ,φ 0 ) = 1 3 ln φ 0 φ 0 + 3H(φ 0 − φ e ) , (4.9) where φ e is the value of the field at the end of the USR phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Notice in particular that one has to retain the dependence onφ 0 since slow-roll is badly violated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Since δφ is constant to good accuracy, one can neglect δφ and obtain"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where ζ 1 ( x) is the linear curvature perturbation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If one considers the contribution to the cumulant S n coming from the connected piece of the form"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This contribution shifts the Gaussian exponential in the mass fraction in the expression (2.32) from (in this expression one should intend the variance σ 2 R H as the renormalized one once the non-Gaussian contributions are as well summed up [40, 65])"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is not at all an insignificant effect for ν 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance one can ask what is the impact on the PBH abundance at formation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We follow Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "[ 32] and we set β prim (M ) such that it corresponds today to a totality of the dark matter in the form of PBHs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Choosing ζ c 1/3, a Gaussian probability would give σ R H ∼ > 0.036, while the non-Gaussian result (4.14) would deliver a result smaller than about ten orders of magnitude."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This shows the large sensitivity of the non-Gaussian result to the cosmological observables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of course, this is not the final result as there are other contributions to the cumulants we have not accounted for."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For instance, S 4 receives a connected contribution from the correlator ζ 1 ( x)ζ 1 ( x)ζ 2 1 ( x)ζ 2 1 ( x) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have not been able to resum all the pieces."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite their incompleteness and the fact that the details have to be worked out model by model, our findings indicate that non-Gaussianity plays a fundamental role in determining the final PBH abundance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Notice that we have been working under the assumption of a sudden transition between the USR phase and the slow-roll subsequent stage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It has been recently noticed that the non-Gaussianity is sensitive to the details of the transition from USR phase to the standard slow-roll phase [64]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The skewness takes the generic value S 3 9(4(η V − 3)η V + h 2 + 4η V h)/(2η V + h − 6) 2 , where h = 6 √ V /π e , π = dφ 0 /dN and V and η V = V /3H 2 are evaluated at the slow-roll phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For |h| 1 one recovers the sharp transition case, while for a smooth transition or a sharp transition, but small h, one finds the value S 3 η V ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Said in other words, our results show that a smooth transition is preferable in order to have a trustable Gaussian estimate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second example we wish to illustrate falls in the category of spiky models where the comoving curvature power spectrum is enhanced at small scales through a spectator field [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The idea is that there is a curvaton-like field σ [69] with quadratic potential V (σ) = 1 2 m 2 σ 2 , (5.1) such that the total curvature perturbation during inflation reads (in the flat gauge) ζ = H δρ ρ =ρ φ ρ ζ φ +ρ σ ρ ζ σ , ζ φ,σ = H δρ φ,σ ρ φ,σ , (5.2) where ζ σ is the curvaton perturbation and ζ φ is responsible for the anisotropies in the CMB anisotropies on large scales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The two contributions are assumed to be comparable at a scale k c Mpc −1 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The curvaton is in fact an axion-like field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is related to the phase θ of a complex field whose modulus is the inflaton field φ 0 with potential V (φ 0 ) = 1 2 λH 2 φ 2 0 , (5.3) with 1 < λ ≤ 9/4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The inflaton rolls relatively fast towards its minimum φ * which is reached when the wavenumber k * is exiting the Hubble radius and the curvaton field becomes well-defined, σ( x) = φ * θ( x)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For scales k < k * , when the inflaton is still rolling down its potential, the fluctuations of the curvaton inherit a strong scale-dependence, δθ k (H/2πφ 0 (t k )), where t k is the time at which the wavelength 1/k exits the Hubble radius."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0055__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The corresponding spectral index is given by n σ − 1 3 − 3 1 − 4 9 λ, (5.4) and one can obtain a blue curvaton power spectrum, n σ O(2 − 4) [23]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After inflation, the curvaton oscillates around the minimum of its potential and it decays into radiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If we denote by r the ratio of the curvaton energy density ρ σ over the radiation energy density ρ γ , at small scales the linear curvature perturbation is dominated by the curvaton and becomes"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The perturbation is nevertheless getting a non-Gaussian contribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Restricting ourselves to the quadratic potential (5.1), the curvature perturbation receives second-order contributions from the (δσ( x)) 2 piece in δρ σ ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A standard computation leads to [70-72]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Neglecting for the moment the window functions, the corresponding skewness is S 3 6 r 3 2 − r 2 , (5.7) which is a decreasing function of r with S 3 = 3 at r = 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Imposing again S 3 ∼ < 0.06 σ 2 R H /0.02 (1.3/ζ c ) 3 , one finds solutions only for sufficiently small thresholds or large variances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If we consider higher-order terms in the curvaton axion-like potential, higher-order cumulants are generated, but they will depend on other parameters, such as the quartic coupling ∼ m 2 /φ 2 * and the background value σ 0 ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We do not expect cancellations to operate and make the Gaussian mass fraction of PBHs trustable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To estimate the impact of non-Gaussianity, we can use alternatively the density contrast (during the radiation phase) ∆( x) = (4/9a 2 H 2 )∇ 2 ζ( x) for which ∆ c 2 √ 2ζ c /9 0.4(ζ c /1.3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The corresponding skewness reads"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The numerical results are shown in Fig. 2 which makes explicit that the Gaussian evaluation of the PBH abundance does not suffice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One obvious improvement will be to evaluate the one-loop variance induced by the non-Gaussianity δσ 2 ∆ (R H ) = 2 4 9 2 1 r 2 3 2 − r 2 2 d 3 k (2π) 3 (kR H ) 4 W 2 (k, R H ) d 3 p (2π) 3 P ζ (p)P ζ (| k − p|), (5.9) where the power spectra are of course the tree-level ones."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This improvement will however require an improved computation of the skewness and so on."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We again follow Ref. [ 32] and ask what is the impact of non-Gaussianity if we demand that the primordial PBH abundance corresponds to the totality of the dark matter abundance today."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let us minimise the influence of non-Gaussianity by setting r = 1 and S 3 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Under these circumstances, δσ 2 ∆ (R H ) is still much smaller than the tree-level σ 2 ∆ (R H ), and the Gaussian approach would give σ 2 ∆ (R H ) ∼ > 0.02 [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is in sharp contrast with our condition (3.6) on S 3 which would deliver S 3 ∼ < 0.06."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A value of S 3 would deliver a dark matter abundance smaller by almost twenty orders of magnitude."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This again indicates the sensitivity of the cosmological predictions to the non-Gaussianity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The PBHs created in the radiation era and originated from spikes in the comoving curvature perturba- tion are highly clustered [34]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using the peak theory model of bias, one can compute the PBH n-point correlation functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For Gaussian fluctuations one can follow Ref. [ 73] and show that the connected two-point correlator of PBHs is given by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One can easily see that the correlator ξ (2) ν,R H ( x 1 , x 2 ) increments for higher values of ν."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In other words, since PBHs are generated by large fluctuations and their mass fraction is exponentially suppressed for ν 1, the fewer there are of them, the more clustered they are."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The technique explained in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "[ 53] allows also to compute the correlators of the density contrasts above a given threshold for a non-Gaussian statistics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Let us for instance consider the case of W ( x, R) = δ (3) ( x)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0063__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It follows immediately that in the large threshold limit the joint probability is Π (N ) ν,R ( x 1 , · · · , x N ) = e −N ν 2 (2πν 2 ) N/2 N i=1 Z[J i ], (6.2) which, by using Eq. ( 2.32) can be written as"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Therefore, the N -point peak disconnected correlation functions ξ (N ) disc,ν,R ( x 1 , · · · x N ) defined as ξ (N ) disc,ν,R ( x 1 , · · · , x N ) = N i=1 ρ ν,R ( x i ) ρ ν,R − 1, (6.4) turn out to be"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For instance, the non-Gaussian two and three-point peak connected correlation functions read respec- tively"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As already stressed in Ref. [ 53] (see also Ref. [ 54]) for the validity of these equations, correlations do not need to be small either with respect to unity or with respect to the variance on the smoothing scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The two-point correlator can be rewritten as"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The power spectrum in momentum space and over the normalization volume V will read"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where the lower cut-off of the integral is due to the finite size of the PBHs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One can expand in powers the exponentials and obtain"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For instance, for the class of single-field model generating PBHs at inflection points described in section IV one finds that the Fourier transform of ν 3 /σ 3 R H ξ (3) R H ( x 1 , x 2 , x 2 ) is given by"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "that is a factor ∼ 6ζ c times the Gaussian contribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One sees again that the non-Gaussian correc- tions can alter the clustering properties significantly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since clustering influences the merging of PBHs, this could have a severe impact on the subsequent cosmological evolution of PBHs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For instance by changing the limits on initial PBH abundance or, as merging enhances the abundance of more mas- sive and long-lived PBHs, by making PBHs the seeds of supermassive BHs [74, 75]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our preliminary analysis above suggests that non-Gaussianity may not be disregarded in these considerations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We will defer the study of this subject in a forthcoming publication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The idea that PBHs may be the dark matter in our universe is a fascinating one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Equally exciting is the fact that PBHs may owe their origin to large and rare fluctuations generated during inflation, i.e. during the phase of accelerated expansion which might be ultimately responsible also for the large-scale structures we see around us."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this is the mechanism nature has chosen to permeate the universe with dark matter, it is vital to understand in details the quantitative predictions within a given set-up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this paper we have discussed the role of non-Gaussianity in determining the PBH mass fraction at formation time and their clustering properties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We have done so by discussing a path-integral procedure which leads to exact expressions for the quantities of interest and by estimating the impact of non-Gaussianity in a couple of models."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Our findings show that non-Gaussianity should be taken into account when considering a model for PBH production and the corresponding non-Gaussianity parameters should be evaluated in order to gauge if PBHs are interesting candidates for dark matter and when analysing their clustering properties and subsequent merging and accretion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__original__p0071__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Also, it will be interesting to investigate the impact of the non-Gaussianity on the production of the gravity waves from inflation generated by the same large perturbations originating the PBHs [8] and on the limits coming from CMB µ-distortions [76]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4197__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 4, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We consider mechanisms for producing a significant population of primordial black holes (PBHs) within string inspired single field models of inflation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The production of PBHs requires a large amplification in the power spectrum of curvature perturbations between scales associated with CMB and PBH formation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In principle, this can be achieved by temporarily breaking the slow-roll conditions during inflation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this work, we identify two string setups that can realize this process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In string axion models of inflation, sub-leading non-perturbative effects can superimpose steep cliffs and gentle plateaus onto the leading axion potential."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The cliffs can momentarily violate the slow-roll conditions, and the plateaus can lead to phases of ultra slow-roll inflation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We thus achieve a string motivated model which both matches the Planck observations at CMB scales and produces a population of light PBHs, which can account for an order one fraction of dark matter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In DBI models of inflation, a sharp increase in the speed of sound sourced by a steep downward step in the warp factor can drive the amplification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0072__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In this scenario, discovery of PBHs could indicate non-trivial dynamics in the bulk, such as flux-antibrane annihilation at the tip of a warped throat."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 4, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the early 1970s, Stephen Hawking proposed that overdense inhomogeneities in the very early Universe could gravitationally collapse to form Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) [1, 2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Assuming the Planck length as the minimal possible Schwarzchild radius, gives a lower limit for black holes masses of about 10−5g. Moreover, this mechanism – in contrast to the astrophysical process from dying stars – allows for populations of black holes spanning a vast range of masses, from the Planck scale to supermassive and beyond."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Constraints on PBHs abundances continue to improve, but leave viable windows, especially when astrophysical uncertainties are taken into account (see [3, 4] for recent reviews)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "PBHs could provide a significant fraction – or indeed all – of the mysterious Dark Matter that dominates cosmic structures in the present day Universe."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Stimulated both by the absence of signatures for well-motivated particle candidates for Dark Matter and by the first detection of gravity waves from merging black holes, this idea has recently taken new flight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The principal modern process for PBH production is the collapse of curvature perturbations generated during early Universe cosmic inflation, when the relevant scales re-enter the horizon during the radiation era [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, the big challenge here is that the amplitude of these inflationary curvature perturbations at the large scales probed by the CMB has been constrained by observations to be tiny, As ∼ 10−9 at the pivot scale k = 0.05 Mpc−1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In order for inflationary perturbations to lead to a significant PBH population there must be some mechanism at work that enhances the power spectrum to around As ∼ 10−2 at some smaller scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0073__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "For example, a large enhancement at scales around k ∼ 1012 − 1014 Mpc−1 would lead to PBHs masses in the window 10−17M(cid:12) (cid:46) MP BH (cid:46) 10−13M(cid:12), which could be a dominant component of Dark Matter consistently with current observational constraints1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many recent works have explored how such an enhancement could be achieved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As current CMB observations are consistent with the simplest, single field slow-roll models, much of the focus has been to explore scenarios producing PBHs in single field inflation [7–11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A possibility is that the inflaton rolls down a slow-roll plateau, probed by the CMB observations, followed by a near-inflection point which leads to a phase of ultra slow-roll."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Roughly, the extreme flattening of the inflationary potential around the inflection point leads to an enhanced amplitude of scalar perturbations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Whilst such a potential can certainly be manufactured within effective field theory, ultimately its shape – and robustness against quantum corrections – would have to be explained within a fundamental theory, like string theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For example, an attempt towards embedding this model within string theory via fine-tuned string-loop corrections in fibre inflation has been made very recently in [12], although it has not yet proved possible to fine-tune a setup such that cosmological perturbations both match the CMB and produce significant PBH Dark Matter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The purpose of this paper is to identify well-motivated string mechanisms that can lead to an amplification of curvature perturbations and thus significant PBH production in the early Universe. To do so, it is helpful to recall the physical conditions underlying this amplification, first discussed by Leach et al. [ 13, 14]2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In slow-roll inflation, the equation that governs the curvature perturbation takes the form of a damped harmonic oscillator."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Solutions for super-horizon modes correspond to a linear combination of a constant and a decaying mode."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, if the slow-roll conditions are broken, then the friction term in the damped harmonic oscillator equation can become a driving term, so that the decaying mode becomes a growing mode, and enhances the curvature perturbation on scales beyond the horizon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This enhancement continues until the slow-roll conditions are restored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0075__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "( A similar mechanism has been used to build single field models with large squeezed non-Gaussianity [16].)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first possible scenario that we propose is based upon an earlier observation on how subleading, non-perturbative effects can affect axion inflation [17] 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In string axion inflation, the perturbative axion shift symmetry is broken spontaneously by background vevs (e.g. fluxes), such as in axion monodromy [23, 24] and/or non-perturbative effects (e.g. string instantons), leading to large field inflation models with monomial or cosine (“natural inflation” [25]) potentials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In [17], we noted that subleading non-perturbative effects – if sufficiently large – can superimpose periodically steep cliffs and gentle plateaus onto the underlying potential."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The overall effect shown there was to restore axion inflation into the favour of current CMB observations, by allowing sufficient efolds of inflation to be obtained with smaller field ranges and thus lowering the tensor-to-scalar ratio, even achieving natural inflation with sub-Planckian axion decay constants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Here we note that such an inflationary potential can also quite naturally give rise to an enhancement in the scalar power spectrum at small scales, as the inflaton meets successively shallower plateaus on its roll towards the global minimum."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Depending on the parameters, the cliffs may temporarily halt inflation, and the plateaus may include (near-)inflection points around which ultra slow-roll inflation occurs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0076__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "By connecting to the heuristic arguments above, and analysing numerically the cosmological perturbations, we show that such models can both lie within 2σ constraints from Planck results, and produce a population of light PBH (about 10−16 − 10−15M(cid:12)) that provides a signification fraction of Dark Matter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second string motivated mechanism for the amplification of power during inflation that we propose is based on single field models of inflation with non-canonical kinetic terms, as for example DBI inflation [26, 27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To understand what features are required within these models, we extend the Leach et al. argument on amplification of super-horizon modes to include varying speed of sound."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We find that a driving term emerges in the mode equation if the speed of sound increases sufficiently fast."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A simple way to achieve this is if the warp factor experienced by the D-brane sourcing inflation features a sufficiently large4 and steep step during the inflationary trajectory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A large step in the warp factor could occur for instance, if the D-brane travels down a throat within a throat, sourced by two separated stacks of D-branes [31, 32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Another scenario could be that during the D-brane’s journey down the throat, an instability towards brane-antibrane or flux-antibrane [33] annihilation occurs at the tip of the throat."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0077__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In this scenario, observations of a population of PBHs would reveal interesting properties of branes exploring the geometry of the string compactification."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The paper is organised as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the following section, we provide a brief review of the basic physical mechanism which leads to the enhancement of the amplitude of curvature perturbation during inflation, subsequently leading to the production of PBHs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In Section 3, we review and develop models of string axion inflation including subleading non-perturbative effects, describing their background evolution and predictions at the CMB scales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We then investigate numerically the amplification of scalar power spectrum at small scales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In particular, we provide two explicit models which both concord with CMB observations and produce PBHs sufficient to explain a significant fraction of Dark Matter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In Section 4, we turn our attention to DBI models of inflation with a large step feature in the warp factor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We study the background evolution and the equation governing the curvature perturbations, and thus provide heuristic arguments for the amplification of curvature perturbations, postponing a detailed numerical analysis of the perturbations to future work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0078__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Finally, in Section 5 we present our conclusions and point towards several open questions to which our work leads."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We will use natural units, (cid:126) = c = 1, with reduced Planck mass M 2 pl = (8πG)−1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our metric signature is mostly plus (−, +, +, +)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The background metric is a FRW universe with line element ds2 = −dt2 + a2(t) d(cid:126)x2 = a2(τ ) (−dτ 2 + d(cid:126)x2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The overdots and primes on time dependent quantities denote derivatives with respect to coordinate time t and conformal time τ , respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__critique__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "During inflation, we take a(τ ) = 1/(−Hτ )1+(cid:15) with H is the physical Hubble rate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4197__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__response__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Primordial black holes as dark matter may be generated in single-field models of inflation thanks to the enhancement at small scales of the comoving curvature perturbation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This mechanism requires leaving the slow-roll phase to enter a non-attractor phase during which the inflaton travels across a plateau and its velocity drops down exponentially."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We argue that quantum diffusion has a significant impact on the primordial black hole mass fraction making the classical standard prediction not trustable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4197__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The interest in the physics of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) and the possibility that they form all (or a fraction) of the dark matter in the universe has risen up [1–10] again after the discovery of two 30M☉ black holes through the gravitational waves generated during their merging [11]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A standard mechanism to account for the generation of the PBHs is through the boost of the curvature perturbation at small scales [12–14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such an enhancement can occur either within single-field models of inflation, see Refs [15–19] for some recent literature, or through some spectator field [20–23] which could be identified the Higgs of the Standard Model [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In order for this primordial mechanism to occur, one needs an enhancement of the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation from its 10−9 value at large scales to 10−2 on small scales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subsequently, these large perturbations are communicated to radiation during the reheating process after inflation and they may give rise to PBHs upon horizon re-entry if they are sizeable enough."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If we indicate by R the comoving curvature power spectrum, a region of size the Hubble radius may collapse and form a PBH if the corresponding square root of the variance σR smoothed with a high-pass filter on the same length scale (comoving momenta larger than the inverse of the comoving Hubble) is larger than some critical value Rc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Its exact value is sensitive to the equation of state upon horizon re-entry and it is about 0.086 for radiation [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, larger values have been adopted in the literature [26–28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We will later on use the common representative value Rc ≃ 1.3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Under the (strong) hypothesis that the curvature perturbation obeys a Gaussian statistics, the primordial mass fraction βprim(M) of the universe occupied by PBHs formed at the time of formation reads βprim(M) = ∫∞Rc dR √2πσR e−R2/2σ2R. (1.1) It corresponds to a present dark matter abundance made of PBH of masses M given by (neglecting accretion) [28] ΩDM(M)h2 0.12 ≃ βprim(M) 10−9 (γ 0.2 )1/2 (106.75 g∗ )1/4 (M☉ M )1/2 , (1.2) where γ < 1 is a parameter accounting for the efficiency of the collapse and g∗ is the effective number of degrees of freedom."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0081__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Imposing PBHs to be the dark matter, values γ < 1 require larger values of βprim and therefore to be conservative we impose γ = 1 [28] βprim(M) 10−9 > 3 (M M☉ )1/2 . ( 1.3) For a mass of the order of 10−15 M☉ we find [28] σR > 0.16."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4197__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Now, in single-field models of inflation the power spectrum of the comoving curvature perturbation is given by (we set the Planckian mass equal to one from now on) [29] PR1/2(k) = H 2πφ′ , φ′ = dφ dN , (1.5) where N is the number of e-folds, the prime denotes differentiation with respect to N, and H is the Hubble rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The generation of PBHs requires the jumping within a few e-folds ΔN of the value of the power spectrum of about seven orders of magnitude from its value on CMB scales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Without even specifying the single-field model of inflation, one may conclude that there must be a violation of the slow-roll condition as φ′ must change rapidly with time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This may happen when the inflaton field goes through a so-called non-attractor phase (dubbed also ultra-slow-roll) [30–39] in the scalar potential, thus producing a sizeable resonance in the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When the inflaton experiences a plateau in its potential, since φ′ must be extremely small, a short non-attractor period is achieved during which the equation of motion of the inflaton background φ reduces to φ′′ + 3φ′ + V,φ H2 ≃ 0, where ,φ denotes differentiation with respect to the inflaton field φ with potential V(φ)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The comoving curvature perturbation increases, due to its decaying mode which in fact is growing, as φ′ ∼ e−3N and PR1/2 ∼ e3N."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "(1.7) It is this exponential growth which helps obtaining large fluctuations in the curvature perturbation and the formation of PBHs upon horizon re-entry during the radiation phase."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This is also the reason why the power spectrum should be quoted at the end of inflation and not, as usually done in slow-roll, at Hubble crossing: its value at the instant of Hubble crossing differs by a significant factor from the asymptotic value at late times."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Not respecting these rules might lead to an incorrect estimate of the power spectrum and consequently of the PBH abundance at formation, see e.g. Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0082__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "[ 40] and the subsequent discussions in Refs. [ 28, 36]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4197__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Putting aside the strong sensitivity of the PBH mass fraction at formation to possible non-Gaussianities [14, 41–50] which is common to all mechanisms giving rise to PBHs through sizeable perturbations (we will however devote Appendix C for some considerations about non-Gaussianity where we will show that the δN formalism [51] can help in assessing the role of non-Gaussianity for those perturbations generated during the non-attractor phase) in this paper we are interested in another issue, the role of quantum diffusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One might be reasonably suspicious that during the non-attractor phase the quantum diffusion becomes relevant [49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The reason is the following."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The stochastic equation of motion for the classical inflaton field takes into account that each Hubble time the inflaton field receives kicks of the order of ±(H/2π) [52] where ξ is a Gaussian random noise with ⟨ξ(N)ξ(N′)⟩ = 9H2 4π2 δ(N − N′)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "( 1.9) During the non-attractor phase, V,φ needs to be tiny enough to allow φ′ to promptly decrease thus violating slow-roll."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For the same reason, one needs to make sure that quantum jumps are not significant in this case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "One could try to impose the condition 2πV,φ 3H3 ≳ 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "( 1.10) to be satisfied during the non-attractor phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In slow-roll, the condition (1.10) could be exactly expressed in terms of the power spectrum and the latter would be required to be smaller than unity, thereby giving a direct constraint on a physical observable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "However, during the non-attractor phase, the bound (1.10) is not directly expressed in terms of the power spectrum (1.5), making the comparison with physical observables more difficult."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "One might naively think that during the non-attractor phase the noise is not relevant if φ′ is larger than (H/2π) [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "However, this is not correct for two reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "First because, as we will see, the relevant noise to be evaluated is the one for the inflaton velocity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Secondly, and above all, because this is not the right criterion to evaluate the strong impact of quantum diffusion onto the PBH mass fraction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "We will first elaborate on the computation of the power spectrum during the non-attractor phase in order to understand some basic features of the power spectrum itself, e.g. its time evolution and the location of its peak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "This will be useful for the considerations about the quantum diffusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "We will then use the so-called Kramers-Moyal equation [53] to assess the impact of quantum diffusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "The Kramers-Moyal equation is the suitable starting point as it highlights the importance of the inflaton velocity and it is a generalisation of the Fokker-Planck equation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Indeed, in general the Kramers-Moyal equation contains an infinite number of derivatives with respect to the inflaton field after having integrated out the velocity, while the Fokker-Planck equation is a truncation of the Kramers-Moyal equation by retaining only two spatial derivatives of the inflaton field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "This is not an irrelevant point: Pawula’s theorem [54] tells us that if we set to zero some coefficient cn of the higher derivative terms with respect to the inflaton field with n ≥ 3, then all the coefficients of the higher derivatives are zero."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "It is therefore not consistent to keep some higher derivative term unless all of them are kept."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "This means that, whenever the Kramers-Moyal equation may not be solved exactly, a numerical approach is useful to solve it without applying an unjustified truncation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0083__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "We will present both analytical and numerical results to quantify the impact of quantum diffusion on the PBH abundance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4197__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the simplest case of non-attractor phase with an approximately linear or quadratic potential, the system can be solved analytically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For a linear potential, the stochastic motion of the system is characterised by the fact that the variance of the velocity φ′ rapidly converges towards a stationary value."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For a quadratic potential, the spread in the velocity varies with time, although slowly, away from the stationary point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, for more complicated situations, e.g. if during the non-attractor phase the inflaton goes through an inflection point, a numerical analysis is called for and we will show that the spread in the velocity grows with time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If this growth is too large, classicality as well as information on the PBH abundance is lost."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We will propose two criteria to be respected in order to neglect the quantum diffusion and we will see that the curvature perturbation is severely constrained from above in order to avoid an undesirable spreading of the velocity wave packet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0084__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We will also argue that the capability of the standard (that is classical) calculation to predict the correct dark matter abundance in terms of PBH is severely challenged by the presence of quantum diffusion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4197__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4197", "paragraph_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper is organised as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In section II we discuss the computation of the curvature perturbation during the non-attractor phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We then start our study of the quantum diffusion, both analytically and numerically, in section III and IV respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In sections V and VI we offer two criteria to assess the importance of the diffusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, in section VII we offer our conclusions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The paper contains several Appendices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4197__response__p0085__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Appendix A deals with the curvature perturbation, the Schwarzian derivative and the dual transformation; appendix B with the study of the evolution of the comoving curvature perturbation from the non-attractor phase back to the slow-roll phase; appendix C offers some consideration about non-Gaussianity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4197/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2787174546_W3125086678_W3099416977", "triad_name": "triad_4197", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4197__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean supervision scale score was calculated for each combination of the 65 raters and nine questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Cronbach's alpha was very large (0.977)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mean score was calculated for each of the 3,421 observed combinations of resident and anesthesiologist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The logits of the percentage of scores equal to the maximum value of 4.00 were normally distributed (residents, P = 0.24; anesthesiologists, P = 0.50)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There were 20/97 anesthesiologists identified as significant outliers (13 with below average supervision scores and seven with better than average) using the mixed-effects logistic regression with rater leniency entered as a fixed effect but not by Student's t test."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In contrast, there were three of 97 anesthesiologists identified as outliers (all three above average) using Student's t tests but not by logistic regression with leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The 20 vs 3 was significant (P \\ 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Use of logistic regression with leniency results in greater detection of anesthesiologists with significantly better (or worse) clinical supervision scores than use of Student's t tests (i.e., without adjustment for rater leniency)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Contexte Notre département contrô le la qualité de supervision clinique des anesthésiologistes et donne des rétroactions périodiques à chaque anesthésiologiste."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nous avons émis l'hypothèse qu'une plus grande différentiation dans les scores de supervision des anesthésiologistes serait obtenue en tenant compte de l'indulgence du résident évaluateur."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Méthode Dès le 1 er juillet 2013 et jusqu'au 31 décembre 2015, notre département s'est servi d'une échelle de supervision unidimensionnelle à neuf points, soit l'échelle de Oliveira Filho, afin d'évaluer la qualité de la supervision clinique offerte par les membres du département et telle que notée par les résidents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nous avons passé en revue les 13 664 évaluations des 97 anesthésiologistes (les évalués) par les 65 résidents (les évaluateurs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nous avons évalué la cohérence interne parmi les réponses aux questions (coefficient alpha de Cronbach étendu [ 0,90) afin d'écarter la possibilité qu'une ou deux questions expliqueraient l'indulgence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Une régression logistique à effets mixtes a été utilisée pour comparer les évalués tout en contrô lant l'indulgence des évaluateurs vs l'utilisation de tests t de Student sans indulgence de l'évaluateur."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "L'utilisation de la régression logistique avec l'indulgence permet une plus grande détection des anesthésiologistes présentant des notes significativement meilleures (ou moins bonnes) de supervision clinique que l'utilisation de tests t de Student (c.-à-d."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "sans ajustement pour tenir compte de l'indulgence de l'évaluateur)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Anesthesiologists' clinical competency will be assessed from completion of residency through to retirement."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are several limitations with using simulation for these assessments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mannequin-based and/or multidisciplinary simulations can require expensive travel to a test centre and time away from clinical practice for both ratees and raters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Simulations often focus on management of a few crises of brief duration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, in situ assessments quantify anesthesiologists' clinical performance in the dynamic and unpredictable environment where they personally deliver care."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This environment includes a range of large and unexpected problems, where anesthesiologists' roles include foreseeing and preventing problems and where social, team, and environmental factors influence anesthesiologists' effectiveness."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1,2 Thus, as part of an overall assessment of clinical competency, our department uses in situ assessments of individual anesthesiologists working in operating rooms and other procedural locations (henceforth referred to as ''ORs'') to determine how well they provide clinical supervision of anesthesia residents (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "3-14 Higher scores for clinical supervision are associated with fewer resident reports of errors with adverse effects on patients (Table 2.15) 11-13 and greater preference for the anesthesiologist to care for the rating resident's family (Table 2.7)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "7 Supervision, in this context, refers to all clinical oversight functions directed toward assuring the quality of clinical care whenever the anesthesiologist is not the sole anesthesia care provider."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "3-5 The de Oliveira Filho unidimensional nine-item supervision instrument is a reliable scale used to assess the Table 1 de Oliveira Filho et al. 's instrument 6 for measuring faculty anesthesiologists' supervision of residents during clinical operating room care"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty provided me timely, informal, nonthreatening comments on my performance and showed me ways to improve"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2. The faculty was promptly available to help me solve problems with patients and procedures"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty used real clinical scenarios to stimulate my clinical reasoning, critical thinking, and theoretical learning"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty demonstrated theoretical knowledge, proficiency at procedures, ethical behaviour, and interest/compassion/respect for patients"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty was present during the critical moments of the anesthetic procedure (e.g., anesthesia induction, critical events, complications)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty discussed with me the perianesthesia management of patients prior to starting an anesthetic procedure and accepted my suggestions, when appropriate"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "7."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty taught and demanded the implementation of safety measures during the perioperative period (e.g., anesthesia machine checkout, universal precautions, prevention of medication errors, etc.)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "8."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The faculty treated me respectfully and strived to create and maintain a pleasant environment during my clinical activities"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All questions were presented daily in the same sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The wording differs from that developed, 6 only to the extent that a) the word ''faculty'' was used instead of ''instructor'' to be more closely aligned with the role of supervision of the nurse anesthetists, and b) the verb tense was changed to past tense because each evaluation was for a specific date working together 644 F. Dexter et al. 123 quality of supervision provided by each anesthesiologist (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "6-9"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The scale measures all attributes of anesthesiologists' supervision of anesthesia residents (Table 2.1) 6,7,10-13 and has been shown, in multiple studies, to do this as a unidimensional construct (Table 2.2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "6,9,10,12"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Low supervision scores are associated with written comments about the anesthesiologist being disrespectful, unprofessional, and/or teaching poorly that day (Table 2.18)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "10,14,15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Scores increase when anesthesiologists receive individual feedback regarding the quality of their supervision (Table 2.17)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4 Scores are monitored daily and each anesthesiologist is provided with periodic feedback."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "3,15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The supervision scale's maximum value is 4.00, which corresponds to a response of 4 (i.e., ''always'') to each of the nine questions (Table 1)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "6 Because of the ceiling effect, multiple scores of 4.00 reduce the scale's reliability 7,9,10,15 to differentiate performance among the anesthesiologists, even though such differentiation is mandatory (see Discussion)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We previously asked residents to provide a single evaluation for the overall quality of supervision they received from the department's faculty (i.e., as if intended as an evaluation of the residency program) (Table 2.14)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "13 We compared those overall scores pairwise with the mean of each resident's evaluations of all individual anesthesiologists with whom they worked during the preceding eight months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "13 Both sets of scores showed considerable heterogeneity among the residents (e.g., some residents provided overall lower scores than those of other residents)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "13 Consequently, our hypothesis was that greater differentiation among anesthesiologists' supervision scores could be obtained by incorporating scoring leniency by the resident (rater) into the statistical analysis (i.e., treating a high score as less meaningful when given by a resident who consistently provides high scores, in other words, lenient relative to other raters)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The University of Iowa Institutional Review Board affirmed (June 8, 2016) that this investigation did not meet the regulatory definition of research in human subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Analyses were performed with de-identified data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From July 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, our department utilized the de Oliveira Filho supervision scale to assess the quality of clinical supervision by staff anesthesiologists (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "6,7 The cohort reported herein includes all rater evaluations of all staff anesthesiologists (ratees) over that 2.5-year period chosen for convenience."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used five six-month periods because we previously showed that six months was a sufficient duration in our department for nearly all ratees to receive evaluations and for an adequate number of unique raters to differentiate reliably among ratees using the supervision scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "9,10,15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The evaluation process consisted of daily, automated e- mail requests 16 to raters to evaluate the supervision provided by each ratee with whom they worked the previous day in an OR setting for at least one hour, including obstetrics and/or non-operating room anesthesia (e.g., radiation therapy)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4,8-10 Raters evaluated ratees' supervision by logging in to a secure webpage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "8 The raters could not submit their rating until each of the nine questions was answered with their choice of 1-4: 1 = never; 2 = rarely; 3 = frequently; or 4 = always (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ''score'' for each evaluation was equal to the mean of the responses to the nine questions (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The scores remained confidential and were provided to the ratees periodically (every six months) only after averaging among multiple raters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "1,15,17"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If one or two of the nine questions resulted in leniency among raters, a potential intervention would have been to either modify the question(s) or provide an example of behaviour that should affect the answer to the question(s) (see Discussion)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, if leniency were present throughout all questions, then an analysis of leniency would need to incorporate the average scores of the raters."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The question whether leniency was present in a few vs all questions was addressed by analyzing the mean ratings for each combination of the 65 raters and nine questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These means had sample sizes of at least 37 answers and mean sample sizes of 210 answers (i.e., sufficient to make the ranks of 1, 2, 3, or 4 into interval levels of measurement)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Cronbach's alpha, a test for internal consistency among answers to questions, B was calculated using the resulting 65 9 9 matrix, equally weighting each rater."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The confidence interval (CI) for Cronbach's alpha was calculated using the asymptotic method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "18 A Leniency is the scientific term."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We searched Google Scholar on December 8, 2016."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "There were 962 results from ''rater leniency'' OR ''raters' leniency'' OR ''rating leniency'' OR ''leniency of the rater'' OR ''leniency of the raters''."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0026__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "There were 93.4% fewer results for ''rater heterogeneity'' OR ''raters' heterogeneity'' OR ''heterogeneity of the rater'' OR ''heterogeneity of the raters''."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "B See http://FDshort.com/CronbachSplitHalf, accessed February 2017."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For each respondent, select four of the nine questions, calculate the mean score, and calculate the mean score of the other five questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Calculate among all raters the correlation coefficient between the pairwise split-half mean scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Repeat the process using all possible split halves of the nine questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The mean of the cor- relation coefficients is Cronbach's alpha."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This measure of internal consistency provides quantification for the reliability of the use of the score alone."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The statistical distribution of the rater leniency scores was analyzed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For each observed rater and ratee pair, we calculated the mean score specific to that pair."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "8,15,19,C For each rater, we obtained the equally weighted average of the mean scores provided by that rater for all ratees (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "8,C We previously showed that the number of scores per pair differs markedly among raters for each ratee (i.e., there is non-random assignment of residents and anesthesiologists such that leniency will not average out; P \\ 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "8,19"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The same approach was used when calculating the average of the means by ratee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In order to assess whether the scores of individual ratees were unusually low or high, we compared the averages of the means of each ratee with the value of 3.80 using Student's t test and Wilcoxon signed- rank test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The value of 3.80 is the overall mean supervision score among all ratees' scores (see Results)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The P values using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were exact, calculated using StatXact Ò 11 (Cytel Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Student's t test does not adjust for rater leniency."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stata Ò 14.1 was used (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) to perform mixed-effects analyses treating the rater as a categorical fixed effect and the ratee as a random effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Results of the mixed-effects analyses allowed us to assess the ratees' quality of supervision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mixed-effects analyses were carried out for two separate dependent variables, modelled individually: 1) the average score, and 2) the binary variable whether the score equalled the maximum of 4.00 (Fig. 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The logistic regression was performed using the ''melogit'' command option of mean- variance adaptive Gauss-Hermite quadrature with 30 quadrature points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As described later (see Results), several analyses were repeated using other estimation methods, including cluster-robust variance estimation, the unstructured covariance matrix, or estimation by Laplace approximation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All tests for differences between ratees were performed treating two-sided P \\ 0.01 as statistically significant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The imbalance in the number of resident ratings per ratee is considered in Appendix 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Individual questions did not contribute significantly to leniency (i.e., consideration of individual questions could not improve the statistical modelling)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cronbach's alpha as to the raters' answers to questions was high in value (0.977; 95% CI, 0.968 to 0.985); therefore, the score for each rating could be used (i.e., the mean of the answers to the nine questions in the supervision scale) (Table 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We used the 13,664 scores, D with 3,421 observed combinations of the 65 raters and 97 ratees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Appendix 2, C The sample sizes are too small to estimate the variance within pairs, and the variances are generally unequal among pairs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "7,8 See the Anesthesia & Analgesia companion papers for mathematical details."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "7,8 Even when there are many ratings per rater, using each rating's score minimally influences final assessments clinically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "19 D Residents provided a response for 99.1% (n = 14,585) of the 14,722 requests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "10 For 6.3% (n = 921) of requests, residents responded that they worked with the faculty for insufficient time to evaluate supervision, leaving n = 13,664 ratings."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "10 The mean (SD) intraoperative patient care time together was 4.87 (2.53) h day -1 . 10 646 F. Dexter et al. 123 we show lack of validity of the statistical assumptions for a random effects model in the original score scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "20,21 We treated the rater as a fixed effect to incorporate rater leniency in a mixed-effects logistic regression model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig. 2 shows the distribution among raters of the percentage of scores equal to the maximum value of 4.00 (i.e., all nine questions answered ''always'')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The 65 raters differed significantly amongst each other in terms of the percentages of their scores equal to 4.00 (P \\ 0.001 using fixed-effect logistic regression)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mixed-effects model with rater as a fixed effect and ratee as a random effect relies on the assumption that the distribution of the logits among ratees follows a normal distribution, which it does."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifically, no ratee had all scores equal to 4.00 (i.e., for which the logit would have been undefined because of division by zero)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, no ratee had all scores less than 4.00 (i.e., for which the logit would also be undefined)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There were 60 ratees each with C 14 scores lower than 4.00 among their C 32 scores (i.e., sample sizes large enough to obtain reliable estimates of the logits)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "8,22 The logits followed a normal distribution [Lilliefors test, P = 0.50; mean (standard deviation [SD]), -0.781(0.491)]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figures 3 and 4 show each ratee's average score, meaning the average of means, equally weighting each rater (see above ''Statistical distributions of rater and ratee scores'')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4,8,10,15 We use symbols to indicate whether the ratee's average score is significantly (P \\ 0.01) different from the average score among all ratees when using a Student's t test (i.e., without adjustment for rater leniency)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also indicate whether the ratee's percentage of scores \\4.00 differed from other ratees when using mixed-effects logistic regression, with rater leniency treated as a fixed effect and ratee as a random effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We subsequently refer to that mixed-effects model as ''logistic regression with leniency''."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The principal result is that 20/97 ratees were identified as outliers using the logistic regression with leniency, but not by Student's t tests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were 3/97 ratees identified as outliers using the Student's t tests, but not by logistic regression with leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 20 vs 3 is significant; exact P \\ 0.001 using McNemar's test."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, adjusting for rater leniency increased the ability to distinguish the quality of anesthesiologists' clinical supervision."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Appendix 3, we confirm the corollary that there is less information from scores \\ 4.00 vs the percentage of scores equal to the maximum score of 4.00."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Appendix 4, we show that our previous observation of an increase in supervision score over time with evaluation and feedback (Table 2.17) 4 holds when analyzed using logistic regression with leniency."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Appendix 5, we show that our previous analyses and publications without consideration of rater leniency were reasonable because initially there was greater heterogeneity of scores among ratees."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this final section, we examine why incorporating rater leniency increased the sensitivity to detect both below average and above average performance differences among ratees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Readers who are less interested in ''why'' may want to go directly to the Discussion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The figures are divided between descriptions of the supervision scores of ratees (i.e., anesthesiologists) with Fig. 5, but no such data points are plotted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The scale of the vertical axis in Fig. 3 differs from that in Fig. 4 Leniency of raters and anesthesiologist supervision 647 123 scores less than (Figs 3, 5) and greater than (Figs 4, 6) the overall average score of 3.80."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "No ratee happened to have an average score equal to 3.80."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the division reflected different concerns, i.e., identification of ratees potentially performing below average vs those potentially performing above average."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Statistical significance of the logistic regression with leniency depended on the number of scores\\4.00, shown on the vertical axes of Figs 3-6 (see Appendix 1 and Appendix 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For a given ratee average score, blue circles showing lack of statistical significance are more often present for smaller sample sizes than red triangles and orange squares."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among the 30 ratees with average scores \\ 3.80, 13 were not significantly different from the average of 3.80 using the Student's t test, but were significantly different from the other ratees by logistic regression with leniency (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For illustration, we consider the ratee with an average score of 3.56, shown by the left-most orange square."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This score was the smallest value not found to be significantly less than the overall average of 3.80 using the Student's t test, but found to differ significantly from the other ratees by logistic regression with leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In Appendix 7, we show that this finding was caused by substantial variability among raters (i.e., residents) regarding how much the ratee's quality of supervision was less than the maximum score (4.00)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among the 53 ratees who had average supervision scores [ 3.80 and who had at least nine different raters, seven were not significantly different from average as determined by the Student's t test, but were significantly different using logistic regression with leniency (Fig. 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were 3/53 ratees who were significantly different from average by the Student's t test, but not significantly different using logistic regression with leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For illustration, we consider the ratee with the highest average score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In Appendix 8, we show that logistic regression with, or without, leniency (Fig. 6) lacked statistical power to differentiate this ratee from other anesthesiologists because the ratee had above average quality of supervision and relatively few clinical days (i.e., ratings)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The supervision scores are the cumulative result of how the anesthesiologists perform in clinical environments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The scores reflect in situ performance and can improve with feedback."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "4,15 Supervision scores are used in our department for mandatory annual collegiate evaluations and for at P \\ 0.01."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There are three ratees plotted using black Xs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These were significant by the Student's t test (P B 0.0018) but not by logistic regression with leniency (P C 0.32)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The scale of the vertical axis in Fig. 4 differs from that in Fig. 3 Previous psychometric studies of anesthesiologists' assessments of resident performance have also found significant rater leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "28,29 Even with an adjustment of the average scores for rater leniency, the number of different ratings that faculty needed for a reliable assessment of resident performance exceeded the total number of faculty in many departments."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0045__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "28 Our paper provides a methodological framework for future statistical analyses of leniency for such applications."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Suppose the anesthesiologists were distributed into nine categories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are those with a less than average, average, and greater than average annual number of clinical days, thereby receiving a less than average, average, and greater than average number of evaluations of their clinical performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There are anesthesiologists who provide less than average, average, and greater than average quality of supervision."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We think that, among these nine (3 9 3) groups, the least institutional cost for misclassifying the quality of clinical supervision (below average, average, above average) would be to consider the group of anesthesiologists providing less than average clinical workload and greater than average quality of supervision as providing average quality of supervision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because this was the only group that was ''misclassified'' through use of logistic regression with leniency, we think it is reasonable managerially to use this method to analyze the supervision data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We showed that leniency in the supervision scale (Table 1) was caused by the cumulative effect of all questions (i.e., leniency was not the disproportionate effect of a few questions)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If an individual question had accounted for variability in leniency among raters, providing examples of behaviour corresponding to an answer could have been an alternative intervention to reduce leniency. Because our department provides OR care for a large diversity of procedures, it is not obvious to us how to provide examples because there are so many different interactions between residents and anesthesiologists that could contribute to less than or greater than average quality of supervision."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1,10 Nevertheless, the finding that leniency arises because of the cumulative effect of all questions shows that the issue is moot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Variability in rater leniency is the result of the raters' overall (omnibus) assessments of anesthesiologists' performance, without distinction among the nine items describing specific attributes of supervision."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The supervision score is a surrogate for whether a resident would choose the anesthesiologist to care for their family (Table 2.7)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "7 Supervision scores for specific rotations are associated with perceived teamwork during the rotation (Table 2.8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "12 Observation of intraoperative briefings has found that sometimes anesthesiologists barely participate (e.g., being occupied with other activities)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "30 Team members can ''rate the value'' of the intraoperative briefing performed ''in the OR when the patient is awake''. 31 Thus, we have hypothesized that leniency may Leniency of raters and anesthesiologist supervision 649 123 be related to interaction among organizational safety culture, residents' perceptions of the importance of the intraoperative briefing to patient outcome, and the anesthesiologists' participation (or lack) in the briefings."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our finding of large internal rater consistency among the nine questions shows that such a hypothesis cannot be supported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Supervision begins when residents and anesthesiologists are assigned cases together, ends after the day's patient care is completed, and includes inseparable attributes (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Future studies could evaluate whether rater leniency is personality based and/ or applies to rating other domains such as quality of life."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our findings are limited by raters being nested within departments (i.e., residents in one department rarely work with anesthesiologists in other departments)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consequently, for external reporting, we recommend that evaluation of each ratee (anesthesiologist, subspecialty, 12 or department 11 be performed using the equally weighed average of the scores from each rater."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Results are reported as average scores of equally weighted raters, along with confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "8,C In contrast, for assessment and progressive quality improvement within a department, we recommend the use of mixed-effects logistic regression with rater leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Results are reported as odds ratios, along with confidence intervals."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Regardless, in situ assessment of the quality of supervision depends (Figs 4 and 6) on there being at least nine (and preferably more) unique raters for each ratee (Table 2.11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "7 Although this generally holds for operating room anesthesia, it can be a limitation for specialties (e.g., chronic pain) in which residents rotate for weeks at a time and work with one or two attending physicians."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "None declared."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This submission was handled by Dr. Hilary P. Grocott, Editor-in-Chief, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Franklin Dexter and Bradley J. Hindman helped design the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Franklin Dexter helped conduct the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Franklin Dexter and Johannes Ledolter helped analyze the data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Franklin Dexter, Johannes Ledolter, and Bradley J. Hindman helped write the manuscript."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Appendix 1 Imbalance in numbers of raters among ratees Figures 3-6 control graphically for heterogeneity among ratees in average scores (i.e., horizontal axes) and in sample sizes (i.e., vertical axes), but not for imbalance in the relative proportions of different raters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among the 3,411 combinations of rater and ratee, the most common number of ratings was one occasion together (26.2%); whereas the median was three occasions and the 90th percentile was nine occasions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The imbalance results in substantial residual scatter in the figures, even though the imbalance is taken into account in our inferential analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When all residents evaluated all anesthesiologists during one weekend in a balanced design, there was a statistically significant but quantitatively negligible effect of resident on supervision scores (Table 2.6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "7 Addition of resident class (i.e., ''CA-1,'' ''CA-2,'' or ''CA-3'') as another variable in the logistic regression with leniency failed because the sample sizes were too small to estimate the fixed effects when stratified by six-month period."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A better choice for the horizontal axis would be the marginal estimate of the average score (i.e., adjusting for the relative proportions of different raters among ratees by treating both rater and ratee as fixed effects and then re-estimating the mean using the mean proportions)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Nevertheless, there is substantial collinearity, and estimates are not calculated by Stata Ò ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From among the 13,664 scores, D there were 3,421 observed combinations of the 65 raters (i.e., residents) and 97 ratees (i.e., anesthesiologists)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The mean score was calculated for each of the 3,421 combinations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The average of these means across ratees was then calculated for each of the 65 raters (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The distribution among the raters of their n = 65 averages was skewed (P \\ 0.0001; skewness [G1] -1.82, standard error 0.30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "20 The 65 averages had sample mean (SD) of 3.80 (0.22)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The corresponding normal distribution had poor fit to the data: Lilliefors test, P \\ 0.0001."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After each of six power transformations 21 (X -2.0 , X -1.0 , X -0.5 , ln (X), X 0.5 , and X 2.0 ), still P\\0.0001, showing the n = 65 data by rater not following normal distribution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, treating rater leniency as a random effect would not work reliably because we would need falsely to assume a normal distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0055__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These calculations were performed using SYSTAT 13.1 (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, we considered the probability distribution for the ratee effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mixed-effects modelling of scores with rater treated as a fixed effect and ratee as a random effect makes normality assumptions about the random effect, which needs to be checked."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The average of the means for each combination was calculated for each of the 97 ratees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The normal distribution had sample mean (SD) of 3.79 (0.17), but poor fit: Lilliefors test, P \\ 0.0001."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Normal 650 F. Dexter et al. 123 distributions were not suitable models for ratee averages, even after considering each of the six power transformations (all P \\ 0.0001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Appendix 3 Relative information from scores < 4.00 vs percentage of scores = 4.00"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Data presented in the Results suggest less information from scores \\ 4.00 vs the percentage of scores equal to the maximum scores of 4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As described in the Section ''Effectiveness of logistic regression with leniency relative to Student's t test'', there were significantly more (20/97) ratees identified as outliers using the logistic regression with leniency but not by Student's t test (P = 0.0005 by McNemar's test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, in the Section ''Influence of leniency on evaluation of ratees with below average supervision'', we provide an example wherein the Student's t test failed to detect a significantly less than the overall average score because of large variability among raters regarding how much the ratees' quality of supervision was less than maximum (4.00)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, null, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most common value of the scores was 4.00 (Table 2.5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "9 The incidence of 4.00 among the 13,664 scores was 68.1%, significantly greater than 50% (P \\ 0.00001 by binomial test, StatXact 11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Consequently, suppose that information from scores \\ 4.00 were providing information highly correlated with and supplementing the percentage of scores equal to 4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Then, the next most common score would be the next smaller possible score, 3.89; the 3.89 = (8 questions 9 score of 4 ? 1 question 9 score of 3) / (9 questions)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This was not so."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0059__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The next most common score was 3.00, with 8.90% of scores, significantly greater than the 4.30% of scores accounted for by the value of 3.89 (P \\ 0.001 by Fisher's exact test)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The reason for this finding is probably that each of the four possible answers for each question represents an associated frequency: 1 = never; 2 = rarely; 3 = frequently; or 4 = always."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Less than ''frequently'' has been associated with ''mistakes that had negative consequences for the patient'' (Table 2.15), 11 ''medication errors (dose or incorrect drug) in the last year'' (Table 2.15), 11 and disrespectful behaviour of the ratee (Table 2.18; P \\ 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "10 An anonymous reviewer recognized an alternative potential explanation for our findings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Suppose that ratee A has 60% of scores = 4.00, but among scores \\ 4.00, the mean equals 2.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Suppose that ratee B has 50% of scores = 4.00, but among scores \\ 4.00, the mean equals 3.80."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The logistic model would then suggest that ratee A provides greater quality of supervision than ratee B, while the Student t test would suggest the opposite."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The example highlights that the percentage of scores equal to the maximum value of 4.00 could be negatively correlated with the mean of all the ratee's scores \\4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This was not so."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among the 89 ratees with at least nine scores \\ 4.00, the Kendall's s b = ? 0.36 (two-sided P\\ 0.0001) (StatXact 11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, in the fifth six-month period (i.e., after considerable duration of feedback), among the 58 ratees with at least nine scores, Kendall's s b = ? 0.024 (P = 0.79 relative to 0.00 and P = 0.0003 relative to 0.36)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, as supervision scores increased progressively, there was significantly less information provided by the scores \\ 4.00."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We reported previously that, with evaluation and feedback, there was an increase in anesthesiologists' supervision scores from the first to the third six-month period (Table 2.17)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4 We re-evaluated that finding 4 using mixed- effects logistic regression, with rater leniency entered as a fixed effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The six-month period, as continuous variable, was entered as a fixed effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Each increase of one period was associated with an odds ratio of 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 1.44) for a score equal to 4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Repeating the analysis using robust variance estimation, 95% CI was 1.20 to 1.51, and repeating the analysis using an unstructured covariance matrix, 95% CI was 1.25 to 1.44."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Each of these three methods of analyses had P \\ 0.0001."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0063__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, our previous observation of an increase in supervision scores over time 4 held even when rater leniency was included in the analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although our department had evaluated anesthesiologists' supervision for 2.5 years (five sequential six-month periods), we had not considered rater leniency in our analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sample estimate of the standard deviation (SD) among ratees in their average of mean scores was calculated for each of the five six-month periods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During the first six-month period, 57 anesthesiologists received scores from at least nine raters (i.e., residents)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The SD among the raters' averages was 0.154 (n = 57)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among the subsequent four six-month periods, the SDs were 0.150 (n = 56), 0.120 (n = 50), 0.095 (n = 55), and 0.097 (n = 56), respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bartlett's test and Levene's test were used to test for inequality in the SDs among these periods as a check on the Leniency of raters and anesthesiologist supervision 651 123 reliability of the results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That calculation was performed using SYSTAT 13.1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The lesser variance among ratees was a significant change (Bartlett's test, P = 0.0002 and Levene's test, P = 0.0002), prompting our consideration of statistical methods better able to distinguish among anesthesiologists."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Even using two figures (Figs 3 and 4), there was considerable data point overlap."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our previous generalizability analysis, when all raters (i.e., residents) evaluated all ratees (i.e., anesthesiologists) on the same weekend in a balanced design, a minimum of nine different raters was needed for reliability (Table 2.2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "7 Among the 97 ratees, there were 14 ratees who received scores from less than nine different raters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "None of these 14 ratees differed significantly from the other ratees when we used mixed-effects logistic regression with rater leniency treated as a fixed effect (all P C 0.041)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0068__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, to reduce clutter in Figs 3 and 4 (and in the subsequent Fig 5 and 6), the results for these 14 ratees are not shown graphically."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Appendix 7 Illustrative example of the ratee shown by the left-most orange square in Fig. 3 We consider the ratee with an average score of 3.56, shown by the left-most orange square in Fig. 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This score was the smallest value not found to be significantly less than the overall average of 3.80 by Student's t test but for which the ratee was found to differ significantly from the other ratees by logistic regression with leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To understand the result in the logit scale, we consider the simpler process of logistic regression without consideration of leniency; these findings are shown in Fig. 5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This ratee had 32.4% of n = 37 scores equal to 4.00, considerably less than the overall percentage of 68.1%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is a significant difference with P \\ 0.0001, by logistic regression both with and without leniency."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, the relevant question is why this ratee's average supervision score of 3.56 was not significantly different from 3.80 by Student's t test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This ratee had a sample standard deviation of 0.53."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0069__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The number of raters was 20."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among the 12 of 20 raters providing averages \\ 3.80, the median was 3.43, with averages ranging from 2.39 to 3.78."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among the eight raters providing averages [ 3.80, the median was 4.00, with averages ranging from 3.89 to 4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The distribution of averages below and above 3.80 was not significant by Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P = 0.17)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the lack of significance of the Student's t test for this ratee was not due to limitations of the assumption of a normal distribution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rather, there was substantial variability among raters in how much the quality of supervision provided by the ratee was less than maximum (4.00)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For this illustration, logistic regression models both with and without leniency were equally effective for differentiating the ratee's quality of supervision from other ratees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was convenient for understanding the results."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nevertheless, Fig. 5 shows that the example represented an unusual finding."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Appendix 8 Illustrative example of the ratee with the largest average score (Fig. 4)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We consider the ratee with the largest average score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The average of the means was equal to 3.97, the standard deviation was 0.068, and n = 16 raters providing 21 individual scores, giving P\\0.0001 by Student's t test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this ratee, among the averages, 13 were equal to 4.00, and the other three were equal to 3.89, 3.85, and 3.78."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This distribution of averages relative to 3.80 was significant by Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P \\ 0.0001)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, identifying this ratee as having greater than the overall quality of supervision was not artifactual, caused by assumptions of the statistical distribution of averages."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, the relevant question is why this ratee's logistic regression with leniency was not significant (P = 0.32)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We rely on the results of logistic regression without leniency (Fig. 6) because that model was easier to interpret and was also not significant (P = 0.57)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There were 16/21 (76.2%) individual scores equal to 4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That percentage (i.e., the 76.2%) differed little from the overall percentage of 68.1%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To have an 80% power to detect such a difference of a single percentage at a B 0.01 would require a sample size of 327 scores (i.e., greater than tenfold larger)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, use of logistic regression with leniency lacked statistical power to differentiate this ratee with relatively few ratings (i.e., few clinical days) but above average quality of supervision compared with other anesthesiologists."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The same thing applied to logistic regression without leniency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The observed percentage of scores equal to 4.00 was 76.2%, an 8.1% difference from the overall 68.1%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among the 41 of 97 ratees deemed significant (P \\ 0.01) using logistic regression with leniency, 11 had absolute differences less than 8.1%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One of the 11 was also significant by logistic regression without leniency (P = 0.0025), with 61.8% of the scores equal to 4.00."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This was possible because they had 122 scores less than 4.00 (i.e., a much larger sample size)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This ratee is viewable in Fig. 5 at an average score of 3.68."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Otherwise, incorporating leniency mattered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "For example, a ratee had 28 evaluations less than 4.00 and an average score of 3.72 (Fig. 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The ratee had 67.1% of scores equal to 4.00, an absolute difference of just 652 F. Dexter et al. 123 1.0%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "P = 0.0012 incorporating leniency vs P = 0.64 without."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "For example, a ratee had 20 evaluations less than 4.00 and an average score of 3.85 (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "The ratee had 73.0% of scores equal to 4.00, an absolute difference of 4.9%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "P = 0.0034 incorporating leniency vs P = 0.54 without."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "For example, a ratee had 20 evaluations less than 4.00 and an average score of 3.91 (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0075__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "P = 0.0004 incorporating leniency and P = 0.46 without."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 23, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [23, 23, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1. Supervision is a single-dimensional construct that incorporates several different attributes, including participation in perianesthesia planning, availability for help/consultation, presence during critical phases of the anesthetic, and fostering safety measures 6,7,10,12 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Supervision can be quantified reliably using an instrument with nine questions, each question assessing a different attribute of supervision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "6 The nine questions take \\ 90 sec to complete."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Cronbach's alpha achieved in routine use was equal to 0.948 ± 0.001 (SE) 10 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Raters evaluate how often each attribute is demonstrated by the anesthesiologist (never = 1; rarely = 2; frequently = 3; and always = 4), and the supervision score is the mean of the nine answers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "6 When each anesthesiologist's mean resident and mean nurse anesthetist scores were paired, the means were correlated (P \\ 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "8,9 Thus, the behaviour and attributes used to assess the quality of an anesthesiologist's supervision have significant commonality between residents and nurse anesthetists 8,9 4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "There were very small differences in anesthesiologist supervision scores provided by residents when 1) a resident had more units of work that day with the rated anesthesiologist; (''units together'', s b = 0.083 ± 0.014) or 2) the rated staff anesthesiologist had more units of work that same day with other providers, (''units not together''; s b = -0.057 ± 0.014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "8 Anesthesiologists' mean supervision scores provided by residents and nurse anesthetists were not correlated with anesthesiologists' semi-annual clinical activity (multiple all P[0.65)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "4 A very active clinician can provide ineffective supervision, and a less active clinician can be very effective."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "4 Supervision served as an independent contributor to the value that an individual anesthesiologist added to the care of the patient 4 5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "The most common supervision score provided by nurse anesthetists was 4.0 (P \\ 0.0001), indicating that all of the questions were considered important, including those related to teaching."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "9 Anesthesiologist supervision scores provided by residents are even greater (P \\ 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "8,9 The pairwise differences by anesthesiologist are also significantly greater than zero (P \\ 0.0001) 8,9 6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "All residents evaluated all anesthesiologists' supervision during a study performed during a single weekend, such that each resident was in one class (e.g., ''CA-1'', ''CA-2'', etc8."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "When the supervision instrument was applied to departments 12 (Tables 2.14 and 2.15), the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the scale was 0.909 ± 0.007."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Convergent validity was based on a positive correlation between supervision and variables related to safety culture (all P \\ 0.0001): ''Overall perceptions of patient safety'', ''Teamwork within units'', ''Non-punitive response to errors'', ''Handoffs and transitions'', ''Feedback and communication about error'', ''Communication openness'', and the rotation's ''overall grade on patient safety''."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "12 Convergent validity was based on significant negative correlation with variables related to the rater's burnout (all P \\ 0.0001): ''I feel burnout from my work'', ''I have become more callous toward people since I took this job'', and ''errors with potential negative consequences to patients (that you have) made and/or witnessed''."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "12 Among these variables, supervision was most closely predicted by the same one variable using multiple types of regression trees: ''Teamwork within (the rotation)'' (e.g., ''When one area in this rotation gets busy, others help out'')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "12 Discriminant validity was based on absence of rank correlation of supervision score with characteristics of raters and programs (all P [ 0.10): age, hours worked per week, sex, promptness of survey response, number of survey raters from the department, and rotation (specialty) (as random effect) 12 9."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "There was no significant association between anesthesiologist supervision score and the number of occasions that a resident rater had worked with the anesthesiologist, based on billing data (by patients, s b = ? 0.01; P = 0.71 and by days, s b = -0.01; P = 0.46) 7 10."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Among anesthesia residents, ''the mean ± standard deviation of staff supervision scores that meets expectations'', neither ''exceeds expectations'' nor is ''below expectations'' was 3.40 ± 0.30. 5 ''Most … residents (94%) perceived that supervision that met their expectations was at least frequent (i.e., a score C 3.0)'' (P \\ 0.0001). 5 These values were greater than for nurse anesthetists (P\\ 0.0001) 5 11."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "Anesthesia departments can measure individual anesthesiologists' supervision with high reliability (i.e., mean score is known with precision) when supervision scores are provided by at least nine different resident raters per anesthesiologist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "7 Monitoring is done by taking each of the raters' mean supervision scores for the anesthesiologist and weighting them equally (i.e., treating each rater's mean as a single observation) 8,15 12."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "With residents' evaluations of anesthesiologists, mean supervision scores differed among anesthesiologists based on generalizability analysis (P \\ 0.0001) 7 13."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "Anesthesiologist performance can be monitored daily using Bernoulli cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "15 A reasonable threshold for low scores is \\ 3.0 for residents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "15 The true positive detection of anesthesiologists with incidences of low scores greater than the chosen ''out-of-control'' rate was 14/14."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__original__p0076__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "15 The false- positive detection rate was 0/29. 15 Bernoulli CUSUM detection of low scores was within 50 ± 14 (median ± quartile deviation) days 15 Leniency of raters and anesthesiologist supervision"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2879__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the Editor,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I read with interest the paper entitled ‘‘Measurement of faculty anesthesiologists’ quality of clinical supervision has greater reliability when controlling for the lenience of the rating anesthesia resident: a retrospective cohort study’’ that recently appeared in the Journal [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I would like to point out what I believe to be a critical logical flaw in its conclusions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors compare a new model for determining the quality of faculty supervision with an old model, concluding that it results in ‘‘greater detection of anesthesiologists with significantly better (or worse) clinical supervision scores.’’ The problem is that the two models are asking fundamentally different questions—the original compares averages of scores, whereas the new one compares the probability of obtaining a perfect score—and are therefore not comparable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, as I illustrate with a simple example, the new model’s definition of quality is oversimplified and could lead to perverse conclusions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The new model is simply not a good substitute for the old one."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Faculty supervision is measured by the Oliveira Filho supervision scale [1], which asks trainees to fill out a nine-item questionnaire rating a single experience of working with the supervisor in an operating room."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each item is ranked on a scale of 1–4, with 4 reflecting the best performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The overall score is the average of the nine items."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, an individual item’s score can be as high as 4—if the supervisor scores perfectly on all items—or as low as 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The original model compared supervisors on the basis of their average score, reasoning that a higher average score implies better supervision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The second model compares supervisors on their probability of obtaining a perfect score, reasoning that supervisors who obtain perfect scores more often must be better."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0080__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "To see the problem with this method, consider the following two hypothetical supervisors, John and Mary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mary prides herself on her supervision and receives a perfect score 75% of the time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The remaining 25% of the time she receives a rating of 4 on eight of the nine questions and but has only a 3 on the remaining one, giving her an overall score of 3.89 [(8*4 + 3)/9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Overall, her average score is 3.97 [(0.75*4) + (0.25*3.89)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "John is a truly excellent supervisor when sober but, tragically, suffers from a crippling substance abuse problem. When he is doing well (80% of the time), John gets uniformly perfect scores of 4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sadly, on the other 20% of days, John receives a score of only 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0081__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Overall, John’s average score is now 3.4 [0.8*4 + 0.2*1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "According to the original model, Mary’s average score of 3.97 appropriately puts her well above John with his average of 3.4."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the model that Dexter et al. report, which should allow more precise detection of better clinical supervision, John’s 80% probability of getting a perfect score ranks him as a better supervisor than Mary with her probability of only 75%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another way to explain the deficiency of the second model is as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first model uses all the information from a carefully validated performance measurement scale consisting of nine questions, each of which has four possible levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With 9^4 = 36 possible values, this measurement scale could represent a full continuum of performance from excellent to very poor."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0083__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second model effectively replaces this sensitive, nuanced scale by a single question: ‘‘Was your staff supervisor’s performance perfect?’’ This quite literally equates Mary’s ‘‘almost perfect’’ (3.97) with John’s ‘‘terrible’’ (1) score and leads to John being judged a better supervisor than Mary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__critique__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conflicts of interest None declared."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2879__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the Editor,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to address Dr. Ramsay’s comment on our recent report showing that mixed effects logistic regression can be used for biannual evaluation of anesthesiologists’ supervision while adjusting for the leniency of the raters [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Dr. Ramsay’s letter questions the validity of our analyses based on a hypothetical scenario of an anesthesiologist with substance abuse achieving consistently high scores punctuated by very low scores [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As stated in Table 2.13 [1], we have indeed observed a few anesthesiologists who had very low scores in succession [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To detect such patterns quickly – as would be desired if there were impairment from whatever cause – we nightly perform Bernoulli Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) monitoring (the mathematics of this monitoring was described in our Anesthesia and Analgesia Statistical Grand Rounds article [3])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Low score detection occurs within 50 ±14 (median ± quartile deviation) days [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0087__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, contrary to the letter, low scores are detected (using Bernoulli CUSUM) far before biannual ongoing professional practice evaluation analyses are performed using mixed effects logistic regression [1, 4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As stated in Appendix 3, there is significant positive correlation between mean scores and percentages of scores equal to the maximum (Kendall’s sb +0.36, P <0.001) [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is evidence of concurrent validity and the opposite of Dr. Ramsay’s hypothetical scenario."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As stated in Table 2.2 [1], questions’ responses are appropriately highly correlated (Cronbach alpha 0.948 ± 0.001 standard error), which is shown also in Appendix 3 and the first paragraph of the results [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individual question responses do not create many different and commonly observed scores (contrary to the letter) [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, the scenario and examples considered in Dr. Ramsay’s letter are unrealistic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, the following addresses the implication that the comparisons made with our described analyses are inaccurate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Figures 3-6 and Appendices 7 and 8, valid logistic regression’s comparison to the mixed-effects inference is each anesthesiologist’s mean score equally weighting each rater – not the mean pooled score, as used in the scenario [1, 6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We previously showed that the two are different because of the inequality of the variabilities of scores among raters (P < 0.001) [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Figures 3 and 4 and Appendix 5, the mean scores cannot be reliably compared among anesthesiologists, once the anesthesiologists have received feedback and learned how to provide better supervision, unless adjustment is made for the leniency of raters [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the letter’s use of mean scores is unreliable in practice [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0092__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As shown in Appendix 2, models of mean scores adjusted for rater leniency violate the basic statistical assumptions of the inference (e.g., normal distributions) [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2879", "paragraph_id": "triad_2879__response__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2879__response__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consequently, and in noted contrast to our approach, even though use of mean scores may be desired, Dr. Ramsay’s letter does not suggest how they can be used reliably or with any validity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2879/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2598811244_W2750974425_W2751403037", "triad_name": "triad_2879", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2879__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is a decades-old debate around the extent, mecha- nism and 'evolutionary scale' of sexuality among human protozoan pathogens (Tibayrenc & Ayala 1991, 2002, 2012, 2013, 2014a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The debate stems from a wider dis- cussion around the frequency of genetic exchange in many microparasites (Tibayrenc & Ayala 1991; Maynard Smith et al. 1993; Heitman 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At the heart of the issue lies the importance of sex for pathogen fitness (i.e. the generation of novel adaptive allelic repertoires-or escape from Muller's ratchet) weighed against recombina- tional load (i.e. the disruption of favourable interactions between alleles at different loci in clonal lineages) (Barton & Charlesworth 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Even among protozoan parasite species where genetic exchange is now well characterized (e.g. Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei brucei), population genetic evidence for its occur- rence may vary between disease foci (e.g. Duffy et al. 2013)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The frequency of genetic exchange must be defined, in evolutionary terms, by the fitness advantage sex confers in a given environment or at a given period- icity of environmental change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, our ability to explore the adaptive significance of sex at biologically relevant scales-for example within hosts, vectors and disease outbreaks-is severely limited by our inability to detect recombination events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Standard statistical popula- tion genetic tools may be too blunt to provide clarity where genetic exchange is relatively infrequent, 'covert' or non-Mendelian (De Meeus et al. 2006; Heitman 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, where the participants in genetic exchange events are genetically similar, distinguishing parents from progeny is challenging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the light of the apparent lack of evidence for sex, some have suggested, therefore, that sex must be rare and/or inconsequential in most proto- zoan pathogen populations (Tibayrenc & Ayala 1991, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This clonal hypothesis has been subject to a spate of recent refinement and re-iteration (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2012, 2013, 2014a,b)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Broadly speaking, the model of pre- dominant clonal evolution (PCE) proposes that genetic recombination in many parasitic protozoa is 'too rare to break the prevalent pattern of clonality,' such that there is 'restrained recombination on a evolutionary scale' (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2012, 2014b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, the model defines inbreeding, selfing and homogamy as 'particular cases of PCE' (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2014b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here, we examine the value of an alternative perspective on sexu- ality in parasitic protozoa, with specific focus on many of the organisms at the centre of the debate, namely medically important trypanosomatids, Giardia and Toxo- plasma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We attempt to reconcile PCE with the presence of recombination machinery in parasite genomes (El-Sayed et al. 2005; Ramesh et al. 2005), experimental proof of genetic exchange events in the laboratory (Gaunt et al. 2003; Poxleitner et al. 2008; Akopyants et al. 2009; Sadlova et al. 2011; Peacock et al. 2014) and an increasingly large body of evidence for widespread genetic exchange in the field (Cooper et al. 2007; Balmer et al. 2011; Ramirez et al. 2012; Duffy et al. 2013; Baptista Rde et al. 2014; Rogers et al. 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Working from the assumption that genetic exchange may be common among protozoan parasites, © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Molecular Ecology (2014) 23, 4195-4202 we ask-why is sex so difficult to detect in natural populations?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Geographically and temporally stable genetic subdivisions in protozoan pathogen populations are defined variously as species, subspecies, assemblages and discrete typing units (DTUs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Genetic divergence thresholds for species definitions are not clearly defined between genera."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, among human trypanosomatid parasites and Giardia, the levels of genetic divergence that 'species', 'subspecies,' 'DTU' and 'assemblage' describe are approximately equiva- lent (Jerlstrom-Hultqvist et al. 2010; Yeo et al. 2011; Boite et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Genetic subdivisions often have eco-epidemio- logical significance, and these subdivisions must also be taken into account when evaluating the frequency of genetic exchange-it makes little sense to address each par- asite species (or genus) as a whole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Divergent, non-recom- bining genetic subgroups in a sample can inflate genetic linkage statistics and mask recombination events that occur between more closely related individuals (Maynard Smith et al. 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Non-recombining subdivisions may simply har- bour further non-recombining groups-the so called Rus- sian doll hypothesis (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2014a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0004__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, much of the available evidence supports the former asser- tion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Genomic comparisons across three genomes represen- tative of Giardia intestinalis assemblages A, B and E indicate minimal recombination (Xu et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, interas- semblage recombination is absent when several thousand Giardia isolates are compared using fewer markers (Takumi et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, good evidence of genetic exchange was detected among a series of epidemiologically linked Giardia assemblage AII cases from Peru (Cooper et al. 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, interspecies (or inter-DTU) hybridization occurs only sporadically (e.g. Nolder et al. 2007; Roellig et al. 2013), although highly suc- cessful genotypes can result (Lewis et al. 2011)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, those studies that evaluate intraspecies/intra-DTU diver- sity, as with Giardia, almost invariably find evidence for widespread genetic exchange (Rougeron et al. 2009, 2011; Ocana-Mayorga et al. 2011; Ramirez et al. 2012; Rogers et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The role T. brucei subspecies play as barriers to genetic exchange is less clear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The boundary between T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense is highly porous, with a single, exchangeable, virulence determinant (the human serum resistance-associated gene) often defining the latter (Balmer et al. 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Overall, population genetic and geno- mic data now support substantial genetic exchange within and between T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense (Balmer et al. 2011; Goodhead et al. 2013) but not, it seems, within Try- panosoma brucei gambiense I, where all available evidence points to clonality (Koffi et al. 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, there is evidence among many protozoan parasites that broad population genetic subdivisions-species, sub- species, assemblages or DTUs-act as partial reproductive barriers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The relative frequency of genetic exchange between and within parasite population genetic subdivisions has led to considerations of what some term the 'evolutionary scale' of such events (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2012)-a concept we explore more fully in Table 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Generally, reliable estimates of recombination frequency are best derived from popula- tions of individuals that are un-subdivided in space and time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, even once species, subspecies, assemblages or DTUs are accounted for, population genetic analysis of spa- tio-temporally dispersed collections of individuals impedes the detection of genetic exchange."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In general, recent studies that define reproductive mode in diploid protozoan patho- gens have all derived estimates from minimally subdivided population samples (Koffi et al. 2009; Rougeron et al. 2009; Ocana-Mayorga et al. 2011), even down to the level of the same host (Llewellyn et al. 2011)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, at very local scales-exactly where physical contact between parasites might facilitate hybridization-one inevitably encounters the problem of discriminatory power."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are two ways to approach the problem of detecting genetic exchange where it is suspected but difficult to prove owing to the apparent similarity of circulating strains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first is simply to increase the discriminatory power of the molecular markers used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The second is to tar- get hybrid zones-where recently diverged, genetically dis- tinguishable subpopulations come into contact."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recent population genomic analysis of Leishmania infantum from a restricted locality in Turkey efficiently demonstrates the result where both approaches are applied simultaneously (Rogers et al. 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Leishmania infantum isolates from ele- ven sand flies (Phlebotamus tobbi) and one human were sub- mitted to Illumina HiSeq genome sequencing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Genomic patterns of polymorphism within and between clones were then evaluated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Identifying L. infantum reference strain JPCM5 as similar to one putative parent, the authors were able to define 'parentage blocks' across the 12 study genomes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The authors suggest the data are consistent with a population formed from a single hybridization event between two divergent L. infantum strains, followed by several rounds of interbreeding between these hybrids (Rogers et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is crucial to highlight that an earlier study of six of the isolates using fewer genetic markers- 14 microsatellite loci-detected no specific evidence to suspect the strains were genetic hybrids (Gouzelou et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, typical of tens, if not hundreds of T. cruzi and Leishmania populations described in the literature (e.g. Llewellyn et al. 2009; Rougeron et al. 2011, 2009)-the six strains Gouzelou et al., genotyped where moderately diverse with heterozygosity deficit over loci."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Genome-scale population data for parasitic protozoa are likely to force us to reconsider many former conclusions based on limited numbers of genetic markers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rogers et al. ( 2014) is a case in point."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It follows that signatures of hybridization are poten- tially detectable among multiple parasite populations given sufficient discriminatory power."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, it is hard to accept that 'PCE' explains genetic diversity among parasitic proto- zoa (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2012) while we are still largely © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 4196 N E W S A N D V I E W S : O P I N I O N 1365294x, 2014, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.12872 by Mcgill University, Wiley Online Library on [18/05/2024]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License ignorant of the vast majority of it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Perhaps we are"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Rogers et al. ( 2014) may have specifically targeted vector- isolated L. infantum in the hope of detecting hybrids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Experimental hybrids in Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani have both been derived from crosses in sand flies (Akopyants et al. 2009; Sadlova et al. 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The recent identification of haploid gametes in T. brucei unequivocally identifies the Tsetse fly salivary gland as the site of genetic exchange (Peacock et al. 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The definitive site of genetic exchange in T. cruzi is perhaps the mammalian host (hybrids emerged after passage of parents through Vero cells) (Gaunt et al. 2003), although further hybridization events in the laboratory have not been observed since."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In Giardia, genetic exchange (in-crossing) has been detected at the environmental cyst stage of the life cycle (Poxleitner et al. 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the concept of a 'definitive host or vector' should not be a major preoccupation for population geneticists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The allelic signature of sex in a recombining population should be detectable regardless of where the event takes place."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same is technically true for the hap- loid life stages of Toxoplasma gondii."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The identity of the definitive host of T. gondii-the domestic cat-is well estab- lished, even though the population structure of most human T. gondii isolates worldwide appears highly clonal (Sibley et al. 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As such, the role that sex in the T. gon- dii definitive host has in potentiating short-term clonal epi- demics has been overlooked until fairly recently (Wendte et al. 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Wendte et al. 's (2010) study, an outcrossing event generated several haploid progeny, detectable in non-human strains (e.g. chickens, water samples)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "How- ever, among strains recovered locally from humans, only a single haploid variant was identified."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This human clone was atypical of the archetypal I, II and III non-recombining global human lineages, but strongly related to nearby non- human strains, suggesting a recent local emergence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, while definitive individual hosts or vectors are perhaps irrelevant, a failure to sample non-human transmission cycles may overlook recombinant clones, that is a focus on human sampling may simply detect a rapidly expanding clonal genotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An important parallel exists in T. brucei rhodesiense where serial human clonal outbreaks against a backdrop of recombination in the non-human populations have long been suspected (MacLeod et al. 2000; Duffy et al. 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The molecular machinery for meiotic cell division is thought to have evolved early in eukaryotes (Cavalier- Smith 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sequence comparisons among metazoa, protists, fungi and yeasts indicate homology among many"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More complete descriptions of genetic exchange mechanisms described experimentally in each species are included in the body of the article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is of note that different sexual or parasexual mechanisms are potentially present in the same species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, a mecha- nism of genetic exchange observed in the laboratory and its predicted impact may not correspond precisely to the patterns of genetic exchange observed in natural populations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Cytological mechanisms of genetic exchange may there- fore be variable within and among protozoan pathogen species."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many population genetic models, on the other hand, implicitly assume Mendelian sexuality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At single loci, standard interpretations of Mendelian segregation make little sense in populations that might be at least par- tially clonal and/or undergo nonmeiotic or unorthodox meiotic sex."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In long-term clonal organisms, excess hetero- zygosity is better attributed to allelic sequence divergence (ASD) than outbreeding (Mark Welch & Meselson 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In reality, however, excess heterozygosity is only rarely observed in parasitic protozoa (e.g. Koffi et al. 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In such cases, recent hybridization between divergent parents followed by clonal expansion may be a more cogent expla- nation than ASD (e.g. Lewis et al. 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mendelian inter- pretations of heterozygous deficit are frequently made in Leishmania populations (Rougeron et al. 2009, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "How- ever, loss of heterozygosity events (such as gene conver- sion and mitotic recombination) might be responsible for observed intragenomic variability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Dispersed loss of hetero- zygosity is reported in T. cruzi (Llewellyn et al. 2009; Yeo et al. 2011); ploidy cycles involving the loss of entire haplo- types occur in Candida (Hickman et al. 2013); and internu- cleus transfer results in homokaryosity in Giardia (Yu et al. 2002)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nonetheless, genome-scale analysis of natural Leish- mania hybrids does suggest some level of inbreeding (Rogers et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While Mendelian interpretations of single locus segrega- tion in parasitic protozoa can be misleading, measures of genetic linkage between loci should robustly detect non- Mendelian sexuality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Pairwise linkage equilibrium between microsatellite loci has been detected in several trypanoso- matid populations (Ocana-Mayorga et al. 2011; Duffy et al. 2013), indicative of sex."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, excess homozygos- ity in parasite populations is most commonly accompanied by linkage disequilibrium (Llewellyn et al. 2009; Rougeron et al. 2009; Ramirez et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, high homozygosity reduces the impact of recombination, prolonging the maintenance of disequilibrium."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, claims of 'inbreeding' based on individual loci cannot be corroborated by interlo- cus linkage equilibrium (Rougeron et al. 2009), even in highly genetically diverse populations (Llewellyn et al. 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The insensitivity of interlocus measures of linkage to anything but fairly frequent genetic exchange events is likely to complicate matters (de Meeus & Balloux 2004)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The difficulty of obtaining 'hard evidence' for genetic exchange in protozoan pathogen populations using a lim- ited number of nuclear genetic markers has led us and oth- ers to explore diversity outside the nuclear genome (Ramirez et al. 2012; Baptista Rde et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In most try- panosomatids, plastid inheritance is generally uniparental after genetic exchange (Gaunt et al. 2003; Akopyants et al. 2009; Lewis et al. 2011; Rogers et al. 2014), although it may be transiently biparental in the immediate aftermath of the event (Gibson & Garside 1990)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Identity by descent means that plastid genome introgression events are easily detect- able against a background of frequent nuclear genetic exchange."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Where nuclear genetic exchange is asymmetric (unequal contributions from each parent), comparisons between un-phased nuclear and plastid phylogenies also show high levels of incongruity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In T. cruzi at least, inter- DTU hybridization events can be highly asymmetric (e.g. Roellig et al. 2013), whereby nuclear transfer from one of the two parents involved in a cross is frequently undetect- able."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similar observations can be made using higher-resolu- tion genetic markers within the DTU T. cruzi I in Colombia (Ramirez et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Parallel approaches reveal introgres- sion in T. b. brucei (Balmer et al. 2011), and our understand- ing of the frequency of genetic exchange in several Leishmania species could benefit, as it could for T. gondii, where apicoplast inheritance is uniparental during tachyzo- ite crosses in the definitive host (Ferguson et al. 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, plastid vs. nuclear genome comparisons are useful in detecting cryptic genetic exchange at fine scales where nuclear allele frequency-based indices lack power."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are, however, two caveats."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, mutation rate differentials between nuclear and plastid genomes could lead to appar- ent incongruence in the absence of introgression (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, where two near-identical nuclear genotypes have radically different mitochondrial genomes, and donors and recipients can be clearly identified within the study population, rate variation is unlikely to play a confounding role (Ramirez et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Second, it is plausi- ble that plastid exchange can occur in the absence of nuclear genetic exchange."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For mitochondria especially, where mutation rate and thus Muller's ratchet is acceler- ated by an order of magnitude with respect to the nuclear genome, regular outcrossing is likely to be selectively advantageous (Haag-Liautard et al. 2008; Neiman & Taylor 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the clonal theory suggests (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2012, 2013), in some parasite populations, it is likely that we fail to detect genetic exchange events because they are genu- inely extremely rare."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among many human isolates of T. gondii (Sibley et al. 2009) and T. b. gambiense I (Koffi et al. 2009), for example, sex appears absent."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, among almost all other protozoan parasites populations discussed, evidence of a role for frequent, although not obligate, genetic exchange in defining parasite diversity is mounting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rogers et al. ( 2014) estimate the mean rate of meiotic events as one per 7.5 9 10 4 per mitotic cell divisions in L. infan- tum."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Given that approximately 10 times this number of Leishmania promastigotes can be found in a single sand-fly midgut, the figure suggests tens of crossing-over events per vector-a non-negligible rate population-wide."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Protozoan parasite populations, where excess homozy- gosity persists and inbreeding is inferred, are purported © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd N E W S A N D V I E W S : O P I N I O N 4199 1365294x, 2014, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.12872 by Mcgill University, Wiley Online Library on [18/05/2024]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License to be 'particular cases of clonality' under a model of PCE (Tibayrenc & Ayala 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While theoretically sound, the definition may be invalid when one considers the evidence from natural populations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, most diploid parasite pop- ulations that display excess homozygosity over loci are highly genetically diverse (Llewellyn et al. 2009; Rougeron et al. 2009, 2011; Ocana-Mayorga et al. 2011; Gouzelou et al. 2012), including at the level of individual hosts (Llewellyn et al. 2011)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, any level of inbreeding in its classical sense (herein defined as genetic recombination within clo- sely related parasite populations, as distinct from selfing) should generate large numbers of heterozygotes-which is apparently not the case."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Only strict selfing-perhaps resembling ploidy cycles in C. albicans (Hickman et al. 2013)-could simultaneously explain high genetic diversity and excess homozygosity in diploid parasitic protozoa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, selfing is a poor means of escaping Muller's ratchet-extinction is a likely outcome in the absence of mitigating factors (e.g. Loewe & Cutter 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is thus difficult to envisage the advantage of strict selfing over clonality, unless sex represents an obligate portion of the parasite lifecycle and there is a shorter-term fitness benefit to avoid outcrossing, such as the maintenance of multilo- cus drug resistance genotypes in P. falciparum (Razakan- drainibe et al. 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Even so, with reference to Table 1, the theoretical fitness benefits of clonality in the short term are likely to be balanced or outweighed by those of sex at the same scale."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second reason why excess homozygos- ity observed in parasite populations is probably not a 'par- ticular case of clonality' we have already addressed and simply relates to discriminatory power."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Small sets of mar- ker loci are no substitute for genomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Population genomic findings from L. infantum (Rogers et al. 2014) could well be corroborated across many other populations of diploid parasites previously defined as homozygous."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this case, signatures of moderate inbreeding derived for a small number of microsatellite loci can in fact obscure strong signatures of genomic hybridization and sex."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, while we acknowledge the importance of clonal propagation to parasitic protozoa, we propose that sex is fundamental to organismal fitness across multiple evolutionary scales and occurs more frequently than previ- ously suspected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Traditionally, inappropriate sampling across genetic subdivisions, poor discriminatory power of molecular markers, insufficient sampling from non-human reservoirs and inadequate population genetic models have all hindered our ability to detect genetic exchange events in natural populations of parasitic protozoa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With the advent of population genomics, discriminatory power is no longer a limiting factor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, appropriate study design and sample collection remain vital considerations if we are to accurately describe population genomic struc- tures and the natural dynamics of genetic recombination in the genome-sequencing era."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3233__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The predominant clonal evolution (PCE) model of micropathogens proposed by us has been challenged by a recent paper in Molecular Ecology."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We review the main tenets of our model and show that the criticisms raised by the paper’s authors are based on papers that are either misunderstood or misquoted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We argue that the PCE model and its recent developments (in particular the ‘Russian doll model’ dealing with micro-clonal evolution) are supported in most cases when adequate data are available [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Predominant clonal evolution is defined as strongly restricted recombination, not absence of recombination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This definition is widely accepted, not only by us, but also by many authors working on parasitic protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This means that evidencing occasional bouts of recombination or hybridization does not falsify the PCE model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "More specifically, we propose that PCE is verified when the species considered has reached a ‘clonality threshold’ beyond which clonal evolution overcomes the effects of recombination in the long run [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The increase in the phylogenetic signal can be tested by classical linkage disequilibrium (LD) tests and phylogenetic analyses [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "One of the most important consequences of PCE in a given species is the existence, due to restricted recombination, of discrete genetic subdivisions that are extremely stable in space and time [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We have proposed to call these entities: ‘near-clades’, to replace the many terms found in the literature [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "A near-clade is a phylogenetic line that is clouded by occasional recombination/hybridization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "However, once the species has crossed the ‘clonality threshold’, the discreteness of the near-clades becomes clearer and clearer when more relevant data are considered [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The term ‘clade’ is not appropriate, as some recombination goes on among the near-clades in most, if not all, micropathogen species surveyed by us [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "This feature of the model has considerable evolutionary and epidemiological consequences [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "As a matter of fact, the near-clades, due to their stability and discreteness, constitute appropriate targets for molecular epidemiology (strain typing), and tend to exhibit different phenotypic characteristics, including with respect to epidemiology and clinical features [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The authors aim to invalidate this remarkable finding, by stating that ‘it makes little sense to address each parasite species (or genus) as a whole’, because these ‘genetic subdivisions act as reproductive barriers’ [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "The authors omit to mention that evidencing the genetic subdivisions (that is to say: the near-clades) and showing that they act as reproductive barriers has been possible only through the PCE approach, and constitutes one of its main achievements [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "This way of presenting the affair amounts to making believe that the main conclusion of the PCE approach was self-evident, which is quite untrue: it is the result of long-term research of more than 30 years, started at a time when pathogen population genetics was almost nonexistent [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "This statement of the authors is inappropriate, because the job still has to be completed or perfected for many pathogen species, and only the PCE approach will allow to do so [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Strangely, the authors consider that the PCE approach at the level of the whole species makes little sense."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0039__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "However, in the case of Toxoplasma gondii, they accept the hypothesis of PCE based on data that consider the whole species [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3233__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 45, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [45, 45, 45], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Within-near-clade PCE: the ‘Russian doll’ (RD) model This model aims at exploring the level of genetic exchange, not among the near-clades, but rather, within each of them [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a matter of fact, many authors consider that there is more recombination within the near-clades than between them [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The RD model takes as null hypothesis that within the near-clades, recombination is potentially random (not just that occasional recombination can occur), because the expectations for random recombination are well known (linkage equilibrium) [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The working hypothesis is that the near-clades each exhibit a miniature picture of the whole species, with the two main features of the PCE model, namely (i) strong LD, or non-random association of genotypes occurring at different loci, and (ii) lesser near-clades [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The RD approach simply consists in testing the PCE model within each of the near-clades [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ramírez & Llewellyn attempt to invalidate RD by favouring the null hypothesis [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, the examples they advance are either weak or misleading [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Some of them are even counterexamples of what the authors try to demonstrate [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In the case of Giardia, the only case cited by the authors to falsify RD is not based on a population genetics approach, but rather on the sequencing of a few genes [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The conclusions of this article are based on observed discrepancies between the phylogenetic trees based on three loci for seven strains [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "This is a possible indication that some genetic exchange may go on (although other explanations are possible), but says nothing about the frequency of recombination [26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Moreover, with such a limited set of data, the risk of statistical type II error (impossibility to reject the null hypothesis of random recombination, not because it is proven, but because the test lacks power) is high [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Lastly, this study does not concern a whole Giardia ‘assemblage’ (= near-clade), but rather, the subassemblage A2 of the assemblage A [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "The mere existence of this subassemblage, which shows that assemblage A is subdivided into discrete units, is in itself evidence supporting RD [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Two of the examples cited about Leishmania do not concern intra-near-clade recombination but rather, the whole species [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "They have therefore nothing to do with the RD controversy [31]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Moreover, the ‘widespread genetic exchange’ that the examples are supposed to evidence is actually selfing/inbreeding, which is considered by us and many, if not most, authors working on pathogens population genetics as a particular case of PCE [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Lastly, the tests used to infer selfing/inbreeding in Leishmania are based on the hypothesis that these parasites are diploid, while convergent results rather favour that Leishmania exhibits widespread aneuploidy [33]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "This bias has been underlined by us, as well as by Ramírez et al. [ 34]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Another study, repeatedly cited by Ramírez & Llewellyn, is actually an illustrative counterexample of what they try to demonstrate, and a talking illustration for RD [35]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "By high-resolution sequencing, Rogers et al. evidence a monophyletic subdivision (near-clade) within Leishmania donovani/infantum [36]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "They do find indication of hybridization within this near-clade [37]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "However, what Ramírez & Llewellyn omit to mention is that Rogers et al. clearly state that ‘extensive LD between chromosomes is consistent with rare recombination and supports clonality as the primary reproductive mode’ and that there is ‘mainly clonal reproduction in the parasite population’ [38]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "The data presented do not make it possible to know whether there are lesser near-clades within this monophyletic subdivision [39]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "However, they do show that clonality is the dominant mode of reproduction within this near-clade, which supports a RD pattern [40]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "The studies cited concerning Trypanosoma cruzi are not strong evidence against RD [41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "The first one is consistent with recombination in a small subpopulation of the TCI near-clade in Ecuador [42]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "However, as we have shown, this ‘domestic’ population is poorly defined (33% of selvatic strains are included in it, while the ‘selvatic’ clade comprises 12% of domestic strains) [43]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "The risk of type II error is high, due to very limited sampling (only 12 truly ‘domestic’ strains) [44]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0030", "sentence_n": 30, "text": "Additionally, the ‘selvatic’ clade shows strong LD and clonality, which favours the RD hypothesis [45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0031", "sentence_n": 31, "text": "Observing a lack of congruence between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies indicates at best limited introgression, as it can be observed even between different biological species [46]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0032", "sentence_n": 32, "text": "Another study has postulated ‘substantial recombination’ in Brazilian strains of the TCII near-clade [47]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0033", "sentence_n": 33, "text": "However, this study relies on limited sampling and is subject to type II error [48]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0034", "sentence_n": 34, "text": "There is a strong contradiction between the hypothesis of ‘substantial recombination’ (with lack of LD) and the evidence for clear structuration of these populations, even in sympatry, as shown by STRUCTURE analysis [49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0035", "sentence_n": 35, "text": "A recently published study deals with TCI T. cruzi populations isolated from selvatic triatomine bugs in Bolivia [50]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0036", "sentence_n": 36, "text": "The data are compatible with frequent genetic exchange, however, as the authors assert their data are prone to type II error and should be corroborated by more extended sampling [51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0037", "sentence_n": 37, "text": "While focusing on these disputable examples consistent with the null hypothesis, Ramírez & Llewellyn omit to cite the many cases presented by us, which strongly support the RD model, including in T. cruzi, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Giardia and Cryptococcus [52]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0038", "sentence_n": 38, "text": "This is all the more astonishing, since some of the best examples of RD patterns were found in the authors’ own data [53]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0039", "sentence_n": 39, "text": "As a matter of fact, convergent results show that, within T. cruzi, the near-clade TCI is subdivided into several smaller near-clades that are widespread and stable in space and time, including in sympatry [54]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0040", "sentence_n": 40, "text": "These ‘mini-near-clades’ have been corroborated by several different molecular markers, including the mini-exon gene, the cytochrome B gene, multilocus PCR-RFLP and SSUrDNA [55]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0041", "sentence_n": 41, "text": "Contrary to what the authors state, within Colombian TCI strains, there is LD [56]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0042", "sentence_n": 42, "text": "As a matter of fact, the p values for the LD test and the Ia index of association (another LD test) are 4 x 10^-4 and 0.037, respectively [57]. As noted by Tomasini et al., this is evidence for LD, and not for the opposite, as wrongly concluded by the authors [58]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0043", "sentence_n": 43, "text": "Similarly, within TCI selvatic strains, strong LD evidences ‘widespread clonality, infrequent recombination’ [59]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0044", "sentence_n": 44, "text": "Lastly, strong evidence for a RD pattern within Argentinian TCI strains has been recently published [60]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0040__s0045", "sentence_n": 45, "text": "We do not state that the RD pattern is presently verified in all pathogens. But we do argue that it has been strongly supported by many data, especially in T. cruzi, Leishmania infantum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Giardia and Toxoplasma gondii, in each case when genetic and population samplings are enough and adequate [61]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3233__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusion We argue that the PCE hypothesis is not just an artefact, and that it is the most parsimonious model for many, if not most pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasitic protozoa and fungi [62]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our conclusions are based on a large set of published data, dealing with bacteria (48 species), yeasts and fungi (nine species), parasitic protozoa (21 species) and viruses (11 species or categories) [63]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These data are easily accessible to any reader wanting to verify our proposals [64]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If looking for recombination in pathogens amounts to ‘searching for a needle in a haystack’, it obviously means that recombination is severely restricted; in other words, that the PCE model is supported [65]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When it is not, like in some populations of Plasmodium falciparum, or in Helicobacter pylori, one has no trouble finding clear indications for recombination without searching in a haystack [66]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Until now, the use of more resolutive markers has reinforced the PCE and RD hypotheses [67]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As an example, near-clades and RDs in Toxoplasma gondii are better evidenced by a set of highly resolutive markers than by more conventional tools such as multilocus sequence typing [68]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Similarly, whole-genome sequencing in Neisseria meningitidis uncovers the existence of deep phylogenies that were not apparent with multilocus sequence typing [69]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "As a matter of fact, contrary to what Ramírez & Llewellyn state, lack of resolution should favour the null hypothesis (random recombination) rather than PCE, even when highly resolutive markers make it possible to find ‘the needle in the haystack’ [70]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Concerning the amount and frequency of recombination, we have called for discarding vague, subjective assertions, such as ‘widespread genetic exchange’, ‘more frequent than expected’, which amount to a conflict between the supporters of the half full and the half empty bottle [71]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We have proposed, rather, to use a clear-cut PCE criterion relying on the notion of a ‘clonality threshold’ [72]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "If, within a given species, a growing phylogenetic signal is observed as more relevant data are obtained, it means that restricted recombination efficiently counters the effects of genetic exchange, and that the near-clades that subdivide the species will tend to diverge more and more [73]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "This PCE-specific signal should be looked for, first at the level of the entire species [74]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__critique__p0041__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Only once the near-clades have been clearly evidenced by this approach, and are fully recognized by most authors (which is still the case for a limited number of species only), RD patterns should be looked for within them, but only in a second round [75]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3233__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Tibayrenc and Ayala raised several interesting objections to an opinion piece we recently published in Molecular Ecology [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our piece examined the value of an alternative perspective to their theory of predominant clonal evolution (PCE) on the prevalence and importance of genetic exchange in parasitic protozoa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In particular, our aim was to establish whether population genetic signatures of clonality in parasites were representative of true biological/evolutionary processes or artefacts of inadequate tools and inappropriate or inadequate sampling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We address Tibayrenc and Ayala’s criticisms and make a detailed response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In doing so, we deny the consensus that Tibayrenc and Ayala claim around their views and dismiss much of the language which Tibayrenc and Ayala have introduced to this debate as either arbitrary or inaccurate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We strongly reject accusations that we misunderstood and misquoted the work of others."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We do not think the PCE provides a useful framework for understanding existing parasite population structures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0042__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Furthermore, on the eve of the population genomic era, we strongly urge Tibayrenc and Ayala to wait for the forthcoming wealth of high-resolution data before considering whether it is appropriate to refine or re-iterate their PCE hypothesis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our opinion, the discovery of major genetic subdivisions in parasitic protozoa is the result of the collective efforts of hundreds of researchers over the last 40 years and, yes – the self-evident result of (i) genotyping the same conserved molecular markers across studies; (ii) finding that intermediate genotypes between major subdivisions are exceedingly rare."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is categorically not one of the ‘main achievements’ of the PCE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our review, we merely wished to point out that if genetic exchange occurs, it is more likely to happen within these subdivisions than between them."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Later in their critique, Tibayrenc and Ayala cite a population genomic study of Neisseria meningitidis as evidence of ‘deep phylogenies’ in pathogen populations [5], presumably to further bolster the PCE model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Careful reading of this commendable study (and personal correspondence with its authors) reveals precisely the pattern of population diversity we highlighted: deep subdivisions with little or no exchange between them; intense lateral exchange of genetic information within them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In still yet another recent review, Tibayrenc and Ayala conveniently dismiss this finding as ‘invisible sex’ [6], regardless of the considerable genetic diversity present among strains involved and the possible fitness benefits associated (virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, etc) [see also Table 1 in [1]]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Importantly, Budroni et al. ’s findings absolutely contradict the expectations of Tibayrenc and Ayala’s much discussed and little supported ‘Russian doll’ hypothesis [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the second section of their comment, Tibayrenc and Ayala go on further to defend their ‘Russian doll’ theory, suggesting that the data we present in support of ‘sex-within subdivisions’ is ‘weak’ and ‘misleading’ [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, we presented the available data in a balanced fashion, including examples where evidence of genetic exchange was not uncovered [8], as well as where it was [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Crucially we focused on studies that examine diversity among large ‘minimally subdivided population samples’ in space and time – that is, where one could have reasonable confidence about the population genetic parameters derived from them."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is hardly fair to call this ‘misleading’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We did not cite the 2013 article they mention that contained an error in a P-value interpretation [10]; however, we accept that there was an error for which correction has been submitted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Tibayrenc and Ayala suggest we furthermore ‘omit to cite the many cases presented by us [them] that support the Russian Doll model’ [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We invite the reader to review these ‘many cases,’ as we have performed – most are simply not convincing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Almost all the studies they cite have sample sizes an order of magnitude lower than ours and those that we cite, as well as low numbers of conserved genetic markers used for genotyping."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In one case, Tibayrenc and Ayala totally misconstrue the study findings: Minning et al. 2011 found decoupling between copy number variation and DTU identity ‘strongly suggestive of genetic exchange playing a major role in T. cruzi population structure and biology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "’ [ 11] – the opposite meaning to that portrayed by Tibayrenc and Ayala [12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The overall picture that emerges from existing data – including studies cited by ourselves and Tibayrenc and Ayala – is a spectrum of within-subdivision population structures, some sexual, some occasionally sexual and some clonal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Russian doll hypothesis is valid as a hypothetical model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the statistical tools on which it is based are highly sensitive to anything but completely random associations between loci at a population level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, only truly panmictic populations – rare enough in sexual species let alone non-Mendelian or parasexual pathogens – will depart from the RD model as stated [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We believe that a model that ignores the shades of grey in population structure between different pathogens and pathogen populations is not fit for purpose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is a lovely metaphor, but it is an extremely poor summary of the data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We stand accused of using ‘vague and subjective’ assertions in our opinion piece [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a shame, as in our review, we set out to try and define some of the increasingly impenetrable lexicon developed by Tibayrenc and Ayala to describe PCE [7, 12, 6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Specifically, we attempted to define the meaning of the term ‘evolutionary scale’ as Tibayrenc and Ayala use it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, we did not explore the opacity the recently invented term ‘clonality threshold’ [13, 4] which, although pseudo-quantitative, is in fact equally as vague as a phrase we used – ‘widespread genetic exchange’ [1] which was the target of their comment in this context."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Even the word ‘predominant’ in ‘predominant clonal evolution’ is open to wide interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Another term used by Tibayrenc and Ayala that concerns us is Avises’s so-called congruence principle [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We can find no reference to this in the book they cite [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0049__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, where the word ‘congruence’ is used in Avise 2004; it describes a means of intervalidating genetic distance measures because they give the same tree topology, not intervalidating topologies from different genetic markers because they support clonality as Tibayrenc and Ayala suggest [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We hope Tibayrenc and Ayala will join us in agreeing that there is no ‘one size fits all’ when it comes to making assertions about something as complex as pan-pathogen population genetic structure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Vague language is appropriate to phenomena that are incompletely understood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the use of language that implies precision where there currently is none is highly misleading."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A final concern mirrors one raised in a similar exchange earlier between Rougeron et al., and Tibayrenc and Ayala regarding Leishmania population genetics [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The energy and enthusiasm which Tibayrenc and Ayala have applied to their ‘clonal hypothesis’ over the years has given rise a large body of self-authored and co-authored work (including no less than eight reviews since 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In their criticism of us, Tibayrenc and Ayala suggest that many of the instances of genetic exchange we cite are ‘considered by us [them] and many, if not most, authors working on pathogen population genetics as a particular case of PCE."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "’ In line with Rougeron et al., we argue this consensus does not in fact exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There is a large (and rapidly growing) body of work around the PCE; however, it is almost all authored, co-authored or edited by Tibayrenc and Ayala."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our review, we highlight the importance of population genomic data in providing definitive measures of population-level genetic exchange in protozoan pathogens [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We cited a recent study that demonstrated multiple genetic exchange events in L. infantum at a disease focus in Turkey [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By also citing an earlier study that used 14 microsatellite markers on the same strains but found no specific evidence of genetic exchange, we aimed to demonstrate the relatively improved power of genome-scale sequencing approaches [17]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their comment, Tibayrenc and Ayala suggest we ‘omit to mention’ that there is a lot of clonal reproduction going on in this population."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Far from it, we clearly state the estimated frequency of meiotic events: approximately 1 per 7.5 x 10^4 mitotic events [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We would further highlight that the data produced by Rogers et al. 2014 were consistent with not just a single out-crossing event, but multiple later genetic exchange events among the progeny of this cross."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Population genomic studies to establish parasite mating systems should be subject to the usual caveats around study design that we discuss in our review: minimally spatio-temporally subdivided samples, no lumping together of subdivisions, etc [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, if these caveats can be satisfied, the precision that accompanies the estimation of recombination rate, as well as the estimation of the likely exchange mechanism (via interpretation of the genomic distribution of break points, mosaics, aneuploidies, loss of heterozygosity, etc), will be unprecedented."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are amazed to find that Tibayrenc and Ayala have chosen to re-iterate their views now, in advance of the majority of the data on which any clear understanding should be founded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3233", "paragraph_id": "triad_3233__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Evidence of genetic exchange in our view does not depend on demonstration of absolute panmixia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Tibayrenc and Ayala insist that the predominant clonal evolution model is not incompatible with presence of recombination, or recombination of crucial impact (‘but on an evolutionary scale’) or frequent selfing. And yet, the impact of hybridisation and genetic exchange is overwhelmingly irrefutable, with multiple examples both from experimental and from natural populations, with profound and recent epidemiological impact, including the emergence of epidemic clones."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3233__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We therefore prefer an approach that is unencumbered by entrenched adherence and justification of the unnecessarily complicated and conceptually outdated ‘predominant clonal evolution’ hypothesis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3233/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2135769664_W2214084141_W2288759305", "triad_name": "triad_3233", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3233__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability, 1-4 with no approved agents proven to alter the disease course."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Joint replacement surgery remains the only definitive for end- stage disease, with knee OA accounting for 97% of all knee replacement (KR) surgeries, the numbers and costs of which are rising each year."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "5 Thus, there is an urgent need for new effective treatment options for knee OA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bone plays an important role in OA pathophysiology and is considered an important treatment target."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since mechanical factors play a central role in OA development, 6-8 and bone adapts readily to mechanical stresses, 9 it is essential to understand the long-term effects of modulating bone remodelling via antiresorptive agents on the course of OA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Trials of antiresorptive agents have had conflicting results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "10-15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For bisphosphonates, trials have focused primarily on medium-term and short-term structural endpoints, such as joint-space width on radiograph and bone marrow lesions on MRI, with the majority not finding a protective effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "10-1214 Observational studies have also focused primarily on structural changes, but their interpretation is limited by potential confounding and selection bias."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1617 Additionally, efficacy of bisphosphonates in an animal model of OA suggests that it varies based on stage of disease at which it is initiated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "18"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While bisphosphonates may have beneficial articular cartilage effects, there are theoretical concerns about their long-term effects related to decreasing bone turnover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because of its high bone turnover state, OA bone may be relatively hypomineralised and weaker, and thus more easily deformed, 1920 but may also have increased stiffness overall due to increased subchondral bone thickness and volume."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "21 Whether bisphosphonates could increase stiffness and interfere with bone adaptation to mechanical stresses, which could be detrimental in OA in the long term, requires clarification before further pursuit of this as an OA treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most clinically relevant long-term sequela of knee OA is end-stage disease leading to joint replacement surgery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If bisphosphonates could reduce the risk of KR, it would suggest that these agents have a beneficial effect on the disease process, and in turn, can prevent or delay a costly surgical intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the other hand, if long-term bisphosphonate use has a negative impact on bone's mechanical properties, then this class of drugs should not be pursued for further development for OA management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We therefore evaluated the relation of bisphosphonate use to KR surgery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Health Improvement Network (THIN) is a UK general practitioner (GP) electronic database that has anonymised health data on >12 million patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22 The information available in THIN is collected by GPs as part of routine patient care, which is deidentified and integrated into a central database for research purposes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "THIN contains information on demographic factors, referrals, hospitalisations, laboratory test results and prescriptions ordered by GPs, including the dose, strength and formulation of medication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Diagnoses and test procedures are recorded with read codes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Prescriptions written by GPs are recorded Ann Rheum Dis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 February 13."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "automatically in the database as drug codes, with the use of a coded drug dictionary (Multilex)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Quality is checked regularly and the information from this database has been found to be representative of the UK population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0006__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "22"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Eligible subjects of the current study consisted of women aged 50-89 years during 2003 to 2012 who were enrolled in THIN for at least 1 year without a diagnosis of knee OA prior to inclusion in the study sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They were also required to have at least one GP visit or prescription during the year prior to their knee OA diagnosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We excluded subjects who were on bisphosphonates prior to their knee OA diagnosis, on non-bisphosphonate antiresorptive agents or on bisphosphonates that are prescribed only for Paget's disease or metastatic disease in the UK (clodronate, tiludronate); those with a KR prior to a knee OA diagnosis; and those with rheumatoid arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also excluded subjects deemed unlikely to be a candidate for KR surgery, including subjects with body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m 2 , history of joint infection, high-risk cancer (pancreatic, oesophageal, gastric or metastatic cancer) or comorbidities with poor prognosis (end-stage renal disease on dialysis and severe pulmonary disease requiring supplemental oxygen)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our main analyses, we also excluded individuals with incomplete covariate data for BMI, alcohol and smoking status, with sensitivity analyses conducted in which we used multiple imputation to enable inclusion of such subjects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We conducted a sequential (ie, time-stratified) propensity score-matched cohort study to examine the relation of bisphosphonate initiation to the risk of KR among older women with incident knee OA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We divided the study period (1 January 2003-31 December 2012) into ten 1-year cohort accrual blocks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We propensity score-matched each bisphosphonate initiator with a non-initiator within each cohort accrual block using a greedy-matching algorithm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "23 The propensity score for initiating bisphosphonates was computed using logistic regression within each cohort accrual block."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For bisphosphonate initiators, the date of the first bisphosphonate prescription was considered the index date."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Non-initiators were assigned an index date randomly within the cohort accrual block."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The covariate assessment period for the propensity score modelling was prior to the index date."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Variables included in the propensity score model were: sociodemographic factors (age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use and socioeconomic status), knee OA characteristics (duration and analgesic use), potential indications for bisphosphonate (osteoporosis, osteopaenia and fractures (hip, wrist, vertebral, fragility and multiple fractures over time)), bone mineral density assessment, glucocorticoid use, falls and fall risk, comorbidities (see table 1), healthcare usage (GP visits and hospitalisations) and medications (see table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Covariate balance was assessed with standardised mean differences, all of which were <0.1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first bisphosphonate prescription was identified using Multilex drug codes in THIN which have been used in prior studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "2425 We focused on the bisphosphonates approved for use in osteoporosis in the UK, which include etidronate-calcitonin combination therapy, ibandronate, pamidronate, risedronate and zolendronate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Trials of bisphosphonates in knee OA have not been able to examine the risk of KR surgery due to the longer duration of follow-up required to examine this clinically relevant endpoint."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interestingly, though the clinical scenario and mechanisms are distinct from that of OA, bisphosphonates have been demonstrated to reduce the risk of revision surgery after joint replacement, potentially through antiresorptive effects minimising periprosthetic bone loss and osteolysis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "30 Nonetheless, while there are potentially beneficial effects of bisphosphonates and other bone-modulating agents on bone and cartilage, 38 study results in OA have been conflicting to date."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We previously demonstrated in a spinal OA trial that alendronate reduced spinal osteophyte and disc space narrowing progression, 39 and an observational study also noted less bone pathology on knee imaging by MRI (bone marrow lesions and subchondral bone attrition) and knee pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "16 A trial of risedronate with 1-year follow-up suggested symptom benefits, and minimal non-significant structure benefits based on joint-space width on radiograph. 10 However, a subsequent larger trial with 2-year follow- up failed to demonstrate any symptom or structure (joint-space width) benefits, 11 and a small subset (<5%) of this trial that had MRIs demonstrated no difference in bone marrow lesions between treatment and placebo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "12 Analysis of prevalent bisphosphonate users in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort demonstrated no significant difference in joint-space width versus non-users 17 ; this may be partly related to the prevalent drug user study design used and analytic approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "40 More recently, a trial evaluating intravenous zoledronic acid demonstrated significant differences in bone marrow lesion volume and pain between treatment and placebo arms at 6 months, but not at the 12-month follow-up."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "14 Taken together, these studies have raised questions about whether potential benefits are being missed by use of relatively insensitive radiographs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, another concern is whether there are potential adverse longer term effects of bisphosphonates on OA pathology, such as may arise from inhibiting bone turnover, which may in turn lead to increased bone stiffness due to increased mineralisation and subsequent theoretical adverse biomechanical consequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our findings indicate that bisphosphonates do not appear to have long-term adverse effects on the course of knee OA, and may in fact reduce the risk of KR surgery, suggesting that the clinical course may be less severe and/or have a slower rate of progression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the OAI, bisphosphonate use was associated with a slower trajectory of joint-space width loss and of MRI-based three-dimensional bone shape change, an imaging biomarker predictive of OA onset."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "4142 Thus, there does not appear to be a reason for bisphosphonates to be avoided in those with knee OA, and in fact, their use may be beneficial, supporting the ongoing investigation of bone modulation as an OA therapeutic target."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Potential limitations of this study deserve comment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because THIN does not have bone density results, there is a concern for residual confounding by indication since individuals with lower bone mineral density are more likely to be on a bisphosphonate and are also more likely to have a lower BMI."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We attempted to address this by including factors in the propensity score that are likely reflective of bone mineral density and risk of osteoporosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The diagnostic code for osteoporosis and osteopaenia were not as frequently recorded as one would expect for individuals on bisphosphonates, likely reflecting the fact that GPs do not always record the condition for which bisphosphonates are being prescribed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In a manual review of patient profiles, we noted that all patients on bisphosphonates without an Ann Rheum Dis. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 February 13."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "osteoporosis code (including those who had an osteopaenia code) were universally on full- strength doses of a bisphosphonate, usually with ≥1 bone mineral density test and/or ≥1 fracture suspicious for an osteoporotic fracture."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Further, the code for osteoporosis and/or osteopaenia often occurred well after initial bisphosphonate prescription."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additionally, existing published literature provides some reassurance that bone mineral density status is unlikely to importantly affect our study results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Low systemic bone mineral density has either been associated with increased risk of knee OA progression or no increased risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "43-46 Based on such data, one would expect bisphosphonate initiators, who presumably may have lower bone mineral density, to have potentially either no or increased risk of knee OA progression."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In contrast, we found that bisphosphonate initiators experienced a protective effect even while accounting for BMI."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additionally, vitamin D, which is commonly taken as over-the-counter medication without prescription, particularly in multivitamins, is not reliably recorded within THIN in a standardised fashion, and was low but well balanced between the two groups in our study sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Nonetheless, their use is unlikely to importantly confound our results given the lack of association of vitamin D with knee OA in two recent rigorously conducted clinical trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0018__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "4748 Though effects on KR cannot be determined from these trials, some studies have suggested that joint-space width may be predictive of KR surgery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also examined the relation of incident bisphosphonate use to hip fracture to determine whether we could replicate the findings from existing published data; such a replication would suggest that the propensity score model likely adequately captured most important confounders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this analysis, we found the HR to be similar to the effect noted for clinical fractures in the Fracture Intervention Trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "49 Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis to address the degree of unmeasured confounding that would have to be present to nullify our results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For bone mineral density and/or vitamin D to result in a fivefold alteration in the risk of KR while also having a prevalence differential of 30% between the two groups is highly unlikely."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, at minimum, it appears that bisphosphonates do not have a detrimental effect and may indeed have a potential beneficial effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Secular trends precluded robust active user comparator analyses, particularly as many women initiated oestrogens prior to knee OA diagnosis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, these results are primarily of relevance to older women; whether there should be different biological effects in middle- aged women or in men is not clear, but cannot be extrapolated from this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our approach to addressing this clinically important question also"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Subjects were followed from the index date until KR, death, loss-to-follow-up (e.g., transfer out of GP practice), age >90 years, last date of data collection by GP or end of study (31 December 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To examine the relation of incident bisphosphonate use to KR surgery, we conducted Cox proportional hazards regression using age as the time scale with an intention- to-treat approach, additionally adjusting for the covariates used in the propensity score model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To explore the possibility of residual confounding, we performed additional sensitivity analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the first, we re-ran the above analyses without including BMI in the propensity score to determine indirectly how much of an influence BMI has on the effect estimate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also did not include alcohol or smoking so that our model was not limited to those with complete data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also performed multiple imputation by imputing missing BMI, alcohol and smoking data in five blocked datasets that were each used to create propensity score- matched datasets that were analysed separately with a summary effect estimate calculated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, we conducted age-matched, BMI-matched and OA duration-matched analyses, in which bisphosphonate initiators were matched 1:4 with non-initiators, adjusting for all other potential confounders used in the propensity score model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Third, this latter analysis was repeated using active comparator drugs as the referent group: (1) oestrogen initiators; (2) initiation of any other bone-modulating agent (eg, strontium, calcitonin, raloxifene, teriparatide and oestrogen)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Fourth, to account for potential selection bias due to death or loss to follow-up (eg, individuals transferring out of their GP practice or other issue), we applied inverse probability weighting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "3435 To account for competing risk of death, we implemented the Fine and Grey approach. 36 Finally, to assess the influence of unmeasured and residual confounding factors, such as bone mineral density, we performed a sensitivity analysis using an array approach, which is helpful for exploring the effect of residual confounding over a wide range of parameter values and effects, and to examine the extent of confounding necessary to fully explain the observed effect estimate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "37 All statistical analyses were performed using SAS V.9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From among 27 295 subjects who met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 2225 bisphosphonate initiators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From these, 2006 bisphosphonate initiators were propensity- score matched to the same number of non-initiators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Eighty-four per cent of the bisphosphonate initiators were prescribed alendronate; the remaining were risedronate (13%), ibandronate (2%) and etidronate-calcitonin combination therapy (1%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The mean age of the cohort was 76, and the mean BMI was 27.3 kg/m 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Overall, covariate data were well-balanced among the initiators and non-initiators (table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Approximately 60% of the initiators and the non-initiators appeared to have an indication for bisphosphonate use prior Ann Rheum Dis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 February 13."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0024__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Author Manuscript to the index date; however, this proportion increased to 82% among the initiators, and remained fairly steady among the non-initiators (63%) over the follow-up period."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean follow-up time for subjects was approximately 3 years for both groups (table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During the follow-up period, 208 KR surgeries were performed overall, with 138 in bisphosphonate initiators and 170 in the non-initiators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mortality rate was similar in both groups (39.7 and 38.2 per 1000 person-years in the initiators and non-initiators, respectively)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The crude incidence rate of KR was 22.0 per 1000 person-years among the bisphosphonate initiators and 29.1 per 1000 person-years among the comparator group, with a crude incidence rate ratio of 0.75 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.94) (table 2)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The HR for KR related to bisphosphonate initiation was 0.74 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.93), and results did not change materially when additionally adjusted for the potential confounders used in the propensity score (adjusted HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.95))."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because approximately 15% of subjects had missing values for either BMI, smoking and/or alcohol, we performed a sensitivity analysis in which we created the propensity score without including these variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this analysis, with 2379 initiators of bisphosphonates and the same number of propensity score-matched non-initiators, the adjusted HR was similar to the main result (0.79, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.98)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In analyses using multiple imputation, the adjusted HR was also similar to the main result (0.72, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.89)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also conducted a sensitivity analysis in which we matched each bisphosphonate initiator to four non-initiators by age (within 2 years), BMI (±0.5 kg/m 2 ) and OA duration (within 2 years)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The adjusted HR from this matched cohort study was 0.35 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.47)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To further address confounding by indication, we compared bisphosphonate initiation to that of an active comparator drug (oestrogen and any bone-modulating agent, respectively), matched on age, BMI and OA duration, and obtained results similar to our main results (adjusted HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.30 to 1.87)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The smaller sample sizes and lower number of KR outcomes precluded precise estimation of these effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When we accounted for censoring due to loss to follow-up or death with inverse probability weighting, the results remained similar to the main results (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59 to 0.94)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The competing risk of death analysis also provided similar results (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.86)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, in a sensitivity analysis to examine the potential effect of residual confounding on our results, we found that in order for an unmeasured confounder to nullify the observed HR, that confounder would need to be associated with a fivefold difference in risk of the outcome (KR) and have a 30% difference in prevalence among bisphosphonate initiators versus non-initiators."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such a scenario would be highly unlikely (figure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this large cohort of older women with incident knee OA derived from the general population, we found that bisphosphonate initiation was associated with a ~25% lower risk of KR surgery than those who did not initiate bisphosphonates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our findings were consistent across several sensitivity analyses that were performed to address potential residual confounding, missing data and selection bias, suggesting that it is unlikely for unaddressed biases to result in bisphosphonate initiation to have a detrimental effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_374__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With great interest, we read the recent article by Neogi et al entitled, ‘Effect of bisphosphonates on knee replacement (KR) surgery’ [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the study, the authors concluded that in this population-based cohort of older women with incident knee osteoarthritis (OA), those with incident bisphosphonate users had lower risk of KR than non-users of bisphosphonates, which was further supported by another large cohort study [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The strengths of this study include a propensity score-matched cohort design, Cox proportional hazards regression to control for potential confounders and sensitivity analyses focused on residual confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Meanwhile, the authors acknowledged the limitations of their work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We applaud and congratulate their important work for clinical practice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, several important points should be further discussed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_374__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Generally, determinants of patient preferences for KR are OA severity, the level of knee pain, disability, and the weakness of quality of life, and more importantly, their willingness and access to KR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the current study, authors tended to agree that reduced risk of KR has resulted from weakened OA progression after bisphosphonates use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, recent high-level evidence indicated that bisphosphonates neither provide pain relief and function improvement nor radiographic progression in knee OA [3][4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, we wonder that bisphosphonates may affect the willingness and access to KR of patients with OA, thus reducing the risk of KR."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_374__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Actually, many clinical and sociocultural factors, such as racial differences (African Americans and whites), social support and an educational intervention included a decision aid, have vital important influence on patient preferences for KR [5][6][7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "More importantly, a recent study revealed that patient preferences for KR were strongly associated with knee pain severity in patients with OA with health insurance, but their inverse relationship disappeared in patients without health insurance [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, another study suggested that despite worse baseline knee pain and function, black participants had much lower adjusted risk of having total KR (TKR) than white participants [9]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, these indicated that sociocultural factors, but not OA severity, may have more significant influence on the willingness and access to KR."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_374__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, Neogi and colleagues seemed to ignore these important sociocultural factors in Cox proportional hazards regression, propensity score model and sensitivity analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We strongly recommend additional analyses based on aforementioned risk factors, which may further increase the robustness and credibility of the current study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_374__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, the authors assessed the influence of bisphosphonates use on the risk of KR in patients with OA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there were no any data involving the baseline characteristics of OA severity, the level of knee pain, disability and the weakness of quality of life between both cohorts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, the influence of the dose, route, time point or measuring instrument of bisphosphonates administration on the risk of KR was unclear, so further subgroups should be warranted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Meanwhile, the primary outcome (the risk of KR) may be involved in many similar terms, such as TKR, revision KR, hemi-KR or KR in both knees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As with us, some readers may be confused about the notion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, the primary outcome should be clearly defined."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_374__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To sum up, we respect the great work done by the authors, but the study should be interpreted with the aforementioned limitations and further analyses should be performed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_374__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Dr Li and colleagues [1] for their interest in our paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As outlined in our paper [2], we used data from a large general practitioner electronic health records database for our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These data are collected and recorded as part of routine clinical care with diagnostic codes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As such, factors such as willingness to undergo and access to knee replacement (KR), knee pain severity, disability, quality of life and others are not available in this database, and we were thus unable to examine these as potential confounders."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We were, however, able to account for socioeconomic status (Townsend Deprivation Index), and performed sensitivity analyses demonstrating that substantial residual confounding is unlikely."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_374__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__response__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The assessment of bisphosphonate exposure was based on prescription data, and alendronate was the most common bisphosphonate prescribed (84%), as described in the paper [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The potential mechanisms by which bisphosphonates may confer the noted effects were beyond the scope of this paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonetheless, it is not clear that bisphosphonate initiation would alter one’s willingness to undergo KR or access to KR such that a protective effect would be noted in our study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_374__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "374", "paragraph_id": "triad_374__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We included both total and unicompartmental primary knee arthroplasty since either surgery would indicate substantially symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, but did not include revision surgery since the reasons for that procedure are not for severe/end-stage osteoarthritis; this is the same approach used by the other studies we had cited on this matter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_374__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As per standard time-to-event analyses, subjects were censored at the first KR, among the other censoring factors outlined in the paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_374/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2763901799_W2787661995_W2785373530", "triad_name": "triad_374", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_374__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Animal and human studies have demonstrated that water drinking may elicit a pressor response (May & Jordan, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Jordan, Shannon, Grogan, Biaggioni, and Robertson (1999) were the first to demonstrate a potent pressor response (increase of up to 33 mmHg in systolic blood pressure) after water intake in patients with severe orthostatic hypotension (i.e. patients with autonomic failure)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thereafter, they observed that the magnitude of the pressor response was attenuated in healthy elderly subjects and completely abolished in young healthy subjects after water intake (Jordan et al., 1999, 2000; Schroeder et al., 2002; Scott, Greenwood, Gilbey, Stoker, & Mary, 2001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The reason for the blunted pressor response after water drinking in healthy young c 2018 The Authors."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Experimental Physiology c 2018 The Physiological Society subjects is not fully understood, but previous authors suggested that the arterial baroreflex might play a role."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This idea is supported by animal experiments, in which mice with intact baroreflexes did not respond to water intake (McHugh et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, water elicited a substantial increase in arterial blood pressure after inter- ruption of the afferent baroreflex arc by sinoaortic denervation (McHugh et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In humans, water drinking increases efferent sympathetic outflow in the absence of a pressor response in young healthy subjects (Scott et al., 2001), suggesting that baroreflex function is preserved; however, to our knowledge, this has not been tested directly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, in patients with autonomic failure and in hypertensive and healthy older adults, water intake induces sympathoexcitation, 1318 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/eph Experimental Physiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "2018;103:1318-1325. 1319 which is accompanied by a significant pressor response suggestive of impaired baroreflex function (Callegaro et al., 2007; Cariga & Mathias, 2001; Jordan et al., 1999, 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, previous studies have demonstrated that the central mechanism of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation involves neurons of the central baroreflex regulatory regions (i.e. periaqueductal grey; Bourque, 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey enhanced sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity in humans (Sverrisdóttir et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the extent to which an alteration in arterial baroreflex function may contribute to arterial blood pressure responses to water intake in healthy humans remains unclear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Therefore, the present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that water drinking increases the arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in young healthy subjects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To test this hypothesis, MSNA, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded before, during and for 60 min after ingestion of water or saline, and spontaneous arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain was calculated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We chose 60 min of data collection based on previous studies indicating that the peak MSNA response occurs ∼30 min after water ingestion in young healthy subjects (Scott et al., 2001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was approved by the Fluminense Federal University ethics committee (CAAE: 53503816.0.0000.5243)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and all experimental procedures conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki, except for registration in a database."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ten healthy and recreationally active male volunteers with a mean (±SD) age of 24 ± 2 years, body weight of 77 ± 8 kg and height of 177 ± 6 cm participated in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects had to be asymptomatic, non-smokers, normotensive and non-diabetic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "None of the subjects was receiving prescribed or over-the-counter medications, and all were confirmed to have no heart disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The subjects were recruited through posters placed on the university campus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subjects were requested to abstain from caffeinated beverages for 12 h and from strenuous physical activity and alcohol for a minimum of 24 h before any experimental sessions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Subjects were a minimum 2 h postprandial upon arrival to the laboratory."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Subjects were studied in the supine position at an ambient room temperature of ∼24 • C. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured on a continuous beat-to-beat basis using finger photoplethysmography (Finometer Pro; Finapres Medical Systems, Arnhem, The Netherlands) and a single-lead ECG (PowerLab 4/25T and Laboratory Chart Pro 7 software, AD Instruments, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Brachial arterial blood pressure"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• What is the central question of this study?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Water drinking increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and it increases arterial blood pressure (ABP) in older populations but not in young healthy subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Does an increase in gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA contribute to maintenance of ABP after water drinking in healthy young subjects?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA was increased and remained elevated 60 min after water drinking (500 ml) but remained unchanged after saline intake."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An enhancement in gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA contributes to the maintenance of ABP after water drinking in young healthy subjects, probably via osmosensitive mechanisms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "of the dominant arm was measured with an automated digital sphygmomanometer (EM-759-E; Omron, Kyoto, Japan) to validate Finometer measurements of absolute blood pressure in real time during data collection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Respiratory movements were monitored using a strain-gauge pneumograph placed in a stable position around the abdomen (MLT1132 respiratory belt; ADInstruments)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Multiunit recordings of postganglionic MSNA were obtained by inserting a unipolar tungsten microelectrode percutaneously through the intact skin and positioning it into muscle nerve fascicles of the peroneal nerve of the right leg at the fibular head."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A reference electrode was placed subcutaneously 2-3 cm distal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The recording electrode was adjusted until a site was found where nerve activity displayed a pulse synchronous pattern of spontaneous bursts, had a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1, was increased during an end-expiratory breath-hold or Valsalva manoeuvre and was unresponsive to an unexpected loud noise or skin stroking (Vallbo, Hagbarth, Torebjörk, & Wallin, 1979)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The raw signal was amplified (×100,000), filtered (bandwidth 700-2000 Hz), rectified and integrated (time constant 0.1 s) to obtain a mean voltage neurogram (Iowa Bioengineering, Iowa City, IA, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sympathetic bursts were identified using a fully automated program (Hamner & Taylor, 2001); burst identification was then corrected by inspection by a single blinded observer (L.C.V.)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The MSNA was quantified as burst incidence (in bursts per 100 heart beats) and burst frequency (in bursts per minute)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0015__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In one of the 10 participants, we were able to obtain a quality MSNA signal only during the saline protocol."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After instrumentation, participants rested for ∼15 min to permit stabilization of all cardiovascular variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thereafter, a 10 min base- line was performed, in which the subject rested quietly while all neurocardiovascular variables were continuously recorded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The sub- jects then ingested 500 ml of bottled water (n = 9, pH 7.5; [Na + ], 1.5 mmol l −1 ; [Ca 2+ ], 3.1 mmol l −1 ) in <5 min."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The MSNA, arterial blood 1469445x, 2018, 10, Downloaded from https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/EP087095 by Mcgill University, Wiley Online Library on [18/05/2024]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 1320 VIANNA ET AL."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "F I G U R E 1 Original records illustrating muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, top panel) and arterial blood pressure (bottom panel) at baseline (a) and at 30 min after the ingestion of 500 ml of bottled water (b) pressure, heart rate and respiration were measured for 60 min after the completion of drinking."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a subset of subjects (n = 6), a control visit was performed, in which 500 ml of saline was ingested and all experimental measures were performed in an identical manner to the water drinking visit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The temperature of the water and saline was controlled at 22 • C."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The participants were advised to ingest 500 ml of water 2 h before the experiments to start the study protocol with a suitable hydration status (Teixeira, Ramos, Marins, & Ricardo, 2015; Vianna, Oliveira, Silva, Ricardo, & Araujo, 2008) and were asked to void their bladder immediately before the experiments (Fagius & Karhuvaara, 1989)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, the participants' sensation of bladder filling was reported at the end of each experiment on a 0-10 scale, with zero representing a complete lack of this sensation and 10 representing an irresistible desire to void (Fagius & Karhuvaara, 1989)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Baseline MSNA, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were calculated as mean values over a 5 min period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After consumption of water or saline, 5 min averages were calculated every 15 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same segments were used to assess arterial baroreflex control of MSNA by analysing the relationship between spontaneously occurring fluctuations in diastolic blood pressure and MSNA, as previously described (Fisher et al., 2015; Kienbaum, Karlssonn, Sverrisdóttir, Elam, & Wallin, 2001; Prodel, Barbosa, Mansur, Nobrega, & Vianna, 2017; Sundlöf & Wallin, 1978; Vianna et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Briefly, the diastolic blood pressure for each cardiac cycle within a data collection period was grouped into 3 mmHg pressure bins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The slope of the relationship between MSNA burst incidence and diastolic blood pressure was identified using linear regression analysis, with a minimum r value of −0.5 used as the criterion for accepting slopes (Kienbaum et al., 2001; Sundlöf & Wallin, 1978; Young, Deo, Chaudhary, Thyfault, & Fadel, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All data were weighted to account for the number of cardiac cycles within each pressure bin, thus removing bias attributable to bins containing a small number of cardiac cycles."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) was assessed using the sequence technique as previously described (Holwerda et al., 2016; Parati, Di Rienzo, & Mancia, 2000; Teixeira et al., 2018a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The sequence technique is based on the identification of consecutive beats in which progressive increases (or decreases) in systolic blood pressure (input variable) are followed by a progressive lengthening (or shortening) in RR interval (output variable)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Briefly, sequences of three or more consecutive and concurrent beats with corresponding increases or decreases in systolic blood pressure and RR interval were identified as arterial baroreflex sequences (Cardio- Series v2.4, Brazil)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sequences of at least three consecutive cardiac cycles were detected only when the variations in systolic blood pressure and RR interval were ≥1 mmHg and ≥1.0 ms, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A linear regression was applied to each individual sequence, and only those sequences in which r was >0.85 were accepted (Kardos et al., 2001; Zollei, Paprika, & Rudas, 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The slopes of the systolic blood pressure and RR interval relationships for up and down sequences were then calculated and averaged for a measure of spontaneous cBRS."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Comparisons were made using univariate repeated-measures ANOVAs, and significant main effects were evaluated with LSD post hoc analyses when appropriate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05, and values are presented as means ± SD."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 1 shows an original recording of one representative sub- ject, illustrating the MSNA and arterial blood pressure responses at 1321 TA B L E 1 Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and cardiovascular responses to water and saline drinking baseline and at 30 min after water drinking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Group summary data of all neurocardiovascular variables at rest and at each time point after water drinking are presented in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After water drinking, MSNA burst frequency and burst incidence were increased within 15 min and remained elevated above baseline for the remainder of the protocol (P < 0.05), whereas mean blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged (P > 0.05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In comparison, after saline drinking, all neurocardiovascular variables remained unchanged from baseline throughout the protocol (all P > 0.05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Figure 2 illustrates the changes (∆) from baseline in MSNA burst frequency (Figure 2a), MSNA burst incidence (Figure 2b) and mean blood pressure (Figure 2c) for the 60 min period after ingestion of either bottled water (grey bars) or saline (open bars)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The arterial baroreflex gain of MSNA burst incidence was significantly enhanced (i.e. more negative) within 15 min [∆−1.04 ± 1.05 (95% confidence interval −1.84, −0.23) bursts (100 heart beats) −1 mmHg −1 ] and remained elevated for the duration of the study, reaching a peak during the 30th minute [∆−2.07 ± 0.98 (95% confidence interval −2.82, −1.32) bursts (100 heart beats) −1 mmHg −1 ] after water drinking (Figure 3, grey bars)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, after saline drinking, the gain of arterial baroreflex bursts incidence was not different from baseline at any time point (Figure 3, open bars)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The spontaneous relationship between systolic blood pressure and RR interval remained unchanged after water intake (baseline, 22.2 ± 11.9 ms mmHg −1 ; 30 min, 23.6 ± 12.4 ms mmHg −1 ; and 60 min, 26.0 ± 12.8 ms mmHg −1 ; P > 0.05) and during the saline drinking (base- line, 21.6 ± 6.6 ms mmHg −1 ; 30 min, 22.8 ± 6.9 ms mmHg −1 ; and 60 min, 25.0 ± 8.0 ms mmHg −1 ; P > 0.05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similar results were found"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The main new finding of the present study is that water drinking enhanced the gain of the arterial baroreflex control of MSNA in young healthy men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, the slope of the relationship between diastolic blood pressure and MSNA was increased 15 min after ingestion of water and remained elevated throughout 60 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and cBRS were unchanged after water intake."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In comparison, after ingestion of saline, all neuro- cardiovascular variables were unchanged."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Collectively, these findings support the concept that an enhancement in the gain of the arterial baroreflex control of MSNA contributes to the maintenance of arterial blood pressure after water drinking in young healthy subjects and that these responses are likely to be mediated by osmosensitive mechanisms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sympathoexcitatory effects of water drinking are well established in both animals (McHugh et al., 2010) and humans (Callegaro et al., 2007; Scott et al., 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous reports have demonstrated that water-induced increases in sympathetic outflow were accompanied by significant elevations in arterial blood pressure in patients with autonomic failure and elderly subjects but not in young healthy subjects (Cariga & Mathias, 2001; Jordan et al., 1999, 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The findings of the present study advance our understanding of how healthy young subjects are able to buffer the increases in arterial blood pressure after water drinking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the first time, we demonstrate that an enhancement in the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA may counteract the effects of water-induced increases in sympathetic outflow to maintain arterial blood pressure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In line with this, previous animal reports have shown that mice with intact baroreflexes did not respond to water intake, whereas water elicited a substantial increase in arterial blood pressure after interruption of the arterial baroreflex arc via sinoaortic denervation (McHugh et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, it has been shown that patients with autonomic failure present impaired arterial baroreflex control compared with healthy counterparts (Biaggioni, 2017)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Taken together, these findings suggest that intact arterial baroreflex function is essential for the maintenance of blood pressure after water drinking."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The precise pathways mediating the improvement in arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain after water intake remain unclear, but some relevant points warrant discussion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The pressor response to water drinking may involve osmosensitive transient receptor potential vanniloid 4 (Trpv4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Water absorption induces a hyposmolar stimulus in the portal circulation, probably involving activation of Trpv4 (Lechner et al., 2011; McHugh et al., 2010), which triggers a sympathetic reflex (Jordan et al., 2000) and may increase arterial blood pressure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, duodenal infusion of water [25 l (g body weight) −1 ] decreases portal osmolality in both wild-type and Trpv4 −/− mice (all had undergone sino- aortic denervation), but only wild-type mice demonstrated increases in arterial blood pressure (McHugh et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Collectively, these data suggest that the pressor response induced by water ingestion involves sympathetic activation and that the Trpv4 channel is an important mediator of the afferent input of the response (McHugh et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to the well-described sympathoexitatory effects of water intake, the present finding illustrates the impact of water drinking on the arterial baroreflex."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation are not fully understood, but we can speculate that the hepatic portal osmoreceptors signal hyposmotic stimuli via the splenic nerve activating different brain regions, including the peri- aqueductal grey (Bourque, 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, stimulation of the ventro- lateral periaqueductal grey has been shown to enhance sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity in humans (Sverrisdóttir et al., 2014); however, whether this osmoregulatory circuit plays a role in water intake- induced elevations in arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain requires further investigation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The osmopressor response to water is apparent in patients with autonomic failure and elderly subjects but not in young healthy populations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We reasoned that in young healthy subjects, the pressor response to water was not observed owing the fact that osmoreceptor- mediated increases in MSNA were counteracted by an enhancement in the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Indeed, we found that the arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain was increased 15 min after water intake and remained elevated for the remainder of the protocol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Inter- estingly, we did not find any changes in cBRS after water ingestion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The reason for these differential findings are unclear, but might be associated with greater changes in sympathetic outflow compared with vagal outflow after water drinking, the latter being more representative of spontaneous cBRS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, there are several reports in the literature indicating differential changes in cardiac and MSNA baroreflex control after a variety of interventions (Young et al., 2010), and a lack of relationship between cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity has been reported in healthy humans (Dutoit et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2015)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, it is important to note that the methods used to measure cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex assess different components of the arterial baroreflex system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "More specifically, baroreflex-MSNA gain does not take into account the end-organ response, whereas the cBRS gain includes the end-organ response (Parati et al., 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this sense, further investigation is warranted to clarify the mechanisms by which water drinking differentially affects sympathetic and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the present study, we used spontaneous baroreflex measures derived from MSNA burst incidence and not total MSNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The rationale for this approach was based on previous studies demonstrating that the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA burst incidence was similar to sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity obtained using pharmacological manipulations of arterial blood pressure (Dutoit et al., 2010; van Schelven, Karemaker, Blankestijn, & Oey, 2008)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, spontaneous arterial baroreflex gains calculated from measurements using total MSNA have been suggested to be influenced more by non- baroreflex inputs (Dutoit et al., 2010; Kienbaum et al., 2001), which might limit the interpretation of such measures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, several studies have reported weak relationships between burst area and diastolic blood pressure, whereas burst incidence consistently demonstrates strong relationships with diastolic blood pressure (Dutoit et al., 2010; Keller et al., 2004; Kienbaum et al., 2001; Ogoh, Fisher, Raven, & Fadel, 2007; Rudas et al., 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is important to note the potential limitations of the present study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We included only men and, given existing sex differences in blood pressure regulation (Hart & Charkoudian, 2014; Joyner, Wallin, & Charkoudian, 2016; Kim et al., 2011; Teixeira et al., 2018b), our results may not be generalizable to women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, the arterial baroreflex control of MSNA was calculated based on a closed-loop measure using spontaneous fluctuations in MSNA and blood pressure only."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We recognize that open-loop assessments of arterial baroreflex gain using perturbational methods, such as the infusion of vaso- active drugs (i.e. modified Oxford), allow for a more comprehensive examination of arterial barorefex control of MSNA."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, the slope of the relationship between MSNA and diastolic blood pressure derived from the closed-loop spontaneous analysis method has been shown to be correlated with the slopes derived using the open-loop modified Oxford approach for assessing arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain (Dutoit et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, important to our study design, we were interested in making arterial baroreflex measurements at multiple time points to characterize the response after water ingestion fully, and repeating the modified Oxford technique at baseline and then every 15 min for 60 min was not feasible, particularly as it is standard to perform at least two modified Oxford trials at each time point (Holwerda et al., 2016; Rudas et al., 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, that bottled water, but not saline intake, enhances the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA in young healthy men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These data support the concept that the lack of a pressor response after water ingestion in young healthy subjects may be attributed to water-induced increases in the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3189__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with great interest the recent study by Vianna et al. ( 2018), who should be congratulated for their novel and enlightening findings concerning the acute effect of water ingestion on arterial baroreflex function of healthy young individuals."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Aiming to provide some additional information for better understanding and extrapolation of these findings to broader populations and conditions, we would like to underscore a few methodological and technical issues, mainly regarding the estimation of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3189__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One crucial parameter, especially when assessing haemodynamic and baroreflex parameters and their responses to various interventions, is the body position [1], [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects in the sitting, supine or other positions may exert different blood pressure (BP) and heart rate values, even without any intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, BRS changes between different body positions are unclear, because the existing published data are controversial."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, it would be relevant to know whether the findings of this study remain the same for subjects who ingest water in postural positions other than supine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "More specifically, the subjects in this study ingested 500 ml of bottled water probably in the sitting position, but all measurements were performed in the supine position."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It might be meaningful to explore the same BRS and BP changes after water ingestion in the sitting or standing positions, which might be more indicative to daily habits."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3189__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the study by Vianna et al. ( 2018), mean arterial pressure (MAP) was found to be unchanged up to 60 min after water ingestion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the classic formula, MAP = DBP + 0.33 × PP (where DBP is the diastolic blood pressure, PP the pulse pressure and ⅓ = 0.33 the form factor), has been extensively used, it should be kept in mind that other formulae exist (i.e. the formula using a form factor of 0.412 instead of 0.33) [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Alternative calculation of MAP might yield superior associations with target organ damage [3] or more accurate estimations of MAP compared with direct intra-arterial recordings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, several automated oscillometric blood pressure devices provide MAP values using their own embedded algorithms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Of course, given that the same calculation of MAP was used before and after water ingestion, it is unlikely that MAP measured using another formula or form factor would change this outcome."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, it is important to know how exactly the MAP values are calculated, in order to be able to extrapolate or interpret the results in comparison to other studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0051__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Still, the pressure response to water ingestion is controversial, because previous studies have found the opposite results, i.e. a significant increase [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3189__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, algorithms for BRS calculation used in the literature vary greatly in technical, computational and methodological perspectives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is known that the sequence method is characterized by strict threshold criteria, with no evidence about the optimal threshold values."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Altering these thresholds can have a great impact on the computed BRS values."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this study, the R–R interval threshold was chosen as 1 ms, which is much lower than the widely used threshold of 4 ms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although there is no gold-standard R–R interval threshold, it should be kept in mind that altering these threshold values can lead to different BRS estimations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For this reason, it could be suggested that BRS should be estimated by more than one method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__critique__p0052__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For example, using frequency domain algorithms, which may be more robust in specific circumstances, in addition to the time domain method that was followed in this study, might provide more robust results concerning BRS responses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3189__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are happy that our study [6] has received the attention of others and pleased to have the opportunity to respond and debate the merits of our approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In their Letter to the Editor, Papaioannou et al. [ 3] raise some interesting points regarding the methods of our study and how they relate to the estimation of cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, which we would like to address and provide further clarification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We are aware and in agreement with the statement by Dr Papaioannou and colleagues that body posture is a critical factor when assessing neural cardiovascular function at rest and during perturbational conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this regard, our group has recently demonstrated that both cardiac and peripheral sympathetic outflow to postexercise ischemia (i.e. muscle metaboreflex activation) can be modulated by mobilization of central blood volume [1, 4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Whether the arterial baroreflex responses to water drinking are dependent on the body posture is unknown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, this was not part of our study question."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As we have clearly stated in the Methods section, subjects were studied in a supine position, which is a standard position for human neural cardiovascular control studies and the majority of studies on water drinking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It is important to clarify further that subjects ingested the 500 ml of water or saline in this position using a flexible straw; therefore, there was no positional change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This approach also minimizes limb movement and muscle activation, which would jeopardize the muscle sympathetic nerve activity recordings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In our study, mean arterial pressure remained unchanged after ingestion of either bottled water or saline."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0053__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Of note, this is a common finding in young healthy subjects [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3189__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With regard to mean arterial pressure calculations, Dr Papaioannou and colleagues commented on the importance of describing how mean arterial pressure was derived, because the use of different formulae might limit the extrapolation and interpretation of our findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With all due respect, we disagree, and we would like to provide the following points for consideration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Firstly, blood pressure was measured on a beat-to-beat basis using a valid and reliable technique (i.e. finger photoplethysmography)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this sense, mean arterial pressure was calculated by a time-weighted integral of the instantaneous pressures derived from the area under the curve of the pressure–time waveform of the entire cardiac cycle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Secondly, our interpretation has emerged from a study where the subjects participated in both experimental (water drinking) and control (saline drinking) trials, and we used the same blood pressure measurement before, during and after each intervention."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, we are confident that our results and interpretations are valid and reliable and would stand regardless of the way in which mean arterial pressure is calculated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In their letter, Dr Papaioannou and colleagues also pointed out the lack of standardization in the literature with regard to the use of the sequence technique for the estimation of cardiac baroreflex sensitivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We agree that there are no absolute or agreed upon ideal parameters for analysis (i.e. systolic pressure and R–R interval thresholds)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "However, in terms of their concern regarding the R–R interval threshold used in our study, we re-analysed our data using a threshold of 4 ms, as suggested in their letter, and the results remained unchanged."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0054__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Furthermore, the assessment of agreement between 1 and 4 ms threshold provided a high and significant intraclass correlation coefficient (0.938; P < 0.05)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3189__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3189", "paragraph_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Lastly, Papaioannou et al. [ 3] advocate the use of frequency domain analyses to address the research question further."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is important to mention that our hypothesis was focused on the sympathetic branch of arterial baroreflex function, for which we had direct muscle sympathetic nerve activity measurements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although we would welcome the use of frequency analyses to explore cardiac baroreflex sensitivity further, we are confident in our findings using the sequence technique."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In summary, our data provide new insights on the potential contribution of the sympathetic baroreflex in the maintenance of arterial blood pressure after water drinking in young healthy subjects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Furthermore, independently of the mathematical approach, our findings indicate a minimal role of the cardiac baroreflex in the regulation of arterial blood pressure after water ingestion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3189__response__p0055__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, we acknowledge there are no perfect analyses and always welcome debate on different ways to evaluate data, as provided by Dr Papaioannou and colleagues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3189/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2883791648_W2942989124_W2943259601", "triad_name": "triad_3189", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3189__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regulation of microtubule (MT) 1 distribution is of critical importance for many cellular processes, including directed cell motility, cell division, and establishment of cell polar- ity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the developing nervous system and during nerve re- generation, axon growth depends on assembly of polarized MT arrays; however, axon guidance depends on the coor- dinated action of both MT assembly in the distal axon shaft and actomyosin-based lamellar motility in the neu- ronal growth cone (Lin et al., 1994; Tanaka and Sabry, 1995; Letourneau, 1996)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, dynamic interactions be- tween MTs and the actin cytoskeleton appear to be a pre- requisite for directional cell motility in general."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Neuronal growth cones (GC) have two distinct domains created by the largely discrete localization of F-actin and MTs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The central domain (C-domain) has a high density of MTs and organelles and is separated from the F-actin-rich peripheral domain (P-domain) by an interface referred to as the transition (T) zone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "F-actin-based motility in the P-domain has been shown to result from constitutive plus- end-directed actin assembly into networks and filopodia at the leading edge and the concurrent action of myosin motors capable of translocating actin networks away from the leading edge centripetally towards the central do- main-a process referred to as \"retrograde F-actin flow\" (Forscher and Smith, 1988; Mitchison and Kirschner, 1988; Cramer et al., 1994; Tanaka and Sabry, 1995; Lin et al., 1996; Mitchison and Cramer, 1996)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several lines of evi- dence suggest that F-actin networks and retrograde flow pose a barrier to MT advance and MT-dependent or- ganelle transport into the P-domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, clear- 1034 ance of F-actin networks subsequent to cytochalasin expo- sure results in rapid MT and organelle advance into the P-domain (Forscher and Smith, 1988; Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1997); furthermore, recent evidence suggests that retrograde F-actin flow can translocate MTs from pe- ripheral F-actin domains and decreases MT plus-end as- sembly rates in newt lung cells (Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, MT advance and retrograde flow are inversely correlated during GC interactions either with native target substrates (Lin and Forscher, 1995) or Ig CAM-coated bead substrates (Letourneau et al., 1987; Lin et al., 1996; Suter et al., 1998)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Abundant and long-standing evidence implicates pro- tein kinase C as a regulator of cytoskeletal organization and neurite outgrowth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, treatment with acti- vators of PKC such as phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) or 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) result in neurite extension in embryonic ganglia explants (Hsu et al., 1989), neuroblastoma cells (Fagerstrom et al., 1996), and NGF- treated PC12 cells (Hundle et al., 1995), as well as changes in filopodial and lamellipodial protrusions in rat cerebral neurons and affect MT distribution in SH-SY5Y neuro- blastoma growth cones (Rosner and Fischer, 1996)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Con- versely, PKC inhibition can result in reduced rates of neu- rite outgrowth as well as dramatic changes in growth cone structure, sometimes referred to as \"GC collapse\" (Bixby, 1989)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given that several well-known PKC substrates (e.g., GAP-43 and MARCKS) interact with and affect F-actin, previous studies have typically invoked PKC regu- lation of F-actin structure and motility to explain these ef- fects (Meiri et al., 1988; Hartwig et al., 1992; He et al., 1997; Dent and Meiri, 1998)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Microtubule-associated pro- teins (MAPs) such as MAP1B and MAP2 and Tau (Gor- don-Weeks, 1993; Liu et al., 1999) are also abundant PKC substrates in axons, and phosphorylation by PKC tends to inhibit their MT assembly-promoting activity (Mori et al., 1991); however, the mechanism by which MAP or tau phosphorylation promotes increased neurite outgrowth appears to involve complex interactions between multiple signaling pathways (Goold et al., 1999) and is not well un- derstood."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this report, we describe a novel mechanism by which PKC regulates MT advance by controlling assembly of a highly dynamic pool of MTs normally residing in the T zone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "PKC activation promotes MT invasion deep into the P-domain, where MTs are rarely found under control con- ditions by a process that increases the lifetime of MT growth events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Primary culture of Aplysia bag cell neurons and video-enhanced differen- tial interference microscopy (VE-DIC) was performed as previously de- scribed (Forscher et al., 1987)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Appropriate stock solutions of cheleryth- rine chloride, calphostin C, bisindolylmaleimide 1, Gö-6976, Ro32-0432, PDBu, 4- ␣ -phorbol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycerol (OAG), nocodazole, taxol, vinblastine (Calbiochem) and other drugs were prepared in DMSO and stored in Ϫ 20 Њ C. Fresh dilutions were made before each experiment in artificial sea water containing 2-3 mg/ml BSA as an amphipathic vehi- cle to aid drug solubilization in the high salt medium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PDBu was used rather than phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA or TPA) since it is bet- ter characterized in Aplysia (Sossin and Schwartz, 1994) and there was no observable difference between the actions of PDBu and PMA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We mea- sured the absorption profile of the various PKC activators and inhibitors (data not shown) and have found that most of these PKC-related drugs absorb light in the green range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When VE-DIC was performed with white or green light, phototoxic effects were greater in the presence of these drugs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, VE-DIC was performed with 650-750-nm light except for calphostin C, since this compound is actually activated by 450-650-nm light (Gopalakrishna et al., 1992)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After each pharmacological experiment, cells were fixed and stained for F-actin and microtubules as described (Forscher and Smith, 1988), with the following modifications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "F-actin was labeled with alexa 568 or 594 phalloidin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For MTs, alexa 488-labeled secondary antibody was used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The alexa dyes (Molecular Probes) were brighter, more photostable, and gave better separation of emission spectra relative to FITC and rhodamine."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Retrograde flow of F-actin in lamellipodia was measured using Con- A-coated or polyethylenimine-coated 500-nm silica beads (Bangs Labo- ratories) in the presence of 3 mg/ml BSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Verification of beads as F-actin markers in this system, ionizing radiation-laser trapping and measure- ment of bead displacement were as previously described (Lin and For- scher, 1995)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MT density in the P-domain was measured by counting the number of mi- crotubules spanning 75% of the P-domain as defined by distal and proxi- mal borders of F-actin bundle labeling (see Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data was normalized between growth cones by GC area and expressed as the number of MT/ 100 m 2 ; i.e., MT density."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Handling of Aplysia, dissection of abdominal ganglion, Western blots, and quantification of immunoblots were as previously described (Nakhost et al., 1998)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Aplysia, the pleural-pedal ganglia are symmetrically paired on either side of the animal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In all experiments, the ganglion on one side of the animal was used as a control for the corresponding one on the other side."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ganglia were desheathed to facilitate penetration of pharmaco- logical agents and transferred to resting medium (the same as dissecting medium, but with 460 mM NaCl, 11 mM CaCl 2 , 55 mM MgCl 2 ; as de- scribed by Sossin and Schwartz, 1994)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ganglia were incubated in ei- ther 1 M 4 ␣ -PDBu (control) or 1 M 4 ␤ -PDBu (experimental) for 1 h at 15 Њ C (physiological temperature of Aplysia)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ganglia were then washed twice with microtubule stabilization buffer (0.1 M MES, 1 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM MgCl 2 ) containing 1 mM GTP and 10% glycerol (RGG buffer) and homogenized in 120 l of RGG buffer containing protease in- hibitors (20 g/ml aprotinin, 5 mM benzamidine, and 0.1 mM leupeptin) and 1% Triton X-100."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The samples were centrifuged at 15 Њ C for 1 min at 800 g to remove any unhomogenized debris."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The resulting homogenates (100 l) were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 30 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Supernatants were iso- lated and added to 20 l of sample buffer."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pellets were either resuspended in sample buffer or resuspended in 120 l RGG plus protease inhibitors and divided into two 50- l fractions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subsequently, one fraction from each of the experimental and control ganglia was incubated with 100 nM no- codazole (in RGG plus protease inhibitors), while the other fraction was incubated with vehicle."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The samples were incubated at 15 Њ C for 15 min, and then centrifuged at 15 Њ C for 30 min at 94,000 g ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The supernatants were removed and added to 12 l of sample buffer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The pellets were resus- pended in 72 l of sample buffer."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The samples were loaded onto 9% SDS- polyacrylamide gels and analyzed by immunoblotting with antitubulin an- tibody (clone DM 1A; Sigma-Aldrich)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Microtubule dynamics were assessed using the recently described fluores- cent speckle microscopy (FSM) technique (described in Waterman- Storer, 1998; Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Neurons were injected with ‫ف‬ 1 mg/ml rhodamine-labeled tubulin (Cytoskeleton Inc.) in injection buffer (100 mM Pipes, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA) and allowed to re- cover for ‫ف‬ 60 min in L15-artificial sea water medium (Forscher et al., 1987) supplemented with 3 mg/ml BSA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Under these conditions, MT 1035 speckles could be clearly discerned in distal axonal regions and used as fi- duciary marks for assessment of MT growth, shrinkage, pause, and trans- location rates and lifetimes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MT image sequences were obtained using a Nikon Eclipse TE300 microscope equipped with a Photometrics Quantix 57 back-illuminated frame transfer cooled CCD camera and filter wheels (Ludl Inc.) for changing both excitation and emission wavelengths and rapid switching between fluorescence and DIC imaging modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Meta- morph control software (Universal Imaging Corp.) was used for instru- ment control and image analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Images were recorded every 10 s using 300-500-ms integration times for fluorescent MTs and 50-ms for DIC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Contrast of the speckles was enhanced by processing the fluorescent im- ages sequentially with the following spatial filters: unsharp mask, low pass, laplace edge enhancement, and a final low pass."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For DIC-fluorescent overlays, a threshold look-up table was applied to MT images before com- bining with the DIC image to clear low level background noise."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Representative examples of microtubule dynamics and the structural re- sponse of the growth cone to PKC activation are viewable as Quicktime movies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the single-channel microtubules dynamics examples, the open arrow follows the distal MT end and the closed arrow is an internal refer- ence mark."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The other examples are dual channel DIC-microtubule movies with MTs pseudocolored in green."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All movies are labeled according to the corresponding figure except the example of MT buckling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Online supple- mental materials can be found at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/ content/full/152/ 5/1033/DC1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig. 1 illustrates the typical C-, P-, and T-domain struc- tures of a growth cone under control conditions (see For- scher and Smith, 1988), note the relatively low density of MTs penetrating into the P-domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fig. 2 shows the ef- fects of PKC activation on growth cone structure and the underlying MT and actin cytoskeleton."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "PKC activation with 1 M PDBu (Sossin and Schwartz, 1994) resulted in relatively minor acute ( ‫ف‬ 5 min) morphological effects at the level of VE-DIC imaging, with the exception of rapid attenuation of T zone ruffling (not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After 30 min in PDBu (Fig. 2 B), C-domain organelles appeared to have advanced slightly (A and B, dotted line) and attenuation of ruffling persisted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Visualization of F-actin (Fig. 2 C) af- ter 30 min in 1 M PDBu revealed an intact P-domain F-actin structure, including well-defined F-actin bundles; however, F-actin hotspots corresponding to ruffling in the T zone were notably absent (Fig. 2 C)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Surprisingly, immu- nofluorescent visualization of ␤ -tubulin revealed that a striking advance of MTs into the F-actin-rich P-domain had occurred during PDBu treatment (Fig. 2 D)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This ro- bust advance or \"invasion\" of the MTs into the P-domain was unexpected, occurred as early as 5 min after 1 M PDBu application, and with doses of PDBu as low as 10 nM for 30 min (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Invading microtubules were mostly unbundled, straight, and, in many cases, ran along or near F-actin cables (Fig. 2, C and D, arrowheads; see also Fig. 4, C and D)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Treatment with 1 M 4- ␣ -phor- bol (Fig. 2, I-L), an inactive phorbol-ester analogue, had no observable effects on growth cone motility or structure (Fig. 2, E-H)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine whether these effects were due to PKC activation, we preincubated cells with 10 M bisindolyl- maleimide 1 (Bis 1), a specific PKC inhibitor that interacts with the ATP binding site, for 15 min, and then added 1 M PDBu and 10 M Bis 1 for an additional 30 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Es- sentially all the morphological (Fig. 2, I and J) and cyto- skeletal (K and L) changes observed during PDBu treat- ment were absent in the presence of Bis 1; note that only a few MTs invade the P-domain (Fig. 2 L) and actin-based ruffling in the T zone is still clearly present (J and K)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In 1036 addition, treatment with 10 M Bis 1 alone for 45 min had little or no effect on growth-cone motility or cytoskeletal structure (Fig. 2, M-P)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In summary, Bis 1 did not affect basal GC motility, morphology, or cytoskeletal structure, but completely inhibited PDBu-mediated changes in these attributes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Microtubule invasion levels (shown in Fig. 3) were quantified by determining the density of MTs spanning 75% of the P-domain, the latter defined by F-actin label- ing (see Materials and Methods; Fig. 3, inset)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Under con- trol conditions, there were 0.9 Ϯ 0.2 MT/100 m 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After 30 min of 1 M PDBu treatment, MT density increased to 6.7 Ϯ 1.2 MT/100 m 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, chronic activation of PKC with lower doses of PDBu (e.g., 40 nM for 16 h) had simi- lar effects on MT distribution (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In con- trast, after inhibition of PKC with 10 M Bis 1 for 45 min, there were 0.7 Ϯ 0.1 MT/100 m 2 (Fig. 3); i.e., similar to control levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, PDBu did not increase MT density above control levels in the presence of 10 M Bis 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Treatment with 1 M 4- ␣ -phorbol for 30 min also had no effect on the number of MTs invading the growth cone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Treatment with 10 M OAG resulted in a less robust but statistically significant advance of MTs (3.1 Ϯ 0.8 MT/100 m 2 crossed the 75% threshold), as expected from its lower potency relative to PDBu."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, activation of PKC was found to significantly increase the density of MTs found in the distal P-domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This effect was not present with inactive phorbolester analogues and was completely prevented by specific PKC inhibitors such as Bis1 (Figs. 2 and 3) as well as 10 M Gö-6976 or 10 M Ro32-0432 (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is evidence that P-domain F-actin and the process of retrograde flow itself inhibits MT advance and plus-end assembly (Forscher and Smith, 1988; Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1997)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, a possible mechanism for PDBu- mediated MT advance was a change in retrograde F-actin flow."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using a laser trap-assisted flow-coupled bead assay to quantitatively assess F-actin flow rates as previously de- scribed (Lin and Forscher, 1995), we found no evidence for a decrease in retrograde flow of F-actin in growth cones subsequent to PDBu treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig. 4 (A and B) il- lustrates an example of a retrograde flow assay before and after treatment with 1 M PDBu for 30 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Note that flow actually increased slightly after 30 min in PDBu (6.2 Ϯ 1.9 m/min) compared with controls (4.9 Ϯ 1.5 m/min) in this experiment; however, this increase was not significant over all experiments done ( n ϭ 6; 7.9 Ϯ 7.0% increase in retrograde flow after PDBu)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The presence of intact F-actin structure as well as MT extension was verified by post- experiment fixation and MT immunofluorescence, note that MT advance often occurred along lines defined by F-actin cables (Fig. 4, C and D, arrowheads)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These results indicate that PKC-mediated MT extension is not due to at- tenuation of retrograde flow."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, experiments to investigate changes in the gel exclusion properties of the P-domain using microinjected FITC-dextrans indicate that there is little change in the functional pore size of the P-domain after PDBu treatment, suggesting that simple al- teration of the physical properties of the cytomatrix are not likely to account for the observed effects (our unpub- lished observations, see Discussion)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To address whether MT assembly was involved, PDBu ef- fects were assessed under conditions where MT dynamics were damped with low concentrations of nocodazole or taxol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We specifically chose conditions previously shown to inhibit plus-end MT assembly without significantly re- ducing polymer mass (Bamburg et al., 1986; Tanaka et al., 1995; Rochlin et al., 1996) or, alternatively, to stabilize MTs (Letourneau et al., 1987; Jordan and Wilson, 1998b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig. 5, A-D, illustrates the effects of exposure to 100 nM nocodazole on growth-cone structure and the cytoskele- ton."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similar effects were observed after exposure to 1 M taxol (Fig. 5, E-H)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Note retraction of the C-domain (Fig. 5, A and B, E and F, dotted lines) and depletion of MTs from the T zone (D and H) observed after a 30-min expo- sure to either nocodazole or taxol."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interestingly, despite essentially complete separation of C and P cytoplasmic do- mains and the underlying microtubule retraction, retro- grade F-actin flow continued unabated (data not shown) and P-domain F-actin remained relatively unperturbed in both cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results suggest that dynamic MTs are not necessary for maintenance of retrograde F-actin flow, but are a prerequisite for MT advance out of the C-domain into more distal regions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In agreement with these results, persistent growth-cone motility and absence of P-domain MTs were reported after treatment of Xenopus neurons with nanomolar levels of vinblastine (Tanaka et al., 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Note also the relatively high level of diffuse tubulin labeling in nocodazole (Fig. 5 D) when compared with taxol-treated growth cones (Fig. 5 H), where diffuse tubulin labeling is low, as expected from the decrease in critical tubulin con- centration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We then tested whether PDBu-mediated invasion re- quires dynamic MTs by treating growth cones with taxol or nocodazole at or below the levels illustrated above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the absence of PDBu, all of the MT drugs examined (including vinblastine and colchicine; data not shown) decreased the density of MTs in the T zones and P-domains (as in Fig. 5, A-H) in a dose-dependent manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The effects of nocoda- zole were examined quantitatively since this drug was found to be highly potent and its mode of action is re- ported to be somewhat less complex and more readily re- versible than the others (Jordan and Wilson, 1998b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cells were treated with 0, 10, 25, or 100 nM nocodazole Ϯ PDBu and P-domain MT density was assessed (Fig. 5 I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the absence of PDBu, distal axonal MT's (i.e., in the T zone and P-domain) were highly sensitive to nocodazole, as pre- viously reported (Bamburg et al., 1986), with inhibitory ef- fects at doses Ͼ 10 nM. In the presence of 1 M PDBu, clear and highly significant ( P Ͻ 0.001) inhibitory effects on MT extension were observed at nocodazole doses as low as 10 nM and inhibition of the PDBu response was es- sentially complete in 100 nM nocodazole."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The extreme no- codazole sensitivity observed after PDBu treatment sug- gests that MTs assembled subsequent to PKC activation may be highly dynamic (Jordan et al., 1992; Rochlin et al., 1996; Challacombe et al., 1997; Jordan and Wilson, 1998a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Low doses of vinblastine or taxol (Fig. 5 I) also inhibited PDBu-mediated MT advance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In summary, these results indicate that MT assembly is a necessary component of PDBu-mediated MT advance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess PDBu effects on microtubule assembly using an independent methodology, biochemical experiments were performed on Aplysia central nervous system tissue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "De- tecting changes in soluble tubulin biochemically in the face of high baseline levels was not possible due to signal-to- noise problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, given the apparent high sensitiv- ity of newly assembled MTs to nocodazole, we tested whether PDBu would increase the nocodazole-sensitive MT pool as an alternative approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Experiments were per- formed on paired nervous systems from the same animal treated with either 1 M PDBu or 1 M of the inactive iso- mer 4-␣ phorbol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ganglia were lysed in microtubule stabili- zation buffer, and free tubulin and microtubules were sepa- rated by sedimentation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found a small but significant increase in the percentage of tubulin found in the pellet af- ter PDBu treatment (Fig. 6, A-C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To determine whether this increase was due to assembly of nocodazole-sensitive microtubules, we assessed the amount of tubulin released from pellets by 100 nM nocodazole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nocodazole induced a significant increase in the amount of tubulin released from pellets prepared from PDBu-treated ganglia (Fig. 6, D-F); furthermore, the amount of tubulin released by nocodazole approximately matched the increase in tubulin sedimented after PDBu (Fig. 6 C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Paradoxically, treatment with low doses of nocodazole alone resulted in a small decrease in the amount of tubulin released from the Triton-insoluble pellet (Fig. 6, D and E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similar effects have been reported in Xenopus extract preparations (Canman and Bement, 1997); however, this effect is not well understood and more- over was not observed in the presence of PDBu."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overall, these biochemical results are consistent with PDBu increas- ing assembly of a dynamic (i.e., nocodazole-sensitive) pool of microtubules and support our in vivo findings that PDBu results in nocodazole-sensitive MT advance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To directly address the mechanism of the PKC effects de- scribed above, we assessed microtubule dynamics before and after treatment with PDBu using FSM."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This relatively new microtubule marking technique (Waterman-Storer et al., 1998; Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1998) permits rapid assessment of the critical dynamic parameters of MT behavior, including assembly, disassembly, and transloca- tion (sliding) rates as well as MT lifetimes in each state."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig. 7 shows DIC-MT overlays illustrating the distribution of MTs before (A) and after (B) PDBu exposure with re- spect to growth-cone structure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fig. 7 C is another growth cone in PDBu illustrating extended undbundled MTs typi- cally observed after PDBu treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Note the spatial overlap between MTs and actin cables that extend into filopodia (Fig. 7 C, arrowheads), as observed in fixed cells (compare Fig. 4, C and D)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Representative MT behavior under control conditions is illustrated in the time-lapse im- age montages shown in Fig. 7, D and E. MTs underwent stochastic bursts of growth and shortening (green arrow- heads indicate the penultimate plus-end speckle) superim- posed on relatively short MT translocations in both direc- tions, as indicated by speckles maintained within the body of MTs over time (red arrowheads)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Under control condi- tions, microtubule growth, shrinkage, and sliding activity occurred within the transition zone with only occasional MT excursions into the P-domain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, after PDBu exposure, MTs often extended deep into the P-domain and occasionally reached the leading edge of the growth cone."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This extension resulted from an increase in MT growth lifetimes as shown in the MT growth lifetime histo- grams in Fig. 7, H and I, under control conditions and after PDBu treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Note the presence of MT growth life- times in excess of 80 s in PDBu (Fig 7 I) and the nearly twofold increase in mean MT growth lifetime (Fig. 8 A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An example of a prolonged MT growth lifetime in PDBu is shown in Fig. 7 F."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The increase in growth lifetimes in PDBu was accompanied by a 1.7-fold increase in the MT rescue frequency and an approximately twofold decrease in catastrophe frequency (Table I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rates of MT growth and shortening increased slightly after PDBu treatment (Table I), but these changes were not statistically signifi- cant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Anterograde and retrograde translocation rates re- mained unchanged (Table I)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, after PDBu treatment, MTs penetrating the P-domain sometimes underwent prolonged periods of retrograde translocation, apparently in conjunction with retrograde F-actin flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An example of this phenomenon is illustrated in Fig. 7 G, where a MT continuously translo- cates in the retrograde direction (red marks) while still growing at a rate that matched or exceeded the rate of ret- rograde transport."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This resulted in the distal tip of the MT maintaining its position near the leading edge despite the opposing retrograde F-actin flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To analyze the contribu- tion of MT translocation in the observed effects, the per- centage of time MTs spent moving in the anterograde or retrograde direction or in a nonmoving state was assessed under control conditions and after PDBu treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We found MTs spent significantly more time undergoing ret- rograde movement after PDBu treatment and a propor- tional decrease in the amount of time MTs were not mov- ing (Fig. 8 B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It should be emphasized that net MT extension occurred despite the increase in retrograde MT"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The effects of PDBu on MTs appear to be specifically due to PKC-regulated events since multiple activators such as PDBu, TPA, or OAG had similar MT assembly-pro- moting effects that could be completely blocked by spe- cific PKC inhibitors and not observed with the inactive PDBu analogue, 4-␣-phorbol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although phorbol esters are known to cause activation of proteins other than PKC, such as chimaerin, Munc 13-1, Unc13, or Ras-GRP (Ron and Kazanietz, 1999), none of these proteins are kinases and therefore their activity should not be sensitive to ATP site-active PKC inhibitors such as Bis 1 used in this study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to activation, inhibition of PKC with Bis or re- lated compounds was surprisingly without observable ef- fects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This could indicate that a minimal level of basal PKC activity is required for the maintenance of GC structure under the conditions employed here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This finding appar- ently contradicts the \"growth-cone collapse\" due to PKC inhibition after introduction of protein kinase C pseu- dosubstrate peptides reported earlier (Theodore et al., 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, we observed effects similar to \"growth- cone collapse\" when we tested inhibitors such as chel- erythrine or calphostin C that interact with regions of PKC other than the C3 (ATP binding) domain (our unpub- lished observations)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Caution should be exercised, how- ever, in interpreting effects of these agents on growth cone structure, given that chelerythrine is reported to have di- rect effects on MT polymerization, and calphostin C has unpredictable phototoxic effects due to light-stimulated oxidative damage to PKC (Gopalakrishna et al., 1992; Wolff and Knipling, 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It has also been suggested that the regulatory domain of PKC, especially the pseudosub- strate, the C1 domain, and part of the V3 region, may be necessary and sufficient for sustaining neurite outgrowth (Zeidman et al., 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These observations are consistent with the aforementioned disruption of growth-cone struc- ture after introduction of excessive pseudosubstrate pep- tide into growth cones (Theodore et al., 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0055__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The differ- ence in the effects of ATP- and pseudosubstrate-based inhibitors may lie in the fact that addition of pseudosub- strate may increase availability of the regulatory domain for interactions while inhibiting the ATP transfer function of the kinase, whereas ATP-based inhibitors will only in- hibit ATP transfer without affecting availability of the reg- ulatory domain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It should be noted that our culture condi- tions (i.e., serum-free defined medium and poly-L-lysine substrate) minimize cross-talk between cell adhesion mol- ecule and growth factor signaling pathways, which could have a significant effect upon the ultimate response of the neurons to PKC activation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These factors should be kept in mind when comparing the responses reported here to those observed in more complex systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous studies on the effects of nocodazole in cells have demonstrated that concentrations in the 4-400-nM range inhibit MT dynamics without resulting in significant loss of MT polymer mass (Rochlin et al., 1996; Jordan and Wil- son, 1998b; Jordan and Wilson, 1999)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the current study, similar treatments with extremely low doses of nocodazole and other inhibitors that interfere with MT polymerization potently inhibited PDBu-stimulated MT extension (Fig. 5), indicating that MT assembly is necessary for the effects reported here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, our biochemical experiments showed an increase in MT polymer mass after PDBu treat- ment, and this MT polymer was also sensitive to depoly- merization by low doses of nocodazole (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In support of the current findings in neurons, PDBu has also been re- ported to increase MT polymerization in macrophages (Robinson and Vandre, 1995)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To directly address the role of MT assembly, we mea- sured MT dynamics using the FSM MT marking tech- nique."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a powerful new technique pioneered by Waterman-Storer and Salmon (1998) for investigating cy- toskeletal protein dynamics in living cells, which enables independent assessment of the contribution of polymer as- 1042 sembly dynamics and polymer translocation events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "FSM analysis revealed that MT polymerization is indeed af- fected by PDBu treatment; specifically, the duration of typical MT assembly events were increased approximately twofold (Fig. 7, H and I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This increase in MT growth life- times was accompanied by a 1.7-fold decrease in catastro- phe and approximately twofold increase in rescue fre- quencies (Table I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It should be noted that control rescue frequencies may be underestimated due to the difficulty in detecting rescue events occurring in relatively short MTs near the C-T-domain interface, where MT density is high (see Tanaka and Kirschner, 1991)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To investigate this is- sue, a subpopulation of long MTs with ends already in the P-domain under control conditions were analyzed (Table I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this population, the catastrophe frequency still de- ceased 1.7-fold in PDBu relative to controls; however, the rescue frequencies increased only ‫-3.1ف‬fold."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This smaller PDBu effect on peripheral (i.e., long) versus total MTs might result from inefficient detection of rescue events when assessed in the total MT population; however, we cannot rule out differences in MT behavior in the transi- tion zone versus P-domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These fundamental domain- specific issues are currently under investigation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, actual rates of MT growth and shortening were not af- fected by PDBu (Table I), making changes in tubulin dimer concentration an unlikely mechanism for the ob- served MT advance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Changes in rates of MT translocation are clearly not in- volved since retrograde and anterograde sliding rates were unaffected (Table I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, the proportion of time MTs spent undergoing translocation in the retrograde direction was actually increased in PDBu (36% vs. 49% for control vs. PDBu, respectively) despite net MT advance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "How can this paradox be resolved?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Retrograde F-actin flow appears to act as a barrier to MT advance (Forscher and Smith, 1988), and retrograde translocation of MTs in peripheral F-actin domains has been described in nonneuronal cells (Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1997)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The current study supports these findings and suggests that when MTs extend into the P-domain, they do so predominantly by exhibiting prolonged bursts of assembly that exceed the rate of F-actin flow (e.g., Fig. 7 F)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After extension, a MT can maintain its position in the P-domain by assembling at a rate that matches retrograde flow (e.g., Fig. 7 G); however, if MT assembly stops or slows below the rate of retrograde flow, the MT will be translocated rearward out of the P-domain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After PDBu treatment, the increased length of MTs within the P-domain promotes chances for MT-actin filament in- teractions, and this in turn may result in the increase in ret- rograde translocation events observed (Fig. 8 B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This scenario is consistent with the effects observed after stabi- lizing MTs with taxol; specifically, MTs were cleared from both the peripheral domain and transition zone, presum- ably via interactions with retrograde flow (Fig. 5 H)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This explanation suggests a role for the actomyosin-based pro- cess (Lin et al., 1996) of retrograde F-actin flow in clearing MTs from the P-domain; however, it does not rule out par- ticipation of other molecular motors in the variety of MT translocation events observed (a detailed analysis of MT behavior in this system will be published separately)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Whether PDBu-stimulated MT advance results from di- rect effects on the MTs themselves, indirectly from alter- ation of F-actin structure, or from changes in MT-F-actin interactions remains to be determined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "PDBu treatment does in fact affect F-actin structure; for example, in the in- hibition of actin-based ruffling seen in Fig. 2 B. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that the structure of the P-domain cytomatrix remains largely intact after PDBu treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, the large (100-150-nm diameter) organelles typical of the C-domain do not significantly ad- vance into the P-domain in PDBu."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is in contrast to treatment with cytochalasin, which disrupts peripheral F-actin and results in organelle advance into the P-domain (Forscher and Smith, 1988)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Second, previous studies sug- gest that the P-domain pore size or gel exclusion limit is 70-100 nM (Popov and Poo, 1992), which is considerably larger than the ‫-52ف‬nm diameter of a single MT, indicat- ing that individual MTs would not be excluded from the P-domain simply on the basis of cross-sectional area alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In agreement with this, we found that 2,000,000 kD FITC- dextran (‫-06ف‬nm stokes radius) gained diffusional access into the P-domain and, furthermore, the distribution of this probe did not appear to change with PDBu treatment (our unpublished observations)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0067__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Taken together, these ob- servations suggest that organelles are simply sterically ex- cluded from the peripheral domain by an F-actin-based barrier and the mechanism for MT exclusion from the P-domain is more complex."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "What potential effector proteins might be involved?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Re- cent evidence suggests the four parameters of MT dynam- ics (growth, shortening, catastrophe frequency, and rescue frequency) can be altered independently of one another in vivo (Desai and Mitchison, 1997; Andersen, 2000), so the situation is potentially complex."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With that said, the current data does point to a mechanism involving modulation of the frequency of MT catastrophe and/or rescue events by PKC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Potential candidates are proteins that regulate MT catastrophe frequency such as Op18/stathmin (Belmont and Mitchison, 1996; Di Paolo et al., 1997), kinesin family members KIN 1 (Desai et al., 1999) and XKCM1 (Wal- czak et al., 1996; Tournebize et al., 2000), or XMAP310, a MT rescue-promoting factor (Andersen and Karsenti, 1997)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the other hand, phosphorylation of MAPs by PKC is well known to promote their dissociation from MTs, MT unbundling, and decreased MT stability (Mori et al., 1991; Gordon-Weeks, 1993; Goold et al., 1999), all of which are consistent with the results presented here."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These lines of inquiry deserve further attention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous analysis of PKC's regulation of neurite out- growth have focused primarily on changes in F-actin struc- ture and actin polymerization dynamics."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our findings sug- gest an additional mechanism for regulating the overall rate of axon growth through modulation of MT dynamics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PKC activation results in a net increase in MT polymeriza- tion via a pronounced increase in MT growth lifetimes, thus promoting MT extension into the P-domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MT in- vasion of the P-domain could contribute to increased rates of neurite outgrowth we and many others have observed with chronic PKC activation (Hsu et al., 1989; Hundle et al., 1995; Fagerstrom et al., 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Interestingly, recent evi- dence suggests that dynamic MTs are necessary for deliv- ery and incorporation of new membranes into the distal 1043 axon (Zakharenko and Popov, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, PKC activa- tion, by promoting MT growth, could also facilitate tar- geted delivery of membrane components."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant RO1-NS28695 to P. Forscher and a Postdoctoral NIH National Research Service Award (1F32NS11122) to A.W. Schaefer."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_880__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interactions between microtubules (MTs) and filamentous actin (f-actin) are involved in directed cell locomotion, but are poorly understood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To test the hypothesis that MTs and f-actin associate with one another and affect each other’s organization and dynamics, we performed time-lapse dual-wavelength spinning-disk confocal fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) of MTs and f-actin in migrating newt lung epithelial cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "F-actin exhibited four zones of dynamic behavior: rapid retrograde flow in the lamellipodium, slow retrograde flow in the lamellum, anterograde flow in the cell body, and no movement in the convergence zone between the lamellum and cell body."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Speckle analysis showed that MTs moved at the same trajectory and velocity as f-actin in the cell body and lamellum, but not in the lamellipodium or convergence zone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "MTs grew along f-actin bundles, and quiescent MT ends moved in association with f-actin bundles."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0073__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These results show that the movement and organization of f-actin has a profound effect on the dynamic organization of MTs in migrating cells, and suggest that MTs and f-actin bind to one another in vivo."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The directed movement of cells is thought to result from complex and dynamic interactions between the microtubule (MT) and filamentous actin (f-actin) cytoskeletal systems [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Migrating cells have a polarized morphology, with a ruffling lamellipodium at the leading edge facing the direction of migration, followed by a flat lamellum, a tapering cell body, and a trailing tail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This polarity results from highly polarized organization and assembly/disassembly dynamics of f-actin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The lamellipodium contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments whose barbed ends continuously grow near the leading edge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "F-actin in both the lamellipodium and lamellum undergoes retrograde movement towards the cell center, which may mediate cellular traction [2][3][4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the cell body and tail, f-actin at the ventral cell surface forms bundles that may be contractile and mediate retraction of the cell rear [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MTs, like f-actin, exhibit polarized organization and dynamics in migrating cells [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MT plus ends grow out from the cell center primarily towards the leading edge where they undergo dynamic instability, i.e., stochastic switching between growth and shortening."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is evidence that MT movements may mimic those of f-actin, undergoing retrograde flow in the lamellum and forward motion in the cell body and tail [6][7][8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "How MTs and actin interact to produce directed cell motility is unclear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MTs may provide spatial cues to localize f-actin–based protrusion and contraction [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One way this could be achieved is by physical interaction between the two filament systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MTs and f-actin interact with one another in living, migrating cells to affect each other’s dynamic organization by using time-lapse dual-wavelength spinning-disk confocal fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) [9][10] to near simultaneously visualize f-actin and MT dynamic behaviors in migrating newt lung epithelial cells."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This analysis reveals for the first time that MTs exhibit interactions with f-actin bundles and meshworks that guide the movement and organization of MTs during cell motility."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results and discussion"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F-actin exhibits four distinct zones of dynamic behavior"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We concentrated our analysis of migrating newt lung epithelial cells on the cytoskeleton at the ventral cell surface because the f-actin in this region likely mediates the traction forces of motility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To support this notion, we generated deconvolved three-dimensional reconstructions of fixed cells labeled with fluorescent phalloidin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In X–Z views, f-actin in the lamellipodium and distal lamella fills an area the same thickness or thinner than our confocal optical section thickness of 530 nm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the proximal lamella and cell body, f-actin is concentrated solely in cortical regions of similar thickness, with little detectable actin in the central cell body."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This indicates that our confocal images contain the full population of ventral f-actin, and that in the cell center there is likely little interaction between dorsal and ventral f-actin."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For confocal FSM imaging, we injected cells with 0.5 mg/ml of X-rhodamine actin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Random incorporation of a few labeled and many endogenous unlabeled monomers during filament assembly gives f-actin structures a fluorescent speckled appearance in diffraction-limited images [9][11]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The speckles act as fiduciary marks on the filaments; their movement reports polymer movement, whereas their appearance/disappearance report polymer assembly/disassembly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To relate speckle dynamics to the f-actin structures seen in phalloidin-stained cells, we collected confocal FSM images at 10-s intervals followed by perfusion of fixative and staining with Alexa-488 phalloidin."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This showed that areas with somewhat even distributions of fluorescent speckles in FSM images corresponded to f-actin meshworks or fine f-actin bundles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Linear arrays of f-actin speckles that moved together coherently in time-lapse FSM corresponded to bundles of f-actin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There was a minor subset of f-actin bundles in the phalloidin image that had no correspondence in the FSM image, indicating their lack of incorporation of labeled actin and thus high stability."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Analysis of time-lapse confocal actin FSM image series in 39 cells revealed a general pattern of four distinct zones of f-actin movements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At the leading edge and throughout the lamellipodium, f-actin speckles continuously appeared and moved towards the cell center at 1.62 μm/min, as determined from kymograph analysis along the axis of motion [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As speckles approached the junction between the lamellipodium and lamellum they usually disappeared, suggesting a zone of f-actin disassembly [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To confirm this apparent gradient in actin density across the lamellipodium, cells were coinjected with X-rhodamine actin and FITC dextran (6 kD) as a volume marker."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ratio imaging indicated a steep gradient in actin density from the front to the rear of the lamellipodium."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F-actin speckles underwent retrograde flow more slowly in the lamellum at 0.34 μm/min."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Speckles also appeared and disappeared throughout the lamellum, suggesting f-actin assembly/disassembly throughout this region."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F-actin in the cell body generally moved towards the leading edge at a rate of 0.44 μm/min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Linear arrays of f-actin speckles in filament bundles moved coherently together generally towards the leading edge, though cell body bundles often approached the cell front at oblique angles."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Between the cell body, where the f-actin moved anterograde, and the lamellum, where f-actin moved retrograde, kymograph analysis along either the axis of migration or parallel to the leading edge failed to detect directed movement of f-actin speckles, but local movements and speckle disappearance was noted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although one might expect a buildup of filaments in this novel convergence zone where f-actin movements from the lamellum and cell body meet, ratio imaging with a volume marker revealed no increase in actin density."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, like the base of the lamellipodium, the convergence zone must be a region of massive f-actin disassembly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Interestingly, the direction of movement of f-actin on the ventral surface of newt lung cells correlates well with the direction of traction forces that other migrating cell types generate on the substrate [12][13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This novel convergence zone is located where forward and rearward traction forces are likely to meet."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0085__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This strongly implicates local ventral f-actin movement in generation of traction force, and suggests that actin depolymerization may be a major regulatory step in cell body traction, as has been shown for lamellipodial protrusion [14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MTs are coupled to f-actin movements"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To test the hypothesis that the movements of f-actin and MTs are directly correlated during cell migration, we monitored the dynamics of f-actin and MTs in 39 cells using dual-wavelength confocal FSM to capture images of X-rhodamine f-actin and Cy-2 MTs in rapid succession every 10 s. In single confocal sections, we could easily differentiate between an MT end, whose fluorescence intensity terminated abruptly, and an MT extending out of the plane of focus, whose fluorescence gradually decreased towards a terminus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We first analyzed in detail the behavior of individual MTs that were oriented primarily parallel to the leading edge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using dual-wavelength kymographs, we determined the percentage of total MT movement rates that matched within 2.5% the movement rates of the immediately adjacent f-actin speckles."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The precise coupling of f-actin and parallel MT movements occurred in all four zones of f-actin dynamic behavior: the lamellipodium, lamellum, convergence zone, and cell body."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also analyzed individual MTs that were oriented perpendicular to the leading edge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Kymographs showed that speckle marks on perpendicular MTs moved at the same velocity as the immediately adjacent f-actin in both the lamellum and in the cell body."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, in the lamellipodium and convergence zone, perpendicular MT movements were often uncoupled from actin movements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the lamellipodium, f-actin speckles moved rapidly past MT speckles, and the rearward velocity of the portion of the MT in the lamellipodium matched the slower rate of f-actin rearward flow from the leading edge in the lamellum."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "MTs that were perpendicular to the leading edge and extended from the cell body across the convergence zone and into the lamellum were often uncoupled from the stationary actin in the convergence zone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0089__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Sections of MT spanning this region buckled and bent extensively and moved at odd angles relative to the stationary f-actin speckles as portions of MT length moved into the convergence zone from adjacent cellular regions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results directly show that the acto-myosin–dependent movements of MTs reported previously [6][7][8] occur at the exact same rate as the f-actin in the immediate vicinity of the moving MT."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We suggest that the coordinated movement of f-actin and MTs is mediated by a specific crosslinking interaction between f-actin and MTs, as opposed to nonspecific trapping of MTs in the moving f-actin meshwork."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, the coupling of MT and f-actin movements is regionally regulated, being least robust in the lamellipodium, where the f-actin density is the highest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This strongly argues against the notion of nonspecific trapping of MTs by a dense f-actin meshwork."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Second, both MTs oriented parallel to the leading edge, which have a large cross-sectional area exposed to the force of f-actin flow, and MTs that are oriented perpendicular to the leading edge and which have a very small cross-sectional area exposed to the force of f-actin flow, move at the exact same rate as the immediately adjacent f-actin in the lamella and cell body."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, our analysis suggests that nonspecific trapping could occur for parallel MTs, which continue to move at f-actin flow rates in areas of the cell where perpendicular MTs are uncoupled from flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0090__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Alternatively, MTs and actin could both be riding on the same as yet unidentified conveyor belt, although we consider this unlikely, as we have documented MT/f-actin crosslinking interactions in Xenopus egg extracts [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MTs interact with f-actin bundles"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the cell body and convergence zone, dual-wavelength movies revealed that dynamic MTs often aligned along f-actin bundles and moved with them along their anterograde/oblique paths."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, dynamically unstable MTs associated with f-actin bundles that terminated in dense f-actin plaques."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0092__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analysis of speckle fiduciary marks indicated that the f-actin bundle and associated MT were stationary with respect to one another, demonstrating that MTs grew and shortened, as opposed to translocated, along f-actin bundles towards the plaques."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also observed a second type of interaction between MTs and f-actin bundles in the cell body."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individual MT ends terminated on linear arrays of f-actin speckles, often joining the f-actin bundle at oblique angles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Speckle tracking analysis showed that the MT end and speckles in the f-actin bundle moved in tandem, whereas the MT end moved past adjacent, nonbundle-associated f-actin speckles."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the MT end and the f-actin bundle were cotranslocating, as opposed to the MT moving along the f-actin bundle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, the distance between the MT end and a speckle along the MT shaft stayed constant over time, indicating that the MT end was neither growing nor shortening, but was capped."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0093__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, we have no indication of whether these were MT plus or minus ends."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We suggest that the guidance of MTs along actin bundles and the cotransport of MTs and f-actin in the lamellipodium and cell body may be mediated by the same putative MTs/f-actin crosslinking factor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This factor could be distributed along the MT or actin filament lattices and subject to regional regulation to allow local uncoupling of MTs from f-actin, i.e., in the lamellipodium or convergence zone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further, such a crosslinker may be fundamental to cell motility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0094__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, MT crosslinking to focal adhesion-associated f-actin bundles is likely the mechanism of MT targeting to focal adhesions, which spatially regulates focal adhesion turnover [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0094__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similar MT/f-actin crosslinking may also mediate guidance of MTs by f-actin bundles in neurons to determine MT distribution in growth cones that is critical to axonal guidance and branching [17][18][19][20]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, the interactions of capped MT ends with f-actin bundles likely is mediated by a separate molecular mechanism, in which a MT end–binding protein links to f-actin."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We suggest that MT end/f-actin interactions may be critical to functions that require establishment of cellular asymmetries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, linking of MT ends to the f-actin–rich cortex is important for orienting mitotic spindles and the placement of the cytokinetic furrow during cell division [21][22][23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, MT end/f-actin interactions could orient the centrosome forward of the nucleus and thus establish the polarity of migrating cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Indeed, recent evidence has shown that centrosome reorientation in migrating cells is dependent on the MT end–associated protein complex, cytoplasmic dynein [24][25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__critique__p0095__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There are several interesting candidates for linking MT to f-actin [26], and it will be interesting to test their involvement in MT-actin coupling with our dual-wavelength FSM assay."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_880__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have used multimode fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) and correlative differential interference contrast imaging to investigate the actin–microtubule (MT) interactions and polymer dynamics known to play a fundamental role in growth cone guidance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We report that MTs explore the peripheral domain (P-domain), exhibiting classical properties of dynamic instability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MT extension occurs preferentially along filopodia, which function as MT polymerization guides."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Filopodial bundles undergo retrograde flow and also transport MTs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, distal MT position is determined by the rate of plus-end MT assembly minus the rate of retrograde F-actin flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Short MT displacements independent of flow are sometimes observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "MTs loop, buckle, and break as they are transported into the T-zone by retrograde flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "MT breakage results in exposure of new plus ends which can regrow, and minus ends which rapidly undergo catastrophes, resulting in efficient MT turnover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We also report a previously undetected presence of F-actin arc structures, which exhibit persistent retrograde movement across the T-zone into the central domain (C-domain) at 1/4 the rate of P-domain flow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Actin arcs interact with MTs and transport them into the C-domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0096__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Interestingly, although the MTs associated with arcs are less dynamic than P-domain MTs, they elongate efficiently as a result of markedly lower catastrophe frequencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_880__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the neuronal growth cone, a sharp, yet highly dynamic interface exists between growing microtubules (MTs) in the axon shaft, and peripheral actin networks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mounting evidence suggests that directed axon guidance depends on coordinated interactions between MTs and actin filaments in growth cones [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During axon guidance, actin based motility is harnessed to promote MT growth and steering."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0097__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the fundamental details of how F-actin networks influence MT behavior, and vice versa, are not well understood."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_880__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MT behavior in growth cones was initially characterized by Tanaka and Kirschner [2] (also Sabry et al., 1991)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They found that individual unbundled MTs invaded the actin-rich peripheral domain (P-domain) and appeared to display properties of dynamic instability; however, because it was not possible to make fiducial marks on MTs, the respective contributions of polymerization and translocation to MT advance could not be assessed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Damping MT dynamics with vinblastine (without net depolymerization) disrupted the normal cycle of MT bundling and splaying, but actin-based motility was essentially unimpaired."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0098__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Interestingly, vinblastine-treated growth cones tended to wander, suggesting that MT dynamics are necessary for converting actin-based motility into directed, persistent growth [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0098__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subsequent reports confirmed that dampening MT dynamics also inhibited growth cone turning in response to guidance cues [2, 4, 5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_880__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hints that actin motility is an early step in axon guidance responses emerged from studies where F-actin accumulated in growth cone filopodia before turning [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, there has been much speculation about the function of filopodia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Evidence suggests that filopodia can play a structural role, exert mechanical tension, selectively adhere to target substrates, and are involved in signal transduction [7, 8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "EM and immunofluorescence studies have also noted striking coalignment of filopodial F-actin bundles with MTs in growth cones [9, 10, 11]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These observations led to the notion that capture or stabilization of dynamic MT ends via interactions with filopodial actin bundles may be an early step in growth cone turning [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is also well known that growth cones use actomyosin-based motility to exert steering forces on substrates [15, 16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Not surprisingly, cytochalasin treatments resulted in loss of axon and MT guidance capabilities [17], although axonal MTs can still extend randomly in the absence of actin assembly [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0099__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "MTs were also observed to rapidly extend to the leading edge of growth cones treated with cytochalasin after clearance of P-domain F-actin [19], again suggesting intimate MT–actin interactions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_880__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In complimentary experiments, damping MT dynamics (with taxol or low doses of MT assembly inhibitors) did not markedly affect retrograde F-actin flow; however, MTs were cleared from the P-domain [20, 21, 22, 23], suggesting retrograde actin flow may regulate MT positioning."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, recent studies in motile cells have demonstrated that retrograde F-actin flow affects MT translocation, assembly, and catastrophe rates [24]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0100__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All of these observations point to the importance of MT–actin filament interactions; however, a clear description of how these two cytoskeletal polymers influence each other’s behavior in growth cones has not emerged."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_880__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "880", "paragraph_id": "triad_880__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recent advances in cooled CCD-based imaging techniques, including multimode fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM), make it possible to directly measure actin and tubulin polymer dynamics in living cells, and correlate them with cell motility [25, 26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the current study we have used FSM to determine the relative contribution of MT assembly dynamics versus MT translocation in establishing the steady-state MT distribution in growth cones, and to address how F-actin dynamics influence MT behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This data provides a quantitative framework for interpreting the complex effects of signaling pathways on the cytoskeletal motility machinery during axon growth and guidance [27]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_880__response__p0101__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We focus on three findings: (1) filopodia are assembly guides for a highly dynamic population of MTs that efficiently explore the P-domain; (2) actin filament arc structures in the T-zone are associated with a population of MTs with distinctly different kinetic parameters than those in the P-domain; and (3) filopodia and arcs both transport MTs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_880/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2053978255_W1981819609_W2142286619", "triad_name": "triad_880", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_880__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach, 1797) have less stringent habitat requirements than many other smaller mammals (Laws, 1970), they do not use habitats randomly (e.g. Leuthold, 1977; Western & Lindsay, 1984; Viljoen, 1989; Verlinden & Gavor, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is especially true in the dry season when resources are less abundant and occur in hot spots (Ntumi et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stokke & Du Toit (2000) argue that investi- gations into sex- and age-related differences in elephant feeding patterns and habitat use, coupled with surveys of elephant population structure, would be logical precursors to meaningful quantifications of the impacts of elephant populations on savanna vegetation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this paper, we investigate sexual segregation in space and resource use between mixed herds and bull groups in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Various studies have shown that larger herbivores can tolerate a wider range of forage quality than smaller herbivores can (e.g. Bell, 1971; Geist, 1974; Jarman, 1974; Du Toit & Owen-Smith, 1989; Illius & Gordon, 1992; Wilmshurst et al., 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This phenomena is mostly ascribed to the absolute metabolic needs and retention time increasing with body size, and mass-specific metabolic rates decreasing, with gut capacity as fraction of body mass remaining almost constant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This means that larger herbivores can satisfy their nutritional requirements even when ingesting forage of lower quality, because the cell walls are better digested as a result of increased ingesta retention time (Demment & van der Soest, 1985)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, critical forage quality thresholds are higher for small Diversity and Distributions, 13, 225-236, Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd than large animals and critical forage quantity thresholds are higher for large animals than small animals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the context of the present study, the theory of allometric scaling of dietary tolerance therefore implies that female and juvenile elephants will have higher nutritional requirements per unit body size than male elephants because of their smaller body size (Du Toit & Owen-Smith, 1989; Du Toit & Cumming, 1999)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Considering this, together with the increased reproductive demands on cows (pregnancy and lacta- tion), we can expect bulls to be less selective and more tolerant of lower-quality food than cows and juveniles (Stokke, 1999; Stokke & Du Toit, 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This would result in a wider use of habitats and thus a wider spatial distribution of bull groups compared to mixed herds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This forms the first hypothesis we addressed in this paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although bulls have greater total water requirements (Young, 1970), cows and juveniles have higher relative rates of water turn- over because of their higher rates of evaporative and respiratory water loss (Gordon, 1977; Beuchat, 1990)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, mixed herds with juveniles and neonates are less mobile than bull groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a consequence, mixed herds will have to drink more often and minimize their distance to the closest water source."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second hypothesis we tested is that mixed herds occur closer to surface water sources than bull groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This hypothesis has also been proposed by Stokke & Du Toit (2002)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this paper, we examined dry season sexual segregation in the KNP elephant population at the landscape scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, we considered differences between mixed herds and bull groups with regard to (1) spatial distribution, (2) forage and habitat selection (tree cover and herbaceous biomass), and (3) ranging distance from rivers and artificial waterholes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We expect bull groups to (1) have a wider spatial distribution, (2) be less specific in their forage and habitat requirements, and (3) occur farther from surface water than mixed herds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study was conducted on a landscape scale and included the whole of KNP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The park covers a total area of nearly 20,000 km 2 in the eastern Lowveld region of South Africa, adjoining the Mozambique border in the east and Zimbabwe in the north."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Elevations range from 260 to 839 m a.s.l. and mean annual rainfall varies from around 750 mm in the south to around 440 mm in the north, but with large variations between years (Gertenbach, 1980; Venter et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The west of the park is dominated by granites and their erosion products, whereas the east is domi- nated by basalts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The Lebombo Mountains, primarily rhyolite, run from north to south on the eastern boundary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Four major vegetation types dominate the KNP landscape (Eckhardt et al., 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The south-west are well-wooded, with accumulation of low-quality grazing because of the nutrient- poor granitic soils underlying this area."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Important trees include the red bushwillow (Combretum apiculatum Sond.), knobthorn (Acacia nigrescens Oliv.), tamboti (Spirostachys africana Sonder) and marula (Sclerocarya birrea [A. Rich.] Hochst.)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the south-east, on the basalts, the grasses are more palatable and tend to be more heavily grazed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Important trees include knobthorn, leadwood (Combretum imberbe Wawra) and marula."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The north-west granites are dominated by mopane (Colophospermum mopane [Kirk ex benth.] Kirk ex J. Leonard) and red bushwillow and are poorly grassed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The north-east basalts are dominated by homogeneous 1-2 m high, multi-stemmed mopane shrubs, with more grass cover than the north-west granites."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Six perennial rivers cross the park from west to east."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further- more, more than 300 boreholes were drilled between the 1930s and the 1980s as part of the water provision programme to ensure a reliable year-round network of surface water throughout the park (Gaylard et al., 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In more recent years, the desirability of such a high density of surface water, minimizing the influence of temporal variability in rainfall, has been questioned (e.g. Walker et al., 1987; Owen-Smith, 1996; Harrington et al., 1999; Owen-Smith & Mills, 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consequently, the water provision policy was revised, resulting in the closure of more than half the artificial waterholes (Pienaar et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The history of the water provision programme and the revision thereof is described in detail, respectively, by Pienaar (1985) and Pienaar et al. ( 1997)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A common spatial framework to which all the Geographical Information System (GIS) and satellite data layers could be summarized had to be enforced."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a common approach in ecological studies faced with data from different sources and with different underlying spatial resolutions (e.g. Tognelli & Kelt, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Considering the spatial resolution of the different data sets, it was decided to summarize all variables to a common 1-km grid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This resulted in 19,269 grid cells covering the whole of the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As could be expected, some cells on the boundaries were smaller than 1 km 2 , and as a result all the different data layers were summarized to the reference grid by averaging within the grid, rather than by adding within the grid (i.e. standardizing by area)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two KNP elephant distribution data sets were used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data from the annual mega-herbivore census (a helicopter count of ele- phants, buffaloes and rhinos) were used for testing whether the elephant sexes exhibit spatial and resource segregation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These data were also used for calibrating the multivariate autologistic regression models that identify significant predictors of elephant distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second data set came from the annual ecologi- cal aerial survey (EAS), which used a fixed-wing aeroplane to count all the large herbivores in the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The EAS data set was used only for verifying the predictions of the autologistic models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A helicopter was flown at an average height of 150 m and at a speed of 100 knots, with four observers on board, counting and noting all elephants, buffaloes and rhinos."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These annual censuses were conducted over the whole park in the late dry season (August), using a total count on a pattern that follows all of the Sexual segregation of elephants © 2007 The Authors Diversity and Distributions, 13, 225-236, Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 227 drainage lines (Whyte, 2001a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When a big elephant herd was sighted, the helicopter would circle lower until the observers reached consensus on the herd size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The number and location was plotted on a 1 : 100,000 map for later digitization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For each sighting, it was noted whether it was a mixed herd or a bull group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Mixed herds were defined to include breeding herds with a matriarch and other adult females with their offspring, as well as family units attended by adult males."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Bull groups comprised of adult males only, occurring independently from family units."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0016__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Individual elephant bulls were included in the bull group category."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We used data from 1985 to 1996 in this study, with census totals ranging from 6887 to 8371 individuals over this period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No accurate locations were recorded for the sightings prior to 1985."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In 1997, the water provision policy in the park was revised and many artificial waterholes were closed (Pienaar et al., 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This caused a change in the resource distribution and hence data from post 1996 were excluded from the present analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In order to get a better idea of elephant distribution, all sight- ings over the 12-year period were combined into a single GIS data layer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This approach of combining snap-shot data from various periods is common in ecological studies (e.g. Osborne et al., 2001; Lichstein et al., 2002; Silva et al., 2002; Tognelli & Kelt, 2004; Olivera-Gomez & Mellink, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The data were then transformed into absence/presence data for each 1-km grid cell."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The fixed-wing EAS were used as an independent data set for validating the model predications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The EAS was conducted annually over most of the park in the dry season (May-August), using a total area count on 800-m wide strip transects (Viljoen, 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A fixed-wing aircraft was flown at a height of 65-70 m at a speed of 95-100 knots, with four observers on board."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The location and herd size of the key herbivore species were recorded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Most of the park was covered from 1981 to 1993, after which the methodology was changed and only sections or specific transects in the park were flown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We used data from 1985 to 1996, covering the same period as the mega-herbivore census data used in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0019__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Again, all the sightings were combined into a single GIS layer and transformed into absence/presence data for each 1-km grid cell."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The annual counting of elephants in both the mega-herbivore census and EAS may appear like duplication in effort."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is known that the EAS data contain an under-count bias (Redfern et al., 2002) and because mega-herbivores (elephant, buffalo and rhino) are of particular concern for managers of confined conservation areas, like the KNP, the helicopter census was designed to provide better estimates and distributions of these heavy, bulk feeders (Joubert, 1983)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The greater manoeuvrability of the helicopter compared to the fixed-wing aeroplane improves data collection, resulting in better-quality data."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, even though the EAS data represent an under-count of the elephant population, it still provides independent and spatially accurate distribution data suitable for validating the regression models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 1 lists the resource variables included in the study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Every May since 1989, herbaceous biomass has been estimated at more than 500 field sites scattered throughout the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These sites were selected to be proportionally representative of the different landscapes in the park (Trollope et al., 1989)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Field measurements were taken with a disc pasture meter at these sites and the herbaceous biomass calculated from a simple regression equation calibrated for Kruger."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The method is fully described in Trollope & Potgieter (1986)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Variograms of the average herba- ceous biomass at each site revealed that the sites exhibited strong spatial structure, suggesting that geostatistical techniques may be useful for interpolation across the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Co-kriging is one such geostatistical interpolation technique that minimizes the variance of the estimation error by exploiting the cross-correlation between the variable to be interpolated and another variable (Isaaks & Srivistava, 1989; Webster & Oliver, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We established that advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) metrics had a reasonable cross-correlation with biomass and therefore we used it as a secondary variable in the co-kriging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Various other studies have also shown that annual metrics derived from remote sensing can be useful for estimating vegetation cover (e.g. Hansen et al., 2002a; Schwarz & Zimmerman, 2005)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We found that co-kriging, using the satellite-derived data described previously as secondary variable, gave better interpolation results than ordinary kriging without the satellite data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The data and method are fully described in Smit et al. ( in preparation)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The interpolation was carried out on a 500-m grid, before being averaged to the 1-km reference grid."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These data were derived from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The product we used is referred to as MOD44B (vegetation continuous fields) and can be found on the internet (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/modis/vcf/ description.shtml)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This product estimates for each 500 m pixel, the percentage of the pixel covered by (1) trees (2) bare soil and (3) herbaceous layer."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The dependent data were derived by classifying high-resolution imagery and then aggregating it to the coarser MODIS scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The independent data were derived from multitemporal metrics based on a full year of coarse resolution MODIS data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A regression tree algorithm was then used to predict the dependent variable of tree cover based on signatures from the multi-temporal metrics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The method is fully described in Hansen et al. ( 2002a) and verified for an African woodland in Hansen et al. ( 2002b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We included tree canopy cover in our analysis, averaging it to the 1-km reference grid."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The distance from the centroid of each 1-km grid cell to the closest main river was calculated using standard GIS procedures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rivers were classified as 'main' rivers if they were perennial or seasonal with reliable pools."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The period studied was during the height of the water stabilization programme, with more than 300 artificial waterholes providing surface water for animals throughout the park (Gaylard et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The distance from the centroid of each 1-km grid cell to the closest artificial waterhole was calculated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As a first step to establish whether bulls have a wider occurrence in the park, we simply compared the proportion of the total number of cells within which bulls were observed to the proportion of cells within which mixed herds were observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The McNemar test (McNemar, 1947) was used to test if the probability is the same to detect a bull group or a mixed herd in any given cell."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 2 illustrates the  results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Note that both distance to closest artificial waterhole and distance to closest river were nor- malized by the square-root transform."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Northing was relatively uniformly distributed and could not be transformed to a normal distribution using the transformations usually employed, so care should be taken when interpreting the northing results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To explore the multivariate significance of each resource variable in explaining the presence of mixed herds and bull groups, respectively, logistic regression models were used."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, con- ventional logistic regression ignores spatial autocorrelation in the residuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This often inappropriately inflates the statistical importance of variables (Lichstein et al., 2002; Knapp et al., 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To overcome this, we adopted the approach proposed by Augus- tine et al. ( 1996), by incorporating an autologistic term in the models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The autologistic term was calculated as the probability of occurrence based on kernel density in a neighbourhood around the cell of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This means that cells with many herds in close proximity will have bigger autologistic values (higher probabilities) than cells with no herds in close proximity (lower probabilities), using a Gaussian distance decay function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After investigating the indicator variograms (Isaaks & Srivastava, 1989) for mixed herds and bull groups, it was decided to define the neighbourhood as 15 km, representing the range of the spatial dependence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although calculated slightly differently, this approach of using a distance decay function is similar with that used in other studies (Augustine et al., 1996; Osborne et al., 2001; Lichstein et al., 2002; Tognelli & Kelt, 2004)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To select among multivariate model terms, backward selection procedures were used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The full model was run with all explana- tory variables and the term with the highest P value was removed Sexual segregation of elephants running the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Terms were removed until the biggest P value was less than 0.05."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The predicted surfaces from the regression models were cross- validated using the elephant distribution data collected in an independent survey (EAS)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We compared if elephants indeed occurred more frequently in cells with higher predicted probabil- ities using a different data set than the one used for calibrating the models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Statistical analyses were conducted using  (version 14) and all GIS analyses were conducted using  (version 3.2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over the 12-year period of this study, bulls were observed in significantly more grid cells (24.89%) than the mixed herds (17.50%) (McNemar χ 2 = 354.8164, d.f. = 1, P < 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, 25.08% of the cells within which bulls were observed occurred more than 2 km from the nearest cell within which a mixed herd was recorded, whereas only 3.96% of mixed herd cells were farther than 2 km from the nearest cells where bulls were observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 1 confirms this visually."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Note the wide distribution of bulls and the exclusive bull areas as well as the apparent lack of such exclusive areas for mixed herds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cells within which only bulls were observed were more north than cells within any of the other categories (Fig. 2a: F = 31.28, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The cells with no elephants were, however, more north than both the cells within which mixed herds and bull groups occurred concurrently, as well as the cells within which only mixed herds occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the northing of the cells within which mixed herds and bulls occurred simultane- ously were not significantly different from the northing of cells occupied exclusively by mixed herds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The categories differed concerning herbaceous biomass (Fig. 2b: F = 41.30, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Bull groups occurred, on average, in cells with more herbaceous biomass than cells within which no elephants were encountered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, cells within which no elephants were observed had more herbaceous biomass © 2007 The Authors Diversity and Distributions, 13, 225-236, Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 231 than cells within which both mixed herds and bull groups occurred simultaneously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The latter did not differ significantly from cells within which only mixed herds occurred."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The tree cover was highest in the cells where mixed herds occurred and lowest in cells within which only bulls were encountered (Fig. 2c: F = 63.7, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The cells where elephants occurred were closer to the rivers than cells within which no elephants were observed (Fig. 2d: F = 112.27, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cells within which both mixed herds and bull groups were observed were closest to the rivers, but this was not significantly closer to rivers than cells where only mixed herds occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cells within which bull groups occurred exclusively were farther from the rivers than cells where mixed herds occurred exclusively, but it was still closer than cells where no elephants were observed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The categories differed concerning distance to the closest arti- ficial waterhole (Fig. 2e: F = 37.75, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The mul- tiple comparison test showed that cells within which bull groups occurred were significantly closer to the artificial waterholes than cells within which no elephants were observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, cells within which both mixed herds and bull groups occurred as well as cells within which mixed herds occurred exclusively were farther from the waterholes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Collinearity between predictor variables may confound their independent effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, prior to logistic regression ana- lysis, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for all pairwise combinations of the independent variables."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The corre- lations between the resource variables were moderate to low (| r | < 0.3) and therefore we did not consider collinearity to be of major concern (Berry & Feldman, 1985)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table 2 summarizes the variables that were included in the models after backward selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Note that both mixed herds and bull groups are attracted to rivers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additionally, mixed herds prefer areas with higher tree coverage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Bull groups seem to be significantly associated with waterholes and although they occur throughout the park, their distribution is biased towards the north."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The autologistic models performed better than a random model in predicting mixed-herd and bull-group dry season distribution of an independently collected data set (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The cells were sorted from small to large predicted probabilities and based on this, divided into four classes with equal number of cells within each category (i.e. quartiles)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The percentages of the total Fig. 3(a-b), respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The upward trend in both Fig. 3(a-b) indicates that the models are useful in predicting the distribution of mixed herds and bull groups, with more elephant herds occurring in cells with higher predicted probabilities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Note, however, that there are still considerable sightings in the lower probability classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Consider- ing (1) that the models were based on aggregating snapshot data from different years (2) the inherent inaccuracies associated with data collection and recording (3) that elephants may have been recorded as they moved across non-preferred habitat between feeding hot spots (Bayley et al., 1998) (4) the uncertainty associ- ated with interpolation techniques (herbaceous biomass), (5) the inaccuracies associated with remote sensing data (tree cover), and (6) the fact that the various data layers were collected on different spatial scales, the models performed reasonably well."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, these models are probably more valuable in an explor- atory way, indicating which variables drive the landscape scale and sexually distinct dry season distribution patterns of elephants, rather than being accurate models for predicting fine-scale localized patterns."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study indicates differences between the elephant dry season distribution patterns of mixed herds and bull groups in the KNP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Compared to mixed herds, elephant bull groups had a wider scatter across the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This provides support for the hypothesis that elephant bull groups have less specific habitat and food requirements (Stokke, 1999; Stokke & Du Toit, 2002), and there- fore they can roam more extensively across a wider range of habitats than mixed herds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This can be expected because the larger- bodied bulls can tolerate a wider range of forage quality, are more mobile to move between feeding hot spots, and because of smaller group sizes, have lower collective feeding requirements than the bigger mixed herds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This also agrees with work carried out in Mozambique that found bulls' home range to be larger than that of females (Ntumi et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As resources are more widely available during the wet season, niche differentiation may be weaker during the abundant season when competition is less intense."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, Gordon & Illius (1989) and Voeten & Prins (1999) have shown that the distributions of herbivores overlap more during the abundant season than during the lean season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ntumi et al. ( 2005) also found that elephants occur in hot spots during the dry season when resources are less abundant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, although it seems as if the bull areas remain intact during the wet season (I Whyte, pers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "obs.), the sexual segregation boundaries may become softer during the rainy season because of a wider availability of resources, and musth bulls seeking more mating opportunities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over and above the wider distribution of bull groups com- pared to mixed herds, our results demonstrate inter-sexual differences between the resources in the grid cells frequented by the mixed herds and bull groups, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The univariate non-spatial analysis suggests that the average of resources in grid cells where mixed herds occurred exclusively differed significantly from the average of resources in grid cells where bull groups roamed exclusively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, it was of particular significance that the resources in the cells within which both mixed herds and bull groups occurred concurrently were more similar to the resources in the cells within which only mixed herds occurred than the cells within which only bulls occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This illustrates that the bulls' distribution and resource use overlaps with that of mixed herds, but not vice versa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One possible reason is that bulls can utilize resources that the mixed herds utilize, but mixed herds cannot utilize resources/areas that the bulls use (i.e. bull areas)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, the bulls' distribution may overlap with mixed herds, as a result of musth bulls associating with the family units for mating opportunities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the time of the surveys (dry season) is when very few females are in oestrus (Smuts, 1975) and mating possibilities would be limited."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is also likely that the overlap is the result of young males that have left their natal herd, but still occur in the vicinity (Moss, 1988)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We will leave this as an untested hypothesis because no data on size, age and social relationships of the bulls were collected."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Note, however, that this hypothesis of young bulls leaving their natal herd and staying in the area close to the herd is in line with the principle of allometric scaling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because elephants grow for their entire lifetime (Laws, 1966; Hanks, 1972), the young mature bulls leaving the mixed herds will be smaller than old bulls and may therefore have habitat and forage requirements similar to that of the smaller individuals in mixed herds (hence the observed resource overlap)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, as the bulls grow older and bigger, they can move out of these mixed herd areas into bull areas, exploiting resources that will not meet the requirements of the smaller cows, calves and new-generation young bulls."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mixed herds were expected to occur closer to surface water sources than the bull groups because of higher rates of water turnover (Gordon, 1977; Beuchat, 1990) and lower mobility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was indeed observed around the rivers (Fig. 2d), with mixed herds occurring closer to the rivers than the bull groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stokke & Du Toit (2002) observed the same pattern in Chobe, Bot- swana, with bull groups roaming farther from the rivers than the mixed herds during the dry season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Laws (1970) also noted that bulls could survive for longer periods away from water."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A point of interest in Kruger, however, concerns the pattern around the artificial waterholes, with bull groups occurring closer and mixed herds being neutral to these artificial water sources (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We hypothesize that this preference for rivers by the mixed herds is because rivers not only act as water sources, but additionally as a habitat hot spot with shade and higher-quality browse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many of the waterholes, especially in the north of the park, are located farther from the main rivers, sometimes in open, grassy areas with little tree cover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As seen in this paper, this is suboptimal dry season habitat for the mixed herds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, surface water availability did not seem to provide a strong enough incentive to lure large numbers of mixed herds away from the rivers and the areas with a denser tree canopy where nutritional, water and shade requirements could be met."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, our results suggest that waterholes may be more important for bulls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0057__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Visual inspec- tion of Fig. 1 seems to further support this notion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, it must be remembered that because of the data collection method, the results of this paper show that mixed herds are not aggregat- ing around the waterholes at the time of the survey and do not Sexual segregation of elephants © 2007 The Authors Diversity and Distributions, 13, 225-236, Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 233 necessarily imply that the mixed herds do not utilize the water- holes from time to time, at night, during other seasons or when moving across otherwise waterless areas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The multivariate spatial analysis suggests that tree cover and distance to rivers are significant predictors for mixed herds' dis- tribution, with mixed herds preferring areas close to rivers and with higher tree coverage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This agrees with the work of Ntumi et al. ( 2005) in Mozambique who found that elephants prefer habitat types with a relatively closed canopy as well as riverine thickets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This may be expected, as the mixed herds, with their requirements for shade (Laws & Parker, 1968; Laws, 1970; Barnes, 1993) and higher-quality forage (Miquelle et al., 1992; Du Toit, 1985; Weckerley, 1993; Stokke, 1999) will select areas with adequate tree cover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, many studies in Africa have proven that elephants prefer to browse rather than graze during the dry season, providing further support for the impor- tance of trees (Laws, 1970; Beekman & Prins, 1989; Kabigumila, 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The bark and roots of trees also form important high- quality resources utilized by elephants."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both distance to rivers and distance to waterholes, as well as UTM northing, significantly predict the bull's distribution (Table 2)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It therefore seems as if it is primarily water resources, and not forage (tree or herbaceous cover) determining bull dry season distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This also agrees with our hypothesis that bulls, because of their size, can utilize a wider range of low-quality forage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Stokke (1999) found similar results in a study conducted at a feeding patch scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It was found that family units discriminated between patches in their surroundings and selected patches offer- ing the highest density of palatable species, whereas males were apparently less influenced by the distribution of resources in their environment and browsed in patches containing the same amount and combination of species as surrounding areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In Kruger, bulls are often seen during the aerial censuses to stand fully exposed on grassy plains or under the few large trees on grassy plains, whereas it is extremely uncommon to see mixed herds in these open areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We propose that bulls can occur on the open grassy plains in the dry season because of their wider tolerance for low-quality food, with grass being less nutritious than browse in the dry season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0060__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Also, individual or small groups of bulls need fewer trees to satisfy their shade and browse requirements (com- pared to the larger mixed herds, which need more shade, cover and browse, especially if young elephants are present)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Considering all the grid cells, the average distance to the closest artificial waterhole and closest main river were 4.4 km and 6.1 km, respectively, for the study period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is relatively short distances that should not pose major difficulty for elephants to cross."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There- fore, very little of the park was really significantly far from surface water and hence we expect that a full expression of how elephants relate to surface water could not be expressed in the Kruger context."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Only if many or all the waterholes are closed or rivers dry up, may elephants alter their distribution with regard to surface water."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The elephant population of the Kruger National Park (KNP) increased at a mean intrinsic rate of 7.5% per year between 1967 and 2000 (Whyte et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The culling of elephants from 1966 to 1994 kept the population between 7000 and 8500 indi- viduals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, after 1994, a moratorium was placed on cull- ing (Whyte et al., 1999) and the elephant population increased to 12,467 (0.66/km 2 ) in 2005 (Whyte, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Cumming et al. ( 1997) stated that an elephant density of 0.5/km 2 could convert a savanna woodland to a shrubland."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Various other studies have also proven that high densities of elephants modify and change animal and plant communities (e.g. Western & Gichohi, 1989; Moolman & Cowling, 1994; Johnson et al., 1999; Lombard et al., 2001; Western & Maitumo, 2004) and homogenize habitats."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The core mission of the KNP is the preservation of biodiversity (Mabunda et al., 2003), and a loss of biodiversity as a result of the effects of a large elephant population is therefore unacceptable."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0062__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, whether Kruger has long reached, are about to reach or will ever reach an elephant population density that will cause structural homogenization or cause a loss of biodiversity, are highly debated topics (Anon, 2004) and hence elephant manage- ment, or the lack thereof, remains controversial (Whyte et al., 1998; Whyte, 2001a,b; Gillson & Lindsay, 2003; Skinner, 2005; Whyte & Fayrer-Hosken, in press)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "But not only is the need for elephant management in Kruger, and indeed many southern African countries, controversial, but also the options available to managers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Culling, immuno-contraception, translocations and metapopulations with movement corridors are some of the options often considered (Whyte, 2001b; Anon, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Another non-intrusive management tool that has been proposed is the management of artificial water sources (Owen-Smith, 1996; Gillson & Lindsay, 2003)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Considering (1) the results presented here (preference of mixed herds for areas close to rivers as opposed to areas close to artificial waterholes during the dry season) (2) the fact that the population growth rate did not decrease post-1997 when more than half of the waterholes in Kruger were permanently closed (Pienaar et al., 1997; Whyte, 2005) (3) the abundance of natural surface water in Kruger (Redfern et al., 2005), and (4) the abundance of elephants in parks with no or little artificial water provision (Barnes et al., 1999), it is unlikely that closure of artificial waterholes will affect the elephant population in the KNP significantly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact, smaller less mobile species with more specific habitat requirements will possibly be more affected if waterholes are closed within their home range (Smit et al., in press)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is important to distinguish between resource use by elephant bulls and mixed herds because their impact on the habitat may differ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this study, we compared the dry season distribution of bull groups and mixed herds, highlighting spatial and resource segregation between them in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It was found that bulls roamed more widely across the park and were more tolerant in their habitat requirements than mixed herds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It was of particular significance that resources in areas fre- quented by both mixed herds and bull groups were more similar to resources in areas where only mixed herds occurred, but differed Diversity and Distributions, 13, 225-236, Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd from resources in areas that were used only by bulls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, it was possible to delineate areas exclusively roamed by bulls in the dry season, but no comparable exclusive mixed herds area could be found."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This implies that bulls share space with mixed herds, but additionally have exclusive access to other areas and resources that are not available for mixed herds to utilize."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These 'bull areas' occur in almost every studied elephant population (e.g. Moss, 1988) and we have shown this to be the case in Kruger as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0067__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Bulls spend most of their adult lives living in peaceful harmony with other bulls, and only move out into the breeding herd areas when in musth."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the dry season, mixed herds occurred more frequently in areas with abundant tree cover and close to rivers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although bulls were also attracted to rivers, they occurred, on average, far- ther from them than mixed herds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, artificial water- holes might potentially have opened up previously unutilized areas for bulls in the dry season, especially on the grassy basaltic plains in the north of the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Elephant bulls show a distinct preference for drinking at artificial waterholes' reservoirs, appar- ently preferring the clean water that they can easily access with their trunks."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, natural surface water did not seem to be a scarce enough resource for artificial waterholes to lure mixed herds away from the rivers where they could meet their forage, water and habitat requirements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__original__p0068__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The feeding and water require- ments hypotheses proposed and examined in this study should be further tested in the field, tracking individual herds for extended periods and over different seasons."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3978__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Elephant management is highly controversial and any elephant-related study is quickly seen as a pro or con for one of the usual elephant management practices (culling, contraception or metapopulation management)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Managing water sources has also been suggested as one option, even though no experimental data exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In a recent issue of Diversity and Distributions, Smit et al. ( 2007) rejected this management tool as an efficient method to control elephant distribution and dynamics in Kruger National Park, South Africa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, we believe that (1) Smit et al. 's conclusion is poorly supported by the available data, and (2) that this non-intrusive management tool has the potential for being one of the few practices able to reconcile managers, scientists, and the public opinion in the never-ending ‘elephant problem’."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For these reasons, we believe that the strong conclusions of Smit et al. should be moderated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Finding a management tool, on which there is a consensus, to control elephant impacts seems to be harder than the quest for the Holy Grail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In a recent issue of Diversity and Distributions, Smit et al. ( 2007) questioned the idea that surface-water management could help in managing elephant distribution in the famous Kruger National Park (KNP, South Africa), specifically stating that ‘considering (1) the results presented here (preference of mixed herds for areas close to rivers as opposed to areas close to artificial waterholes during the dry season); (2) the fact that the population growth rate did not decrease post-1997 when more than half of the waterholes in Kruger were permanently closed (Pienaar et al., 1997; Whyte, 2005); (3) the abundance of natural surface water in Kruger (Redfern et al., 2005); and (4) the abundance of elephants in parks with no or little artificial water provision (Barnes et al., 1999), it is unlikely that closure of artificial waterholes will affect the elephant population in the KNP significantly’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "While we accept Smit et al. 's results of a closer vicinity of elephant herds to rivers than to artificial waterholes (and distance to river, not to artificial waterholes, being a significant predictor of elephant presence), we strongly disagree with the management-related conclusions of the authors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Our work in Hwange National Park (HNP, Zimbabwe) has been leading us to think that artificial surface-water management remains a highly promising, overlooked, elephant management practice (Chamaillé-Jammes et al., 2007), and that this may hold true for most other parks and specifically for KNP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0069__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Building on our experience, we here offer a re-interpretation of Smit et al. 's arguments, discussing the four above points backward."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3978__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(4) Is there any ecological basis to consider that artificial water provision must be necessary to reach high elephant abundance? We believe not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Elephants need to access water to survive the dry season, however, there is yet no demonstration that natural or artificial water have different ability to sustain elephant presence, and global water distribution across the landscape is likely to be the major factor affecting elephant abundance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Comparison of elephant densities with respect to surface-water origin should only be conducted after having accounted for this overall availability of water, and such analysis remains to be conducted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Historical information from individual parks, however, show that artificial water provision indeed increased elephant densities where surface-water was low or inexistent in the dry season."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In HNP, elephant abundance increased from a guestimate of 1000 individuals in 1928 to more than 8000 in 1971 following the creation of over 60 boreholes during this period (Davidson, 1967; Williamson, 1975), and went on growing despite population control through culling (Cumming, 1981)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Unhopefully, the potential historical effect of artificial water supply on elephant in Kruger cannot be disentangled from the recovery of past hunting, and may only be inferred from surface-water availability across the landscape."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3978__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(3) Redfern et al. ( 2005) suggested that boreholes in KNP had a negligible effect on the general vicinity to water due to numerous ponds or river pools linked to dry season rainstorms or carry-over effects of previous rainfall."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the importance of these small sources for elephant distribution and demography remains unknown, and the absence of these types of water sources in the analysis of Smit et al. suggests that these authors did not consider them relevant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Actually, it has been shown that ‘removing all boreholes during dry years [below-median] increases the percentage of area beyond 10 km of persistent water sources from 1% to 50% in the northern region and from 1% to 38% in the southern region’ (Redfern, 2002 p. 85; see also fig. 4 in Redfern et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, approximately 40% of KNP remains further than 10 km of water during dry years in a natural situation, and could be considered inaccessible for elephant herds."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, can one really say that natural surface-water availability in Kruger is abundant?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Conversely, artificial waterholes clearly open space for elephant herds in KNP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3978__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) Not only elephant population growth rates did not decline post-1997 when the water provision policy was revised and half of the artificial waterholes were closed, but the population went on increasing at the same rate for at least six more years, recovering from the culling control ceased in 1994."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, one should expect population growth rates to respond to changes in resource availability only when a population approaches the so-called carrying capacity mainly determined by such resource, especially in such long-lived species where density dependence is likely to be highly convex (Sinclair, 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Has the Kruger elephant population ever reached levels at which resources will affect elephant demography noticeably?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We believe it has not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The KNP elephant population has been around 12,500 individuals at its highest (Blanc et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Is this that much? It is not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In HNP, only three-quarters the size of KNP, the elephant population has been estimated to be over 25,000 individuals for over a decade, reaching up to 44,492 animals in 2001 (Dunham & Mackie, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Although Kruger and Hwange NP experience similar annual rainfall, surface-water availability is much lower in HNP, with less than 60% of the park being within 10 km of water when all artificial waterholes are active (Chamaillé-Jammes et al. in press)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Considering the KNP elephant population as a low-density population would be of a shock for some, but it has to be reminded that the often stated sustainable threshold of 7000 individuals for KNP has been based on elephant impacts (Van Wyk & Fairall, 1969), not elephant demography per se."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0072__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "It is not surprising, and in any case not an argument to reject potential later effects of surface-water management, that closure of half the artificial waterholes had no noticeable effect on elephant dynamics in KNP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3978__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 14], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(1) What Smit et al. 's study showed is that elephant herds tend to be closer on average from rivers than artificial waterholes (respectively approximately 3.7 and 4.3 km) at the time aerial censuses were conducted, obviously during daylight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is, however, known that elephants drink mainly at dusk or night (Owen-Smith, 1988), day being mostly spent foraging and resting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is therefore expected that, even if case elephants would heavily use waterholes at night, they should not be found close to waterholes during the day, especially as food quantity is likely to be lower in the vicinity of permanent water sources (Thrash, 1998; Brits et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is also probably why more generally elephant locations in Smit et al. 's study were not in the close vicinity of water."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Artificial waterholes could have been vital to elephants in KNP, results would not have been different."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The relevance of only an approximate 500 m difference in the average distance to water could also be discussed for such a large ranging animal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Lastly, the extent to which habitat selection of elephants was affected by culling (conducted 4 months before censuses during 10 out of the 12 study years) remains unaccounted for (for large-scale effects of culling in KNP see Van Aarde et al., 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Smit et al. 's study adds to the literature on elephant habitat use and suggests that increased cover and perennial rivers could be an important habitat for elephants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "It would have been more convincing in rejecting the importance of artificial waterholes if the analysis had investigated distribution changes when artificial water policy was revised."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We believe that the demonstration that surface-water management would be ineffective in limiting the KNP elephant population remains to be made."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We showed elsewhere that surface-water has been a key-driver of changes in elephant densities in one of the world’s largest elephant populations (Chamaillé-Jammes et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "However, we acknowledge that controlling elephant numbers and mitigating elephant influence on ecosystems may at times have to be distinguished to achieve some specific management objectives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Contradictory opinions may often simply highlight lack of knowledge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "We therefore urge ecologists to investigate under which environmental conditions various non-intrusive, low cost surface-water management policies could control elephant distribution and abundance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__critique__p0073__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "We hope that in suitable sites surface-water management could help in reaching a non-controversial way forward in elephant management, rather than facing again the cyclical management and public opinion crisis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3978__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent paper we demonstrated that elephant bull groups and mixed herds exhibited spatial and resource segregation across the Kruger National Park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It was found, inter alia, that both bull groups and mixed herds occurred more frequently closer to rivers than expected if they were randomly distributed, but that only bull groups occurred more frequently closer to the artificial waterholes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) accepted these results, they disagreed with our interpretation regarding the potential effect that closure of artificial waterholes might have."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Here we address some of the specific concerns expressed and provide a broader context regarding water provision and elephant management."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although water provision can influence elephant density and distribution, we argue that the effectiveness of surface-water manipulation as a management tool will depend on (1) natural surface-water availability, (2) forage quality, (3) elephant densities, (4) position of a population on its growth trajectory, and (5) management objectives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Even though elephants are water-dependent, the effectiveness of water provision as a management tool will therefore be area- and population-specific and will depend on management objectives."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent paper we considered the landscape-scale sexual segregation of elephant bulls and mixed herds in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, and compared the resources between the areas frequented by the mixed herds and bull groups, respectively [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found that bull groups and mixed herds exhibited both spatial as well as resource segregation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) accepted the results presented in Smit et al. ( 2007b), they disagreed with our interpretation of the implications of the paper regarding surface-water management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We welcome their comments and believe that these provide useful context and alternative interpretations for the results presented in our original paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is our opinion however, that the quote on which Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) base their response does not reflect the broader context and conclusions of the original paper, which we believe provide some of the suggested moderation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We therefore appreciate this opportunity to respond to the interpretation provided by Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We agree that surface water is one of the primary drivers of elephant population dynamics and distribution patterns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Hence, as stated by Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007), surface-water manipulation can potentially be a powerful tool for managing elephant populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This, however, will only be true for surface-water-limited populations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0075__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In this communication we would like to emphasize that water scarcity and a whole suite of other factors need to be taken into account when considering the most appropriate options to achieve specific management objectives."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our opinion, two conditions are crucial if the removal of artificial waterholes is to be a successful tool for managing elephant populations: 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The elephant population must be water limited (i.e. addition or removal of water should influence the density and distribution patterns)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "2. The densities at which the impact of elephants exceed the impacts that are acceptable/desirable to managers must be similar or lower than the densities that would be achieved if no water was artificially provided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although these two conditions may hold true in certain parks, it is debatable whether it is the case in Kruger."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This was recognized by Owen-Smith et al. ( 2006), who suggested that the reduction of artificial waterpoints might potentially contribute towards restricting the dry season distribution of elephants, but at the same time acknowledged that it was debatable how effective this would be due to the fairly widespread natural water sources across the Kruger landscape."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We believe that one of the reasons for the response of Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) may be the differences between the KNP (our study area) and Hwange National Park (study area on which Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) based their experience) and their respective elephant populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These parks differ in terms of (1) surface-water availability (due to geology and distribution of rivers); (2) forage quality; (3) elephant densities; (4) position of the respective elephant populations on their population growth trajectories; and (5) management objectives/end points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Due to these differences one would not expect similar responses from elephants to water provision in these systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Many of the issues listed above will be referred to in more detail throughout this communication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The lack of response of the Kruger elephant population to extensive artificial waterhole closure (Pienaar et al., 1997; Whyte, 2005) led us to suspect that the population was not operating close to a surface-water-driven density dependence."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the removal of water may have reduced the ultimate density-dependent ‘carrying capacity’, we suggest that Kruger may still be relatively far from that point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, the elephant density that may be achieved in the presence of only natural water may potentially still exceed acceptable densities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "‘ Acceptable densities’ in KNP are impact defined, rather than density, and are informed by ‘thresholds of potential concern’ (Biggs & Rogers, 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Smit et al. ( 2007b) did not make it clear that surface-water management was considered from the perspective of avoiding exceeding specific elephant impact thresholds, and that these thresholds are associated with local densities that may potentially be lower than the density-dependent densities of the population, even in the absence of water provision."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another concern expressed by Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) was that the aerial census data were not collected when the elephants drink, but when they feed and rest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the original paper by Smit et al. ( 2007b) acknowledged that mixed herds may utilize certain waterholes at night (p. 233), we find this rather unlikely for the large bull areas in the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, in one of the large bull areas of the northern basaltic plains, it was found that over the 12-year period of this study, bulls were recorded on 372 occasions and mixed herds only on 12 occasions (i.e. only 3% of all the recorded sightings were mixed herds) (based on snap-shot data from the dry season of 12 years)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this specific area, where on average only one mixed herd was observed per yearly census over 12 years, in excess of 30 artificial waterholes were provided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In our opinion it is unlikely that mixed herds will move in large numbers (even across rivers) into this area at night, if it is devoid of any mixed herds by day."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is also questionable whether some of the boreholes with a windmill will be able to replenish water into the trough fast enough to provide for the needs of large mixed herds."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0080__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, although mixed herds will sometimes drink at artificial waterholes, also by night, we still consider, as proposed in Smit et al. ( 2007b), that the closure of waterholes in bull areas will potentially have a more pronounced effect on the bull population than on the mixed herd population."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) stated that the average distance that mixed herds occurred from the closest artificial waterhole was not very different in absolute terms from the average distance to the closest main river."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Smit et al. ( 2007b) (p. 233) mentioned that the short distances between water sources would not pose difficulty for elephants to cross, and hence that the full expression of how elephants relate to surface-water would not be expressed in the Kruger context."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This further supports the notion expressed earlier that the Kruger population has not yet experienced water limitations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the results did clearly indicate that the mixed herds were more biased towards the rivers than the artificial waterholes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "By expressing the observed distance to closest artificial waterhole and observed distance to closest main river as percentages of the average expected distance to closest waterhole and river, respectively, mixed herds in fact occurred 40% closer to rivers than expected assuming a distribution random with regard to rivers, and only 2% closer to waterholes than expected under a random distribution with regard to waterholes (compared to approximately 22% and 15%, respectively, for rivers and artificial waterholes for bull groups)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0081__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This illustrates that although the absolute difference in average distance to closest artificial waterhole and major river was small, mixed herds occurred randomly with regard to artificial waterholes, whereas they occurred closer to rivers than expected under a random distribution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The KNP is mandated to protect biodiversity in all its natural facets and fluxes (Mabunda et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This mandate implies managing a complex heterogeneous system that supports a wide variety of organisms, some that benefit from the presence of elephant, and some that disappear even in the presence of very low numbers of elephant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This necessitates the creation of a heterogeneous mosaic of elephant density and impact across the park that will favour all components of biodiversity along the elephant density/impact gradient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In Smit et al. ( 2007b), it was stated that smaller, less mobile, water-dependent species with more specific habitat requirements than elephants would possibly be more affected than elephants if waterholes were closed within their home range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This statement is supported by Redfern et al. ( 2005), Smit et al. ( 2007a), and classic allometric scaling theory relating body size to mobility (e.g. Stokke & du Toit, 2002)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In light of the KNP objectives, we have to caution against a single-species approach when considering surface-water manipulation as elephant management tool."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We consider the main contributions of Smit et al. ( 2007b) that it clearly identified the presence of large areas in Kruger that were used exclusively by bulls, and subsequently indicated that the resources in these areas differed from the resources in the areas where the mixed herds occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "These bull areas are likely to be differently impacted due to the size, feeding, and behaviour differences between the mixed herds and bull groups (Stokke & du Toit, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Managers should therefore take cognizance of these large bull areas when considering the different management options."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0082__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "For example, increasing and decreasing artificial waterholes in these bull areas may potentially alter the resource base for the bull population directly, though it will probably not have any direct resource effect on the mixed herds that seem to avoid these areas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3978", "paragraph_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We welcome the comments by Chamaillé-Jammes et al. ( 2007) and believe that these provide useful context and alternative interpretations for the results presented in Smit et al. ( 2007b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this communication, we suggest that several factors will influence the response of elephant populations to the addition (or removal) of artificial water sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These include, inter alia, (1) natural surface-water availability and distribution, (2) placement/context of artificial water sources, (3) other resources that may also be driving/limiting the population, (4) prevailing elephant densities, (5) position of the population on their density-dependent growth trajectory, and (6) the influence of sexual segregation in space and resource use."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The implication is that even though elephants are a water-dependent species, the influence of water provision will be area and population specific and it is cautioned to transfer conclusions between populations and areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a consequence, we would encourage research on and debate about the importance of artificial surface-water manipulation as management tool in as many elephant populations in Africa as possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, we would like to suggest a systems- rather than single-species approach in such studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Further research in Kruger should, inter alia, consider the role of water provision in determining elephant densities and distribution (including home range sizes) under increased elephant densities, especially if serious droughts ensue and, coupled to this, if rivers dry up due to increased pressure on these resources from outside the boundaries of the park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3978__response__p0083__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The seasonal importance of waterholes and the effect of waterholes on all aspects of biodiversity should also receive further attention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3978/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2123433491_W1487586470_W1705792075", "triad_name": "triad_3978", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3978__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Reactive arthritis (ReA) is classically considered a sub-type of spondyloarthritis (SpA) that is precipitated after a gastro- intestinal or genitourinary infection [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The usual presen- tation is monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis involving large joints that occurs around 2-4 weeks after an infection [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the term has been used in a wider context of an immune-mediated arthritis that may occur after any infec- tion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The primary concept is that there is no direct invasion of the joints by any pathogen but the arthritis occurs as a result of induced changes in the immune system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proposed definitions of ReA have under the umbrella of SpA, be it under the Amor or the European Spondyloar- thropathy Study Group (ESSG) proposed criteria for \"Spon- dyloarthropathy\" [3] or the currently used ASAS (ASsess- ment in Ankylosing Spondylitis working group) criteria for peripheral SpA [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "According to these definitions, the pathognomic features of SpA are required to label a patient as having ReA. These include sacroiliitis, uveitis, dactylitis, enthesitis, and HLA-B27 or family history of SpA, psoriasis, or uveitis [4, 5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ReA allows us a distinctive opportunity to scrutinize and learn how an infective trigger precipitates an autoim- mune phenomenon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A majority of ReA resolves within a few weeks to a few months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The rest assume a chronic form indistinguishable from other chronic autoimmune arthritides [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, it also provides an opening to understand how the autoimmune process becomes self-sustaining and chronic."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ReA is a predominant problem of low-to-middle income countries where gut and urinary tract infections abound."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Though it is reported from high-income countries, the phenotype is usu- ally limited to arthralgia, tenosynovitis, dactylitis or often not- so-severe arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The phenotype seen in the tropics is much different with the rapid development of secondary osteoarthri- tis or even evolution into ankylosing spondylitis [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, with the COVID-19 pandemic, there are a lot of reports of post- COVID-19 ReA, re-igniting interest in this entity worldwide."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This perspective aims to explore how the concept of ReA has evolved over the last century, touching upon similar enti- ties and finally how the COVID-19 pandemic is coercing us to re-look into the definitions of this enigmatic malady."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have adhered to recommendations for narrative review searches [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We searched through Scopus and LitCovid/Pub- Med databases [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Non-English sources have not been con- sulted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conference abstracts or non-peer reviewed sources were not included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To avoid confusion, we used the MeSH keyword \"reactive arthritis\" that includes \"post infectious arthritis\" for searches through LitCovid/PubMed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For Scopus, we used \"reac- tive arthritis\" OR \"post infectious arthritis\" in the search string."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first descriptions of a post-infectious arthritis were made during the time of the First World war by Fiessinger and Leroy [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, it was more commonly known with the eponym from a Nazi doctor who had first described a triad of urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, since he was convicted of war crimes, the eponym is not encouraged [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, a similar triad had already been described almost a century ago by Sir Benjamin Brodie in five cases [12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More than half a century after the First World War, the concept of ReA was established as a non-purulent arthri- tis that occurred after a gastrointestinal infection without the direct invasion of the bacteria into the joints [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This concept was first contradicted by the finding of Chlamydia elementary bodies in the synovial cells of patients with ReA [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The tug of war over this concept has kept on going for a few decades."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Now, it is clear that the entire live organism is not found in the joint but some antigen or genetic material, possibly carried by endosomes, may persist in the joint and lead to a sustained inflammatory reaction [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the definition of ReA evolved, more and more entities were proposed for inclusion such as Lyme disease, gono- coccal arthritis, post-streptococcal reactive arthritis, and rheumatic fever [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While it is true that Lyme disease and gonococcal arthritis may not fulfil the classical Koch's postulates to be defined as an \"infection,\" both have unique characteristics clinical features."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clubbing them with ReA will neither help in the management nor further research."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, the differences between ReA and post-streptococ- cal reactive arthritis are elaborated elsewhere [17]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most commonly used definition of ReA has been pro- vided by Braun and associates [18, 19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This definition requires monoarthritis or oligoarthritis preceded by symptomatic diar- rhoea or urethritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For \"definite\" ReA to be diagnosed by the Braun criteria, an organism with known association with ReA needs to be demonstrated by culture or PCR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Even while these classification criteria were formulated, there was a lack of agree- ment on various points like the relationship of HLA-B27 with ReA, the existence of ReA without arthritis, or whether it should include only spondyloarthritis presentations or any arthritis [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "More and more organisms are being added to the list of potential precipitants of ReA [20]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Also, the definition by Braun et al. does not consider the entity of \"post-vaccination ReA.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or the Euro- pean Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology(EULAR) do not have separate practice guidelines pertaining to ReA as possibly the rheumatologists in Europe or the United States do not see severe cases of ReA[21-23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The incidence is apparently declining in most high-income countries [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the rest of the world that depend on the ACR and EULAR recommendations may find this gap challenging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, Latin America had the largest proportion of patients with \"peripheral spondyloarthritis\" [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "ReA from India has arthritis as the predominant feature in 95% of patients [26] while a report from Finland showed only arthralgia in two and arthritis in none of 17 patients with post-Escherichia coli musculoskeletal conditions [23]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, there seem to be great differ- ences in how clinicians from different parts of the world view ReA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Only a small percentage of patients who have infections with organisms such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia develop ReA [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, amongst millions who have developed SARS-CoV-2 infection, only a minor propor- tion develops arthritis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Understanding this may help unearth new verities about the immune system and tolerance mechanisms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Post COVID-19 arthritis more commonly has a rheuma- toid like phenotype affecting the wrists, ankles, and small 1642 Clinical Rheumatology (2022) 41:1641-1652 joints of hands and feet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, a spondyloarthritis-like presentation with axial involvement has also been reported [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It can also present as classical ReA with lower limb predominant oligoarthritis [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Isolate monoarthritis of a single metacarpophalangeal joint has also been reported [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Table 1 summarizes the different phenotypes, treat- ments given, and outcomes in various case reports of post- COVID-19 reactive arthritis from across the world."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The initial reports of post-COVID-19 ReA were in men past 50 years of age [31-33, 35]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is in contrast to the clas- sical ReA that is most common between 15 and 40 years of age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Again, at least three cases of post-COVID-19 ReA have also been reported in the paediatric age group [41, 45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unlike classical ReA, gender distribution appears equal between males and females."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the total number of reported cases is too small for conclusive comments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, the phenotype and outcomes of post-COVID-19 ReA appear to be different from those of classical ReA. These differences are summarized in Table 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Vaccination-induced autoimmunity is a concern since vac- cines stimulate the immune system [51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first published case of ReA post-COVID-19 vaccination was reported in a 23-year-old woman after the inactivated Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine [52]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We could identify a total of seven cases of inflammatory arthritis reported post-vaccination (Table 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have reviewed post-COVID-19 rheumatic diseases at an earlier stage of the pandemic [57]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Post-COVID-19 periph- eral nerve entrapment syndromes like carpal tunnel or tarsal tunnel syndromes have been hypothesized to be either due to localized demyelination, microangiopathy involving the vasa nervosum or an immune phenomenon targeting the adjacent synovial sheath [58]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An interesting group is the patients who have clinical phenotype and antibodies sug- gestive of rheumatoid arthritis developing post-COVID-19."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These patients developed anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody-positive arthritis after documented COVID-19 infection [48-50]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One concern was whether vaccination would cause a flare in persons with pre-existing autoimmune diseases [51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cases with flares of RA temporarily related to vacci- nation have been reported [59]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, in a cohort of 724 patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease, only 4 patients had complained of a flare in joint pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This was managed with NSAIDs and lasted less than a week [60]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a cohort of 5493 RA patients from Hong Kong, a pro- pensity-score weighted multivariate analysis did not show any association with COVID-19 vaccination and flare of RA [61]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several viruses are associated with acute polyarthritis that lasts less than 6-8 weeks [62]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a small proportion of cases, such viral arthritis may become chronic such as in the case of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), Hepatitis B and C viruses [63, 64], parvovirus B19, and Chikungunya [65]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some authors have argued that it may be better to label \"COVID-19 associated arthritis\" rather than \"COVID-19 ReA\" [66]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "COVID-19 can also possibly precipitate arthritis in a susceptible individual."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is a case report of a lady with psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease who devel- oped arthritis post-COVID-19 infection [67]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Post-chikungunya or Parvovirus B-19 there can be an onset of arthritis indistinguishable from rheumatoid arthri- tis [68, 69]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A similar phenomenon has been reported post- COVID-19 too [48-50]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, such anti-citrullinated antibody-positive RA has been reported only in 3 cases to date."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The possibility of a coincidence cannot be excluded looking at the high incidence of COVID-19 infections and the not uncommon incidence of RA, but the point in support of a \"reactive\" arthritis is that the arthritis is seen after the acute COVID-19 infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is self-limiting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Had it been a direct viral arthritis, the synovitis should have occurred dur- ing the seroconversion phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In acute COVID-19 infection, though arthralgia is common, documented arthritis has been rarely reported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Viruses have been long implicated in the breakdown of immune tolerance and precipitation of autoimmune dis- ease [70]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "SARS-CoV-2 activates CD14 + monocytes and PD-L1 + neutrophils via the Osteopontin-mediated inhibi- tion of Interleukin-10."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This pathway is involved in rheuma- toid arthritis and thus provides a common pathway for the Interferon (IFN)-related pathways have been implicated in COVID-19 [73, 74] and these have a role in the initiation of rheumatoid arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)- induced animal models of rheumatoid arthritis are dependent on IFN and IFN response elements such as the IRF1 (inter- feron regulatory factor 1) transcription factor [75]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Also, various autoantibodies have been reported in COVID-19 [76]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some of these might have pathological potential and if they persist after the infection, they may lead to rheumatic manifestations like arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At least 15 different autoantibodies have been described in COVID-19 and 34 human peptides have similarities with SARS-CoV-2 proteins [77]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This may have implications for molecular mimicry in COVID-19."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Classical ReA is self-limiting in two-thirds of cases, but can damage the joints even in such a short period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Chronic ReA can have much worse sequelae."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the case of post- COVID-19 ReA, the manifestations appear more transient and self-limiting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This appears more similar to post-strepto- coccal ReA rather than classical ReA [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Also, some cases of post-COVID-19 ReA have different antibodies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There is a possibility that these may evolve into classifiable rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus [57]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is not necessary that all arthritis occurring post- COVID-19 should be reactive arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The alternative is that it may be late-onset viral arthritis with actual invasion of the synovial space with the virus [78]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We could identify one study that reported the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a patient with wrist arthritis that had appeared 15 days after diarrhoea and upper respiratory tract symptoms [79]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, other cases have not found such evidence [80]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, a post-mortem study also failed to find any viral RNA in synovial fluid or bone tissue in five patients who had died of COVID-19 [81]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One limitation of this review is that the search strategy could miss cases of SARS-CoV-2 associated arthritis if the words \"reactive\" or \"post-infectious\" were not used."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the main focus of the review was to assess how clinicians per- ceive and use the concept of reactive arthritis rather than only assessing SARS-CoV-2 associated arthritis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The definitions of ReA have been evolving gradually over the last half-century."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, an ideal working defi- nition still eludes us."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since this entity is not very com- mon in high-income countries, there are possibly limited guidelines for this entity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The evidence base for treatment is also weak."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The first and foremost requirement to fill in these deficiencies is a strong and universal definition of ReA. The advent of ultrasound in the detection of enthesitis can ena- ble a more objective definition [82]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Also, radiographic features such as new bone formation at the site of enthesitis can be a possi- ble marker [83]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Radiographic changes are late but ultrasound diag- nosis can be early with validated OMERACT (Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials) definitions available [84]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The emergence of post-COVID-19 ReA and possibly post- vaccination ReA is forcing a paradigm shift in how we per- ceive this entity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Post-vaccination autoimmune diseases are being reported [85]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This leads to the question of whether individuals with genetic predisposition such as HLA-B27 positivity need to be segregated for different vaccines [52]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is transformed into an endemic due to wide-spread vaccination and emergence of less virulent strains, it will be interesting to study how this affects emergence of COVID-19 associated autoimmune conditions including ReA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, post-infectious arthritis may hold the key to understanding how the chronicity of arthritis develops."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may help in future preventive strategies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first step has to be a coordinated effort across nations and various rheumatology societies to set up working definitions and enumerate thrust areas of research for ReA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All co-authors contributed substantially to the concept formulation, searches of relevant articles, and revisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They approve the final version of the manuscript and take full responsibility for all aspects of the work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SA has received honorarium as speaker from Pfiz- er, DrReddy's, Cipla, and Novartis (outside of the current work)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All other authors declare no competing interests."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2814__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dear Editor,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with interest the published manuscript by Bekaryssova et al. [ 1] summarizing cases of post-COVID-19 reactive arthritis (ReA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In their manuscript, the authors started their review by discussing the definition of ReA and its progression over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then, they summarized cases of COVID-19 ReA and those of COVID-19 vaccination-induced arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They described clinical features, therapeutic management of ReA, and outcomes of these patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Twenty-two cases of COVID-19 ReA were summarized [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several studies showed that COVID-19 infection is not only responsible for ReA but also viral arthritis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, it is necessary to specify whether articular manifestations are due to ReA or viral arthritis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Viral arthritis is characterized by an early onset and is commonly associated with symptoms of disseminated viral infection."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This diagnosis remains possible in cases of early onset of articular symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this review, two cases of early arthritis associated with signs of disseminated viral infection were considered ReA [2, 3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, Houshmand et al. described the case of a 10-year-old boy who presented with a concomitant fever, urticaria, and arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Urticarial lesions tended to appear simultaneously with systemic viral symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They have been reported in 11 to 19% of patients with COVID-19 infections [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These findings support the diagnosis of viral arthritis rather than post-COVID-19 ReA in this patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The post-COVID-19 ReA diagnosis can be established based on the occurrence of rheumatological manifestations with a delay between the onset of these manifestations and the confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and nasopharyngeal real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) negativation at the time of articular signs onset [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is important to emphasize that RT-PCR positivity can persist in patients who have already been in remission [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this review, the authors did not specify the delay between the COVID-19 infection diagnosis and articular manifestations onset [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Besides, the authors did not describe the treatments received during the COVID-19 infection [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, articular manifestations can be triggered by several drugs prescribed during COVID-19 infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Favipiravir may induce hyperuricemia and even acute gouty arthritis [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Likewise, interferon β1 treatment may be responsible for inflammatory rheumatic disease occurrence [8, 9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is no agreement on the ReA criteria."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, we believe that ruling out differential diagnoses such as viral arthritis related to COVID-19, drug-induced arthritis, crystal-induced flares, or a recent onset of another inflammatory rheumatic disease is necessary before making the ReA diagnosis [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors included seven cases of ReA after COVID-19 vaccination with corona VAC, Sinovac, and SPUTNIK-V."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While some authors consider joint manifestations induced by anti-COVID vaccination a form of ReA, others consider it an autoimmune or inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Adjuvants are components added to subunit and inactivated vaccines to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This stimulation increases the effectiveness of subunit and inactivated vaccines, but it can be responsible for autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvant (ASIA) [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Diagnosis criteria have been suggested for ASIA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The first major criterion is exposure to external stimuli such as a vaccine, and the second is the appearance of typical clinical manifestations such as arthritis [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These manifestations typically occur 2 to 5 days after COVID-19 vaccination [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The detection of autoantibodies or anti-adjuvant antibodies is possible and considered a minor diagnosis criterion [12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0044__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It is not clear whether articular manifestations occurring after COVID-19 vaccination correspond to ReA or ASIA [11]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ReA post-COVID-19 infection or post-COVID-19-vaccination is a matter of concern that must support increased research into the pathophysiology of ReA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2814__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are grateful to Slouma and associates for mirroring our thought processes in the letter [1] in response to our review on reactive arthritis (ReA) before and after COVID-19 [2]. They have reiterated the need to differentiate infective viral arthritis from post-viral reactive arthritis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The initial concept of ReA was that it was a para-infectious arthritis due to an autoimmune phenomenon without direct invasion of the infectious agents into the synovium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the demonstration of Chlamydial elementary bodies [3] or bacterial DNA [4] in joints of “ReA” has blurred this distinction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The time period between the infection and the onset of arthritis may be important, but in post-streptococcal reactive arthritis, this gap is very small [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Even in the case of COVID-19, this time gap is not known and our review included all cases labelled as the authors by post-COVID ReA to demonstrate how variable the interpretation could be."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ultimately, the immunopathogenesis of post-COVID ReA must be understood to be able to differentiate it from acute viral arthritis [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2814__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Slouma and associates are correct that certain drugs may precipitate or unmask rheumatic symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, if they check Table 1 in the review, they will see that most patients have received only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and oral, parenteral or intra-articular steroids [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, in most of the case reports, the respective authors have specified how they have excluded other diagnoses before making a diagnosis of post-COVID ReA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2814__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvant (ASIA) can be considered a differential diagnosis for post-vaccination ReA. Most of the post-vaccination autoimmune phenomena will meet the criteria for ASIA [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there are some controversies raised about this entity [12] and the mere swapping of names will not leave anyone the wiser."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2814__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2814", "paragraph_id": "triad_2814__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This letter has helped bring out the message from our review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The various controversies related to ReA diagnosis are summarized in Table 1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whether the concept of post-COVID ReA should be treated as a separate entity needs to be explored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Large online surveys of treating physicians and multi-national cohort studies of reactive arthritis are required to analyse the concept of viral arthritis and post-COVID-19 joint involvement during the pandemic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2814__response__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This should be a clarion call to clinicians and rheumatology societies worldwide to get together to update and craft better classification criteria enabling better understanding of this enigmatic entity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2814/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220936891_W4283808717_W4284889926", "triad_name": "triad_2814", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2814__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The annual incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the United States is approximately 1 per 1,000 adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among nonfatal VTEs, approximately 60% are cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 40% are cases of nonfatal pul- monary embolism (PE) (1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis share multiple risk factors, the strongest of which are age, obesity, cigarette smoking, and hypertension (2-4)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, little is known about the relation between diet and VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A relation between diet and VTE was suggested as early as World War II (5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, to our knowledge, there have only been 2 prospective epidemiologic studies-the Athero- sclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS)-in which investigators have systematically examined the role of dietary patterns in the development of VTE (6, 7), and the results of those studies conflicted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There have been 8 studies in which investigators have explored the relation between alcohol and VTE; in 4 of those studies, an inverse association was reported (7-10), whereas no relation was found in the other 4 (11-14)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The relation between specific nutrients and coagulation factor levels has been evaluated more broadly (6, 7, 15-17)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Vitamins B 6 and B 12 have been shown to reduce elevated homocysteine 114 Am J Epidemiol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "2012;175(2):114-126 levels, which are associated with an increased VTE risk; omega-3 fatty acids decrease platelet aggregation and factor VII and fibrinogen levels (18); and vitamin E might inhibit the biologic activity of vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (19)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, little is known about the potential role of these nutrients in the development of VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The aim of the present study was to better define the association between dietary intake and the risk of VTE by analyzing cohort data from approximately 130,000 US women and men."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) began in 1976, when 121,701 female nurses who were 30-55 years old and living in 11 US states (California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) responded to a mailed health questionnaire (20)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) began in 1986, when 51,529 male US health professionals who were 40-75 years old responded to a de- tailed mailed questionnaire that included a diet survey and questions about lifestyle practices and medical history."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In both cohorts, follow-up questionnaires were sent every 2 years thereafter to acquire updated information on lifestyle factors and to query participants about newly diagnosed medical conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Women in the NHS also completed a 126-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 1984, and men in the HPFS completed a 131-item FFQ at baseline (i.e., in 1986)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similar FFQs were sent every 2-4 years thereafter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The Partners Institutional Review Board (Partners HealthCare, Boston, Massachusetts) ap- proved the NHS and the HPFS protocols."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0004__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The studies are being conducted according to the ethical guidelines of Part- ners HealthCare."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We excluded participants who did not complete an FFQ at baseline from the analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Likewise, we excluded partici- pants with extremely high energy intakes (>3,500 kcal/day for women and >4,200 kcal/day for men) or extremely low energy intakes (<500 kcal/day for women and <800 kcal/day for men), as well as those who left more than 70 questions blank."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Subjects who reported a history of VTE at baseline also were excluded from the present analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The final baseline population (in 1984 for women from the NHS and in 1986 for men from the HPFS) included 80,192 women and 49,238 men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the NHS, the active follow-up rate (the number of person-years in the cohort when participants are censored after their last questionnaire response) from 1984 to 2008 was 92.2%, and in the HPFS, the follow-up rate from 1986 to 2008 was 88.0%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dietary intake information was collected using an FFQ designed to assess average food intake over the previous 12 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Standard portion sizes were listed with each food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For each food item, participants indicated their average fre- quency of consumption over the past year in terms of the specified serving size by checking 1 of 9 frequency categories that ranged from ''almost never'' to ''6 times/day.''"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To prepare for factor analysis, food items were grouped into 38 predefined food groups as previously described (21)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using principal component analysis, dietary patterns were identified from FFQs administrated in 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002 in the NHS and 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002 in the HPFS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We rotated the factors using an orthogonal transformation to achieve structure with greater interpretability and determined the number of factors to be retained using the diagram of eigenvalues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Foods with a cor- relation of at least 0.30 were considered to be making a con- tribution to the factor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the basis of prior published reports and biologic plausi- bility, we selected some specific food groups (fruits, vegetables, fish, red and processed meats, and alcohol) and nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, trans fatty acids, total fiber, vitamin K 1 , vitamin B 6 , vitamin B 12 , and vitamin E) to assess their association with the risk of VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We assessed both dietary and total (diet plus supplements) intakes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nutrient intakes were computed by multiplying the frequency response by the nutrient content of the specified portion sizes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Food com- position values were obtained from the Harvard University Food Composition Database (Boston, Massachusetts), which was derived from US Department of Agriculture sources and supplemented with information from manufacturers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All di- etary factors were adjusted for total energy using the residual method (22)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To reduce measurement error and represent long-term dietary intake, the cumulative averages of pattern scores, foods, and nutrients were calculated and then divided into quintiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also examined the consistency of the association between dietary patterns and VTE by using the most recent dietary intakes as predictors of VTE risk."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants who reported a physician-diagnosed PE on a biennial questionnaire but did not have a prior history of malignancy received a follow-up letter requesting medical records from the facility in which they were diagnosed with a PE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A detailed review of these records was undertaken, and cases were coded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Incident cases for which the medical record included imaging that was diagnostic of a PE were considered confirmed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Imaging was considered diagnostic if the radiologist reading the study noted a ventilation/perfusion lung scan that indicated a high probability of a PE, a filling defect on a contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan of the pulmonary vasculature, or a filling defect on a catheter- based pulmonary angiograph."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over the follow-up period, we identified 956 women and 353 men with an incident PE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Participants also reported physician-diagnosed DVT on the biennial questionnaire."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Men were considered to have incident DVT if they reported a physician-diagnosed DVT between 2 consecutive questionnaires, and women were if they reported ''phlebitis and thrombophlebitis'' as another major illness (code 451 according to the International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A total of 584 women and 999 men were classified as having DVT under these definitions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overall, 1,540 women and 1,352 men reported VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When possible, data on covariates were obtained from the baseline questionnaire (1984 in NHS and 1986 in HPFS) and updated every 2 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Variables included age, physical activity level, physical inactivity level, body mass index (BMI, mea- sured as weight (kg)/height (m) 2 ), total caloric intake, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, race/ethnicity, spouse's high- est educational attainment (only in the NHS), parity (only in the NHS), menopausal status (only in the NHS), nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use, warfarin use, mul- tivitamin use, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and rheumatologic disease."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Physical activity, including a variety of activities such as walking, bicycling, swimming, or playing tennis, was mea- sured in metabolic equivalents per week and categorized in quintiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Physical inactivity was defined as the number of hours spent sitting at home per day and was categorized in 6 categories (from the lowest amount of time to the highest)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "BMI was updated biennially and categorized in 4 categories: less than 25.0, 25.0-29.9, 30.0-34.9, and 35 or higher."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Total caloric intake was estimated through the FFQ, expressed in"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our strategy for analysis was to study the association between dietary intake and the risk of VTE (DVT and PE) in both men and women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each dietary variable was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A test for trend across the quintiles of each dietary variable was calculated by treating the categories as ordinal variables in a propor- tional hazards model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After calculating sex-specific relative risks, we combined the ln relative risks weighted by the inverse of their variances using a random-effects model (23)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We tested for between-study heterogeneity using the Q To assess whether age-related physiologic differences might modify the association between diet and VTE (9), we further stratified our analysis according to the median age at baseline (50 years in women and 53 years in men)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We also stratified analyses according to obesity (BMI 30) and level of physical activity (median)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In addition, we performed sensitivity analyses by excluding participants with prior co- morbid conditions (cancer or cardiovascular diseases)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0015__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "All analyses were conducted using SAS, version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Through the use of principal component analysis, we iden- tified 2 distinct major dietary patterns among both women and men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first pattern was defined by high intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish, poultry, whole-grain products, and low- fat dairy products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The second pattern was defined by high intakes of refined grains, cured and red meats, desserts, sweets, French fries, and high-fat dairy products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In accordance with what was done in previous studies of dietary patterns in this population, we labeled the first pattern the ''prudent pat- tern'' and the second pattern the ''Western pattern.'' Tables 1 and 2 show baseline characteristics of the participants, which were adjusted for age and stratified according to each dietary pattern among women and men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Compared with participants with the lowest intake of foods from the prudent diet (the lowest quintile), participants with the highest intake of foods from the prudent diet (the highest quintile) were older, more physically active, less likely to be current smokers, and more frequent users of multivitamin supplements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Compared with participants with the lowest intake of foods from the Western diet, participants with the highest intake of foods from the Western diet had a higher BMI, were less physically active, were more likely to smoke, and took fewer multivitamin supplements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0016__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "When the population was restricted to participants without prior cancer or cardiovascular disease (n ¼ 112,658 women and men), the results did not differ materially (for the highest quintile of Western diet vs. the lowest, multivari- able pooled RR ¼ 1.24, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.80; P for trend < 0.001; P for between-study heterogeneity ¼ 0.06)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We performed several subanalyses of the association between dietary patterns and VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we stratified our analyses according to the median age at baseline (Figures 1 and 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among both the youngest participants (women aged 38-49 years at baseline and men aged 40-52 years at base- line) and the oldest participants (women aged 50-63 years at baseline and men aged 53-75 years at baseline), no Regarding food groups (Table 4) and nutrients (Table 5), there was a consistent inverse association between vitamin E intake and the risk of VTE in women (P for trend ¼ 0.02), in men (P for trend ¼ 0.07), and in the pooled analysis (P for trend ¼ 0.004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For fiber and vitamin B 6 intakes, there was a significant inverse association with the risk of VTE in the pooled analysis, with no significant heterogeneity between men and women, although the associations were significant only in men (Table 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For intakes of red and processed meat and of trans fatty acids, no association with VTE was found in women, whereas a significant positive association was found in men (the percentages of total variance between studies were 88% and 84% for red and processed meat and trans fatty acids, respectively)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The association in the pooled analysis was not significant for trans fatty acid intake (for the Dietary Patterns, Foods, Nutrients, and VTE 121 Am J Epidemiol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "2012;175(2):114-126 highest quintile of trans fatty acid intake vs. the lowest, mul- tivariable RR ¼ 1.14, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.53; P for trend ¼ 0.33; P for between-study heterogeneity ¼ 0.01) and was border- line significant for red and processed meat intake (for the highest quintile of red and processed meat intake vs. the lowest, multivariable RR ¼ 1.38, 95% CI: 0.92, 2.06; P for trend ¼ 0.07; P for between-study heterogeneity ¼ 0.004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Analyses in which we used the most recent dietary intakes or nutrient intakes derived from foods only (not supplements) had similar results (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0017__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "No associations were found between the risk of VTE and the intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish, alcohol, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin K 1 , and vitamin B 12 (Tables 4 and 5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a pooled analysis of men and women, we found a weak association between diet and risk of VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No relation was found between the prudent diet pattern and the risk of VTE; however, we did find a weak positive association between the Western diet pattern and the risk of VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stratification according to age, BMI, and physical activity level led to similar results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Regarding specific foods or nutrients, no associations were found between the risk of VTE and the intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish, alcohol, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin K 1 , and vitamin B 12 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Vitamin E had a protective association, as did fiber and vitamin B 6 , particularly in men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Similarly, we found that increased intakes of red and pro- cessed meat and trans fatty acids might be associated with VTE in men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These sex differences should be considered with caution, as issues of sample size and multiple testing could have influenced the results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our use of data from 2 large prospective cohorts of health professionals who were 38-73 years of age at baseline and followed for more than 20 years enabled us to establish a temporally correct relation between dietary intake and VTE and to control for many potential confounders in our analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Data relating food groups/nutrients to VTE are scant, and in the few published epidemiologic studies of this relation, investigators reported conflicting results (6, 7, 11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our find- ings regarding vitamin B 6 and red and processed meat intakes are consistent with those from the ARIC Study (6); of the 6 food groups and 5 nutrients investigated, only intakes of vitamin B 6 and fruits and vegetables were significantly as- sociated with a decreased risk of VTE, and only red and processed meat intake was associated with an increased risk of VTE (6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A borderline-significant negative association was reported for folate intake (6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, in 2 large randomized trials, supplementation with vitamins B 6 and B 12 and folic acid did not reduce VTE incidence (16) or recurrence (15)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the IWHS, of the 11 food groups and 6 nutrients investi- gated, only alcohol intake was associated with a reduced risk of VTE (7)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Recently, in a case-control study of 292 Asian men and women, 6 food groups were investigated, and only a high vegetable intake was negatively associated with VTE (11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Our finding regarding vitamin E is consistent with a previous long-term trial in the Women's Health Study, in which intake of 600 IU of natural-source vitamin E on al- ternate days was associated with a significant 21% reduction in the hazard of VTE (17)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are several possible explanations for the different findings in the ARIC Study, the IWHS, and our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To explain the contrary findings between the ARIC Study and the IWHS, Lutsey et al. ( 7) hypothesized that diet may play a bigger etiologic role in the development of VTE in younger people than in older people."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the present study, we found similar results in strata of younger and older participants, although this limited the power of our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Another pos- sible explanation is race/ethnicity; approximately 25% of participants in the ARIC Study were black, whereas most )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Tang et al. ( 26) recently reported that, compared with whites, blacks experienced 3 times more frequent fatal out-of-hospital PE in the New York City area and died at an age that was 10 years younger in the case of fatal PE, but they did not carry factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutation (27)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, the impact of these black/white differences on the diet-PE association is not clear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another possible explanation for the discrepant findings is that the primary outcome differed across studies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the ARIC Study, the main outcome was non-cancer-related VTE In conclusion, we found a weak association between diet and the risk of VTE in US women and men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nutritional factors of possible etiologic relevance include the Western dietary pattern and intakes of vitamins E and B 6 , fiber, red and processed meat, and trans fatty acids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Other nutritional fac- tors were not associated with VTE in our 2 large cohorts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The unique characteristics of our cohorts might limit generaliz- ability of the results to individuals of nonwhite race/ethnicity or lower socioeconomic status or persons with limited access to medical care."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further studies are warranted in these vulnerable populations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_150__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recently, there has been interest in determining whether diet is associated with the risk of venous thromboembolism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The article by Varraso et al. ( Am J Epidemiol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "2012;175(2):114–126) published in this issue of the Journal is an important contribution to this literature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this commentary, the author discusses the findings of Varraso et al. within the context of the existing literature and posits epidemiologic explanations for why investigators might have failed to identify strong associations between diet and venous thromboembolism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this issue of the Journal, Varraso et al. [ 1] report the results of a comprehensive assessment of the associations between diet and incident venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a sample of 129,430 male and female health professionals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Dietary intake was represented by dietary patterns (prudent diet vs. Western diet) and intakes of various food groups and nutrients."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite the large number of VTEs reported (n = 2,892) and the use of analytic methods that attempted to reduce dietary measurement error by taking advantage of multiple dietary assessments, overall there was little suggestion of a relation between diet and VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Of the 14 dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients evaluated, only vitamin E, vitamin B6, and fiber were associated with a lower risk of VTE in the gender-pooled analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Higher Western dietary pattern scores and greater consumption of red and processed meats and trans fatty acids were associated with a greater risk of VTE in men but not in women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In the present commentary, prior studies that explored the relation between diet and VTE are summarized, and potential reasons why strong associations between diet and VTE have not been consistently observed are outlined."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Etiologic data from Norway gathered during World War II (1940–1944) provided the first suggestion of a relation between diet and VTE [2, 3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In recent years, possible relations have been examined in several epidemiologic studies [1, 4–19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As shown in Table 1, some studies, but not all, showed that VTE risk was inversely associated with intakes of fruits and vegetables, alcohol, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and fiber but positively associated with adherence to a Western dietary pattern and intakes of red and processed meat and trans fatty acids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Overall, the results of Varraso et al. [ 1] are consistent with those of previous investigators, who have generally failed to report strong associations between diet and VTE."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Given the lack of consistent and strong associations between diet and VTE, it is important to evaluate 1) the mechanisms underlying the hypothesized associations and 2) the methodological factors that might be impairing our ability to detect relations between diet and VTE if they are present."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Physiologically, diet might affect VTE risk by altering levels of hemostatic and fibrinolytic factors and/or by influencing an individual’s propensity for obesity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Epidemiologic associations between VTE and specific dietary components are inconsistent, but many of the food groups and nutrients with the strongest evidence for an association with VTE—including vitamin E, the B vitamins, fruits and vegetables, red and processed meat, and alcohol—act on the hemostatic system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, red and processed meats are high in saturated fatty acids, which have been shown to increase platelet aggregation [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moderate alcohol consumption might have antithrombotic effects [21–23], although it is unclear whether these effects are due to ethanol or other compounds [24] such as resveratrol, which is present in red wine [25], or hops, which are found in beer [26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, effects of diet on hemostatic pathways have not always translated into risk of VTE in controlled trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "B vitamin supplementation did not reduce the risk of incident VTE [5] or recurrent VTE [6], despite the apparent inverse relation with homocysteine levels [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, supplementation with vitamin E, which has been shown to have anticoagulant effects in humans [28, 29] and animals [30, 31], was associated with a 21% lower risk of incident VTE in the Women’s Health Study clinical trial [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Although numerous statistically significant associations have been observed between dietary intake and hemostatic factor levels, it must be acknowledged that the magnitudes of these associations were generally very modest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Furthermore, associations between hemostatic factors and VTE incidence are also often of modest magnitude."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0027__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Given this compilation of modest physiologic associations, it is unlikely that acting through hemostatic factors, diet would have a strong impact on the absolute risk of VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Diet may also influence VTE risk through its relation to obesity, which is a well-established strong risk factor for VTE [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Obesity is associated with venous stasis and also with venous damage and varicosity [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further, obesity may promote thrombosis through increased activity of the coagulation cascade and decreased activity of the fibrinolytic cascade [33]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Particularly when thinking about the positive associations among Western dietary patterns, red and processed meat, and VTE, it is important to be cognizant of the possibility of residual confounding by total caloric intake and obesity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Caloric intake is poorly estimated by food frequency questionnaires, and estimates are known to be differential by overweight status [34]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to the potential issue of small effects between diet and hemostatic factor levels, dietary measurement error may make it difficult to detect associations between diet and VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In many of the publications presented in Table 1, diet was assessed only once, and follow-up was often long."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the imprecision of dietary assessment and the possibility of an individual’s diet changing over time, dietary measurement error might have muddied the results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To reduce dietary measurement error, Varraso et al. [ 1] utilized data from a biennial food frequency questionnaire in a cumulative average diet analytic approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, to address the issue of change in dietary intake over time, they conducted sensitivity analyses in which they used the most recent dietary intake as the predictor of VTE risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Given their careful analytic approach, dietary measurement should be less of a concern in the article by Varraso et al. [ 1] than in others in which the relation between diet and VTE was explored."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another issue to keep in mind when reviewing this (and any) literature is the possibility of publication bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given that many of the published studies have yielded null results, one has to question whether publication bias may also be present."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is possible that some authors have chosen not to publish papers with null results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, the evidence suggesting a relation between dietary intake and the risk of VTE is relatively weak overall."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The article by Varraso et al. [ 1] is an important contribution to this body of literature, given the large number of cases and the analytic approach, which was intended to reduce dietary measurement error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Questions still remain regarding whether diet has an important impact on VTE risk."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, given the small magnitude of the associations between diet and hemostatic factor levels, combined with the relatively weak epidemiologic findings between diet and VTE, current data do not support a major role for diet in the development of VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although exploring the relations between diet and VTE is etiologically interesting, it is also important to ask: What are the potential public health and clinical implications of this work? Given that VTE is a relatively rare condition with an incidence rate of approximately 1 per 1,000 person-years [35–37], it is unlikely that public health messages will promote adherence to a healthy diet for VTE prevention, especially as the foods hypothesized to be beneficial are also advantageous for more common conditions, such as coronary heart disease and cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recurrence of VTE is common, however, with approximately 8% of individuals experiencing a recurrent event within 1 year of their initial diagnosis [35] and one-third experiencing a recurrent event in the decade after their incident event [37–39]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, identifying dietary factors that are effective at preventing VTE recurrence may have clinical value."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_150__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We appreciate the thoughtful comments by Dr. Lutsey [1] about our analysis [2] of data from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professional Follow-up Study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree with her conclusion that the association between diet and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is likely weak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the invited commentary [1], Dr. Lutsey discussed the potential for dietary measurement error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We agree that measurement of dietary intakes is difficult, especially because they change over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, in addition to considering errors in the measurement of the dietary exposures, one might also examine the heterogeneity of the outcome (in this case, VTE)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In most of the studies cited in Table 1 of the invited commentary [1], the authors investigated all VTEs (i.e., all cases of pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis) without differentiating between idiopathic and provoked VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If one studies all types of VTE, he or she also studies the risk factors for VTE (e.g., cancer)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thus, if one wants to study novel risk factors for VTE, one might preferentially study cases of idiopathic VTE (i.e., cases that were unrelated to classic risk factors for malignancy, recent surgery, and trauma)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0033__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Although our data did not permit us to distinguish between idiopathic and provoked VTE, we could specifically analyze idiopathic PEs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_150__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__response__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over the follow-up period, we identified 308 women and 109 men who had an incident idiopathic PE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After adjusting for 17 potential confounders (age, total physical activity level, physical inactivity level, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), total caloric intake, smoking, pack-years of smoking, race/ethnicity, spouse’s educational attainment (in women only), parity (in women only), menopausal status (in women only), nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use, warfarin use, multivitamin supplement use, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and rheumatologic disease), we found no association among dietary patterns, foods, or nutrients and the risk of idiopathic PE in either women or men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The pooled relative risk of PE for persons in the highest quintile of prudent diet intake compared with persons in the lowest was 0.85 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42, 1.72; P for trend = 0.78); for Western diet intake, the corresponding relative risk was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.53, 2.45; P for trend = 0.94)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These results provide further evidence that there is little (if any) association between diet and VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_150__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "150", "paragraph_id": "triad_150__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our study [2], we investigated several foods and nutrients in relation to VTE, but we did not study coffee intake."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A recent study in which it was reported that moderate coffee consumption might be associated with a reduced risk of VTE [3] led us to conduct further analyses regarding the potential role of coffee intake in the development of VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we found no association between coffee intake and the risk of VTE (for the highest quintile of coffee intake compared with the lowest, relative risk (RR) = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.22) or idiopathic PE (RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.18)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As mentioned by Dr. Lutsey, diet may also influence VTE risk through its relation to obesity, which is a strong risk factor for VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We previously showed that increasing body mass index had a strong linear association with the risk of idiopathic PE in the Nurses’ Health Study [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This association remained statistically significant after further adjustment for dietary patterns (for each 1-unit increase in body mass index, RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.10; P < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In addition to obesity, physical activity or inactivity might also modulate the association of diet, obesity, and VTE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Recently, we reported that in the Nurses’ Health Study, the risk of idiopathic PE was more than 2-fold higher in women who spent the most time sitting than in women who spent the least time sitting, independent of obesity, diet, and other factors [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The interrelations between nutritional factors and lifestyle factors (diet, obesity, physical activity, and physical inactivity) provide important challenges for epidemiologic researchers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Accordingly, there is a need for further research to disentangle the independent effect of each nutritional factor on VTE risk by using, for example, causal models [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "This analytic approach allows for testing of different models of causality in the epidemiology of disease arising out of environmental factors and analysis of the interplay between these factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_150__response__p0035__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Such an approach might help us find a stronger scientific basis to support nutritional recommendations that lower the risk of VTE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_150/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2160010755_W2148467647_W2125239747", "triad_name": "triad_150", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_150__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Atmospheric ionization events break N 2 chemical bonds, enabling nitrogen oxides [NO(y)] formation, normally at low atmospheric abundance [e.g. Thomas et al., 2005]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There has been controversy whether NO(y) deposition in ice cores, primarily as nitrate (NO 3 ), can be used as a proxy for very large solar proton events (SPEs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Based on the impulsive nitrate events identified in polar ice by Dreschhoff and Zeller [1990, 1994, 1998] McCracken et al. [ 2001a] established a calibration between impulsive nitrate deposition in the 415-year GISP2-H ice core obtained from the top of the ice sheet divide at Summit, Greenland, in 1991 by Dreschhoff and Zeller [1994, 1998] and extremely large SPEs between 1956 and 1989."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These authors identified 70 impulsive nitrate events in the GISP2-H core and concluded that they could be used as proxies to identify past extremely large SPEs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One of the largest impulsive nitrate events was dated as late 1859 and associated with the well-documented but poorly quantified September 1859 Carrington event [Clauer and Siscoe, 2006]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2012] analyzed several central Greenland ice cores, including their D4 [McConnell et al., 2007] and Zoe [Wolff et al., 2012] cores for a 40-year time period (1840-1880) and suggested that the impulsive nitrate event identified by McCracken et al. [ 2001a] as the 1859 Carrington event most likely resulted from biomass burning in 1863."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is the hard spectra solar cosmic ray ground-level events that have sufficient >300 MeV fluence to penetrate to and through the ozone layer (30 to 17 km altitude)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The large fluence of these particles produces the ionization that provides the energy to ionize N 2 in the lower stratosphere or even the troposphere [Atri et al., 2010; Usoskin et al., 2011]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When NO(y) is generated at these lower altitudes, there is the possibility of moving quickly into the troposphere, either by downward advection or by incorporation into polar stratospheric clouds and gravitational settling, where it will be deposited as NO(y) in snow events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The softer spectra events will deposit the ionization energy at higher altitudes, and the resulting NO(y) must be transported downward by mechanisms such as the upper branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These well-established transport mechanisms acting over longer time periods should significantly broaden the deposition timescale as the material diffuses down into the troposphere making any nitrate signal in the ice much harder to identify."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem with using the Carrington event to dispute all SPE effects in polar ice nitrate profiles as done by Wolff et al. [ 2012] is that while this was clearly a major solar event (white light central meridian solar flare) with subsequent associated extreme geomagnetic storm and low-latitude aurora, it is only a single example and little quantitative information exists with respect to a SPE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, it may not represent the type of high-energy SPE needed to produce an impulsive nitrate event and is not the ideal test case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A careful inspection of Figure 1 in McCracken et al. [ 2001a] shows a complex structure of several events occurring in the 1859 dated GISP2-H core, which is not seen in the 1863 Zoe and D4 data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is simply not possible at this time to state conclusively whether the large nitrate spike dated to 1859 or 1860 in the GISP2-H core and to or 1863 in other Greenland cores resulted from the Carrington event or if a smaller, or no, impulsive nitrate enhancement should be expected."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In an effort to understand the different interpretations between McCracken et al. [ 2001a] and Wolff et al. [ 2012], we concluded that a correlation test between impulsive nitrate spikes in polar ice and SPEs could be conducted by examining ice core nitrate deposition during the only years when both well-documented extremely large hard spectrum relativistic solar cosmic ray events occurred and ultrafine-resolution nitrate measurements in consolidated firn exist, namely the 14- year interval 1937 to 1951."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We use this time period to ascertain if the ice core data available for analysis contain evidence of short-duration impulsive nitrate enhancements that could be time associated with these large relativistic solar cosmic ray events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using spectral analysis we also determine the resolutions of sampling schemes using these nitrate enhancements."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this study we will show that finer than 0.08 year (sub-monthly) resolution is necessary for impulsive nitrate event detection in ice cores and conclude that the data used by Wolff et al. [ 2012] were inadequate to differentiate short-duration nitrate enhancements that might be indicative of an extremely large solar proton event."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We note that Schrijver et al. [ 2012] also discuss reasons to question the validity of nitrate spikes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We comment briefly on those here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( 1) The conventional nitrate transport processes from the middle stratosphere and above is very slow, so it is hard to make spikes in the ice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The problem with this is an assumption that substantial deposition cannot occur at lower altitudes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This can be shown to be incorrect by examining tables in Atri et al. [ 2010] or balloon data in Nicoll and Harrison [2014]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) Nitrate interference from biomass burning is a serious concern but can be filtered out by examining other species (e.g., black carbon, ammonium and vanillic acid), at comparable resolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, post-depositional variations could be detectable by examining the concentration of other species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ionization events should only involve impulsive nitrate increases although conductivity may increase also as nitrate is highly ionic in water and is the second largest contributor to Greenland ice conductivity after sulfate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There appears to be disagreement as to what constitutes an \"impulsive nitrate event\" in the ice core data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, for years, these features either were not observed due to insufficient time resolution or were attributed to contamination [e.g., Herron, 1982; Delmas et al., 1982; Dreschhoff et al., 1983; Legrand and Delmas, 1986]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The amount of nitrate found in polar ice and snow from generally accepted background sources (biogenic decay, biomass burning, lightning, anthropogenic emissions, and stratosphere-troposphere exchange) [e.g., Ehhalt and Drummond, 1982; Chameides et al., 1977; Neftel et al., 1985; Hameed et al., 1981; Hastings et al., 2004] and from proposed extreme SPEs is dependent on many factors that tend to vary in an annual cycle (e.g., source strength, atmospheric processes, and transport mechanisms to the ice)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The impulsive nitrate enhancement definition used by McCracken et al. [ 2001a,b] was an extremely short duration nitrate impulse that was at least three standard deviations above and superimposed on the temporal, highly variable nitrate background."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The smoothed temporal profile was subtracted from the short-duration impulse event amplitude to obtain the additional accumulated NO(y) contained in the impulsive nitrate event."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An illustrative example is the impulsive nitrate event contained in samples 1133-1136 of the GISP2-H data shown in Figure 1 that is time associated with the 23 February 1956 solar cosmic ray ground-level event [Meyer et al., 1956; Pfotzer, 1958; Shea and Smart, 2012]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is the largest relativistic solar cosmic ray event observed in the history of cosmic ray measurements with relativistic solar particles impacting the Earth's polar regions for more than 24 hours (Švestka and Simon, 1975)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The duration of this impulsive nitrate deposition event in the ice was about 2 cm water equivalent at Summit, or 1 month."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The data used in this analysis are from four ice cores identified by the following names: Zoe, D4, GISP2-H, and BU."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Zoe, GISP2-H and BU cores were obtained at Summit (72.6°N, 38.3°W, 3216 m elevation, 24.6 cm average annual water equivalent accumulation [Meese et al., 1994; Albert and Schultz, 2002]), and the D4 core was drilled 237 km away in central Greenland (71.4°N, 44.0°W, 2713 m elevation, 41.4 cm average annual water equivalent accumulation [Banta and McConnell, 2007])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "E. W. Wolff and J. R. McConnell (personal communication, 2012) have generously provided their Zoe and D4 ice core data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "GISP2-H [Dreschhoff and Zeller, 1994; 1998] and BU [Kepko et al., 2009] data were provided by G. A. M. Dreschhoff (personal communication, 2000) and L. Kepko (personal communication, 2009) respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 2 presents the 14 year time series of nitrate concentrations from 1937 to 1951 for all four cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The nitrate profiles look very similar when plotted in terms of water equivalent depth and are not shown here."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Zoe and D4 curves obtained from continuous flow analysis (CFA) of multiple species actually show coarser effective resolution compared to GISP2-H and BU, despite the finer resolutions listed in Table 1 of Wolff et al. [ 2012]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Discretely sampled and co-located nitrate and conductivity values were identified each 1.5 cm of firn or ice along the entire GISP2-H core yielding approximately 20 discrete samples per year (~1.25 cm water equivalent per sample)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the BU core, Kepko et al. [ 2009] developed a simplified CFA procedure that concentrated on obtaining only co-located nitrate and conductivity measurements through a single flow line, resulting in an approximately 0.063 cm water equivalent sampling interval, thus reducing dispersion effects and achieving a sampling frequency in excess of 284 (cycles) year -1 (per year) for 1937 to 1951."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the data acquired, Kepko et al. also divided the initial core into four parallel sections and analyzed each section independently before averaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This resulted in an ultrafine- resolution nitrate and conductivity data set that could be dated using the Hekla eruption volcanic tie point, annual layer counting, and the consensus Summit depth/time profile [Meese et al., 1994]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, the multi-species CFA conducted on the Zoe and D4 cores used sampling intervals ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 cm water equivalent."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While this CFA design enabled many geochemical species in the ice cores to be characterized in parallel, this approach, coupled with dispersion effects, inherently sacrificed effective depth resolution [Breton et al., 2012] and reduced the time resolution of the Zoe and D4 data compared to those of GISP2-H and BU as shown in Figure 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nearly any mathematical function can be represented as the sum of a series of sinusoids; examining the nature of these has become a standard method in many fields, in this case time and depth series."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For an introduction, see Muller and MacDonald [2002] and Melott and Bambach [2011]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The power spectrum is a way of showing the strength of fluctuations at various frequencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In order to represent a sudden change over time T, frequencies up to 1/(2T), the Nyquist frequency, must be included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When considering a depth interval D, an analogous Nyquist frequency 1/(2D) is obtained."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Smoothing data, which involves averaging over neighboring points, may happen by mixing the data at different times or depths."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It is equivalent to removing high frequencies from the data, which can be seen in the power spectrum."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Lomb-Scargle Method [Scargle, 1982] was developed to analyze irregularly spaced data directly without interpolation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is equivalent to doing a least-squares fit to sine waves of various wavelengths [Cornette, 2007]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Figure 3 we show the results of a Lomb-Scargle analysis of the four nitrate data sets in terms of time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A spectral analysis of all four data sets was also obtained in terms of water equivalent depth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The depth power spectra gave similar results and are not shown, but the resulting depth resolutions are reported here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Significance levels are assigned assuming a \"red noise\" AR(1) background."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All the data in Figure 3 show a peak near 1, corresponding to the annual nitrate cycle in polar ice that is well preserved at Summit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The discretely sampled GISP2-H data show significant power right up to the largest sampled frequency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, the CFA-sampled Zoe, D4, and BU data show a distinct drop of significance at the higher frequencies, far below the putative Nyquist frequency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We recognize that there may be some mild nonlinearities in the correspondence between time and depth scales, but these will average out over the 14-year interval with the result that there is some mixing of power for adjacent frequencies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In any case, shorter depth intervals will correspond on average to shorter times and higher frequencies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The narrowness of the peak at 1 year -1 sets a limit of a few percent in the variation in annual snowfall rate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Zoe and D4 nitrate data show that even at the 50% confidence level, there is no significant power at frequencies greater than about 3 year -1 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The depth analysis of the observed nitrate pattern in the Summit Zoe data corresponds to a depth resolution that is closer to 8 cm water equivalent rather than 1 cm water equivalent, suggesting that these are at best seasonal features (i.e., the annual nitrate cycles) that are being resolved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The actual depth resolution in the D4 ice core nitrate data from 1937 to 1951 with power exceeding the 95% confidence interval is no better than 9.4 cm water equivalent at Summit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, the GISP2-H nitrate data show significant power at the 99.9% confidence level up to about 12 year -1 (1 month period) and have a 1.9 cm water equivalent depth resolution, and the more finely depth sampled BU core nitrate data show significant power at the 99.9% confidence level up to about 36 year -1 (~10 days period or ~0.67 cm water equivalent depth resolution)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This suggests strongly but does not prove that there is a meaningful signal in the Summit ice at about a 10-day resolution that has not been consistently compromised by post-depositional processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This resolution limit is most probably determined by the high frequency of episodic snowfall events ~88 year -1 (~7.3 per month or roughly one snowfall event every 4 days, corresponding to ~0.28 cm water equivalent per event [Dibb and Fahnestock, 2004]) in combination with winds and subsequent migration of nitrate in the firn and applies to other species as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The question we are left with then is, \"What is the effective sub-annual resolution of nitrates in ice cores at Summit; i.e., how fine a resolution in the ice cores at Summit will yield useful information from multi-parameter (as well as possibly SPE/nitrate deposition) studies?\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is not sufficient to show the presence of high frequencies, as in the GISP2-H and BU core power spectra (Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Noise in the data could introduce high-frequency power."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In order to demonstrate that they show fine-resolution sampling, power must be correlated in such a way as to generate high peaks on a corresponding fine depth or time scale."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Figure 4 we show the five highest nitrate peaks for the interval 1937-1951 in each of these data sets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The full width at half- maximum (FWHM) was calculated by plotting each peak out to its first local minimum on either side."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Peak heights and half maximum widths were plotted and calculated relative to the average nitrate concentration of each pair of local minima as the zero point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An average FWHM (FWHM av ) was then calculated from all five peaks for each core."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The FWHM av of each core corresponds closely to the resolution limits given by the power spectra in Figure 3, but we note that the D4 core FWHM av of 3.5 year -1 (3.4 months) is slightly better than the 2.7 year -1 (4.5 months) resolution indicated by the power spectrum analysis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We therefore have good overall agreement and an independent confirmation of the resolution in the nitrate data sets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Summit is an optimal location for preserving the seasonal geochemical depositional record including nitrates because the relatively high snow accumulation of 0.65 m year -1 at the surface (0.246 m year -1 water equivalent) [Meese et al., 1994; Albert and Schultz, 2002] is not dominated by wind erosion drifting features or sastrugi, and post-depositional processing effects are minimal [Hastings et al., 2004]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Summit is also not subject to katabatic winds that re-arrange the snow at down-slope locations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, and most importantly, any mixing of episodic snowfall events by winds will on average have the effect of reducing nitrate spike amplitudes relative to the background."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a major study of nine soluble ions involving multiple snow pit and daily surface samples covering three years, Dibb et al. [ 2007] concluded that at least on a seasonal basis \"...post- depositional changes do not greatly impact the glaciochemical records preserved at Summit.\" Dibb et al. [ 2007] went on to say that nitrate loss due to volatility \"...is a minor (≤ 5% up to perhaps 25%) fraction of the total that is deposited...\" Their findings are consistent with a previous surface and snow pit study focused on nitrates by Burkhart et al. [ 2004], who also observed impulsive nitrate features within one year of deposition at the depth and time scales discussed here and concluded that, \"Over 90% of the measured nitrate in the surface snow is preserved in the pits indicating that photochemistry and temperature-dependent uptake and release from the snow do not play as important a role with preservation at Summit…\" While the Burkhart et al. study did not observe a clear annual cycle and a consistent preservation of impulsive nitrate events, their nitrate study was limited to one year, and their results must be interpreted accordingly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These findings do not, of course, prove that impulsive nitrate features at the fine resolution indicated in the current study will be preserved at depth."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the presence of both highly significant nitrate power spectra and consistent behavior in FWHM nitrate spikes in the BU core down to approximately 0.67 cm water equivalent depth (10 day) intervals from our results strongly support limited interference by post-depositional processes and are a validation of this analytical approach."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mixing/dispersion effects during CFA result in coarser resolution after sampling [Breton et al., 2012]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These effects are minimized in the BU core analysis and completely absent from the discretely sampled GISP2-H data as shown in Figure 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The effects of dispersion and resolution loss on the Zoe and D4 cores can be demonstrated by (1) applying a Gaussian filter to the fine- resolution BU data of the form exp(-28.3t 2 ) and (2) decimating the filtered BU data by a factor of 16 (21 days) to match the sampling rate of the Zoe data from 1937 to 1951."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The coefficient corresponds to a low-pass frequency filter for f c = 3 year -1 (4 months), the point at which the contribution from adjacent samples falls off from 1 at t = 0 to exp(-π)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The filtered/decimated BU data and their power spectrum are presented in Figures 5a and 5b, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Filtering the BU data to the Zoe resolution simulates how mixing in the CFA fluid stream smoothes and removes the high-frequency peaks as shown in Figure 5a."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The resulting power spectrum of the filtered BU data in Figure 5b strongly resembles that of Zoe shown in Figure 3a."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first observed SPEs were the relativistic high-energy (>4 GeV) events detected by cosmic ray ionization chambers in 1942, 1946, and 1949 [Forbush, 1946; 1950]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 6 shows all of the high-energy solar cosmic ray ground-level events observed by ionization chambers and/or muon telescopes since the beginning of the continuous cosmic ray measurement era (1936 to present)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such events are expected to ionize the atmosphere down to low altitudes [Atri et al., 2010; Usoskin et al., 2011]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As can be seen in Figure 6, the events in the 1940s were extremely large over a short time period compared to events during the contemporary spacecraft era (1965 to present)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In an examination of the BU core in Figure 2d, the large-amplitude impulsive nitrate increases (more than 10 standard deviations above the pre-event background) in the core are time associated with the first known very high-energy solar cosmic ray events (28 February and 7 March 1942 (combined); 25 July 1946, 19 November 1949)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This ultrafine-resolution CFA method resulted in a FWHM of 9 days (0.6 cm water equivalent) for the impulsive nitrate increases coincident with these high-energy relativistic solar cosmic ray events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The probability that during a 14-year period (i.e. 168 months) you would purely by chance select three events that would correspond this closely to the month of known high-energy solar cosmic ray events (February/March, 1942, July 1946, and November 1949) is very small ~(3/168) 3 , or about 1 in 175,000."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nitrate increases are also observable in the GISP2-H core but not as distinctly as in the higher-resolution BU core."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "None of these events is uniquely discernible in the Zoe or D4 cores shown in Figure 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 7 presents the BU (nitrate and conductivity) and the Zoe (multi-species) data on the same time scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is an interval when the annual cycles for these two cores (BU and Zoe) are in good synchronization, based on the surface and 1947 Hekla eruption tie points, the Meese et al. [ 1994] depth-age scale, and interpolation using species that display annual cycles; the data are plotted directly as acquired without any adjustments."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Despite differences in resolution, note that these impulsive nitrate increases found in both the BU and GISP2-H cores do not correspond in time to indicators of biomass burning such as anomalous increases in ammonium or black carbon in the Zoe and D4 multi-species data such as shown in Figure 7."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the BU core analysis, Kepko et al. [ 2009] also identified small nitrate increases that correspond to the time of strong polar cap blackouts recorded by vertical ionospheric soundings that were identified as probable solar proton events by Švestka [1966]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Solar proton events undoubtedly occurred during the solar maximum years of the 17th and 18th solar cycles; however, the only known high-energy solar cosmic ray events are those recorded by the Forbush ionization chambers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The only short-duration impulsive nitrate events that are time associated to high-energy solar cosmic ray events are the increases in 1942, 1946, and 1949."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is why we have concentrated on these well-documented relativistic solar cosmic ray events to show that the lack of temporal resolution in the D4 and Zoe cores do not permit the identification of these short-lived impulsive nitrate events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2012] did not find a nitrate increase in the ice cores they examined corresponding to the 1859 Carrington event."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subsequently, their analysis of this single, incompletely characterized event has been used to discredit impulsive nitrate events as possibly indicative of large fluence SPEs [e.g., Schrijver et al., 2012; Cliver et al., 2014]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After examining the data provided by Wolff et al. that overlap the GISP2-H and BU data for the well-documented, large, high-energy relativistic solar cosmic ray events in the 1940s, we conclude that their data resolution was inadequate to differentiate any of the impulsive nitrate events in the test period of 1937-1951."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The limitations on significant data resolution mean that the Zoe and D4 data sets cannot confidently detect or represent changes at frequencies greater than ~3 year -1 , or on time scales of less than approximately 3-5 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 36 year -1 (~10 day) average resolution that is obtainable, as indicated by the BU core, corresponds to a depth resolution < 1 cm water equivalent at Summit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These findings also imply that ice core analysis of nitrate at a resolution such as Zoe and D4 probably could not discern the Carrington event as well."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We note that the GISP2-H core power spectrum up to its sampling interval frequency appears to be similar to the BU core power spectrum as shown in Figures 3c and 3d."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The fact that the BU data resolution makes it possible to discern impulsive nitrate events means that there is valuable information down to time scales of order 10 days in Summit ice core data that is currently not being exploited."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results have relevance and impact beyond the issue of SPE resolvability in the polar ice core nitrate record."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study shows that the ice sheet at Summit contains sub-seasonal information in at least some species at the approximate time scale of snowfall events that can be extracted relatively easily for comparison with current and historical climatological records and applied to studying interactions between different species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This will allow glaciologists and atmospheric scientists to better understand sources in the atmosphere and the transport mechanisms of impurities to the ice sheet, as well as post-depositional processes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We suggest additional fine-resolution, multiple species analysis that include nitrate and potentially interfering and \"fixing\" impurities (i.e., ammonium, black carbon, vanillic acid, dust, and sea salt) with replicate sampling at times of other potentially large-amplitude solar events in the last two millennia (e.g., 14 C and 10 Be events) such as events documented circa 774-775 A.D. and 993-994 A.D. [Miyake et al., 2013; Melott and Thomas, 2012; Usoskin et al., 2013]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A similar recommendation was made by Wolff et al. [ 2008]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We stress that astrophysical ionization events are not expected to produce any of the chemical species attributable to volcanoes or wildfires, other than nitrate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is important, as there are indications of much more energetic events on stars similar to the Sun [Nogami et al., 2014] which are potentially very dangerous if they occur on the Sun as well."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The medieval events were very high in fluence or had extreme spectral hardness since 14 C is dependent on high-energy proton fluence [Thomas et al., 2013], and ice core nitrate studies may be important in our understanding of these events by effectively giving information on the total energy deposition in the atmosphere, and thus a crude approximation to the spectrum and total energy deposition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Soft solar events with enough fluence to account for the observed 14 C in 774-775 A.D. and 993-994 A.D. can severely deplete the ozone layer and are potentially catastrophic [Thomas et al., 2013]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5011__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 6, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Smart et al. ( 2014) suggested that the detection of nitrate spikes in polar ice cores from solar energetic particle (SEP) events could be achieved if an analytical system with sufficiently high resolution was used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here we show that the spikes they associate with SEP events are not reliably recorded in cores from the same location, even when the resolution is clearly adequate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We explain the processes that limit the effective resolution of ice cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Liquid conductivity data suggest that the observed spikes are associated with sodium or another nonacidic cation, making it likely that they result from deposition of sea salt or similar aerosol that has scavenged nitrate, rather than from a primary input of nitrate in the troposphere."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We consider that there is no evidence at present to support the identification of any spikes in nitrate as representing SEP events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Although such events undoubtedly create nitrate in the atmosphere, we see no plausible route to using nitrate spikes to document the statistics of such events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Large solar energetic particle (SEP) events have the potential to severely disrupt satellite, communications, and electronic systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There is therefore strong motivation to establish a proxy that could document the statistics of occurrence of SEP events of different magnitudes and in particular the recurrence frequency of the largest events."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There has long been a controversy as to whether spikes in the concentration of nitrate in polar ice cores can be used as such a proxy [1][2][3][4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The perspective of the proponents, coming from the space physics community, has been that SEP events will produce NOx in the atmosphere, some of which will be deposited in ice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They have then attempted to align measured spikes with known SEP event dates to establish a link."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The perspective of the opponents, coming from the atmospheric chemistry and ice core community, has been that any signal would be too small and broad to be detected as a spike, and that there are other causes of such spikes, unrelated to SEPs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In an attempt to answer the questions posed by the controversy, and to reach both scientific communities, we presented a study [6] in which numerous high-resolution ice core profiles of nitrate from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores were compiled and compared for a 40 year period surrounding the well-known Carrington space weather event of 1859."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We showed that a peak corresponding to that event was not present in most cores and that most nitrate peaks in Greenland during the 40 year period were due to the transit of biomass burning plumes over the ice core site (simultaneously depositing ammonium, formate, and to a lesser extent nitrate [7], along with specific fire tracers)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Subsequently, a new paper [8] has been published, essentially as a critique of our paper [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This has three main conclusions: 1. The Carrington Event was a poor choice of test case because it is not clear whether it had the characteristics that the authors would expect to lead to a significant and sharp nitrate enhancement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The resolution typically used to discern nitrate spikes in ice cores is insufficient to discover the kind of events the authors have in mind."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "3. Analysis at higher resolution and measuring multiple chemical species may allow nitrate spikes caused by SEPs to be isolated, reinstating the possibility to assess their occurrence using the ice core record."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this comment we would like to discuss each of these points in turn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Before doing so, we think it would be helpful to summarize two issues on which we think that the authors of the commented paper [8] and ourselves can now agree, which may not have been so obvious in earlier discussions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "SEPs deposit most of their energy and therefore produce most NOx in the middle stratosphere or above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A source of NOx at these altitudes would take months to years to reach ground level, would be broad and diffuse over time, and would be diluted by other sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The signature of such a source could never be a sharp spike deposited almost immediately after the event."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It seems therefore to now be a common ground that only hard spectrum events that can deposit energy into the troposphere could possibly produce the kind of spikes being described, and only nitrate produced at low altitudes should be seen as spikes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It also is agreed that there are other causes of sharp nitrate spikes in polar ice, and in particular that some nitrate spikes, previously attributed to SEPs, are in fact caused by biomass burning plumes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This is critical because it instantly establishes that inventories of nitrate spikes without additional chemical information cannot be used to establish the statistics of SEP events, and this was actually the main message intended in our earlier paper [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0046__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We now discuss the three main issues we have identified from the paper on which we are commenting [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 6, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Role of the Carrington Event We acknowledge that this event may not have deposited energy at low altitudes and that a nitrate spike of the kind the authors now propose would therefore not be expected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We emphasize that our earlier paper [6] used the 40 years around the Carrington Event as an example period, in which we demonstrated that most peaks previously claimed to be SEP-related actually have a different origin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our conclusion about the use of nitrate to identify SEP events did not rely on the Event itself or alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the apparent coincidence of timing of the largest integrated nitrate peak in a 400 year period, and the Carrington Event, had previously been used as a major statistical underpinning of the hypothesis that nitrate spikes were indeed caused by SEPs [9]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Once that coincidence is removed (because the spike has the signature of a biomass burning event), so that there is no evidence for any spike associated with the Carrington Event, the idea that any nitrate spikes above background are due to SEPs reverts to being speculation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We agree that it is worthwhile to assess whether other events, known to have a hard spectrum, might show a signature, but the idea cannot be considered to have any prior support."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In the reply to this comment [10], it is claimed that there is a nitrate peak in the GISP2-H core associated with the February 1956 SEP event."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, given the rapidly changing snow accumulation rate deduced in this part of the core [8, Figure 1] (14 samples in 1955 but 35 in 1956), the dating of the nitrate peak must be considered uncertain within several months, and the evidence that the nitrate peak is related to the SEP is very weak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0047__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "As an additional point, our earlier work does establish that events such as the Carrington, which was associated with a huge geomagnetic storm, cannot be logged through nitrate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 23, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [23, 23, 23], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ice Core Resolution Smart et al. [ 8] carried out power spectral analysis to assess the resolution of different ice core records, and on this basis they suggest that many of them were inadequate to detect the kind of signals that SEPs might cause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we comment that the resolution of most of the analytical systems in use has been characterized directly by applying a rapid change in concentration at the melter and observing the character of the signal at the detector."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is an empirical and direct way to discover what kind of smoothing is caused by mixing of water on the melt head, in the tubes leading to the detector, and in the detector itself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It therefore includes all the sources of dispersion that would occur for a real sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The resolutions quoted in Table 1 of our earlier paper [6] were generally derived in this way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is certainly likely that the system used on the Boston University (BU) core, analyzing only one component, has a higher resolution than the multi-component systems used at Zoe and D4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, this analysis ignores many issues concerning the way in which signals are recorded in ice cores, which inherently limit the resolution that is useful and reliable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Chemicals can be deposited either by wet or dry deposition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "If they are dry deposited, they may give a very thin layer between snowfalls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "If they are deposited by wet deposition, then they may give a signal that is initially the width of a snowfall (typically millimeters to centimeters)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "While there are numerous snowfall events each year at Summit (84 events were recorded in 2001), they are far from uniformly distributed through the year [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "This has two consequences: first, it is impossible to accurately attach a calendar date to a layer in an ice core, because the snowfall quantity varies strongly from month to month."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Based on [11], linear interpolation of the quantity of new snow with time within a year would lead to an error of up to about 2 months at some parts of the year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Second, there are months when there are only one or two snowfall events, so that the effective resolution, even in the deposited fresh snow, is 1–2/month."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "With no a priori way of knowing which months this applies to, the reliable resolution (if one is going to assess event frequencies) in the deposited snow in central Greenland is of order 1 month."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "However, after snowfall, snow is redistributed through wind, leading to mixing of different snowfall layers, and to inhomogeneous deposition across sastrugi, where some parts of the surface may contain a thick layer, and the layer may be completely lost from other parts of the surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Recent model studies suggest that drifting snow occurs on 50 or more days per year in central Greenland [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Finally, nitrate that is deposited as nitric acid is known to be mobile in the snow pack, so that even sharp peaks become smoothed through vapor redistribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Nitrate that is deposited as aerosol will not be subject to this process but suffers from the issue that the deposition rate may be controlled by atmospheric concentrations of the countercation [5][13] rather than by concentrations of nitrate itself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "For example, an influx of marine air containing high concentrations of sea salt will scavenge acidic nitrate from the atmosphere, leading to deposition of a nitrate spike even in the absence of any primary input of nitrate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "Of course, despite these issues, an event lasting only a few days can be detected if it is large enough."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Indeed, the numerous biomass burning events that have been detected on the basis of markers such as ammonium, formate [14][15], and vanillic acid clearly derive from events that would only have passed over the ice core site for days, but many give clear nitrate signals [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "However, a method that would rely on very narrow signals being reliably present in an ice core at such high resolution cannot be successful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "This is illustrated in Smart et al. ’s [8] own paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "The BU core shows perhaps five peaks that could be identified as sharp nitrate spikes in the period 1937–1951."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "These spikes appear to be 1–2 cm across and therefore should clearly show up in the GISP2-H core (which has a resolution of 1.5 cm from discretely cut samples, which equates to about 0.03 years at this age)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "We have (Figure 1) binned the data from the BU core into 0.03 year sections to mimic what the H core should show if the same peaks were recorded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "We bin rather than smooth [10], because discrete samples are indeed bins of the ice section."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "Some years have more than 30 samples in the H core; however, changing our bins to 0.04 or even 0.05 years does not affect the result."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0030", "sentence_n": 30, "text": "Assuming the dating of both cores is correct, it is immediately obvious that the largest peak in BU (in late 1946), which should show a peak of 250–340 ppb after binning (depending on the position of the bin boundaries), is not seen in the H core."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0031", "sentence_n": 31, "text": "Other significant sharp spikes in BU are also not seen at the expected depth in the H core; although one can find peaks in the H core at ages near to those in BU in some cases (e.g., at the end of 1949), they actually occur in the wrong part of the seasonal nitrate curve."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0032", "sentence_n": 32, "text": "The attempts to find plausible peak matches [10, section 3.3] require such a flexible attitude to dating, seasonality and peak size and shape that it is hard to imagine a situation in which an apparent match would not be found."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0033", "sentence_n": 33, "text": "In fact, the GISP2-H core also shows one very clear spike, but it is in a year when BU shows no spike."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0034", "sentence_n": 34, "text": "Even if these spikes could be attributed to SEPs, they are not reliably recorded in adjacent cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0035", "sentence_n": 35, "text": "We note that the very high resolution Law Dome (Antarctica) ice core was sampled discretely at about 12–20 samples/year (decreasing with depth) and also showed no significant nitrate enhancement, let alone a sharp spike, after individual SEP events [4], although a small, broad, enhancement of nitrate concentrations was found between 3 and 15 months after the SEP date, when averaged over the event population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0048__s0036", "sentence_n": 36, "text": "We note also that we see no clear nitrate signal in the Law Dome DSS core around the 10Be peak associated with an event in 775 A.D. [16], recently identified as most likely a hard spectrum event 25–50 times as strong as the February 1956 event [17]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 14, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [14, 14, 14], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A Signature of SEP Events It has been suggested that replicate sampling of several cores, with multiple chemical species, and at very high resolution, will allow SEP signals to be isolated [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In principle, deposition of acidic nitrate might, at least in the preindustrial era, be indicative of SEP or other events of atmospheric origin, distinguishable from biomass burning events (with associated ammonium) or deposition of nitrate as a consequence of scavenging by sea salt or dust."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This criterion (of nitrate peaks with no measured countercation) was used to isolate candidate peaks in surface snow in a recent paper [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, if an additional requirement is that the peak preserved in ice at depth must be very narrow, such as those discussed [8], then we would predict that they must have been deposited as aerosol and will therefore not have an acidic signature that might be a fingerprint of an SEP event."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No cation information exists for the BU or GISP2-H core data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, we can infer the nature of the cation from the liquid conductivity, which was also presented [18][8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The largest nitrate peak in the BU core, in 1946, rises about 400 ppb (6.5 μeq L⁻¹) above the background."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Using well-documented ionic conductances, we would expect such a peak to be accompanied by a liquid conductivity increase of almost 3 μS cm⁻¹, exactly what would be expected in the case where Na+ is the countercation (and similar for ammonium or calcium)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "A similar calculation confirms that none of the sharp peaks shown in the BU core between 1937 and 1951 are acidic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Finally, we need to consider whether it is plausible that the events discussed [8] could arise from a hard SEP event acting in the lower atmosphere."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Modeling studies are needed to assess this."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Newly accepted work [19] using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model found that very large hypothetical SEP events, 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than those observed in recent decades, produced, as expected, NOy enhancements above the troposphere but insufficient NOx in the lowest 15 km of the atmosphere to produce spikes in Greenland ice cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Earlier work [20] would also not support the kind of enhancements in nitrate deposition flux that would be needed to observe spikes for events such as those in the 1940s and 1950s."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0049__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "We understand that other modeling studies are in progress, and we await their results with interest, emphasizing that to be relevant to the production of very sharp spikes, such models will need to focus on production in the troposphere or lowest stratosphere."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusion Smart et al. [ 8] showed that very sharp nitrate peaks may be detected in a system with very high resolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there is no evidence that these arise from SEPs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Liquid conductivity data confirm that many sharp peaks are not acidic, making it likely that they are a by-product of influx of sea salt, biomass burning, or dust aerosol, rather than a consequence of a significant influx of nitrate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There seems no a priori way to distinguish SEP signals from other causes of nitrate enhancement, and we again emphasize that the evidence that was used previously, regarding the coincidence in date of SEP events and nitrate spikes, is no longer valid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In any case, we have shown clearly that such spikes are not reliably deposited in adjacent cores, for reasons we have discussed, which makes the use of such sharp features to log the power and frequency of SEP events impractical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We do not doubt that the largest SEPs will cause an enhancement of nitrate in the middle atmosphere and in extreme cases the troposphere."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As ice core scientists, we would very much like to be able to use a proxy such as that envisaged, but we cannot see a plausible route for identifying and using nitrate deposition in snow to diagnose past SEPs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__critique__p0050__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The use of 10Be [17], although at much lower time resolution, seems a much more promising path."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5011__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] comment on Smart et al. [ 2014] and in doing so concentrate on issues other than the main point."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They do not dispute our central assertion, the inadequate resolution of nearly all extant ice cores for detection of impulsive nitrate events (spikes) from any source, including past solar proton events (SPEs)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We explain why comparing two short-length cores from other researchers and analyzed by different methods is insufficient for disputing subannual reproducibility, and call for a multiple, fine-resolution, replicate core study to resolve this issue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While acknowledging the creation of nitrate by SPEs and the existence of ice core nitrate spikes detected by others, they present several weak arguments, such as alleged scavenging of nitrate by some unnamed and unmeasured aerosol, and why no enhanced nitrate signal for documenting SPE statistics should be distinguishable in the ice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These are not derived from the main points in our Smart et al. [ 2014] paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We address these briefly and show that ionization from the February 1956 SPE was sufficient to produce a winter, likely acidic, nitrate spike at Summit, Greenland."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While noting some convergence of interpretation, we show why their claim that nitrate spikes cannot be used for deriving SPE statistics is unproven and why rejection of fine resolution core studies as unreliable is premature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To understand the complexities regarding the Comment by Wolff et al. [ 2016] and this Reply, some background material is necessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 1 in the McCracken et al. [ 2001] paper is a tabulation of 72 short duration, “impulsive nitrate events” or spikes that those authors proposed as representing very large fluence solar proton events (SPEs) with the solar particles ionizing the atmosphere and forming oxides of nitrogen, leading to enhanced nitrate deposition in polar ice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2012] chose to concentrate on one event associated with the white light solar flare observed on 1 September 1859 [Carrington, 1860] and noted that they were unable to find a corresponding nitrate increase in several “properly dated” ice cores."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on the analysis of this one event and their assertion that “all large spikes” in their data were “due to biomass burning plumes,” they concluded that nitrates in ice cores cannot be used to derive SPE statistics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Smart et al. [ 2014] noted in the data supplied by Wolff and coworkers that no nitrate spikes corresponding to known high-energy ground level solar cosmic ray events observed by cosmic ray muon detectors could be found."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Smart et al. [ 2014] attributed this to insufficient resolution of ice core data primarily acquired to study long-term climatological phenomena."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using standard statistical analysis software, Smart et al. [ 2014] noted a substantial difference between the resolutions reported in Table 1 of Wolff et al. [ 2012] and the statistically significant data resolutions in their Zoe and D4 ice cores (closest in location to the GISP2-H ice core), contradicting their claims of “comparable resolution” to the GISP2-H data, which contained significant nitrate spikes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Smart et al. [ 2014] concluded that only ice cores with statistically significant, fine resolution of less than 2 months are capable of resolving short duration nitrate spikes regardless of their source."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This resolution issue has implications regarding inferences drawn previously about a host of short-term phenomena in coarsely resolved ice cores, including the claimed associations between biomass burning, sea salt, and nitrate spikes that cannot be proven with analyses that only delineate broad summer/winter variations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It needs to be addressed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are now in the “comment stage.” Wolff et al. [ 2016] maintain that the entire nitrate spike concept for deriving SPE statistics is inconsistent with well-regarded standard models for transport through the atmosphere and preservation in ice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These are the key points in the argument Wolff et al. [ 2016] present, but they are not in response to the key point in Smart et al. [ 2014]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The basic thesis of our paper [Smart et al., 2014] that the data in Wolff et al. [ 2012] lack the resolution to identify 0.5–2 month duration impulsive nitrate events has not been challenged in a substantive way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, Wolff et al. [ 2016] continue to maintain that their ice core data are “high resolution” and “The resolution typically used to discern nitrate spikes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” We strongly dispute these assertions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In their Comment, Wolff et al. [ 2016] focus primarily on side issues to dispute our paper and to repeat previous arguments [e.g., Legrand and Delmas, 1986; Wolff et al., 2012; Duderstadt et al., 2014] against the feasibility of observing very large, hard spectrum SPEs as spikes in the polar nitrate record."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, they list our side point that the Carrington SPE was not well documented and is not a good test as our first main conclusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our conclusion was not an attempt at “reinstating” SPE-produced nitrate spikes because the concept has never been disproved, despite Wolff et al. ’s [2016] continuing efforts."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although it appears that the two sides in this debate have drawn incrementally closer, as our understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved has improved, there is still considerable disagreement, and we welcome this opportunity to respond to these additional arguments to clarify the issues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. ’s [2016] assumption, coming from the atmospheric chemistry and ice core community, that both sides agree SPEs deliver most of their energy to the middle stratosphere and above, is only partly correct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Coming from the space physics, cosmic ray, and atmospheric physics communities and with expertise in polar glaciology, we emphatically disagree that this is the only locale for energy deposition to generate nitrate spikes and that this generalization applies to all SPEs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Standard energy deposition models have routinely omitted primary particles with energies above 300 MeV and have neglected air shower cascades that deposit additional energy in the lower stratosphere (from which rapid deposition can occur and which Wolff et al. [ 2016] continue to ignore), as well as the troposphere."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We contend it is the high-fluence, high-energy events that can produce an impulsive nitrate enhancement in ice cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We discuss this issue below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] now assert that “many” nitrate spikes in Greenland cores are “likely” caused from scavenging by “sea salt, biomass burning, or dust aerosol,” but this is very different from their previous claims [i.e., Wolff et al., 2012] and has not been proven."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we find it remarkable that they assert that most nitrate spikes must have this association using ice core analyses that have not resolved a single impulsive nitrate spike."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given their limited 3–5 month resolution, the Wolff et al. [ 2012] data essentially only reflect the annual cycle where nitrates, biomass burning, and a number of additional indicators vary in phase and tend to peak in summer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This summer maximum does not apply to impulsive nitrate enhancements, which are of shorter duration and can occur at any time of year, including in winter when biomass burning interference is minimal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, Figure 1 in Smart et al. [ 2014] shows the winter nitrate spike in Greenland associated with the 23 February 1956 SPE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Second, Wolff et al. [ 2008] conducted a coastal study at Halley, Antarctica, which reflects a marine environment with associated high sea-salt and nitrate concentrations in surface snow samples, not ice cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0062__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "They specifically state that in central Greenland, which is remote from the oceans, sea salt “…will rarely be at the concentrations that could cause the effects described…” Third, there are exceptions even with the coarse-resolution data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The strong statement in Wolff et al. ’s [2012] abstract that “in the 40 years surrounding 1859…where other chemistry was measured, all large spikes have the unequivocal signal…of biomass burning plumes” is simply wrong."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their supporting Figure 4 selectively covers only 20 of the 40 years in their study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When the full 40 year interval for the D4 core is shown (Figure 1), two of the five highest summer nitrate peaks display no associated biomass burning signal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similar results also can be observed in the Zoe core."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Given these issues, nitrate spike source conclusions must be considered speculative."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also agree that impulsive nitrate spikes produced by SPEs are difficult to isolate from nitrate produced by other sources without additional chemical information, which is why we support multispecies analyses in our call for fine-resolution, follow-on studies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the concluding statement at the end of Wolff et al. ’s [2012] abstract and Wolff et al. ’s [2016] main message continues to be “Nitrate spikes cannot be used to derive the statistics of (SPEs).” Given that Wolff et al. [ 2012] did not resolve impulsive nitrate events in any of their ice cores used to dispute an association with SPEs, the subsequent effect of their absolute conclusion on the glaciology and space physics communities compelled us to take issue with their publication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] argue that (1) prior studies show no evidence for measurable SPE influence on nitrate deposition, (2) without a Carrington signature there is no longer any smoking gun in the data, and (3) large events such as the Carrington “cannot be logged through nitrate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "” We disagree."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, prior studies of possible SPE impacts have been very incomplete, and second, there are other major SPE/nitrate spike candidates in the ice core sequence that have not been properly studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We address both issues here."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most past numerical simulations involving analytic range-energy calculations [e.g., Duderstadt et al. [ 2014], and references therein] used an incomplete model that is more appropriate for soft spectrum SPEs such as the August 1972 and November 2000 events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These calculations use atmospheric inputs covering a limited energy range and ignore elementary particle interaction cascades in the atmosphere."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These studies contradict experimental data—balloon-measured ionization—which show substantial SPE-induced ionization in the lower stratosphere and troposphere, revealing an SPE ionization peak at about 17 km, the bottom of the stratosphere at midlatitudes [Nicoll and Harrison, 2014]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Most studies that have included a more complete air shower simulation [e.g., Usoskin et al., 2011, 2013] have not looked specifically at nitrate deposition."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The models and simulations have ignored high-fluence, hard spectrum SPEs that can produce enough ionization in the troposphere and lower stratosphere to be deposited as nitrate spikes in the snow in just weeks to months, particularly if they occur at the right time of year (i.e., winter)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Calisto et al. [ 2013] modeled a scaled-up, Carrington-like, February 1956 SPE at the end of August and predicted up to a 50% increase in total nitric acid deposition for the next month over the South Pole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In asserting that once the Carrington Event is removed from consideration, “…the idea that any nitrate spikes above background are due to (SPEs) reverts to speculation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” Wolff et al. [ 2016] ignore the 23 Feb 1956 SPE, which also has a well-resolved, associated nitrate peak in a Greenland ice core [Smart et al. 2014, Figure 1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 1956 SPE is the largest amplitude (a 46-fold increase in 15 min data) and the largest fluence (above 200 MeV) ground level event (GLE) in the cosmic ray monitoring history [Kovaltsov et al., 2014], and it had a hard spectrum [Pfotzer, 1958; Smart and Shea, 1990; Belov et al., 2005]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This event was worldwide in character, observed at the geomagnetic equator, and had estimated maximum proton energies >50 GeV [Sarabhai et al., 1956]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, even though low-latitude aurorae coincident with an extreme geomagnetic storm were associated with it, there is no spectral information on the Carrington event."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using greatly improved simulations that follow the development of the proton-induced air shower and its ionizing effect on the atmosphere, we found consistency with the recent experiments showing substantial excess ionization down to 10 km and demonstrate sufficient nitrate deposition from the 1956 SPE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We discuss our results in section 4."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SPE candidates deserving consideration in addition to the February 1956 event include the impulsive nitrate spikes observed in the fine resolution Boston University (BU) core that correspond to the very hard spectrum solar cosmic ray ground level events observed by muon detectors in 1942, 1946, and 1949."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Other candidates include the probable medieval SPEs of 775 A.D. and 994 A.D. [Miyake et al., 2012, 2013; Melott and Thomas, 2012; Thomas et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2015]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] assert that the 1937–1951 nitrate spikes in the BU core are not reliably reproduced in the GISP2-H core."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In section 3.3 we show why their claim cannot be substantiated without fine-resolution, replicate core studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 775 A.D. event may have been 25–50 times stronger than the February 1956 SPE [Usoskin et al., 2013; Thomas et al., 2013] and should be detectable at Summit if it occurred in winter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is also evidence suggesting that the 775 A.D. probable SPE may have been several somewhat smaller events occurring in Northern Hemisphere summer 776 A.D. [Ding et al., 2015], which would not be detectable at Summit or in Antarctic ice cores with resolutions corresponding to fewer than 10 samples per year."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem is that almost no replicate ice core nitrate profiles exist with the fine temporal/depth resolution required to detect such events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is why the inadequate resolution of the ice cores presented by Wolff et al. [ 2012] is a major issue in the SPE/nitrate deposition debate and why we are calling for a dedicated campaign of replicate, fine resolution, ice core analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do not dispute Wolff et al. ’s [2016] general method of applying a rapid concentration change at the melter for characterizing smoothing in their system or that this method can be used to derive a resolution that is attainable, in principle, by an ideal Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, this method is valid “only for systems with negligibly small dispersion” [Breton et al., 2012], and it is indisputable that there was a huge loss of resolution, whatever the cause, somewhere between the value Wolff et al. [ 2012] derived by this method (and reported in their Table 1) and the final statistical resolution that they actually obtained from the Zoe and D4 cores."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The resolution of any time series is generally characterized as the ability to distinguish between two adjacent peaks and, in the case of discrete sampling of an ice core, is only limited by the sample size, sampling rate, and postdepositional processes, whereas what Wolff et al. [ 2012, 2016] are calling resolution corresponds much more closely with their sampling rate, which is already twice the best attainable (Nyquist frequency) resolution in discretely sampled data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With CFA, resolution is additionally limited by mixing issues on the melthead and significant dispersion effects in the meltwater stream, due to nonuniform velocity profiles of a nonideal (real) fluid, causing smoothing of the resulting signal [Breton et al., 2012]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the case of the ice cores listed in Table 1 of Wolff et al. [ 2012], it is clear that significant dispersion effects combined with multispecies analysis and other issues inherent with all CFA logging systems [Rasmussen et al., 2005] considerably limited their final, effective resolution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using the data provided by Wolff and McConnell (personal communication, 2012), we determined their time resolution [Smart et al., 2014] and demonstrated that there is no significant signal in Zoe and D4 for periods smaller than about 4 months."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our determination of the time resolution, using both power spectral analysis and examination of the full width at half maximum of peaks in each of the four data sets, showed the Zoe and D4 resolutions are far more coarse (by factors of at least ~7–13) than those reported in Table 1 of Wolff et al. [ 2012]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Summer peaks, which are sharp in other data (i.e., GISP2-H and BU), are spread out over months in Zoe and D4 [Smart et al., 2014, Figures 4 and 5], and nitrate spikes are completely indiscernible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Asserting in Table 1 of Wolff et al. [ 2012] resolutions of ~0.05 years (0.6 months) for Zoe and ~0.025 years (0.3 months) for D4, both sampled by CFA, versus 0.067 years (0.8 months) for the discretely sampled GISP2-H core without any additional qualification, thereby implying that their ice core resolutions were finer, is misleading, regardless of whether “all the sources of dispersion” have been accounted for or how these numbers were derived."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results show that either the “empirical and direct way” Wolff et al. [ 2012] used to characterize their resolutions in Table 1 and elsewhere needs substantial revision or the term “sampling rate” and the corresponding numbers should be stated instead."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] claim that we ignore the inherent limits on resolution, but the fact is that this issue has not been investigated with fine-resolution, multispecies ice core studies, as our analysis demonstrated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree that it is difficult to attach precise calendar dates at subannual resolution because of snowfall variability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nevertheless, precise dating is not required for deriving useful SPE statistics, and subannual dating estimates can be improved by applying what we know about the distribution of other species and snowfall within a year (e.g., more snow accumulation in summer than winter at Summit, Greenland [Dibb and Fahnestock, 2004])."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0084__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] acknowledge that a resolution of order 1 month (significantly finer than the ~4 months in their data) is probably attainable after controlling for postdepositional processing, and we assert that this should be sufficient for deriving the statistics of large high-energy, hard spectrum SPEs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] attempt to compare the BU and GISP2-H cores by rebinning the BU data to mimic the coarser resolution of GISP2-H—and note that they do not exactly correspond."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their choice of 1.5 cm samples or 0.03 year sections is not appropriate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The correct rebinning should be closer to 0.04 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We do agree that natural variability occurring at the time of deposition and afterward makes matching of fine-resolution nitrate spikes deposited over ~0.5–3.5 months challenging but, we assert, not impossible as discussed below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The issue of reproducibility of ice cores has long been a legitimate concern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was a major reason for the duplicate drilling programs of GISP2 (American) and Greenland Ice Core Project-GRIP (European) at Summit, which showed similarities and differences in two parallel ice cores 28 km apart over long time intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0086__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Significant variability between pits and cores only a few meters apart at annual, as well as sub-annual, time scales (e.g. [Laird, 1987] and others) that is primarily related to post-depositional processes is well known."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0086__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is possible that some of the misdating scenarios detailed by Wolff et al. [ 2016], occurred with the GISP2-H core during this interval and simple seasonal adjustments would improve peak matching between cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0086__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The comparison is also complicated by the fact that the BU core had a number of breaks and missing data in this time interval."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do not accept Wolff et al. ’s [2016] assertion that such an effort “cannot be successful,” and we take strong issue with the comparison of GISP2-H data and binned BU data to show a lack of correlation and to support their asserted futility of finding repeatable SPE nitrate spikes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Just as two deep ice cores 28 km apart could be synchronized over periods in excess of 30,000 years, with careful analysis, it should be possible to extract information at the subannual scale from 4 to 5, relatively shallow ice cores a few meters apart covering a few thousand years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While a casual observer with little or no glaciological experience (with nitrate in particular) might be inclined to agree that there appears to be no matching nitrate spikes between the two cores presented in the figure of Wolff et al. [ 2016], careful, informed analysis suggests otherwise."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We note that the two cores were dated using different methodologies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the case of GISP2-H, after selecting the yearly fiducial marks based on volcanic tie points and winter nitrate minima (supplemented with annual accumulation information), samples were linearly interpolated to assign subannual dates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The BU dating included an additional step where an annual accumulation cycle (based on surface measurements) was assumed (more snow in summer and less in winter) and dating was interpolated nonlinearly between yearly fiducial marks."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0088__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This different approach introduced more apparent sample offset between the two cores than would exist had they been analyzed by the same method and is partially responsible for the misalignment of nitrate spikes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Working backward through the Wolff et al. [ 2016] figure and analyzing their alleged lack of matches, we find approximately six major BU and/or GISP2-H spikes:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, the BU spike near the end of summer 1949 could correspond to the smaller spike on the right side of the GISP2H 1949 summer nitrate maximum with their different magnitudes resulting from post depositional processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Natural variability complicates the business of matching peaks, but these issues can be potentially resolved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the lack of a match between the winter nitrate peak identified as late 1946 in the BU core alleged by Wolff et al. [ 2016] is predicated on “Assuming that the dating of both cores is correct…” We assert that in fact the dating around this time, interval of at least one of the cores is incorrect, and this is the same peak as that dated to early 1947 in GISP2-H. Both peaks clearly occurred in winter, and the year breaks were chosen, in part, on the basis of the minimum nitrate values in those intervals, which are essentially the same on both sides of the GISP2H peak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Another set of analyses might determine that the actual year fiducial mark lies on the right side, at which point the two peaks would line up and match."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, the GISP2-H spike on the right side of the summer 1944 nitrate maximum (which Wolff et al. [ 2016] claim occurs in a year when BU has no spike) could correspond to the right side of the slightly offset BU 1944 summer high, which has a break just to the left of this peak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The missing data between the summer maxima and this peak preclude a proper interpretation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fourth to sixth, the BU spikes in 1937, 1939, and 1942 all have potential matches with GISP2-H spikes that may be more subdued, due to post depositional processes, or possibly offset (in the case of 1939)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Again, these potential matches may not be substantiated but neither are they dismissible without additional analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite assertions that our peak matching exercise is too flexible (possibly allowing spurious correlations of spikes), our point is that two cores analyzed with different methodologies are not enough for disputing or resolving such ambiguities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, arguments that subseasonal resolution at depth in Summit ice cores is inherently unachievable, based on surface studies alone, are also speculative until this issue has been addressed with dedicated, follow-on efforts involving statistical analysis of more than two replicate cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The actual useful resolution (probably in the 0.5 to 2 month range) in ice cores at Summit, Greenland, has not been determined, thus reinforcing our call for a study involving multiple ice cores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0094__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fine-resolution, multispecies analysis of 4 to 5 overlapping cores from the same site should be sufficient to characterize the subannual variance and reproducibility of each impurity (such as nitrate) and would establish limits on inherent depth and time resolutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0094__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Wolff et al. ’s resistance to this is puzzling."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, if the winter nitrate spike in the GISP2-H core is from the 23 February 1956 SPE, it should appear in several (though possibly not all) replicate cores, and methods of superposed epoch analysis, used routinely in such studies, would allow for a more complete characterization of such spikes, including their dating."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A feasibility study covering a reasonable initial test time interval could be accomplished before funding a dedicated campaign to analyze the last several kyr."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Law Dome ice core [Palmer et al., 2001] cited by Wolff et al. [ 2016] as a discretely sampled, very fine resolution core to dispute identification of nitrate spikes from SPEs is a poor example because this core (with at best 2 month resolution for 1840–1880) (like Halley) was drilled at a coastal site and reflects primarily a maritime climate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Palmer et al. [ 2001] and Roberts et al. [ 2015] both stated this caveat clearly in their papers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The fact that statistical evidence for SPEs was found in this core with these resolution and location limitations is remarkable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. ’s [2016] comments concerning the BU core and the lack of acidic nitrate spikes in the 1940s, especially the two GLEs in 1942 may have some validity, if confirmed with additional fine-resolution studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the 1946 GLE they use as their example occurred in July (Northern Hemisphere summer) and thus may not be a good candidate for observing in the Greenland ice core record for the reasons stated above, though, it may be observable as a winter peak in Antarctica at some suitable site."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There is also ambiguity in the interpretation of the 1949 results, and the possibility that the GISP2-H conductivity is more compatible with a nitric acid source for the nitrate spike associated with the November 1949 GLE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] still neglect conductivity associated with the GISP2-H 1956 winter nitrate spike in Figure 1 of Smart et al. [ 2014]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Applying their same conductivity methodology to the 1956 nitrate peak suggests opposite results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The integrated 1956 peak averages a nitrate concentration of 33.9 ppb (μg/l) or 0.547 μequiv/l above the local background."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0098__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Assuming no significant change in sulfate (i.e., no significant volcanic activity was reported during this period), and using standard molar conductivity tables [Haynes, 2015], the conductivity rise is expected to be about 0.23 μS/cm if the nitrate peak is acidic and 0.066–0.079 μS/cm if it is due to a nitrate salt."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The conductivity values colocated with nitrates in Figure 1 in Smart et al. [ 2014] were unfortunately mislabeled and are high by a factor of 100."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The increase above background of the GISP2-H 1956 conductivity peak is actually 0.21 μS/cm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0099__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is only 11% less than predicted for nitric acid, but a very large 159% to 212% more than predicted if the 1956 spike was formed by a nitrate salt intrusion, which Wolff et al. [ 2008] state is rare at Summit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In principle, the 1956 peak could result from some combination of sea salt, biomass burning, or dust aerosol scavenged nitrates, as invoked by Wolff et al. [ 2016], but this is increasingly improbable as it requires multiple strong winter sources and ignores the most straightforward explanation, i.e., nitric acid."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is strong circumstantial evidence against Wolff et al. ’s [2016] thesis that nitrate spikes can only be caused by salts or other aerosol."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. ’s [2016] mention that they await more detailed modeling studies, which are in progress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such a study of the 23 February 1956 SPE has recently been conducted where the amount of nitrate available from this SPE has been computed using full spectrum modeling involving high-energy showers [Melott et al., 2016]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These results indicate that nitrate production in the stratosphere is roughly 2–10 times greater than estimated by past limited energy range, analytic models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Summing the February 1956 SPE ionization from the surface to approximately 45 km at Summit produces the nitrate deposition found in the integrated winter 1956 GISP2-H peak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, this event can account for the measured nitrate with timely (~2 months) transport downward to the surface via mechanisms involving the polar vortex, denitrification, and polar stratospheric cloud assisted nitric acid deposition."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0101__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These results lend strong support to the conclusion that the 1956 winter nitrate spike in GISP2-H data is mostly acidic and likely due to the February 1956 SPE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] assert that our SPE/nitrate spike evidence is “very weak” by questioning the GISP2-H dating based on a sample number ratio of 2.5 between 1956 and 1955."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, our conclusion is also based on the likely acidic composition of this spike, and the new results mentioned above show that 1956 class SPEs can quantitatively explain spikes of this size and does not rely on dating alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, snow accumulation can vary significantly from one year to the next at any given point on the ice sheet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sample numbers from the nearby Zoe core dated as 1939 and 1941 differ from 1940 by factors of 2.2 and 2.3, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The GISP2-H core section was dated using the Hekla (1947), and Askja (1961), Iceland volcanic eruptions as tie points, together with counting and interpolating annual nitrate cycles to determine 1956 as the most probable year for the spike in question."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0102__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] consider the dating “uncertain within several months,” but it is difficult to justify shifting the well-defined, midwinter, nitrate low (where the spike is found) from February by more than about 1 month."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This approach is still incorrect for comparing with surface nitrate concentrations, which correlate more with nitric acid at Halley, Antarctica, because the atmospheric reservoir consists largely of organic nitrates [Jones et al., 2011], which have a long residence time compared to HNO3 [Ridley et al., 2000]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0104__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using a percentage enhancement dilutes the expected effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0105", "paragraph_index": 105, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0105__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Instead, calculations of the absolute amount of additional, SPE-produced, inorganic, nitric acid available for prompt deposition are consistent with the observed nitrate increase [Melott et al., 2016]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0106", "paragraph_index": 106, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0106__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We agree that the McCracken et al. [ 2001] calibration must be revised before nitrate spikes in ice cores can be used for identifying extremely large SPEs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0106__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is very different from Wolff et al. ’s assertion that it cannot be done."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0107", "paragraph_index": 107, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0107__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As our understanding of the physics and chemistry by which SPEs can deposit nitrate in the snow has evolved, it has become apparent that most events do not have the spectral hardness and/or sufficient fluence to produce an observable spike, and we agree with the opponents on this point."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0108", "paragraph_index": 108, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0108__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nevertheless, the standard atmospheric production model used by Duderstadt et al. [ 2014] and others has been clearly inadequate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0108__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It totally ignored the particle cascade in the atmosphere that results in energy deposition in the lower atmosphere."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0109", "paragraph_index": 109, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0109__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consequently, we emphatically dispute the extrapolations by Wolff et al. [ 2012, 2016], Duderstadt et al. [ 2014], Duderstadt et al. [ 2015], and others that no SPEs can be found in polar ice core nitrates and that these records cannot be used to obtain statistics of past, very large SPEs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0110", "paragraph_index": 110, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0110__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the contrary, recent work, showing direct experimental and model evidence of substantial lower stratosphere/troposphere ionization from SPEs (e.g., Usoskin et al. [ 2011, 2013], Nicoll and Harrison [2014], and Melott et al. [ 2016]) indicates exactly the opposite may be the case."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0111", "paragraph_index": 111, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0111__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, the SPE/polar ice nitrate hypothesis is still very much alive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0112", "paragraph_index": 112, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0112__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wolff et al. [ 2016] advocate the alternate use of cosmogenic isotopes such as 10Be to study past SPEs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0112__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree that these provide useful information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0112__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, they omit recently published work [McCracken and Beer, 2015] that has identified all of the same events in the 1940–1956 time interval previously identified as impulsive nitrate events in Figures 1 and 7 of Smart et al. [ 2014]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0112__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The 10Be and 14C records are annual; the 10Be increases appear 12–15 months after the high-energy SPEs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0112__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Including fine-resolution nitrate signatures together with the 10Be and 14C records would enhance the overall database of historic high-energy SPEs and might refine the dating and enable estimates of the spectral shape and fluence of past events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5011", "paragraph_id": "triad_5011__response__p0113", "paragraph_index": 113, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0113__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In dismissing nitrates, while acknowledging their production by SPEs in the middle atmosphere and troposphere, Wolff et al. ’s [2016] conclusion that “…we cannot see a plausible route to identifying and using their deposition in snow to diagnose past (SPEs)” is unproven, and their call for excluding nitrates from 14C and 10Be studies, based on inadequate analyses and incomplete models, is premature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5011__response__p0113__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We reiterate and stand by our main point: “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events.”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5011/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3121563068_W2475169749_W2500438040", "triad_name": "triad_5011", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5011__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To date, validation of most EWS tools has been suboptimal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Validation of the NEWS quoted within the Royal College of Physicians' NEWS2 report [2] is based on a single centre on the south coast of England [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The demographic tested by this validation may not be applicable to other hospitals, particularly those in urban areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although much of the perceived benefit of EWS comes from a systematised approach, rigorous validation of these scoring systems prior to widespread use is Commented [A1]: This statement should have some supporting evidence referenced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "essential to optimise the benefit for patients and reduce the workload for staff."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most validation of NEWS has been in acute admissions and medical in-patients, settings in which it appears to perform well; there is less validity in elective surgical settings and non-medical specialities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These findings have encouraged researchers to develop specialty-specific scores and, within these subpopulations, the predictive value of a generic EWS suffers in comparison [5, 6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The potential inference is that one standardised EWS may not apply with accuracy to all types of patients and all relevant critical illness events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Validation of EWS models have generally focussed on discrimination (the ability to differentiate between patients who will and will not suffer an adverse event) rather than calibration (the degree of agreement between model predictions and the actual outcomes) [3, 7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Calibration is most important when models are used in different populations and is often not reported for EWS, despite their use in varying population groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Without confirmation of acceptable discrimination and calibration, the predictive accuracy of a model cannot be stated firmly [8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Early warning scores developed using statistical analysis of routinely collected data representative of clinical practice appear to provide both improved discrimination and calibration, with potential for better and more efficient care than is possible [9] using consensus-based scores, such as NEWS-2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The linked study by Chiu at al. in this issue of Anaesthesia may represent the next step towards future EWS, namely population-specific predictions developed using statistical analyses of large populations derived from electronic health records (EHR) [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cardiac surgery in the UK has many good risk prediction tools, but these all aim to predict mortality pre-operatively (EuroSCORE-2 [11]) or in the first 24 h of ICU admission (ICNARC ARCtIC [12])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This new study analysed data from 13,631 patients who were discharged to the ward from ICU, extracted from an electronic vital signs charting system from four UK cardiac surgery centres."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The centres varied in case-mix and workload."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Logistic regression was used to model the relationship between bedside observations and subsequent adverse event (death, cardiac arrest or ICU admission) within 24 h. The performance of the resulting prediction score was compared with that of NEWS scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Model validation on a subset of the dataset held out from model derivation ('internal validation') suggested that the logistic EWS achieved greater discrimination and better calibration than the NEWS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0004__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, the improvement was only modest: for a score threshold of 5 during the previous 6 h, sensitivity increased from 48% to 52%, with no change in the specificity of 92%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, Chiu et al. did not validate their score using external validation in a dataset separate from that used to develop the score."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "External validation of a model is important, because we expect worse performance in a new dataset than in a selected (hence representative) subset of the development dataset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given that NEWS was not derived from the dataset analysed by Chiu et al., the performance of their EWS is expected to be somewhat better."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It remains possible that the performance of NEWS and the logistic EWS would be similar in an external dataset."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The event rates in the dataset analysed by Chiu et al. were low and re-admission to ICU was the most frequent event within the composite outcome and therefore dominates the model predictions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Re-admission to ICU is sensitive to the varying cultures, behaviours and resources between different hospitals using EWS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, one in 25 patients in Papworth are re-admitted to ICU, compared with 1 in 45 in Wolverhampton."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Differences in case-mix will not fully account for this variation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, the logistic EWS predicts only subsequent re-admission to ICU, rather than all clinically meaningful deteriorations requiring intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using EHRs to collect large volumes of data from multiple sites represents the future in the development of EWS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As more UK hospitals adopt EHRs and standardise data definitions, the sample size and generalisability of EWS based on very large, combined datasets will increase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Linking physiological data to robust clinical outcomes stored elsewhere in the EHR is likely to improve the granularity and accuracy of predictions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To do this on a large scale requires national health and care data repositories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "An early example of this is the National Institute of Health Research Critical Care Health Informatics Collaborative [13], which combines ICU data from seven UK centres (including physiological observations, drugs, interventions and outcomes at hourly intervals) that can be linked to Office for National Statistics and NHS Digital records. Were large numbers of UK hospitals to be included, then the opportunities for healthcare research would be myriad."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The NHS has advocated a 'bottom-up' approach to information technology solutions - that NHS trusts should choose their own EHR systems."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To reap the potential research benefit of EHRs, these systems must communicate at the 'back end', even if the 'front end' between different software suppliers looks different."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ideally, any repository would use a federated model, where centres classify and store their EHR data in a standardised way, with access to a central 'port' allowing retrieval of the required data from local sites."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Machine-learning techniques may improve predictions when based on very large, detailed clinical databases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Applications of machine-learning are beginning to appear [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A sample size of 13,000 patients, as in the data analysed by Chiu et al., is at the lower end of when machine-learning is useful compared with standard regression modelling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Machine-learning avoids strong parametric Commented [A2]: Needs reference."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Commented [A3R2]: This is data from the Chiu et al paper from which the editorial is about."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Commented [A4]: NHS Digital is the name of a body that deals with digital records of the NHS and therefore needs a capital letter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "assumptions, though this may be at the expense of being able to succinctly present or explain the patterns behind underlying predictions [15]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is vital that predictions based on machine-learning are validated before they are implemented in clinical practice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chiu et al. should be applauded for developing an EWS driven by data, rather than using an expert- opinion based approach."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, before logistic EWS models can replace current, consensus-based scores such as NEWS2, clinically important performance improvements, based on robust external validation must be demonstrated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This will require large datasets, representative of the clinical setting within which the EWS will be used, which in turn requires the infrastructure to store and retrieve relevant data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This will only be possible with investment and a collaborative approach at a regional and national scale from healthcare providers, academic institutions and industry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is critical that with the development of increasingly sophisticated EWS models, we retain an end-user experience that is simple and standardised."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Accurate model predictions are of no use with an inadequate response from the clinical team."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "To this end, widespread dissemination, training and behavioural interventions are vital to realise the potential benefits of future specialty-specific EWS."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_324__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__critique__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Oglesby et al. for their interesting editorial [1] accompanying our recent paper [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We value their interpretation that a single standardised early warning score (EWS) may not be applicable to all types of patients and are grateful for their qualified support of the concept of future population-specific EWS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We are also in agreement that evidence-based models are preferable to consensus-based scores and that external validation is imperative for all EWS."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_324__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have a major issue with their criticism that we failed to externally validate our score in a dataset separate from that used to develop the score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Multiple external validation techniques were undertaken and have been available in electronic format in the online supplement since 3 July 2019 [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each centre independently collected four separate datasets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although these datasets were ultimately merged into one combined database, we retained the ability to use separate databases for external validation purposes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Multiple predictive performance and validation techniques were utilised and these are summarised in the supporting information which accompanies the online version of our paper (Appendix 3: Table A3.4.) [ 3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Debray et al. [ 4] define external validation as using new participant-level data, external to those used for model development, to examine whether the model’s predictions are reliable in individuals from potential population(s) for clinical use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Following that definition, we purposely held back from using some centres to fit/develop the model so that we could then use them to externally validate a model fit for other centres."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0015__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We even reported all possible combinations of doing this, which were a sensible cut of the dataset to avoid accusations of potential bias."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_324__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__critique__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__critique__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the revised evidence-based physiological weightings, novel sub-division of oxygen therapy and potential clinical utility of our app [5] in discriminating between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ escalation threshold NEWS scores (≥ 5 or ≥ 7), we believe ‘Improving EWS – more data, better validation, a step in the right direction’ may have been a more accurate choice of editorial title."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_324__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__response__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Mackay et al. [ 1] for their comments on our editorial [2], which accompanied the article by Chiu et al. [ 3] and agree with the definition of external validation that they provide."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In broad terms, internal validation is concerned with reproducibility of a prediction model, whereas external validation is concerned with the transportability of model predictions to other settings and populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Randomly selected patients whose data are not included in the training data used to develop the prediction model and used for validation are similar to, and subject to, the same sampling processes as patients in the development dataset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Internal validation based on such data will address overfitting due to selection of predictor variables and parametrisation of their associations with the outcome, but does not address transportability to different settings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_324__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "324", "paragraph_id": "triad_324__response__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We applaud Mackay et al. for conducting a range of validation exercises; given the importance of validation we encourage authors and editors to include results of such exercises in the main text of published papers rather than in supplementary material."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From our reading of the manuscript and supplementary material, it appears that no population from a different source was used to externally validate their model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The populations used for validation were subsets of data from the same four hospitals used in model development (some excluded from the development data set), either: (1) using three hospitals other than Papworth; (2) using data from all four hospitals in 2017; and (3) using the temporally ‘last 10%’ of data from each patient."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_324__response__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These discussions illustrate that there is a continuum within the dichotomy ‘internal validation’ and ‘external validation’ [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_324/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2969587490_W3009193656_W4247970355", "triad_name": "triad_324", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_324__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Siltstone, argillaceous siltstone, silty carbonate, siliciclastic mudstone, shale, and chert are common lithofacies in the upper Devonian-Middle Mississippian strata in basins of the North American midcontinent that accumulated in epeiric seas of the southern Laurentian craton (Fig. 1, 2; Lowe 1976; Lane and De Keyser 1980; Gutschick and Sandberg 1983; Over 1990; Schwartzapfel 1990; Turner et al. 2015; Schieber 2016; Kondas et al. 2018; Godwin et al. 2019; Mazzullo et al. 2019; Miller et al. 2019b; Milad et al. 2020; Price et al. 2020)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These strata are commonly organic-rich, and have attracted interest primarily as petroleum source rocks and unconventional reservoirs (Barrows and Cluff 1984; Smith and Bustin 1998; Smith and Bustin 2000; Slatt and O'Brien 2011; Angulo and Buatois 2012; Higley 2013; Wang and Philp 2019), but they also provide insights on climate, tectonics, and carbon sequestration of the time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The range of explanations for deposition of the siliciclastic fraction includes: 1) suspension settling (Kirkland et al. 1992; Smith and Bustin 1998), 2) a combination of suspension settling, density currents, and gravity flows (e.g., Wright and Friedrichs 2006; Loucks and Ruppel 2007; Macquaker et al. 2010; Milad et al. 2020; Price et al. 2020), and 3) wind- or tide-induced subaqueous currents that remobilized muds across ancient epeiric seas (Schieber 2016)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although all accept that these strata ultimately accumulated in marine environments, the provenance, generation, and transport of the significant volume of uniformly fine-grained siliciclastic material remain enigmatic and unresolved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To better constrain the origin and transport of the siliciclastic fraction in these units, this work integrates new data from Upper Devonian and Lower-Middle Mississippian siltstone, mudrock, and argillaceous carbon- ate units across Oklahoma with compilations of coeval systems of the greater midcontinent region (Fig. 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We use these data to test the hypothesis of eolian delivery to the marine environment for the vast volume of this material."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An eolian-dust origin explains otherwise perplexing attributes of these units and has significant implications for interpretation of organic productivity in these and analogous systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Anadarko Basin was initially part of the Oklahoma Basin (Johnson et al. 1988) which originated in the Early Cambrian in response to thermal subsidence associated with development of the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen (Wickham 1978; Dalziel 1991; Meert and Torsvik 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cambro-Ordovician carbonate strata accumulated in the axis of the failed rift (Perry 1989) as a broad epicontinental shelf developed on the flanks (Johnson et al. 1989)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Carbonate and, subordinately, siliciclastic mudstone sedimentation continued through the Devono-Mississippian (e.g., Hunton Limestone, Woodford Shale, Sycamore Limestone, Caney Shale), a time of relative tectonic quiescence in this part of the Anadarko Basin and greater midcontinent region, before the tectonic disruptions of the Ouachita and Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogenies (Feinstein 1981; Johnson et al. 1988, 1989)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Closure of the Rheic Ocean and associated contractional tectonics beginning in the latest Mississippian (Serpukhovian)-Early Pennsylvanian (Nance et al. 2010) ultimately produced the thin-skinned Ouachita fold-and-thrust belt and the associated Arkoma basin (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By Pennsylvanian time, a series of NW-SE-oriented basement-cored uplifts developed, termed the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, including the Wichita- Amarillo uplift and yoked Anadarko Basin of southwestern Oklahoma and northern Texas (Kluth and Coney 1981)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present configuration of the Anadarko Basin is a product of this compressional inversion of the earlier aulacogen along basement-involved reverse faults, and development of accommodation space along the mountain front (Johnson et al. 1989)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Beyond Oklahoma, Late Devonian orogenic events affected both the eastern and western margins of the craton, in the form of the Acadian- Neoacadian and Antler orogenies, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Acadian and Neo- acadian orogenies produced a series of westward-prograding clastic wedges, the Catskill Delta complex during the Middle-Late Devonian and the Price-Pocono-Borden-Grainger delta complex during the Early- Middle Mississippian (Ettensohn and Woodrow 1985; Ettensohn 2004, 2008, 2022), whereas the Antler clastic wedge prograded eastward (Sandberg and Gutschick 1980; Johnson and Pendergast 1981) (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The Oklahoma Basin remained isolated and far removed from each of these clastic wedge complexes,~1800 km from the Antler and~1500 km from the Appalachian, throughout the Late Devonian to Middle Mississippian (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Note that we use North American stage names for the Mississippian, for consistency with the literature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The eastern deltaic complexes are well exposed in outcrops and boreholes throughout the Appalachian Valley and Ridge and Appalachian Plateau provinces, and exhibit both marine and continental facies for nearly 1000 km along orogenic strike (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Catskill Delta complex developed during the Middle to Late Devonian, transporting siliciclastics from the Acadian Orogen to marginal marine environments along the Appalachian foreland (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During the Famennian, this complex comprised an estimated four main delta systems, fed by low-gradient coastal rivers emanating from alluvial systems in the highlands-akin in scale to the Eocene and modern Texas-Louisiana coastal plain, or the northern Sumatran coast (Sevon 1985; Woodrow et al. 1985; Boswell and Donaldson 1988)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Organic-rich black shales characterize the basinal facies of the Catskill Delta complex in the Appalachian foreland basin (Ettensohn and Woodrow 1985; Boswell and Donaldson 1988; Ettensohn 2008; Ettensohn et al. 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Clastic-wedge deposition continued into the Early-Middle Mississippi- an (Kinderhookian-Osagean) in response to Neoacadian tectonism, such that the Appalachian foreland overfilled and deltaic deposition of the Borden and Grainger formations (Figs. 2, 3) prograded into the eastern and southeastern Illinois Basin (Ettensohn et al. 2022)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Active denudation ceased in the Middle to Late Mississippian (Meramecian-middle Chesterian), resulting in extensive carbonate deposition in the Appalachian foreland (Greenbrier and Newman Limestones, Fig. 2; Ettensohn et al. 2022)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Toward the eastern Appalachian foreland basin, carbonate strata intertongue with continental redbeds and eolianites throughout West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland (Wynn and Read 2008; Ettensohn et al. 2022)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Early development of the Mauch Chunk Delta began in eastern Pennsylvania in the Meramecian (Wynn and Read 2008; Ettensohn et al. 2022) (Fig. 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the extensive cratonic region between the Acadian (east) and Antler (west) orogenic systems, broad epeiric seas, intracratonic basins, and emergent arches prevailed through the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian, FIG."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1.-Major basins (gray shading), domes, and arches (red lines and text) of the U.S. for the Devono-Mississippian."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Abbreviations are as follows: AnB, Anadarko Basin; AntB, Antler Basin, ArB, Arkoma Basin; BWB, Black Warrior Basin; FCB, Forest City Basin; FtWB, Fort Worth Basin; IB, Illinois Basin; MB, Michigan Basin; N. ApB, Northern Appalachian Basin; S. ApB, southern Appalachian Basin; TB, Tobosa Basin; WB, Williston Basin; OD, Ozark Dome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Numbers within circles correspond to locations of stratigraphic columns in Figure 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Yellow polygon outlines the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province (V&R)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The edge of the brown polygon shows the western limit of the Appalachian Plateau Province (A.P.)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Modified from Adams (1965), Gutschick and Sandberg (1983), Smith and Bustin (2000), Loucks and Ruppel (2007), Soeder et al. ( 2014), Ettensohn et al. ( 2019) and Thomas et al. ( 2020)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0012__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-pdf/92/12/1186/5763983/i1938-3681-92-12-1186.pdf by McGill University user with organic-rich mudstones, including the Chattanooga Shale, Ohio Shale, New Albany Shale, Antrim Shale, and Woodford Shale accumu- lating east of the Transcontinental Arch and correlative mudstones such as the Bakken Shale and Duvernay Shale accumulating west of the Transcontinental Arch (Figs. 2, 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Carbonate-dominant systems with variably silty and cherty components prevailed through the Early-Middle Mississippian (e.g., the North Hill Limestone, Keokuk Limestone, St. Joe Group, Boone Group, Osage Limestone of northern Oklahoma, and Madison Limestone; Figs. 2, 3; Gutschick and Sandberg 1983, and others)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "By the Middle to Late Mississippian (Meramecian-late Chesterian), fine siliciclastic contents increased, with deposition of silty carbonates, marine siltstones, and silty organic-rich mudstones (e.g., Blue River Group, Warsaw Shale, Barnett Shale, Meramec and Sycamore formations, Caney Shale and Madison Limestone; Figs. 2, 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The midcontinent region ranged from southern subtropical latitudes (~158 S-308 S) in the Late Devonian to near-tropical latitudes (~158 S) by the Early-Middle Mississippian (e.g., Boucot et al. 2013; Domeier and Torsvik 2014; Scotese and Wright 2018) (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Paleoclimatic reconstructions document arid conditions in lowland regions throughout the midcontinent within these time intervals (Boucot et al. 2013) (Fig. 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, a number of instances of ice-contact deposits document evidence for suspected icesheets and/or alpine and even tidewater glaciation within the central Appalachian orogenic system during the latest Devonian (approximately lower to middle Siphonodella praesulcata conodont zonation; LE, Retispora lepidophyta-Indotriradites explanatus Glaciation in the central Appalachians marks the apex of the late Devonian icehouse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Glaciation in Gondwanaland began in the late Famennian (approximately Palmatolepis postera conodont zonation; VCo, Diducites versabilis-Grandispora cornuta miospore zonation) and extended to the latest Famennian (Upper Siphonodella praesulcata conodont zonation; LN, Retispora lepidophyta-Verrucosisporites nitidus miospore zonation) (Fig. 2) (Caputo et al. 2008; Isaacson et al. 2008; Lakin et al. 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, minor evidence for Gondwanan glaciation exists for the Early and Middle Mississippian (Kinderhookian-Osagean and Meramecian-Chesterian) (Caputo et al. 2008; compilation in Soreghan et al. 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Table 1, we summarize the facies attributes and inferred depositional environments for Upper Devonian and Lower-Middle Mississippian strata of Oklahoma (Figs. 2, 4, 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These units are well exposed and have been widely characterized in the Arbuckle Mountains (southern Oklahoma), the Ozark Plateau (northeastern Oklahoma), and the subsurface; correlatives occur throughout the greater midcontinent as demonstrated through hundreds of thousands of well penetrations (Craig et al. 1978; See Supplemental File 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To place the study units (Fig. 4) in a broader context (Figs. 2, 3), we used the paleogeographic maps of Blakey (2013), North American Key Time Slices Ó2013 Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc, as base maps, and appended these with major climate belts following Boucot et al. ( 2013) and Scotese and Wright (2018)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Correlation of Stratigraphic Units of North America (COSUNA) project charts (Ballard et al. 1983; Hills and Kottlowski 1983; Patchen et al. 1984a, 1984b; Bergstrom and Morey 1985; Hintze 1985; Shaver 1985; Adler 1986; Mankin 1987; Kent et al. 1988) provided the initial framework for age constraints and correlations, but all unit ages were updated with the most recent available data (Cohen et al. 2013) (See Supplemental File 2 for references)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess the nature of and possible transport modes for the siliciclastic material in the target strata, we collected samples for particle-size analysis from seven outcrops and ten cores distributed throughout Oklahoma (Fig. 4; See Supplemental Files 2 and 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While carbonate grains and iron oxides, as well as grain coatings, may constitute a minor fraction of the original detrital material, we specifically target the silicate mineral fraction (SMF) as a proxy for detrital grain size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, all organic, carbonate, and iron oxide components were removed using a sequential procedure following standard methods (cf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sur et al. 2010a, 2010b; Jiang and Liu 2011; Sweet et al. 2013; Foster et al. 2014), as outlined briefly here."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Samples were gently crushed with a ceramic mortar and pestle to pea- size gravel to accelerate chemical reactions, then rinsed with distilled water and sieved at 250 lm to remove any fines generated during crushing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Samples were subsequently treated with 2N HCl (minimum 24 hours) for carbonate removal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To remove organic matter and oxidize pyrite, samples were combusted at 500 8C for~12-20 hours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This does not affect the grain size of silicate minerals, since silicates do not begin to sinter until temperatures exceed 500 8C (Schomburg 1991; Rickard et al. 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Samples were then treated with sodium citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) (Sur et al. 2010a; Rea and Janecek 1981) rinses until all iron oxides were removed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Smear slides of residues were inspected using a polarizing reflected-light microscope under 103, 203, and 403 objectives to assess sample composition and ensure disaggregation, and check for the presence of remnant authigenic phases such as silicified microfossils (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If present, silicified microfossils were physically removed by sieving following visual inspection to determine appropriate sieve size needed to remove microfossils, microfossil fragments, and/or aggregates while retaining detrital material (See Supplemental Files 2 and 3 for additional information)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Samples exhibiting a predominance of authigenic material were eliminated from analysis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, both visual inspection and previous studies on these strata indicate no to minimal instances of quartz overgrowths (Shelley et al. 2019; Price et al. 2020; Milad et al. 2020; Duarte et al. 2021; Supplemental Files 3, 4), lending further confidence to the fidelity of subsequent particle-size analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Particle sizes of fully disaggregated samples were measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 Laser Particle Size Analyzer (LPSA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of 103 samples processed in this way, 82 disaggregated sufficiently to enable analysis by LPSA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To address compositional characteristics of the silicate material in the Sycamore and Woodford Shale, nineteen~5 g samples from the Arbuckle Uplift transect (Figs. 2, 4) were fragmented to gravel size and submerged in a 1N HCl for 24 hours to eliminate carbonate before whole-rock and trace- element geochemical analysis (acquired by ALS Geochemical)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Remnant CaO values and high loss-on-ignition (LOI) necessitated application of the correction by Taylor and McClennan (1985) to interpret the silicate fraction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Data were analyzed (and biplots were created) using principal- components analysis (PCA) in R."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess provenance of the siliciclastic material, three 10-20 kg samples from each of the Arbuckle Uplift units (Figs. 2, 4; Woodford Shale, Sycamore Limestone, and Caney Shale) were processed for zircon separation and analyzed for detrital-zircon geochronology at the University of Arizona (UA) LaserChron Center."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Analyses were conducted using the Element 2 laser ablation-single collector-inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometer (LA-SC-ICP-MS) following the analytical and data processing methods described in Pullen et al. ( 2018) and Gehrels and Pecha (2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Insufficient yield from the Woodford Shale sample (despite denotes the western limit of the subaqueous delta prograding from the Appalachians (Borden and Grainger Formations) (Ettensohn et al. 2022)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "E) Middle Mississippian (~340 Ma, Meramecian) paleogeography of Laurentia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "F"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": ")"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Middle Mississippian, Meramecian, facies and tectonic paleogeographic map."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Both Parts D and F show the midcontinent region within the subtropical arid climate belt, and far removed from shorelines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Widespread shallow water is present across the craton, including the Appalachian Basin, such as the Newman and Greenbrier limestones (Fig. 2) (Ettensohn et al. 2022)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Stippled clastics in beige in the Appalachian Basin region of West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, denote late Meramecian coastal sands, silts, and eolian environments (Wynn and Read 2008; Ettensohn et al. 2022)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Stipple and mudstone pattern sketched in Oklahoma (outlined in red), denote the deposition of the Meramec, Sycamore, and lower Caney Shale formations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Paleogeographic maps A, C, E are from Blakey (2013), North American Key Time Slices Ó2013 Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc., and were used as base maps for Parts B, D, F. Paleoclimate boundaries are derived from Boucot et al. ( 2013) and Scotese and Wright (2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "See Supplemental File 2 for all references pertaining to construction of facies maps and tectonic maps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-pdf/92/12/1186/5763983/i1938-3681-92-12-1186.pdf by McGill University user ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0027__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "20 kg of processed material) precluded analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Best ages from the Sycamore Limestone and Caney Shale are reported as 206 Pb/ 207 Pb for ages greater than 900 Ma and 206 Pb/ 238 U for ages less than 900 Ma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These ages are displayed as normalized probability density plots using an Excel macro, provided by the UA LaserChron Center (Gehrels 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analyses with . 10% discordance and 5% reverse discordance were eliminated before analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To address climatic attributes and potential atmospheric transport pathways, we reanalyzed results of a total of 12 coupled general- circulation-model (GCM) experiments of global climate from intervals spanning the Middle Devonian to the Late Mississippian."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The simulations were performed with the HadCM3BL-M2.1aD atmosphere-ocean-vege- tation model (Valdes et al. 2017) and are described in detail in Valdes et al. ( 2021)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The model uses the same horizontal grid with a resolution of 3.758 3 2.58 in the atmosphere and ocean, with 19 and 20 unequally spaced vertical levels, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The paleogeographies underlying the model simulations were derived from the PALEOMAP paleogeographic atlas (Scotese and Wright 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Current geographical coordinates of Oklahoma and the Appalachian clastic wedges were rotated using the PALEOMAP rotation model in the pyGplates software (Müller et al. 2018) to place these features within the appropriate paleogeographical positions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Locations for the Appalachian clastic wedges are from Ettensohn et al. ( 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Besides the model geography, the simulations differ only by a linearly increasing solar constant (0.8% per 100 Myr) and varying concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "CO 2 levels for the selected simulations were derived from the Foster et al. ( 2017) curve and range from a peak of 1377 ppmv in the Middle Devonian to a minimum of 233 ppmv in the Middle"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "-The paleoenvironmental conditions of the Oklahoma and greater North American mid-continent region changed from predominantly subtropical and arid conditions during the Famennian to a rather monsoonal system exhibiting seasonal wind reversals and summer precipitation during the Early to Middle Mississippian (Kinderhookian through Meramecian)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These seasonal wind reversals suggest that the greater midcontinent region was influenced by trade winds during Southern Hemisphere winter months (June through August) (Fig. 10)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The simulated surface wind patterns are dominated by an interplay between the prevailing southeasterly trade winds, the land-sea thermal gradient, and local orography."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As such, Acadian and Caledonian orogens tend to, in general, guide the flow of air around the landmasses, and absolute wind speeds are reduced due to the presence of these orogenic belts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Summer winds in the Late Devonian (Fig. 10A) are shown to have come from the south and diverge across the Laurentian epeiric seas with a westerly jet flowing along the northern front of the Acadian orogen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During Late Devonian winter months, a more southeasterly trade-wind circulation developed across Laurentia (Fig. 10B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Westerlies along the southern front of the Acadian orogen show reduced wind values topping over the mountain range with acceleration on the lee side of the orogen."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Osagean (Fig. 10C, D) and Meramecian (Fig. 10E, F) surface-wind patterns are very similar."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With the progressive northward movement of Laurentia, the mid-continent region came under the influence of cross- equatorial, northwesterly winds bringing moist air and summer precipita- tion toward emergent landmasses (Fig. 10E, F)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Winter precipitation was very low over the adjacent subtropical land masses and limited to tropical regions northwards of 108 S throughout the Devonian to Mississippian (Supplemental File 6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Surface windflow patterns during the Osagean and Meramecian winter months (JJA) flowed westward along the southern front of the orogen, topped over the range, and swept across the Laurentian epeiric seas in a west to northwestern direction (Fig. 10E, F; Supplemental File 6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interpretation.-Model simulations reveal that the Laurentian land- mass and associated orogens strongly influenced surface wind patterns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, the presence of a larger landmass at subtropical latitudes during the Early Mississippian promoted seasonal wind reversals and a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "According to the model data, a northwestward transport of continental dust toward the midcontinent seems physically plausible, although such a transport would have been possible only during the austral winter months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These months are characterized by northwestward, offshore winds across the potential source regions of the Acadian-Neoacadian clastic wedges."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These wind patterns may be analogous to present winds along the Andean orogen, where westerlies from the South Pacific anticyclone are deflected northward creating a southerly jet along the Andean Pacific front."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Air masses top over the orogen and descend as warm dry air off the lee side of the mountain range, known as Zonda winds (Puliafito et al. 2015; Zou and Xi 2021) which are similar in process to Foehn winds off New Zealand's Alps, Chinook winds off the North American Rocky Mountains, and Santa Ana winds over the mountains of southern California (McGowan et al. 1996; Hugenholtz et al. 2007;Álvarez et al. 2021)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Even though coastal and continental summer precipitation increased towards the Early Mississippian, winter months around the orogenic highlands were still dry in the simulations and a stronger easterly wind component may have transported material to the Oklahoma region of Laurentia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A comparable analog for the Early-Middle Mississippian model results, which sits at the same latitude, might be present-day northwestern Australia, where easterlies transport dust westward towards the Indian Ocean during the winter months following the northward migration of the ITCZ (Christensen et al. 2017; Keep et al. 2018)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "exhibit much higher values of Al more typical of source material that is highly chemically weathered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather, both units-especially the Sycamore Limestone-exhibit a signature more similar to loess (Fig. 8B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The inflection in Zr and TiO 2 with respect to Al 2 O 3 (Zr/Ti O 2 , Zr/Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ) in the basal Sycamore Limestone (Fig. 8C) is interpreted to reflect a possible excursion in provenance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These compositional data are indepen- dent of grain size, as evinced by the weak relationship (r 2 , 0.07) between grain size and these elements (Supplemental File 4), as well as the negligible grain-size variation within each of the Sycamore and Woodford formations in general (Fig. 7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Delivery of siliciclastic material to epeiric seas occurs by either deltaic or eolian transport."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Various processes can then redistribute this material, e.g., hyperpycnal flows, sediment gravity flows induced by slope failure or wave and/or current agitation, or contour currents (Stow et al. 2001; Walsh and Nittrouer 2009; Macquaker et al. 2010; Schieber 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Assuming an average wave base of 50 m, Schieber (2016) posited a maximum transport distance of 100 km for remobilized sediment, or up to 400 km for an extreme case of a 200 m wave base."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Acknowledging the vast distribution of siliciclastic mud across the Devonian Laurentian sea, Schieber (2016) advocated transport induced by bottom currents, but these arguments demand lateral transport for thousands of kilometers in low-gradient epeiric seas with wave bases ,, 200 m. While we acknowledge these arguments as one hypothesis, we propose that eolian delivery is an additional and simpler explanation that avoids the need to call upon unknown and unusually powerful storms or tides, as well as flocculation, which is inconsistent with the minimal clay-mineral content of the study units."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The genesis and initial mobilization of the large volumes of ubiquitously fine siliciclastic material characterizing the study units remain unresolved, in large part owing to the absence of proximal feeder system(s)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the Devono-Mississippian Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin, for example, Egenhoff and Fishman (2013) inferred the presence of a deltaic fan that is either not preserved or not exposed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similar inferences of deltaic feeder systems are applied to Devono-Mississippian mudstone units of the midcontinent (Price et al. 2020) yet without documentation of any remnants of the subaerial (delta plain) or proximal (subaqueous delta) depositional systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is highly unlikely that researchers have overlooked such delta systems, given the great density of subsurface data points across the midcontinent region (e.g., . 100,000 wells in Kansas and Oklahoma; Newell et al. 1987; Oklahoma Corporation Commission 2021)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The coeval deltas nearest to the midcontinent region during Late Devonian time are the Catskill (Appalachian foreland) and Antler (Antler foreland) systems, and, for the early Mississippian, the Price-Pocono-Grainger-Borden (Appala- chians) deltas, that are separated from the midcontinent study area bỹ 1,000-1,500 km (Fig. 3) (Lane and De Keyser 1980; Ausich and Meyer 1990; Gutschick and Sandberg 1991; Richardson and Ausich 2005; Ettensohn 2004, 2008; Ettensohn et al. 2019, 2022)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to the Upper Devonian, Lower-Middle Mississippian (Kinderhookian-Meramecian) strata in northeastern Oklahoma are cast as a shallow-water carbonate ramp that yielded to the sediment-starved (during Kinderhookian-Osagean) Ouachita trough (southeast) and proto- Anadarko Basin (southwest; Lane and De Keyser 1980; Gutschick and Sandberg 1983; Godwin and Puckette 2019; Miller et al. 2019b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Yet the occurrence of partial Bouma sequences inferred from the Sycamore Limestone (southern Oklahoma) (Schwartzapfel 1990; Miller and Cullen 2018; Milad et al. 2020), as well as clinoform geometries inferred from A.J. MCGLANNAN ET AL."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "University user subsurface data, led Price et al. ( 2020) to similarly infer a nearby fluvio- deltaic source despite the ubiquitous absence of evidence for proximal feeder systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Transcontinental Arch and the Ozark Dome were the most proximal exposed regions during this time but consist of correlative carbonates with limited exposures of Cambro-Ordovician sandstones and localized occurrences of upper Devonian sandstone-insufficient in volume, grain size, and provenance to supply the enormous amounts of exclusively fine-grained material to surrounding regions (Hills and Kottlowski 1983; Bergstrom and Morey 1985; Adler 1986)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If any of these Devono-Mississippian systems were deltaic, they are uniformly ''headless''-missing all but the distal-most ''prodelta'' fines, even where the shelf margins are preserved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In other words, there were no deltaic systems located nearby to transport the siliciclastic material basinward. And if the siliciclastic units represent prodelta fines, they exhibit remarkably uniform grain sizes that fail to fine with distance from the inferred deltaic feeders, and exhibit an unusual dearth of true clay (minerals or grain sizes; Figs. 7, 8)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to the prevalence of fluvio-deltaic inferences for the study units, few have mentioned eolian processes (e.g., Miller and Cullen 2018; Shelley et al. 2019), whilst others make a connection to the origin of chert in correlative units such as the Arkansas Novaculite, the Caballos Novaculite, and cherts of the Osage-Meramecian strata (Banks 1970; Lowe 1976; Cecil 2004, 2018b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Schieber (2016) explicitly dismissed an eolian origin for these mudrocks based on the presumed need for large erg systems to supply the fines via saltation abrasion of sand; yet eolian abrasion produces very little silt (Swet et al. 2019, 2020; Adams and Soreghan 2020)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dust-emitting regions today include both low-subtropical latitude arid regions such as dry lakes of the Bodélé Depression that supply diatomaceous-rich dust (West Africa; Washington et al. 2006; Chappell et al. 2008) and the Nile Delta plain, which fuels the dunes and loess of the Sinai and Negev (Muhs et al. 2013), as well as high-latitude proglacial and periglacial regions, such as the Copper River delta, which seasonally emits large volumes (60-160 ktons in 2006; Crusius et al. 2011) of glacially ground rock powder over hundreds of kilometers into the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 11)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In all of these cases, the fines are inherent to, and emanate from, the (subaerially exposed and desiccated) depositional systems, rather than from eolian saltation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The critical attributes of the Devono-Mississippian mudrocks of Oklahoma and the greater midcontinent include the: 1) fine grain size restricted to very fine silt to very fine sand with little to no clay (mineral or grain size), 2) blanket-like deposition over large regions, including far from paleocoastlines, 3) deposition in both sediment-starved basins as organic- rich and chert-rich mudstone, and in carbonate ramps as dispersed fines, 4) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-pdf/92/12/1186/5763983/i1938-3681-92-12-1186.pdf by McGill University user ultimate sources in (primarily) the Appalachian orogen, and 5) enigmatic absence of proximal fluvio-deltaic feeder systems."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We propose that delivery of the siliciclastic material to epeiric seas by eolian transport best explains this confluence of attributes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The predominantly arid and seasonally dry climate in the mostly subtropical latitudes of Devono-Mississippian Laurentia would have favored dust emission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this model, the Neoacadian Orogen clastic- wedge system (Catskill delta for the Devonian, and Price-Pocono-Borden delta and Mauch Chunk delta for the Mississippian) then provided the source of the material, which was derived from the orogenic highlands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Notably, the Catskill delta system drained (at times) regions thought to have been glaciated during the latest Devonian (Brezinski et al. 2008, 2010; Ettensohn et al. 2020a, 2020b), and thus would have delivered a ready and voluminous source of Al-poor rock flour to the alluvial plain, analogous to the Copper River Delta today (Fig. 11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although no such glaciation is recorded outside of Gondwanaland for the Mississippian, the subaerial delta plains of the Price-Pocono-Borden-Grainger and Mauch Chunk deltas off the Appalachian Orogen would have supplied abundant silt, analogous to the Nile Delta today."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Mass-balance arguments suggest that only 1% (363 km 3 ) of the total quartz eroded from the Neoacadian orogen and delivered to the Mississippian fluvio-deltaic plains is needed to supply the volume of quartz in the Meramec and Sycamore systems (259 km 3 ) (Supplemental File 5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The eolian-delivery model holds that austral winter winds along the Appalachian orogen front and Zonda-Foehn-Chinook-like leeward winds translating into easterlies (Figs. 10, 12) deflated these subaerial delta plains and lofted siliciclastic fines for ultimate deposition into the Laurentian epeiric seas and emergent land regions to the (paleo) north and west (Devonian), and (paleo) west (Mississippian) (Figs. 10, 12)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The strength of leeward winds can impose gusty conditions to generate intense dust storms, such as the Zonda winds off the Andes (Norte 2015; Puliafito et al. 2015; Isla et al. 2021), and Chinook winds that rework proglacial strata across the northern Great Plains today (Hugenholtz et al. 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This model also explains the dearth of clay minerals (and thus Al), given the lack of intense chemical weathering expected in this arid climate region and-for the latest Devonian-the source in a proglacial delta system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This model predicts the occurrence of similarly uniform fines distributed in coeval units across a large region of the Laurentian epeiric sea, as indeed occurs (Figs. 2, 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additionally, it builds on several other examples of eolian-marine units posited for similarly enigmatic, fine-grained (and generally clay-poor) siliciclastic systems that lack fluvio-deltaic compo- nents, such as those of the Permian Delaware Mountain Group (Fischer and Sarnthein 1988), Phosphoria Formation (Carroll et al. 1998), various units of the Permo-Pennsylvanian (Soreghan 1992; Soreghan et al. 2008), and Lower Mississippian units of the Appalachian Basin (Cecil et al. 2018a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, it builds on the eolian-dust model for the origin of chert in Paleozoic units of Laurentia proposed by Lowe (1976) and Cecil et al. ( 2018b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Woodford Shale consistently exhibits the finest modes of the study units and the highest silica content (Figs. 7, 8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Its uniquely high silica content is commonly attributed to the influence of biogenic silica from nutrient-rich upwelling (Turner et al. 2016), but this explanation evades the root issue of an ultimate Si source."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cecil et al. ( 2018b) posited that much Phanerozoic chert was likely sourced by eolian dust; this model seems viable for the Woodford Shale given the paleogeographic context of arid conditions across the midcontinent of Laurentia during the Late Devonian, conducive to the availability and transport of ultrafine siliceous dust."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We propose that the fine detrital modes reflect: 1) the distance to source and 2) the direction of surface wind circulation patterns, given the significant paleogeographic shifts from Late Devonian to Early-Middle Mississippian times (Figs. 10, 12)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During the Late Devonian, Oklahoma and the greater midcontinent seaway were situated west-northwest of the Catskill delta at 308 S. Prevailing winds off the leeward front of the Appalachian orogen would have transported eolian dust in a north and west-northwesterly direction, across the North American midcontinent to Oklahoma and beyond."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The emergent transcontinental arch may have provided temporary storage areas along this path."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ultimately, the finest fraction accumulated in the Woodford Shale; by the Mississippian, shifts occurred in both the location of the primary source (now the Price-Pocono-Borden-Grainger, the Mauch Chunk deltas, and coastal clastic systems) and the paleolatitude (~158 northward)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By this time, the Price-Pocono-Borden-Grainger and Mauch Chunk deltas were east-southeast of Oklahoma, enabling prevailing easterlies to loft fines from these systems directly into the epeiric seas across the greater midcontinent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With the northward drift of the Laurentian continent, Southern Hemisphere winter winds off the Appalachian orogen shifted to blow more directly toward the west and west-northwest (less circuitous than those of the Late Devonian)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This shift might explain the elevated grain sizes, higher volume of quartz, and more ''loess-like'' signature in the Meramecian samples of the Meramec and Sycamore (Fig. 8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, orographic effects of the greater Appalachian orogen presumably further exacerbated the aridity across Laurentia, leading to enhanced eolian emissions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, widespread delivery of only minimally (chemically) weathered eolian fines to Devono-Mississippian epeiric seas may have had auxiliary effects on organic carbon in these systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Mississippian (and Upper Devonian) of North America contain anomalously high organic carbon, with the Woodford Shale and correlatives considered world-class source rocks (Ulmishek and Klemme 1990; Kuuskraa 2011; Sonnenberg 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We speculate that this remarkable organic richness might reflect eolian delivery of abundant nutrients (notably iron) to these distal epeiric seas, stimulating productivity and associated preservation of organic carbon, as has been observed in the Bering Sea (Koffman et al. 2021) and suggested in other deep-time, dust-sourced systems (e.g., Carroll et al. 1998; Gabbott et al. 2010; Sur et al. 2015; Abadi et al. 2020)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Siliciclastic silt and mudstone are common throughout Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian epeiric-sea strata of Laurentia, but no proximal fluvial-deltaic feeder systems exist to explain transport of this material."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mineralogical data indicate a clear detrital source."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Grain-size modes range from very fine silt to very fine sand, with minimal lateral variation in units across broad swaths of Oklahoma and the greater midcontinent region."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Geochemical signatures are Si-rich and Al-poor, reflective a dearth of clay minerals (particularly Woodford Shale and Sycamore systems)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Detrital-zircon geochronology indicates primary sources in the Appalachian orogen."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Paleogeographic reconstructions show that the midcontinent occupied the subtropical arid belt, in the orographic rain shadow of the growing Appalachian orogen."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consequent aridity would have promoted dust emission from vast delta plains draining the Appalachian highlands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Model simulations of surface wind circulations indicate that Southern Hemisphere winter months were conducive for eolian delivery of fine siliciclastic material toward the west and northwest, derived from Appalachian clastic wedges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alpine glaciation in these highlands during at least the latest Devonian produced large volumes of physically weathered fines."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Siliciclastic silt of the Upper Devonian Woodford Shale most likely experienced a circuitous eolian trajectory and greater transport distances, resulting in the predominance of very fine silt modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, Mississippian units were directly downwind of deltaic plains of the northern Appalachian system, resulting in generally coarser silt to very fine sand modes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Coeval units located most distally contain abundant chert, consistent with sourcing from very fine silica dust."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Eolian transport of material that was minimally chemically weathered to Devono-Mississippian epeiric seas likely delivered essential nutrients that stimulated organic productivity in these commonly organic-rich units-a hypothesis that merits further investigation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Supplemental material is available from the SEPM Data Archive: https:// www.sepm.org/supplemental-materials."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4274__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 38, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [38, 38, 38], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recently published paper, McGlannan et al. ( 2022) posit that the detrital silt component of Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian shales of the North American midcontinent region is of eolian origin and provided essential nutrients that stimulated the organic productivity that is recorded by these shales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our initial concern with their study was the fact that McGlannan et al. ( 2022) studied a stratigraphic interval that spans approximately 20 million years (Late Devonian to Early Mississippian), and applied conclusions reached for the Mississippian part of the succession to the underlying Devonian black shales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is surprising because it is well known that a drastic sea-level fall occurred at the end of the Devonian and resulted in an unconformity over much of the North American craton [1][2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As far as we understand from geologic literature, extrapolating the inferred sedimentary dynamics of one stratigraphic interval (Early Mississippian) across a sequence boundary to rocks that were deposited multiple millions of years earlier (Late Devonian) is neither recommended nor considered good practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The aim of this discussion is not to disqualify eolian systems in general as a potential source of fines in shale successions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is not implausible that there were times and places in the geologic past when they may have contributed to marine or lacustrine shale–mudstone successions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We are, however, firmly convinced that in the case of the Late Devonian of North America, no compelling case can be made for a significant eolian clastic component to its widely distributed black-shale successions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Whereas we disagree with the validity of the McGlannan et al. ( 2022) study at several levels, three principal lines of reasoning stand out to demonstrate that their conclusions are flawed and inapplicable to the Late Devonian black shales of North America."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "First, petrographic examination of the rocks in question, collected from the same location as samples used by the authors (Woodford samples from McAlister Quarry), as well as samples from the Woodford of the Central Basin Platform (Permian Basin, Texas, samples courtesy of Kitty Milliken) does not support their assumptions about these rocks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "SEM analysis shows these samples to be strongly dominated by microcrystalline quartz (Fig. 1) and indicates that it is highly unlikely that the authors could have succeeded to extract detrital quartz grains from these rocks with the method described (McGlannan et al. 2022), much less using them for grain-size analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The abundant early diagenetic silica cementation that fed on dissolution of radiolarian tests is so ubiquitous in these shales, generating silt- and even sand-size quartz particles [3][4][5] that upon crushing/processing it would inevitably have generated silt- and sand-size quartz particles (Fig. 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Petrographic constraints (Fig. 1), however, should readily disabuse a discerning observer from the notion that these particles are in any kind or form detrital in nature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "In our extensive experience with mudstone petrography, the detrital vs. authigenic nature of silt-size quartz grains cannot be determined (as the authors did) via inspection of “smear slides of residues” with a petrographic microscope."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "To make that determination requires the resolution offered by scanning electron microscopes (SEM)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Figure 3 shows our Woodford samples from the perspective of scanned cathodoluminescence, illustrating the type and size range of detrital quartz."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The dominant reddish-orange colors of quartz grains suggest derivation from the same low-grade metamorphic source, the Acadian orogeny, presumed for Late Devonian black shales farther east [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "The general abundance and size range of detrital quartz from the Woodford is in essence the same as that observed in Upper Devonian black shales of the Illinois Basin ca. 500 km to the east, and in the Williston Basin ca."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "900 km to the north (Fig. 3), plausibly suggesting that all three locales received clastics from the Acadian orogen in the east [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "The lacking differences in size range and source characteristics of detrital quartz (Fig. 3) between samples from Oklahoma and those of time-equivalent Devonian black shales from the Illinois and Williston basins (both far offshore the Acadian source region) supports strong dilution of clastics by early diagenetic silica in the case of the Woodford samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "No principal difference is observed between these locales."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "The randomly oriented phyllosilicate platelets (cardhouse fabric) observed in these rocks (Figs. 1, 4), shielded from compaction by early diagenetic silica cements (Figs. 1, 2), strongly suggests that the detrital component of these shales arrived via bedload transport of flocculated muds, and is quite similar to uncompacted fabrics seen in flume experiments that simulated accumulation of muds from bottom current transported floccules [7][8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Settling of airborne dust through the water column should produce an entirely different fabric with largely bedding-aligned phyllosilicates [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "Second, when examined in detail, Devonian organic-rich mudstone successions show rapid shifts of depocenters in response to basin dynamics (e.g., basement fault reactivation [10][11]) as well as accommodation change due to subsidence (tectonic) and sea-level fluctuations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "In the Late Devonian, regional unconformities (sequence boundaries) and their correlative conformities have been recognized and correlated across the United States by various authors [12][13][11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "Yet, these erosional contacts (and implicit hiatuses) are absent from Figure 2 of McGlannan et al. ( 2022), greatly oversimplifying the existing stratigraphic complexities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "Stratigraphic analysis shows that in the Appalachian Basin [14][11], the Illinois Basin [13], and in central Oklahoma [15], Devonian black shale successions invariably onlap onto structural highs (Cincinnati Arch, Nemaha Ridge)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "Such distal responses to shoreline progradation and retrogradation imply lateral sediment supply (for example by wind-driven bottom-current systems) from a distal source and require shoreline-attached sediment dispersal systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "Had eolian sediment dispersal indeed been the key control in the distal realm, stratal units should be expected to drape across positive elements, rather than terminate against them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "The most pervasive chert deposits associated with Late Devonian black shales occur in southern Laurentia, where a proximity to deep ocean waters and a combination of SE Tradewinds with the Ekman spiral provide ideal conditions for upwelling of nutrient-rich waters onto the flooded North American craton [16][17][18][19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0030", "sentence_n": 30, "text": "Whereas the influence of this nutrient source likely diminishes away from the cratonic edge [20][21], it is a highly plausible scenario for driving marine productivity in the Anadarko–Arkoma and Permian basins and the Woodford Shale sections sampled by McGlannan et al. ( 2022)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0031", "sentence_n": 31, "text": "Third, due to the Devonian-age colonization of land masses by trees and other land plants, nutrient supply to shelf and epicontinental seas increased so dramatically [22][23] that eolian sourced nutrients, had they existed, would not have made any difference with regard to the available nutrient supply."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0032", "sentence_n": 32, "text": "Also, as mentioned above, the very likely existence of upwelling of nutrient-rich deep-sea waters along the southern margin of the Late Devonian inland sea is a much more plausible nutrient source (rather than eolian input) for that part of the Late Devonian black-shale system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0033", "sentence_n": 33, "text": "Fundamentally, there is no need, nor any justification, to call on input of eolian clastics as a critical factor for the formation of any of the Late Devonian black-shale successions in North America."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0034", "sentence_n": 34, "text": "Several studies of geochemical proxies and organic petrography have shown marine–terrestrial co-dependencies linking rapid expansion of land plants, enhanced continental weathering, terrestrial runoff, and nutrient supply from the Acadian borderlands to enhanced primary productivity in the Devonian inland sea [24][22][23][25][26][27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0035", "sentence_n": 35, "text": "Collectively, these studies evoke a mental image of coastal plains with thriving forests, unlikely to have facilitated widespread deflation and lofting of siliciclastic fines as postulated by McGlannan et al. ( 2022)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0036", "sentence_n": 36, "text": "Furthermore, generating copious quantities of dust to fertilize the Devonian inland sea for several millions of years by way of deflation implies a commensurate concentration of sand and formation of eolian dunes [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0037", "sentence_n": 37, "text": "Yet, in spite of a long history of research into Devonian nearshore and onshore deposits of the Appalachian Basin [29][30][31], no eolian deposits have ever been documented."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0038", "sentence_n": 38, "text": "In summary, the confluence of petrographic constraints, stratigraphic relationships, and global controls thoroughly invalidates the premise of McGlannan et al. ( 2022)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__critique__p0060__s0039", "sentence_n": 39, "text": "The considered evidence shows a striking mismatch between well documented geologic realities and the “eolian supply” vision proposed by McGlannan et al. ( 2022)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4274__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Wilson and Schieber for their discussion, as our paper in Current Ripples presented a new hypothesis, and we welcome tests of that hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Current Ripples encourages “provocative papers on sedimentary geology” so we are happy to motivate future research toward advancing knowledge on the Devono-Mississippian of North America."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Through an integration of paleogeography, paleoclimate, grain size, detrital-zircon provenance, geochemistry, and surface-wind models, McGlannan et al. ( 2022) proposed that eolian transport supplied significant siliciclastic material to Devono-Mississippian marine strata of the North American midcontinent [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Wilson and Schieber (2024) begin their discussion with the statement that “...extrapolating the inferred sedimentary dynamics of one stratigraphic interval (Early Mississippian) across a sequence boundary to rocks that were deposited multiple millions of years earlier (Late Devonian) is neither recommended nor considered good practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "” We find this odd, akin to arguing that, e.g., sediment dynamics of glacioeustasy in the Pleistocene cannot apply to glacioeustasy that operated in the Pennsylvanian."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Processes can apply across time, as long as the tenets of uniformity of process (uniformitarianism) are followed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Wilson and Schieber (2024) then focus on three main arguments to challenge the validity of our hypothesis for the Late Devonian in particular."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4274__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding the issue of an authigenic or detrital origin for the silica, we recognize that Schieber and his collaborators have extensive experience with mudstone petrography and petrology, are aware of and respect their work documenting diagenetic silica in mudstones, and indeed acknowledge in our paper the pervasive presence of diagenetic and biogenic silica in the Woodford Shale [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, Figure 5B in McGlannan et al. ( 2022) illustrates the rhythmic, thin, chert-like beds in the Woodford Shale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Wilson and Schieber note that they have studied samples from the same sites we studied and found diagenetic silica."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We do not doubt this."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Owing to the common presence of diagenetic silica, we preferentially avoided silica-rich facies and predominantly sampled laminated shale facies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Wilson and Schieber (2024) suggest that we generated sand- and silt-size particles “upon crushing–processing” but, as we detailed in our paper, “Samples were gently crushed with a ceramic mortar and pestle to pea-size gravel to accelerate chemical reactions, then rinsed with distilled water and sieved at 250 lm to remove any fines generated during crushing” that might be erroneously incorporated in the grain-size analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Of 19 Woodford Shale samples, 12 were selected for particle-size measurement after smear-slide analysis to verify disaggregation and presence of a preponderance of detrital material (Supplemental File 3 and Fig. 6A in McGlannan et al. 2022), which included not only quartz, but minor feldspar and even (rare) accessory minerals such as zircon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We acknowledge that, despite our efforts to minimize the inclusion of diagenetic silica, some microcrystallized silica may have remained, which would have skewed particle-size results to finer modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Additionally, as discussed in our paper, eolian delivery of silica-rich dust likely provided a significant source of Si for biogenic and diagenetic silica in these Devono-Mississippian units—an interpretation that builds on previous work by others, such as Banks (1970), Cecil (2015), and Cecil et al. ( 2018) [2][3][4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Wilson and Schieber (2024) then address stratigraphic relationships, implying that we believe the Woodford (and correlative black shales) should exhibit a draping geometry owing to hemipelagic settling, but we do not, in any way, dispute a component of bottom-current transport for the redistribution of detrital material in the Woodford Shale or any of its correlative formations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0062__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We absolutely acknowledge the action of submarine redeposition and redistribution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4274__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We mention several times throughout the paper that these sediments were ultimately deposited in the marine environment, but we hypothesize eolian delivery of the material to the marine system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Once eolian dust hits the surface waters, it is subject to marine processes, especially if accumulation occurs on submarine slopes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analogous systems wherein submarine mass flows redistributed eolian-transported fines include the sandstones and siltstones of the Permian Delaware Mountain Group, for example (Fischer and Sarnthein 1988) [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We do not doubt the existence of stratigraphic complexities related to basin dynamics and sea-level fluctuations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Stratigraphic complexities in the Woodford Shale related to relative changes in base level are certainly present in Oklahoma, but the comparison of these complexities to those in the Appalachian foreland basin and the intracratonic Illinois and Michigan basins requires much further stratigraphic study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "During the Late Devonian the Anadarko basin was essentially a wide passive margin facing southward into the Rheic Sea. Although there appears to be an intra-Woodford unconformity at the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary, the continuity in conodont and pollen biozones at the I-35 South outcrop in Oklahoma (Over 1990, 1992; Kondas et al. 2018) and conodont zones at the Wapanucka (Over 1990), and Hass G (Boardman and Puckette 2006; Haywa-Branch and Barrick 1990; Over and Barrick 1990) locations demonstrate that the Upper Woodford unconformity is of a lower magnitude than certain regions in the up-dip interior Illinois basin (Over et al. 2019; Over 2021; Fig. 6 in Lazar and Schieber 2022) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0063__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Yet, the sediments are similar; therefore eolian delivery provides a viable means for transporting sediments beyond the Appalachian system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4274__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their third major point, Wilson and Schieber (2024) take issue with the hypothesis of eolian nutrient fertilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Regarding nutrients supplied to Devonian epeiric seas, we accept the possibility of eutrophication from the expansion of terrestrial land plants, and deep basin upwelling, in addition to eolian dust fertilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We did not exclude any mechanism by which nutrients might have reached the marine system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rather, we merely suggested dust as a possible carrier of iron, in light of the eolian hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We are raising questions and proposing hypotheses to consider."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We do not know how significant dust may (or may not) have been in delivering nutrients (bioavailable iron) across Laurentian epeiric seas during the Late Devonian."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Mechanisms of nutrient delivery are not mutually exclusive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0064__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In other words, sometimes the answer isn’t either/or, but both, or all the above."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4274__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4274", "paragraph_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we disagree with Wilson and Schieber’s (2024) argument on the requirement for “a commensurate concentration of sand and formation of eolian dunes” to generate “copious quantities of dust.” As addressed in our paper, whilst much controversy surrounds the claim that sand dunes and eolian processes produce significant dust deposits, both empirical and experimental studies raise questions about the efficacy of sand saltation in producing silt, and this remains a contentious claim."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, although sand saltation has been suggested for small loess accumulations such as the Negev in Israel (Crouvi et al. 2008), relatively minimal eolian silt (loess) occurs in the peri-Saharan region, for example (Smalley 1995)—where one might expect large volumes given the vast sand seas [15][16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, recent experimental studies demonstrate the inefficiency of eolian saltation of sand for silt production (Swet et al. 2019, 2020; Adams and Soreghan 2020) [17][18][19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consider that the dustiest source on the planet today, the Bodélé Depression, is not sourced by dunes, but by the desiccated-lake deposits of paleolake Megachad (Warren et al. 2007) [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly, dust off the Copper River Delta today is sourced by the deflation of glacially generated fines across (dried) floodplains, not sand dunes (Crusius et al. 2011) [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We again thank Wilson and Schieber for the opportunity for additional discussion, and for highlighting the need for further petrographic and SEM studies of the Woodford Shale focused specifically on the detrital component."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4274__response__p0065__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It is likely we will continue to agree to disagree on several points; even so, we look forward to further testing and revision of our hypothesis that eolian-transported detrital silt and dust contributed to the Woodford Shale, and many of its correlatives."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4274/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4313248289_W4392458006_W4392458127", "triad_name": "triad_4274", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4274__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since the 1960s, considerable effort has been made to develop a valid, reproducible and standardised orthodontic index."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Occlusal indices such as the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) [1], and the Dental Aesthetics Index (DAI) [2] have been developed to rank malocclusion according to the level of treatment need."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Occlusal indices can be defined as methods for determining the level of treatment need or the amount of deviation from normal occlusion and can be used for the evaluation of individual patients and populations [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Occlusal indices such as the DAI [2] and the IOTN [1] are used to determine the need or priority for orthodontic treatment in epidemiological surveys."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), adopted by the World Health Organization, evaluates 10 occlusal characteristics: overjet, negative overjet, tooth loss, diastema, anterior open bite, anterior crowding, anterior diastema, width of the anterior irregularities (mandible and maxilla) and antero-posterior spring relationship [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The DAI has four stages of malocclusion severity: a score lower than or equal to 25 (no or slight treatment need), a score between 26 and 30 (elective treatment), a score between 31 and 35 (treatment highly desirable) and a score greater than 36 (treatment mandatory) [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The IOTN records the need for treatment based on two components: the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the aesthetic component (AC)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The DHC-IOTN consists of a hierarchical scale with five levels: level 1 represents little or no need for treatment and level 5 represents a great need for treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It evaluates the malocclusion by means of five characteristics: tooth loss, overjet, crossbite, displacement of the contact point, and overbite [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, despite having a similar goal, the DAI and the DHC-IOTN exhibit differences that determine their ability to predict malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, the IOTN has been described as an index for easy use [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In Brazil, the DAI has been used in national epidemiological surveys organised by the Ministry of Health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Other epidemiological surveys, using DAI or IOTN, were carried out in Brazil [5], Spain [6], India [7] and United States [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This study aimed to assess the validity and reproducibility of the DAI and the DHC-IOTN in the identification of orthodontic treatment needs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study was carried out between July and October 2009."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The study involved the assessment of a sample of 131 pairs of dental casts selected randomly from the archive of the Specialization Course in Orthodontics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This archive 3279 contains 198 models of oral cavities of all orthodontic patients from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Models in inadequate conditions (with fractures in casts) and models of patients who had received previous orthodontic treatment were not included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The age of participants whose models were included in this study ranged from 12 to 15 years, an age group recommended in studies of occlusal indices by several authors [2,4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The patients, whose models were evaluated, were at early permanent dentition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sample size calculation was performed by considering the 54.3% prevalence of orthodontic treatment need, as measured by the DAI [9], with a confidence interval of 95% and 5% of level of precision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee in Research of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (No 0369.0.203.000-09)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, to assess reproducibility, 13 models (10% of the total sample set) were examined on two occasions, with an interval of 30 days between examinations, using the two indices proposed in the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The reproducibility analysis was carried out before the validation analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After the reproducibility assessment, the 131 study models were examined by the researcher, an expert in orthodontics, to assess the ability of both indices to identify orthodontic treatment need."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The DAI [2,4] and the DHC-IOTN [1] values were classified according to the specific criteria of each index studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The recommendations were used to measure the DHC-IOTN in the models [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The aesthetic component of the IOTN was not assessed, as it presents poor association with the clinical condition when used in models [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The instruments used were those recommended for each index, namely the periodontal probe for the DAI and the proper ruler for the DHC-IOTN."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The gold standard of orthodontic treatment need was determined by three professors who are experts in the area of orthodontics with at least 10 years of clinical experience [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They examined the 131 study models separately."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each model was coded as \"no need for orthodontic treatment\", \"elective orthodontic treatment\" or \"orthodontic treatment required\" based on the clinical evaluation of each one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Where there was disagreement in the assessment of the models, there was a discussion among the researchers to reach a consensus [12-14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The DAI scores and degrees of treatment need as determined by the DHC-IOTN were regrouped in a dichotomous manner as follows: \"without treatment needs\" and \"in need of treatment\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The DAI scores were dichotomised as \"no need for treatment\" (DAI ≤ 25) and \"in need of treatment\" (DAI > 25)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The DHC-IOTN is subdivided into three stages of severity according to the need for treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Grade 1 (none) and 2 (little) were considered as not requiring treatment, while Grades 3 (moderate need), 4 (great need) and 5 (very great need) were considered as in need of treatment [1] In the same way, the gold standard evaluation was dichotomised as follows: \"without treatment needs\" and \"in need of treatment\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The latter category included \"elective orthodontic treatment\" and \"orthodontic treatment required\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The time needed to evaluate the indices was measured by a digital stopwatch by the same researcher who evaluated the models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess the reproducibility of the original DAI and DHC-IOTN values, the average estimate of the intraclass correlation coefficient for agreement (95% IC) was calculated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Cohen Kappa coefficient (95% IC) and the Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa (PABAK) [15] were calculated to measure agreement between the dichotomised DAI and DHC-IOTN."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An evaluation of the normality of the variable \"time\" was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The comparison between time needed to evaluate the indices was done by the Wilcoxon test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The significance level was set at 5% for all analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The validation of the indices was done by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy (area under the receiving-operating characteristic curve [ROC curve])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "An optimum cutoff point for each of the indexes was determined by plotting ROC curves."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean (±Standard Deviation) and median DAI values obtained were 35.4 (±10.9) and 33.0, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The minimum and maximum values were 19 and 98."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For the ordinal DHC-IOTN, the minimum and maximum values ranged between 1 and 5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The orthodontic treatment need according to the DAI and DHC-IOTN evaluation made by the examiner were presented on Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The intra-rater reliability assessment resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89 for the DAI (95% IC = 0.64 to 1.0) and 0.87 for the DHC (95% CI = 0.56 to 0.96)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Table 2 shows the comparison between the two indices, the Cohen Kappa and PABAK coefficients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The time spent (in seconds) to assess the DAI and the DHC-IOTN were presented on Table 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These variables were not normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, P < 0.05)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The time spent to assess the DHC-IOTN was statistically lower than that for the DAI (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When comparing the two indices with the gold standard (Table 4), less agreement on the overall diagnosis of models examined for treatment needs was observed (47% according to the DAI and 52% according to the DHC-IOTN), with a significant percentage of false positives both for the DAI (41%) and the DHC-IOTN (39%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The accuracy of the indices, as reflected by the ROC curve, was also presented (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the analysis of the validity of the indices (Table 5), both had great sensitivity and very low specificity, indicating a good ability to identify orthodontic treatment need in patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the positive predictive value (PPV) for both indices was low, reducing the certainty of the sensitivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Otherwise, the specificity is low but the negative predictive value is high."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The new cutoff points (DAI=31, and DHC=3), have changed the properties of indexes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indices could be considered useful for epidemiological and public health applications when they are reliable and valid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Considering the results presented, the DAI and DHC-IOTN could be considered reliable and validity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the sample size calculation of our study we could use the frequency of orthodontic treatment need as measured by the DHC-IOTN or by the DAI."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Considering that orthodontic treatment need based on research with orthodontic study models was about 15.0% [16], we opted for the frequency of orthodontic treatment need determined by the DAI [9] because it ensured a larger sample set."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The literature have pointed out that it is possible and correct to use dental models in order to validate orthodontic indices [14,17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Besides, the reliability and agreement between the information obtained clinically and from diagnostic models are high [11]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For these reasons and due to feasibility, we carried out the study using dental models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "High intra-examiner agreement existed between the original DAI and DHC-IOTN values."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The examiner was trained and calibrated in the use of the indices before the evaluation sessions, which confirms the need for those steps before an epidemiological survey."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This step contributed to the good results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the examiner was a specialist in orthodontics, and epidemiological surveys are normally conducted by general dentists, which may point to the need for more previous training."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It might be necessary to evaluate the reliability and validity of occlusal indices between general dentists as well."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is important that the indices have a high degree of reproducibility to be useful as a research tool."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the lower ICC DHC-IOTN as compared to the DAI value, the confidence intervals are coincident, showing that the reproducibility of both is similar [1,11,12,17,18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite the high percentage of agreement between both indices, the Cohen Kappa could be considered fair."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, considering that the agreement between positive classification (orthodontic treatment need) for DAI and DCH-IOTN was high, Cohen Kappa was artificially low."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "So, the Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa was calculated and it was considered substantial."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "So, the DAI and DHC-IOTN measure orthodontic treatment needs in the same way [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most cases showed the need for treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This high prevalence is similar to the results of other studies because these validation studies are usually conducted in orthodontics settings, where study models are provided and where most cases for treatment are, due to the need for diagnosis [14,16,17,19]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In validity studies of the occlusal indices, an important factor is the definition of the gold standard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The literature has considered a panel of orthodontists to be the gold standard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This assessment, as defined by several authors [20,21], has been considered the gold standard of the orthodontic treatment needs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, there are at least two ways to define this panel: using the Likert scale [17] or by consensus [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The number of orthodontists in this type of panel has varied from two [12] to eighteen [21]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our study had a consensus panel of three orthodontists, similar to that of Freer and Freer [12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It seems necessary to standardise the construction of these panels worldwide to better define the need for orthodontic treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is not easy to infer the effect on the validity statistics of the DHC-IOTN and DAI if the number of specialists participating in the panel were changed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In Brazil, the post-graduate Orthodontic programs vary in content and length of study which may potentially increase the discordance among specialists' determinations of treatment need."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The comparison with the gold standard has shown an impressive amount of false positives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a worrying finding because about 50% of the cases were determined to need treatment based on both indices which a committee of experts in orthodontics had not noticed."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this case, an epidemiological survey using these indices may overestimate the need for treatment in a population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The modification in the cutoff points has decreased the proportion of false-positive and has increased the proportion of false-negative results in both indices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The overall concordance has slightly increased."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the validity assessment, the DHC-IOTN showed a sensitivity of 100% and DAI, 91%, i.e., the probability of the assessment performed correctly indicate the orthodontic treatment needs is great."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both showed low values of specificity (DAI = 14% and DHC-IOTN = 19%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In epidemiological surveys, sensitive tests are useful because they prevent people with a problem from being disregarded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Depending on the problem, this can be a complicating factor in finding a solution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, specific tests are also desirable because they contribute to cost reduction both in the need for subsequent examinations and in the treatment that will be provided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The low specificity is related to a high degree of false positives, which affects the good sensitivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, it would be desirable to have a balance of these two characteristics, but that did not occur with the DAI and DHC-IOTN indices."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, it is necessary to develop an occlusal index that evaluates orthodontic treatment needs more accurately."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This development process is not easy and could be done with participation of experts in orthodontics, public health, epidemiology, statistic from all over the world."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The positive predictive value (PPV) for the two indices is low (28 for the DAI and 31 for the DHC-IOTN)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whereas PPV increases with increasing prevalence, this is another deficiency in the validity of these indices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The modification in cutoff points increased the PPV and specificity for the two indices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the others properties (sensibility and negative predictive value) have decreased."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The deficiencies observed in the characteristics analysed concerning the validity of a test resulted in the accuracy values (DAI = 0.61 and DHC-IOTN = 0.67)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Studies with American [2] or English [1] orthodontists showed better accuracy levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, in another study [14], the accuracy of the IOTN was very similar to our results."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The validity of an index can depend on the origin of the orthodontic experts who determine as the gold standard [14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As discussed previously, an expert's opinion is currently regarded as the best determinant of the treatment need because of the difficulty in using occlusal indices to identify and quantify the objective signs of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs [10,21,22]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, the aggregate decision of orthodontic specialists is generally regarded as the gold standard against which any occlusal index should be validated [20,21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The different methods of obtaining the gold standard in the validation studies could also explain the different accuracy results for the occlusal indices [12,21]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The time spent for the assessment of the DAI was longer than for the DHC-IOTN."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is probably because only the worst occlusal feature is recorded by the DHC-IOTN [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In other words, the identification is made through a hierarchical scale of occlusal anomalies, whereas several occlusal features of space and the teething are recorded to obtain the final DAI score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Reducing the time needed for index application is always important, especially in population studies [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Despite not assessing the aesthetic component of the IOTN once we evaluated dental models [11], the inclusion of this component would increase the time spent in evaluation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A disadvantage of DHC-IOTN use is that the proposed ruler for the index is not easily found, whereas the DAI is an index whose instrument for measurement (periodontal probe) is easily accessible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is necessary to point out some limitations of this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The study was conducted with a small group of Brazilian orthodontists, and the sample, although probabilistic, is representative of a single orthodontics service in Brazil."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Other studies should be conducted to assess the validity and reproducibility of the DAI and IOTN among Brazilian orthodontists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although there is little option for orthodontic treatment in public health in Brazil, the choice of a reliable and valid instrument is essential for a correct epidemiological diagnosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, the incorporation of subjective evaluation in the epidemiological diagnosis of orthodontic treatment need is absolutely relevant [23,24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The studied indices are epidemiological tools that aim to assess the degree of treatment need and not make diagnoses or aid in orthodontic planning."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The epidemiological indices usually underestimate the studied disease, which has not occurred in this case."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Further research in this area is important so that the epidemiological findings can be utilised as a reliable tool for planning and evaluation of public health actions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The DHC and the DAI are reproducible and have reasonable accuracy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The biggest problem presented is the high false positive rate compared to the gold standard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The DHC has the advantage of being an index of rapid implementation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The time spent assessing the DAI is greater than that spent assessing the DHC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4513__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In regard to the article entitled “The Dental Aesthetic Index and Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need as Tools in Epidemiological Studies” by Cardoso et al. [ 1] which checks the validity and agreement of two scales for orthodontic treatment need, we would like to draw your attention to a number of discrepancies in the design and methodology which have affected the results:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors have chosen a sample where the prevalence of orthodontic treatment need (according to the gold standard) is 91%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unfortunately, this is not a true representation of the orthodontic treatment need of the population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In a literature review of studies published between 1951 and 2000 (in total 25 studies), covering orthodontic treatment needs in different ethnic groups, Thilander et al. [ 2] reported only 10 (40%) studies reporting orthodontic treatment need above 75% while only one (4%) study (Law et al., [ 3]) in a Chinese population reported the prevalence of orthodontic treatment need above 90%, as reported by Cardoso et al. It is unfortunate that Cardoso et al. have chosen dental casts from the archive of Specialization Course in Orthodontics of a dental school—which indicates that these casts were prepared for the subjects who had undergone orthodontic treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This gives rise to one question i.e. whether the 9% of casts shown to be not requiring orthodontic treatment were actually of subjects who did not require orthodontic treatment?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In our opinion, for such important research in which two scales were being evaluated and the study was carried out with the help of dental casts (post-hoc design), the valid option would have been to include a higher number of otherwise normal casts (as per the gold standard), as this was not a prospective study and could have been easily controlled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Otherwise, the study should have been carried out as a random evaluation in a sample drawn from the population."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors have shown the diagnostic accuracy of the two scales to be 61% and 67%, respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Now here we would like to provide a random simulation wherein the diagnostic accuracy will lead to an even higher result without using any scale in such a high prevalence situation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Suppose, using random criteria we propose all the 100% subjects to be requiring the treatment (Table 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Diagnostic Efficacy in high prevalence cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Random criteria"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Yes\nNo\nTotal"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Gold standard"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Yes\n91\n0\n91"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No\n9\n0\n9"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Total"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "100\n0\n100"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using these random criteria (which in fact are no criteria), owing to high prevalence the criteria has a diagnostic accuracy of 91%, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 0%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This simulation shows that in case of a high prevalence, the accuracy of a model can be a wrong inference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The poor specificity as observed by Cardoso et al. in this article indicates that despite the use of proposed scales, the entire population has to be screened again by panel approach (gold standard) which shows that the time spent on administration of scales is of no use at all, rather it increases the overall time for treatment need assessment without adding any utility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Secondly, in such a situation, DHC cut-off 2 seems to be a better choice as at least it does have a 100% sensitivity, which means that the panel has not to go beyond the screened subjects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In regard to reproducibility, we are amazed to see that the authors have used test-retest validation for only 10% of the samples, which merely turns out to be 13 models."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is difficult to assume that with the primary aim of the study being stated as “to assess the validity and reproducibility of the DAI and the DHC-IOTN in the identification of orthodontic treatment needs”, the reproducibility has been checked in only 13 observations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4. Area under curve as depicted in Table 5 of the article (61% for DAI and 67% for DHC) indicates poor discrimination ability of the tests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In an ROC curve, an area of 1 represents a perfect test; an area of 0.5 represents a worthless test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "According to rough estimates, an AUC value 0.60–0.70 shows poor accuracy of a diagnostic test, as no realistic classifier should have an AUC less than 0.5 (Fawcett [4])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Under the circumstances, we do not agree with the conclusions of the authors that DHC and the DAI are reproducible and have reasonable accuracy and would recommend a rethinking of the applicability of DHC and DAI as per the results shown by the authors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4513__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In response to the Commentary submitted by Arora et al. [ 1], which has questioned some methodological issues in our article [2], we would like to respond item by item."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(1) Arora et al. have pointed out that we performed a study with a prevalence of orthodontic treatment need (according to the gold standard) of 91%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, according to Table 4 of our study, the real prevalence of orthodontic treatment need is 52%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite the fact that we chose the archives of Specialization Course in Orthodontics of a Dental School, this high prevalence (52%) is similar to the results of other studies because these validation studies are usually conducted in orthodontics settings, where study models are provided and where most cases for treatment are due to the need for diagnosis [3–6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is important to reinforce that we have also discussed these points in the second paragraph of page 3283."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) Arora et al. questioned “whether 9% casts shown to be not requiring orthodontic treatment were actually of subjects who did not require orthodontic treatment?” The models evaluated (n = 131) were a sample of 198 models of oral cavity of all orthodontic patients from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (first paragraph, page 3279)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These models pertained to patients who required orthodontic treatment in this University."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "So, the prevalence of patients without orthodontic need (48%) was not a surprise for us."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(3) Considering that the prevalence of orthodontic treatment need was not 91%, as pointed out by Arora et al., this simulation of accuracy is not relevant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(4) To evaluate reproducibility we examined 13 models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the literature concerning reproducibility of occlusal indexes there is no unique option regarding sample size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Beglin et al. [ 5] and Firestone et al. [ 8] evaluated 40 dental models in order to measure reproducibility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ovsenik and Primoziv [3] on the other hand studied 10 models."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this regard, our methodology lies between these extremes presented in the literature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(5) The last issue is related to the validity evaluation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ideal value of an Area Under Curve (AUC) is 1.0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The statistical program that we have used measured the AUC for both indexes and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These confidence intervals indicated if the curve crosses the non-significant 0.5 value at any point."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Considering that 95% CI for both indexes did not cross the non-significant 0.5 value, we sustain that both indexes present reasonable (not perfect) accuracy [9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4513", "paragraph_id": "triad_4513__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is important to reinforce that we discuss the limitations of our study in the last paragraph, page 3284."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4513__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, we cannot accept the criticisms laid out in this Commentary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4513/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1987696809_W2034560867_W2059991274", "triad_name": "triad_4513", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4513__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A 2017 study by Goyal et al 11 showed that there was a disparity between the demand for photo- therapy and the time devoted to learning it during residency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Responses obtained from dermatology program directors across the United States showed that a majority (67%) regarded their phototherapy training as inadequate, which was primarily attributed to time deficiency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "11 A cross-sectional survey 12 among US dermatology residents, published in 2015, showed that approxi- mately 59% did not obtain any hands-on photo- therapy training and that 42% had never observed phototherapy at all."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fewer than half of the residents felt that they could comfortably administer NB-UVB unsupervised, and fewer than 20% were comfortable with administering other modalities (excimer laser, PUVA, and BB-UVB)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Similarly, in 2015, Anderson et al 13 found that, among US dermatology residents, 29% and 76% were not comfortable with prescribing outpatient and home phototherapy, respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This discomfort stemmed from a lack of exposure and is significant because dermatology trainees who do not develop enough confidence to prescribe phototherapy during residency are less likely to do so in practice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Phototherapy primarily uses UV radiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Depending on the pathogenesis of the disease being treated and the specific modality prescribed, phototherapy counteracts the pathologic changes that char- acterize inflammatory skin diseases through several key mechanisms: (1) induction of apoptosis, (2) modification of the cytokine milieu, and (3) immunosuppression."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "14-16 Phototherapy has been used successfully to treat many skin diseases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A partial list is shown in Table I."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among these, photo- therapy for psoriasis has the most data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The different modalities that can be used for psoriasis are BB-UVB, NB-UVB, excimer light or laser, and PUVA (oral, topical, hand-foot soak, and bath/full-body soak)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "17 BB-UVB is rarely used today and has largely been replaced by NB-UVB because of the latter's better efficacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "18 Oral PUVA has superior efficacy to NB-UVB for psoriasis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Treatment with NB-UVB can produce substantial improvement of moderate to severe psoriasis after approximately 20 to 36 treatments, whereas oral PUVA can generate equal or better results after a median of 16 to 17 sessions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "18 In a systematic review by Almutawa et al, 17 oral PUVA achieved the highest clearance rate (CR) (79%) but caused symptomatic erythema and blistering in 17% of patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "NB-UVB attained a 68% CR and was better tolerated (adverse effects in 7.8%), and bath PUVA was the least effective (58% CR) and least tolerated (adverse effects in 21%)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hence, although oral PUVA is more efficacious, better tolerability makes NB-UVB a preferred first-line phototherapy modality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "17 In practice, the high cost and intermittent availability of 8-methoxypsoralen in the United States, together with well-known, long-term adverse effects of photoaging and photocarcinogenesis, have further limited the use of PUVA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Excimer Torres et al areas such as the scalp, palms, and soles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "4 It can produce results with as few as 8 treatment sessions compared to conventional NB-UVB, thereby reducing the cumulative UV dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "4,18 Outside the realm of psoriasis, NB-UVB is a first-line UV-based treatment option for many conditions including vitiligo, early mycosis fungoides, and atopic dermatitis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "UVA1 penetrates deeper into the dermis and has shown benefit for sclerosing skin disorders such as morphea and scleroderma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "19 NB-UVB and UVA1 are also useful for therapeutic hardening of patients with polymorphous light eruption and solar urticaria, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "20 For treatment-resistant dermatitis of the hands and feet, topical PUVA is frequently used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Oral PUVA is helpful for plaque stage mycosis fungoides, other forms of cutaneous lymphoma, and as a second-line UV-based treatment option for recalcitrant skin conditions that have failed or responded inadequately to NB-UVB."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0006__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "21 The list of photoresponsive dermatoses is long, which underscores the versatility of this treatment modality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A comparative study by Inzinger et al 25 showed that the efficacy rates of oral PUVA were comparable to those of infliximab and exceeded those of etanercept, efalizumab, alefacept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additionally, a recent trial comparing patient-reported outcomes of NB-UVB versus adalimumab versus placebo showed that improve- ments in overall health-related quality of life scores were equivalent for both active interventions after 12 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "26"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The acute adverse effects of phototherapy are relatively minor and include pruritus, tenderness, erythema, tanning, and blister formation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "18 For PUVA, the application or ingestion of a photosensi- tizer can incite skin phototoxicity, nausea, and/or vomiting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "18 The true risk of UV-induced skin cancer has long been a subject of debate and is a cause of hesitation for patients and providers alike."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "PUVA has been found to significantly increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the incidences of PUVA-induced melanoma and basal cell carcinoma are much lower."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "14,27 NB-UVB and UVA1 have had no evidence of increased risk of photocarcinogenesis and are considered safe with proper supervision by most practitioners."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "14,27,28 These risks can be mitigated via thoughtful patient and modality selection, proper dosing and dose adjustment, protection of uninvolved areas, moni- toring of cumulative UV dose, and periodic full-body skin examinations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0009__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "14 With the exception of PUVA, phototherapy does not require any pretreatment laboratory workup and can be safely administered to pediatric, elderly, and pregnant patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The adverse effects and safety of biologic medi- cations should also be considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With proper patient screening, biologics have shown good safety, particularly when compared to traditional systemic agents 24 ; however, long-term data are scarce."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "infection because of the immunomodulatory effects of the medication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors have specifically been associated with an elevated risk of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, lymphoma, and other malignancies, whereas IL-17 inhibitors have been shown to induce and exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease and increase the risk for mucocutaneous candidiasis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "24,29 Depression and suicidality have been reported among patients taking brodalumab, although evidence on causation remains controversial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "24,29 Furthermore, parenteral administration of biologics makes injection site and infusion reactions a possibility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "24,29 To minimize these risks, patients who are candidates for biologic therapy require workup before initiation and at regular intervals throughout treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Laboratory tests consisting of a complete blood count, liver function test, hepatitis panel, and tuberculosis screening are regularly performed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "22,30 Additional tests may be warranted depending on patient-specific or medication-specific risk factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Recent guidelines suggest that certain biologic agents may be safely administered to pregnant, lactating, and pediatric patients; however, information regarding this is still limited."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "22,31 The COVID-19 pandemic raised numerous questions regarding biologics' safety that lack clear, evidence-based answers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0010__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Based on experience with HIV-positive patients, and in keeping with the practice of social distancing, home phototherapy is a reasonable option during this pandemic."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The price of treatment is a reality that must be considered when formulating a management plan; and for chronic skin conditions, this may entail lifelong expenditures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "According to a study in Scotland, the average price for a course of NB-UVB is £257, whereas topical medications cost £128 annually per patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Implementing NB-UVB resulted in a 40% reduction in cost (£50.74 per patient annually) due to less need for medications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "32 A 2010 analysis estimated that biologics cost at least twice as much as NB-UVB and PUVA combined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The least expensive biologic included in the study, adalimumab, was quoted at $23,538 for the first year of therapy alone, compared to $3148 and $7582 for a year of NB-UVB and PUVA, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "33 Six years later, the price of adalimumab increased by more than 2-fold ($58,045) for the first year of therapy alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "34"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Home phototherapy units cost anywhere between $2500 and $5000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "35,36 They can offset the indirect expenses incurred from office-based treatment (transportation, lost income from work absences, inconvenience), but a disadvantage is that patients must pay for the device up front because few insurance policies offer coverage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A comparative study showed that although in-office phototherapy was less costly at the beginning of treatment, it became 5 times more expensive than home phototherapy after 3 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "36 Additionally, when compared to biologics, home phototherapy cost up to 36 times less over a 3-year period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "37"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Biologics have remarkable efficacy and a good safety record to date, and they are convenient to administer."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may provide rationale for physicians and patients to justify the high cost, especially when factoring in the intangible phototherapy expenses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, some patients may respond inadequately to biologic therapy and require dose escalation or more frequent administration, thereby further increasing the cost of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "34"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In practice, treatments are often combined to enhance efficacy when rapid suppression of disease activity is desired or when monotherapy is insufficient to achieve and maintain control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several reviews and guidelines on psoriasis treatment have reported on the combination of phototherapy with various topical drugs, traditional systemic agents, and biologics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "14,16,38,39 With each medication having its own adverse effects, enhanced toxicity from combining 2 or more modalities is a possibility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Contrarily, some combinations of medications may lower the chances of long-term adverse effects by reducing the cumulative dose of either modality alone or have minimal to no additive toxicity because of the relatively short duration of adjunctive treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "38 The concomitant administration of acitretin with NB-UVB has been found to hasten clinical response, reduce the required acitretin dose, and decrease the number of phototherapy sessions by approximately 20%, thereby lowering the cumulative UV dose and theoretical risk for photocarcinogenesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "14,38,40 Similar effects have been observed with acitretin plus PUVA, and given the established skin cancer risk with this modality, the coadministration of an oral retinoid is particularly valuable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "40-43 Because retinoids have a keratolytic effect, phototherapy dose escalations must be proceeded with cautiously when using this combination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0014__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "14 Most protocols recommend UV dose reduction by 33%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several studies have shown that NB-UVB in conjunction with biologics is safe, synergistic, and well tolerated, although long-term data on these combinations have not been explored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who complied with J AM ACAD DERMATOL FEBRUARY 2021 482 Torres et al thrice-weekly NB-UVB in addition to etanercept showed biopsy-proven improvement without addi- tional adverse effects compared to etanercept alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "38,44 Moreover, a half-body comparison of adalimumab plus NB-UVB versus adalimumab alone yielded a 33% greater PASI reduction on the irradiated body half compared to the nonirradiated half. 45 Analogous results were obtained in a similar trial on ustekinumab."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "46 Erythema was the most common adverse effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "45,46 To date, there are no studies on the combination of PUVA with any biologic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "41"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One major challenge concerning adherence to phototherapy is limited access."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the United States, phototherapy facilities are concentrated in urban areas of the East and West Coasts and the Midwest region east of Mississippi, leaving 89% of counties without a treatment center."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "6 This misdistribution appears to reflect the geographic location of dermatology providers in general and not the underuse of phototherapy per se."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nonetheless, the indirect costs of travel and lost income from missing work can discourage patients from complying with repeated phototherapy treatments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "6 Other limiting factors are the resources needed to establish a phototherapy center (equipment, space, trained staff) and the need for prior authorization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Home phototherapy devices can potentially address these hurdles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several randomized trials have shown that home-based and office-based phototherapy are equally safe and effective, with higher satisfaction and adherence in favor of home phototherapy; however, this also entails higher up-front costs for the patient and the need for a provider who is sufficiently familiar with home phototherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "47 In addition, photother- apy has possible long-term risks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, in practice, it is usually administered intermittently, and patients may experience disease relapses within weeks to months of discontinuation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Combining phototherapy with other modalities can not only decrease the likelihood or severity of a relapse but also lower the risk of adverse effects from either modality alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "With proper patient education, home-based phototherapy is another option."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The advantages and limitations of phototherapy and biologics are summarized in Table II."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Phototherapy remains an indispensable treatment option for many cutaneous diseases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Its versatility, cost effectiveness, and unparalleled safety makes it a viable first-line treatment or adjunct when other treatment regimens fall short."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Just as there are numerous indications for phototherapy alone, there are a wide variety of modalities with which it can be combined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As dermatologic management becomes more individualized and costly, improved access to this treatment modality through expanding residency training curricula and prescribing of home devices will prove that even in the era of biologics, phototherapy will stand the test of time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Dermatologists are the only group of physicians who have the knowledge and expertise to supervise the delivery of phototherapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, it is essential that we as a specialty continue to make sure this treatment option is available to our patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2057__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The article 'Role of phototherapy in the era of biologics' underscores the safety and efficacy of an established treatment among exponentially increasing options [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this review, it was stated that narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) in conjunction with biologics has been considered safe."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our findings raise questions about this opinion, particularly for antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2057__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Prolonged immunosuppression by ultraviolet radiation significantly increases the risk of skin cancers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the transplantation literature, the cumulative incidence of skin cancers has ranged from 40% to 70% at 20 years [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "UVB is particularly responsible for the immunomodulatory features of phototherapy; thus, the combination of immunosuppressive agents with relatively safe-considered NB-UVB should also be evaluated with caution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2057__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "TNF-α has been implicated in photocarcinogenesis [4], so it was hypothesized that anti-TNF agents might provide protection against the effects of DNA damage induced by UVB irradiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Faurschou et al. investigated the effects of TNF-α and infliximab in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes and, as an interesting finding, both groups showed increased levels of DNA damage compared to that of the control group [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2057__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our research group conducted a study in SKH-1 mice to test the potential of several immunosuppressive agents (infliximab, etanercept, and cyclosporine) to enhance UVB-induced carcinogenicity [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the initial 10 weeks, mice were irradiated by a targeted UVB device."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The spectral output of this device peaks at 302 nm and 312 nm, with an average wavelength of 304 nm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A predetermined minimal erythema dose was applied thrice per week before the administration of treatment agents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The combination of the experimental drug and phototherapy was continued for an additional period of 14 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Drug doses were based on published effective doses in rodents, and the frequency of the applications was reproduced from the scheme for patients with psoriasis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In a total experimental period of 24 weeks, higher tumor burden and keratinocytic neoplasia numbers were detected in the etanercept group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0023__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The lack of statistical significance for other active treatment groups might be related to the small group sizes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2057__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the results cannot be extrapolated to the human situation, caution is advised."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additionally, the light source and the timing of phototherapy were different from the clinical scenario because in studies evaluating this combination, NB-UVB phototherapy was initiated with the introduction of anti-TNF agents, and cessation of phototherapy was considered in the third month."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2057__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the Editor: We read with interest and appreciation the commentary of Botsali [1], which expounds on the potential harm associated with the combination of narrowband ultraviolet (UV) B (NB-UVB) phototherapy and immunosuppressive agents, specifically, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (anti-TNF)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Having been around for more than 4 decades, phototherapy has a well-known efficacy and long-term safety profile."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because immunosuppression is one of the key mechanisms by which phototherapy controls inflammatory skin diseases [2], the risk of immunosuppression and subsequent cancer development is of particular concern, especially when phototherapy is combined with systemic immunosuppressive therapies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although it has been found that photochemotherapy with psoralen plus UVA significantly increases the risk of keratinocyte carcinomas, there has been no such evidence for NB-UVB monotherapy [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A retrospective study of more than 3000 patient records found no significant association between NB-UVB and the development of melanoma and keratinocyte carcinomas [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The median number of phototherapy sessions was 29, which approximates a typical course in clinical practice wherein substantial improvement in skin lesions is seen [2,3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Previous human studies have also shown that the combination of NB-UVB with anti-TNF agents or other biologics is relatively safe [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0025__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, given the lack of long-term data on these combinations, it is reasonable to proceed with caution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2057__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of note, concomitant therapy with NB-UVB and biologics is typically done in clinical practice for only a few months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Concerns regarding immunosuppression are of special importance amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients may opt to discontinue treatment and risk having a disease flare because of fears of contracting the virus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "According to a recent study by Veenstra et al [4], patients on immunosuppressive medications (including anti-TNF agents) for various immune-mediated inflammatory conditions (including psoriasis) did not show a significantly elevated risk of acquiring COVID-19 or having a more severe disease course compared to the general population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, anti-TNF therapy was associated with a decreased likelihood of hospitalization due to COVID-19 [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The study did not account for patients who are on topicals or phototherapy in addition to immunosuppressive medications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, given that patients who are on immunosuppressive drugs often have moderate to severe skin disease, it is possible that these patients have a current or previous course of phototherapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0026__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Moreover, based on clinical experience with HIV-positive patients, phototherapy is a safe and reasonable option during this time [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2057__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2057", "paragraph_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, care must be taken when extrapolating data obtained from in vitro or animal studies into clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The mouse study conducted by Botsali and colleagues provided valuable insight into the potential additive carcinogenic effect of combining NB-UVB with anti-TNF agents [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, as the commenting author recognized, these results cannot be readily applied to the human population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is because although useful information can be obtained from in vitro or animal models, they often lack the intricacies and complex interplay of human anatomy and physiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In summary, the aim of the review ‘‘Role of Phototherapy in the Era of Biologics’’ was to emphasize the utility, cost effectiveness, and versatility of phototherapy as a treatment option."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2057__response__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Because no therapeutic modality is completely devoid of risk, appropriate adjustments should be made on a case-to-case basis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2057/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3020206123_W3084740714_W3087083309", "triad_name": "triad_2057", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2057__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is a statement in the introduction of the commu- nication that many breakfast cereals are 'energy-dense and nutritionally poor' (1) ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This statement cannot be sub- stantiated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, many, if not most, ready-to-eat cereals are nutrient rich, containing 25 % of the recommended dietary intake for many B vitamins, folate and Fe."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Break- fast cereal is one of the best sources of dietary Fe for both Kiwi adults and children (2,3) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is also well known that breakfast cereal eaters have higher nutrient intakes than those who skip or eat other foods for breakfast (4) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They are also more likely to meet their fibre targets (4) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Many ready- to-eat cereals, oats and muesli products are high in whole grains and often contain nuts and seeds, which further contribute to their intrinsic nutritional value."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The communication also states that many cereals in the New Zealand market are high in fat (1) ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are very few breakfast cereal products in the market that would qualify as 'high in fat', for which there is no criterion for mea- surement in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The highest mean fat content in Table 1 in the communication is for muesli at 16·5 % or less than 8 g per 45 g serving."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, less than one-third of the total fat is coming from saturated fat, indicating the use of non-saturated sources of fat by manufacturers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The introduction to the communication also implies that there is no governance of breakfast cereal manufacture or labelling in New Zealand other than under Standard 1.2.7 in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (1) :"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "'There is no regulation of formulation, labelling or promotion of breakfast cereals in NZ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) implemented Standard 1.2.7 in 2016, which requires that health claims be present only on foods meeting a Nutrient Profile Scoring Criterion (NPSC) score of <4.'"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is not the case for regulation in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The nutrition labelling of all breakfast cereals in New Zealand is strictly regulated under Standard 1.2.8 of the Code (5) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In conjunction, the addition of vitamins and minerals is regulated in Standard 1.3.2 and there are other stipulated requirements for cereals in Standard 2.1.1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There are fur- ther requirements which manufacturers must meet for allergen warnings and advisory statements as well as the use of novel ingredients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "What is more, not all cereals are required to meet NPSC as part of Standard 1.2.7."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Since nutrient content claims are governed under this standard, and do not require a passing of the NPSC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The increases in mean total fat and energy in flakes and muesli shown in Table 1 of the communication would not come as a surprise to many working in food devel- opment in the cereal category."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The use of ingredients with more whole grains, nuts and seeds is evident across the category, largely due to innovation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This would explain increases in energy, total fat and saturated fat in products that were generally low in fat and saturated fat to begin with."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, when it comes to flakes, puffs and bubbles, there is little opportunity to increase fat in these products other than with the addition of nuts, seeds and wholegrain clusters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Growth in granola and muesli, which are largely oat based and incorporate nuts and seeds, is also evident with the New Zealand market showing 30 % growth over the last 5 years (6) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The addition of coconut to many cereals, which is also based on consumer demand, contributes to the fat and saturated fat contents."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Therefore, an increase in the mean energy, total fat or saturated fat content of the category is not a reliable indicator of a negative change in healthfulness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, if anything, the ingredient profiles of many cereals have been improved with the use of more whole ingredients having healthier fat profiles."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With respect to changes in protein in this category, it is not realistic to look for significant changes in a cate- gory that is largely grain based."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The addition of nuts can help together with soya crisps and pea protein, but this is likely to be in a small group of variants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is therefore unlikely that protein in this category will shift very much over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The discussion section of the communication explicitly states that a serving of breakfast cereal exceeds recom- mended intakes for sugar, Na and fat (1) :"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "'Unlike the USA, there appears to be little impetus in either Australia or New Zealand to reformulate breakfast cereal into a healthier product, despite the fact that one bowl of cereal can exceed the recom- mended dietary intake of sugar, Na and fat.'"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Daily Values (DV) or Reference Intakes used in the Food Standards Code are 90 g for sugars, 2300 mg for Na and 70 g for fat, with 24 g of that from saturated fat based on a diet of 8368 kJ/d (2000 kcal/d) (5) ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is unlikely that a bowl of cereal would exceed these amounts, especially since one serving is likely to be between 30 and 45 g of cereal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Even two servings of any cereal product would not reach the DV."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, a breakfast cereal with 30 % sugar would provide 9 g of sugar per serving, which equates to 10 % of the 90 g DV for sugar."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The original communication references the 'added sugar or free sugars' recommendation from the WHO (10 % of energy intake from 'added or free' sugars) as the 'recommended dietary intake for total sugars' (1) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even in applying this recommendation correctly, it would equate to approximately 50 g of added sugars for adults, 25 g for young children and up to 50 g for teenagers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There is currently no cereal that would reach those levels of added sugar in a serving or even in two servings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "What is more, the most recent national nutrition surveys in New Zealand showed that breakfast cereals contribute less than 3 % of total daily sugar intakes in New Zealand adults (2) and 3 % in children (3) ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is also true for fat and saturated fat, given that the DV are 70 g and 24 g, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There is no cereal on the market that would exceed 70 g of fat or 24 g of saturated fat in a serving, particularly since the serving size is likely to be between 30 and 45 g."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The same logic would then apply to Na with a serving of cereal supplying under 200 mg, which equates to approximately 10 % of the suggested dietary target (7) ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The statement from the communication listed above is not factual and is void of reality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The definition of reformulation according to the Oxford Dictionary is to 'formulate again or differently'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This assumes that you are changing an already existing product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To address reformulation, you would have to examine the same products over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Addressing reformulation performance based on mean nutrient intakes assumes a level of stability in the market, a stability that we cannot guarantee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, the methodology used in the communication is likely to dilute intra-individual variances over time."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This, combined with the shifting sample group, makes this assessment of reformulation problematic."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The breakfast cereal category has changed substantially over the years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Na has been reduced across the category in line with recommendations; some of the largest brands in New Zealand have reduced their sugar content (8) and manufacturers are adding more whole ingredients such as whole grains, nuts and seeds."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All of this contributes to diverse and nutritious options becoming available to the New Zealand market."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The communication has made a number of untrue and misleading statements about the breakfast cereal category and the authors need to provide clarity for readers around their conclusions, particularly those statements regarding cereal exceeding recommended intakes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4002__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We write this letter in response to a short communication entitled ‘The nutritional quality of New Zealand breakfast cereals: an update’, published in the December 2017 journal [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are a number of misrepresentations of the New Zealand breakfast cereal category in the communication that need to be addressed by the authors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Breakfast cereals contribute valuable nutrients to the Kiwi diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is a statement in the introduction of the communication that many breakfast cereals are ‘energy-dense and nutritionally poor’ [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This statement cannot be substantiated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In fact, many, if not most, ready-to-eat cereals are nutrient rich, containing 25% of the recommended dietary intake for many B vitamins, folate and Fe."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Breakfast cereal is one of the best sources of dietary Fe for both Kiwi adults and children [2,3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It is also well known that breakfast cereal eaters have higher nutrient intakes than those who skip or eat other foods for breakfast [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "They are also more likely to meet their fibre targets [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Many ready-to-eat cereals, oats and muesli products are high in whole grains and often contain nuts and seeds, which further contribute to their intrinsic nutritional value."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The communication also states that many cereals in the New Zealand market are high in fat [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "There are very few breakfast cereal products in the market that would qualify as ‘high in fat’, for which there is no criterion for measurement in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The highest mean fat content in Table 1 in the communication is for muesli at 16.5% or less than 8 g per 45 g serving."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "In addition, less than one-third of the total fat is coming from saturated fat, indicating the use of non-saturated sources of fat by manufacturers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Cereal manufacture and labelling are regulated under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The introduction to the communication also implies that there is no governance of breakfast cereal manufacture or labelling in New Zealand other than under Standard 1.2.7 in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code [1]: ‘There is no regulation of formulation, labelling or promotion of breakfast cereals in NZ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "However, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) implemented Standard 1.2.7 in 2016, which requires that health claims be present only on foods meeting a Nutrient Profile Scoring Criterion (NPSC) score of <4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "’ This is not the case for regulation in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "The nutrition labelling of all breakfast cereals in New Zealand is strictly regulated under Standard 1.2.8 of the Code [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "In conjunction, the addition of vitamins and minerals is regulated in Standard 1.3.2 and there are other stipulated requirements for cereals in Standard 2.1.1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "There are further requirements which manufacturers must meet for allergen warnings and advisory statements as well as the use of novel ingredients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "What is more, not all cereals are required to meet NPSC as part of Standard 1.2.7."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0020__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "Since nutrient content claims are governed under this standard, and do not require a passing of the NPSC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4002__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mean energy, total fat and saturated fat are not reliable indicators of the healthfulness of the category."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The increases in mean total fat and energy in flakes and muesli shown in Table 1 of the communication would not come as a surprise to many working in food development in the cereal category."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The use of ingredients with more whole grains, nuts and seeds is evident across the category, largely due to innovation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This would explain increases in energy, total fat and saturated fat in products that were generally low in fat and saturated fat to begin with."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In fact, when it comes to flakes, puffs and bubbles, there is little opportunity to increase fat in these products other than with the addition of nuts, seeds and wholegrain clusters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Growth in granola and muesli, which are largely oat based and incorporate nuts and seeds, is also evident with the New Zealand market showing 30% growth over the last 5 years [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The addition of coconut to many cereals, which is also based on consumer demand, contributes to the fat and saturated fat contents."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Therefore, an increase in the mean energy, total fat or saturated fat content of the category is not a reliable indicator of a negative change in healthfulness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In fact, if anything, the ingredient profiles of many cereals have been improved with the use of more whole ingredients having healthier fat profiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "With respect to changes in protein in this category, it is not realistic to look for significant changes in a category that is largely grain based."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The addition of nuts can help together with soya crisps and pea protein, but this is likely to be in a small group of variants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "It is therefore unlikely that protein in this category will shift very much over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0021__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "A bowl of breakfast cereal is physically unable to exceed daily nutrient targets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4002__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The discussion section of the communication explicitly states that a serving of breakfast cereal exceeds recommended intakes for sugar, Na and fat [1]: ‘Unlike the USA, there appears to be little impetus in either Australia or New Zealand to reformulate breakfast cereal into a healthier product, despite the fact that one bowl of cereal can exceed the recommended dietary intake of sugar, Na and fat.’ The Daily Values (DV) or Reference Intakes used in the Food Standards Code are 90 g for sugars, 2300 mg for Na and 70 g for fat, with 24 g of that from saturated fat based on a diet of 8368 kJ/d (2000 kcal/d) [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is unlikely that a bowl of cereal would exceed these amounts, especially since one serving is likely to be between 30 and 45 g of cereal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Even two servings of any cereal product would not reach the DV."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, a breakfast cereal with 30% sugar would provide 9 g of sugar per serving, which equates to 10% of the 90 g DV for sugar."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The original communication references the ‘added sugar or free sugars’ recommendation from the WHO (10% of energy intake from ‘added or free’ sugars) as the ‘recommended dietary intake for total sugars’ [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Even in applying this recommendation correctly, it would equate to approximately 50 g of added sugars for adults, 25 g for young children and up to 50 g for teenagers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There is currently no cereal that would reach those levels of added sugar in a serving or even in two servings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "What is more, the most recent national nutrition surveys in New Zealand showed that breakfast cereals contribute less than 3% of total daily sugar intakes in New Zealand adults [2] and 3% in children [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This is also true for fat and saturated fat, given that the DV are 70 g and 24 g, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "There is no cereal on the market that would exceed 70 g of fat or 24 g of saturated fat in a serving, particularly since the serving size is likely to be between 30 and 45 g. The same logic would then apply to Na with a serving of cereal supplying under 200 mg, which equates to approximately 10% of the suggested dietary target [7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0022__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The statement from the communication listed above is not factual and is void of reality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4002__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 15, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [15, 15, 15], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Reformulation in the category has been happening for decades and is still continuing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The definition of reformulation according to the Oxford Dictionary is to ‘formulate again or differently’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This assumes that you are changing an already existing product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To address reformulation, you would have to examine the same products over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Addressing reformulation performance based on mean nutrient intakes assumes a level of stability in the market, a stability that we cannot guarantee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition, the methodology used in the communication is likely to dilute intra-individual variances over time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This, combined with the shifting sample group, makes this assessment of reformulation problematic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The authors of the original communication do acknowledge that individual reformulations were not possible to assess, which makes the conclusion that cereal manufacturers are not doing anything to reformulate their foods a rather broad assumption [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Using average changes in nutrient contents across a dynamic category, to draw this conclusion, is prone to error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In fact, it is likely that there was rapid innovation taking place in this category over the last 5 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "This is evident from the entry of new brands, which is not recognised in the communication and could explain changes in mean intakes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "The breakfast cereal category has changed substantially over the years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Na has been reduced across the category in line with recommendations; some of the largest brands in New Zealand have reduced their sugar content [8] and manufacturers are adding more whole ingredients such as whole grains, nuts and seeds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "All of this contributes to diverse and nutritious options becoming available to the New Zealand market."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__critique__p0023__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "The communication has made a number of untrue and misleading statements about the breakfast cereal category and the authors need to provide clarity for readers around their conclusions, particularly those statements regarding cereal exceeding recommended intakes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4002__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We wish to respond to a letter by Gina Levy of Kellogg (Australia) Pty Ltd – Research and Technology, Australia entitled ‘The New Zealand breakfast cereal category is dynamic and responsive to consumer preferences’, published in Public Health Nutrition [1] in response to our published article ‘"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The nutritional quality of New Zealand breakfast cereals: an update’ [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We thank the author for her interest in our publication and will respond to several of her comments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The above letter suggests a misrepresentation of the nutritional quality of breakfast cereals with our wording that many cereals can be ‘energy-dense and nutritionally poor’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While we concur with Ms Levy that some ready-to-eat cereals contain moderate levels of natural and supplemental vitamins/minerals, as well as whole grains, nuts and seeds, our comment was in relation to the proportion of nutrients in these products and their alignment with the New Zealand recommended nutrient intakes from cereals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many of the New Zealand breakfast cereals analysed for our original publication had up to 30% of their energy content from sugar alone, with the Na content of some cereals being up to 350 mg per 100 g of product."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With New Zealand currently having a very high prevalence of obesity [3], the 30% sugar content of cereals, particularly those marketed towards children, is nutritionally poor, despite the fact that these cereals may offer whole grains as a primary carbohydrate source."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We acknowledge an ambiguity when we described a bowl of cereal as exceeding the recommended intakes for sugar and Na. We should have clarified that these levels can be exceeded when one considers the proportion of kilojoules and nutrients normally consumed in the breakfast meal alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is documented that many cereal eaters (both adults and children) regularly consume more than the manufacturer-declared serving size in one sitting [4,5] and that children will voluntarily eat more of a high-sugar cereal (up to twice the recommended serving size) compared with a lower-sugar alternative [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When looking at the mean sugar values of children’s breakfast cereals in our New Zealand data set, the intake from double the recommended serving size, with 200 ml of milk, would equate to approximately 25 g sugar in one breakfast meal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ms Levy acknowledged that a child’s maximum sugar intake should be approximately 25 g/d (based on WHO recommendations that sugar should not exceed 10% of daily energy intake [7])."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, a child’s total recommended daily sugar allowance could be consumed in this one meal alone."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The literature reports that increasing breakfast energy is associated with greater overall food intake in normal-weight and obese subjects, and that those who consume a large breakfast meal do not compensate by eating smaller meals later in the day [8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, it has been reported that children will readily consume lower-sugar cereals if offered to them [6,9] and our argument is that New Zealand manufacturers do not currently provide adequate low-sugar cereal options."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Except for ‘Biscuits and Bites’, the mean sugar content of all breakfast cereal categories in 2017 was 20% or more, suggesting that adults are also consuming a significant amount of sugar from their breakfast cereal meal (particularly when combined with milk and any added fruits or sugar)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ‘adequate intake’ of Na has been shown to range from 200–400 mg in children aged 2–3 years, through to 460–960 mg in youth aged 14–18 years [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, it is concerning that one 40 g serving of dry cereal can provide up to 200 mg Na, especially as Ministry of Health data report that Na from breakfast cereals accounts for only 6% of the daily Na intake [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If those eating high-sugar cereals are indeed eating up to double the recommended serving size as suggested previously [6], then the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) of Na for younger consumers is also being reached after consumption of the breakfast meal alone."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Ministry of Health in New Zealand currently recommends that high-fat, -sugar and -salt (HFSS) foods and drinks should be consumed no more than once per week [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Yet, breakfast cereals are generally marketed as being foods that can be consumed on a daily basis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Certainly, not all New Zealand breakfast cereals would be termed a HFSS food based on their sugar, fat or Na content, but a large proportion would be based on our data collected in 2017."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is also concerning, as New Zealand television advertising shows proportionately twice as many breakfast cereals advertisements as Australia [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is also a worry that promotional characters used to market cereals are more likely to feature on cereals calculated to be ‘less healthy’ when using Nutrient Profile Scoring Criterion scores [13]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We acknowledge Ms Levy’s comments about a lack of data to support our statements about product reformulation, and this was noted as a limitation in our original publication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as we did not have access to individual product details from the original 2013 data set, we were unable to determine whether specific product reformulations had taken place."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite this, we suggest that the lack of change seen at the category level in our data is still indicative that little has been done at a manufacturer level to reduce the content of sugar and Na of many breakfast cereals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We agree with Ms Levy that there have been new products and brands entering the breakfast cereal category during the last 5 years, and suggest a more robust study should be undertaken to evaluate whether existing products have had their nutritional profiles altered in recent years in an attempt to align with suggested New Zealand RDI."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, Ms Levy focused on one particular in-house cereal example (Nutri-Grain®) and reported that the manufacturer (Kellogg’s) has reduced the sugar content of this product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the data sourced to support this claim are from an Australian website and no evidence has been provided that this change has also occurred in the New Zealand product."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, Nutri-Grain has previously been criticised by the Obesity Policy Coalition for its level of sugar, being the highest of ten children’s cereals surveyed [14], suggesting that this one product alone may have been targeted for reformulation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The reformulated Nutri-Grain product discussed in the letter still contains 26.7% sugar, so the reformulation has not fully redressed the issue of excessive sugar in the cereal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, Ms Levy did not provide any information that other cereals had been reformulated in recent years (either Kellogg’s or any other brand) and a search of both the Internet and published literature could not identify any other information or press releases about cereal companies in New Zealand reducing their sugar content."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4002", "paragraph_id": "triad_4002__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We would like to acknowledge that we misrepresented that there is no regulation of food labelling in New Zealand and thank Ms Levy for clarifying this point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the emphasis of this statement in the original publication was on the lack of regulation of product formulation and promotion of breakfast cereals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Currently, there is little control of the nutritional quality of breakfast cereals in New Zealand and this appears to be largely manufacturer-driven in response to customer demand."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4002__response__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, it is our belief that manufacturers should take some responsibility for the provision of healthier breakfast cereals (including cereals with a lower sugar content), particularly as the published literature demonstrates that consumers will still readily purchase and consume such products."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4002/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2753446710_W2780224877_W2791698704", "triad_name": "triad_4002", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4002__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The precautionary approach has become a cornerstone of an improved approach to fisheries management (FAO, 1996; Richards and Maguire, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The application of precaution is founded on two principles:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": " that decision-making should be more risk averse (i.e. precautionary) when uncertainty is higher than usual (where \"usual\" is relative, and may apply to assessments of a single stock over time, or across many stocks for a jurisdiction); and  that decision-making should be more risk averse when plausibly bad outcomes involve serious or irreversible harm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both principles sound reasonable, and they require fisheries science to develop new or adapt old analytical tools to make them operational."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One class of new or adapted tools are re-sampling methods that are designed to capture uncertainty more fully in the assessment process, so science advisors and decision-makers actually know how uncertain the information base for a decision is (e.g. Patterson et al., 2001; Berkson et al., 2002), and what options really are risk averse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The other class of tools for implementation of the Precautionary Approach are simulation methods that allow the application of pre-agreed decision-rules (FAO, 1996; Garcia, 2005), whose performance characteristics have been studied through simulation and use in fisheries management (Stokes et al., 1999; Punt et al., 2001; Butterworth and Punt, 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The combination of improved quantification of uncertainty and simulation-based management strategy evaluations can feed into processes for risk evaluation and decision analysis (Peterman, 2004) that are more formally structured than historical practices."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the reliability of the more formal risk evaluation and decision analysis depends critically on the reliability of both types of tools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Their reliability depends in turn on the quantitative results of the re- sampling and simulations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Without question these tools improve practice compared to ignoring uncertainty and applying ad hoc decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unfortunately, they also create a new and subtle class of challenges to practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, in an attempt to increase transparency through making more assumptions in the analytic work of fisheries scientists explicit, opportunities are presented to substitute complex mathematical formulations for an admission that the experts don't really know what is going on."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The methods need to be looked at critically, with regard to both the opportunities they present for advances in practice and the new pitfalls against which practitioners must be vigilant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The simulations consist in first building an operating model, assuming mathematical equations and parameter values for all processes from the ecology and dynamics of the resource to the dynamics of the exploiting fleets, their catch, and production."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, an observation model represents the scientific observation of the system, from data collection to stock assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The management procedure model includes this observation model and management decision rules."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Then, simulations are used to explore the consequences of various management strategies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Commonly, these are then repeated for several variants of the operating model, reflecting different assumptions about key processes in the stock or fishery. ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The foundations of this approach are not novel, as models have long been used to represent knowledge, and mathematics and computers to explore and understand the consistency and hidden content of this knowledge."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "What is new is the way these methods handle uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This issue is addressed by replacing deterministic parameters with stochastic (or otherwise probabilistic) ones and a single functional relationship of interest with suites of alternative formulations of the relationships, often in various combinations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "To address parameter uncertainty, variables and parameters that are inherently variable or difficult to measure or estimate with accuracy and precision are replaced by specified probability distributions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "These are supposed to include the full variability and sampling distribution of the property which the parameter represents, not a single most likely or otherwise \"expected\" value."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "To address model uncertainty, processes that are not well understood are represented by arrays of alternative assumptions and corresponding functional relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0006__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "These are intended to cover the range of processes that might underlie observed patterns, and/or the range of possible future states of nature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Uncertainty about multiple processes requires multiple arrays of assumptions and relationships, so complexity increases multiplicatively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These approaches then \"capture\" the full uncertainty by Monte-Carlo or other probabilistic simulations, drawing numbers from the probability distributions of parameters, and running multiple scenarios using all combinations of functional relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Decision rules are then tested for robustness of performance in the face of the results produced by the simulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Robustness may be tested by combining the results of a full suite of related simulations probabilistically into a combined probability density function (pdf) of possible outcomes, and evaluating risk of an undesirable outcome from each management option."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Commonly the simulations are used to estimate the probability of violating a management benchmark such as B pa or B lim or a proxy like 20% virgin biomass (Butterworth and Punt, 1999; ICES 2005b), or the probability of stock collapse (Hilborn, 1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Alternatively, if managers have adopted a particular level of risk aversion to an event such as decline in SSB, then the simulations can estimate the maximum harvest that would comply with the risk tolerance (e.g. Fig 9 CSAS, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In both contexts the decision support from such stochastic simulations must be assumed to have substantial quantitative detail behind it, particularly with regard to the likelihood of uncommon events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The multiple formulation - stochastic sampling approach also addresses the issue of estimating the severity of \"plausibly serious harm\", by combining the most extreme credible assumptions about processes with the most extreme credible values for parameters."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0007__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "All this looks extremely quantitative and rigorous, but it is in the appearance of rigour that new challenges and pitfalls are found, because of how models may be used to represent things that are not known."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using alternative model formulations to \"cover\" the range of possible realities seems a good way of acknowledging uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, if the undesirable outcomes have not been experienced enough times to know the conditions that cause them, and particularly if undesirable events in the past appear to have had more than one cause (Hodgson et al., 2006; Mueter et al., 2007), these formulations should be viewed with scepticism, and very rarely should be considered to bracket the range of possible functional relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Predictions based on phenomenological models with a similar fit to data can be qualitatively completely different; this is a general result for models that are not entirely mechanistic (Wood and Thomas, 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unfortunately, there is no agreed method to select the formulations to be included in the simulated array, nor to assign them weights or probabilities; yet these weights may be highly influential on the conclusions regarding plausible worse-case outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Reviews such as Butterworth and Punt (1999) and Peterman (2004) have not solved any of the problems, but at least a critical assessment of their implications and associated risks is available to practitioners and users."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A similar critical assessment of the challenges and risks posed by using probability distributions rather than poorly specified parameters has not been undertaken."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0008__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We argue that stochastic modelling of uncertainty is a paradoxical and at least potentially misleading approach, also producing potentially unreliable foundations for risk averse decision-making."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two considerations mean that the detail of the quantitative support for risk-averse decisions could be illusionary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the information supporting risk-averse decision is primarily the pattern in the tails of the simulated distributions, whose shapes are largely driven by assumptions regarding the variance and skewness of the sampling distribution of the parameters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When these have not been estimated carefully the quantitative detail in the simulations lacks exactly the rigorous scientific backing that the detail invites decision- makers to infer is present in the decision support."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, the support depends on the relative plausibility assumed for extreme events, often arising from the extreme model formulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When MSEs are used to evaluate the risk of serious or irreversible harm, except for stocks that did already collapse enough times that the causes are understood, the estimates rely on occurrences of events that were seldom or never observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These events often correspond to the less well-studied hypotheses and hence are least well known and least likely to be formulated accurately and precisely."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This matters because when precautionary considerations apply, risk-averse decision-making is needed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example in the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) fisheries advice, B lim is the biologically defined conservation boundary, below which there is unacceptable risk of diminished stock productivity (ICES, 2005a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "B pa is used as the quantitative benchmark for harvest advice, however, serving as a risk control tool intended to ensure that the probability that true SSB is below B lim is small, given the uncertainties in the assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This approach to positioning B pa relative to B lim makes advice and decisions sensitive to the shape of the tails of the parameter distribution(s) for B (and F), and less dependent on the much better specified centre of the distribution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The use of complex mathematics and statistical tools risks giving users a false sense of rigour, whatever their relationships with the underlying knowledge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Users should not expect probabilistic advice on unlikely or extreme events to have the same accuracy and precision as probabilistic advice about events closer to the centre of the simulated distributions, yet precautionary decision support does exactly that."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As with the concerns about multiple model formulations, we can offer no \"cure\" for these problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However we can illustrate the scale of the problems that are presented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We also suggest that MSEs be augmented by a greater attention to alternative methods to evaluate risks or management strategies, including qualitative methods and empirical post-hoc analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When a probability distribution is used because there is insufficient information (data and/or understanding) to specify the expected value for a parameter, the substitution of a probability distribution paradoxically implies knowing more about the characteristics of the parameter than using a point estimate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To use a deterministic parameter implies knowledge of the value of the parameter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To use the distribution of a parameter acknowledges that this value is a mean and requires additional knowledge of either its variance and skewness, or of a theoretical distribution and its parameters."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Alternatively, non parametric data-based methods like boot-strapping or density estimation can be used to avoid specifying a theoretical sampling error distribution for the simulation, or the specification of a parameterized functional relationship (e.g. Evans and Rice, 1988; Rice, 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These approaches are limited to data-rich situations, and place the problem of dealing with uncertainty from infrequent events or inherently variable measurements even more centrally in the analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If there is insufficient information to estimate the mean of a distribution reliably, there is little reason to expect to be able to estimate its variance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This can be illustrated with any biological data set, for example from research survey data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Attempts to avoid the estimation of the variance or skewness of a set of observations by fitting data to a theoretical distribution does not help."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Survey abundance data have extremely low statistical power to differentiate among common theoretical distributions such as Gamma, Normal and log-Normal (Myers and Pepin, 1990; Trenkel and Rochet, 2003), and the same is true for estimates of Spawning Stock Biomass (Figure 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all stocks examined, depending on which assumption was made about the theoretical distribution from which the SSB estimates were drawn, even advice based on the modal range of estimates could be substantially different (Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The differences in likelihood are very small, illustrating the low power to choose among the distributions, yet the probabilities of low abundances calculated from these theoretical distributions are quite different (Table 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A typical MSE work would of course not use a specified distribution for SSB but rather for 'true' population numbers and then go through some deterministic model (e.g. VPA) to estimate SSB and draw inferences from the percentiles of this Monte Carlo SSB series."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may amplify the problem we outline as i) true population numbers cannot be observed at all, thus their distribution is still less well known, and ii) errors propagate through the calculations in ways that are not easy to quantify (Pelletier and Gros, 1991)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Research survey data are often a \"best case\" scenario for fisheries modelling, because there can be several hundred observations to help tie down the shape of the tails of the distributions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When few data are available, common practice is that because a log-normal distribution cannot be rejected, it can be used in simulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In such cases even the estimates of standard deviation for the distribution can be based on a median or central value from a literature review (e.g., Punt, 1997), rather than stock-specific data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hence many simulations rely on parameter distributions of which neither the shape, nor the dispersion are really known."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Use of data-based boot-strap methods are not a real alternative to provide reliable quantitative support for risk-averse decision-making when there is limited contrast in the data available, when few data come from the area of interest for the management decision - (e.g., for stocks which have not yet been in the neighbourhood of B lim .), or when there might have been different causes of past stock declines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When using resampling procedures with replacement, and weighting each sampled observation equally, the uncertainty in the region where observations are most clustered dominates the bootstrapped uncertainty, as several samples will be drawn from the region where observations are most dense (often close to the centre of the distribution) for each time a sample is drawn from the rarer observations in the tails."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a consequence, the frequency of resampled units is increasingly biased to lie below the true percentile in the observed sample for lower percentiles (Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That is, bootstrapping underestimates the probabilities of low values, thus also underestimating risks of undesirable outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If the bootstrap selection of observations is designed to sample preferentially in the region of interest (in the case of precautionary management, in the location where B lim is thought to lie), for stocks that have not collapsed, the probabilities are based on much less information than using the bootstrap methods to estimate probabilities of more commonly observed stock sizes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The same type of problems arises when non-parametric density estimation methods are used to avoid specifying a functional form for poorly known relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When locally weighted smoothing methods are applied near the extremes of the range of observations, the few observations of the extreme events dominate the estimated probability distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Gaps between observations near the extremes of the range that are due to low sampling in the tails are treated as genuine gaps in the observations that are possible, unless very wide smoothing windows are used, and then the probabilities of the events in the tails become largely determined by the more common observations near the centre of the distribution of observations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Once decision support requires estimating the probability of events beyond the range of historic observations, the situation becomes even more subjective."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The estimates of probabilities are increasingly determined by the assumption of what value the property converges to at zero or infinity on the independent variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "That assumption could be convergence to the overall mean, to zero, or a linear trend from the last observations - and not any of the observations (Silverman, 1992)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Hence data-based methods for estimating both expected values and their uncertainty can also provide a spurious sense of quantitative rigour when supporting decisions about the likelihood of extreme or otherwise rare events - a type of support commonly requested by managers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several other approaches have been or could be used to evaluate management strategies and usefully complement simulation-based methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here we scan some of them with a view to illustrating various avenues rather than offering an exhaustive review or a preferred choice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First of all one can learn from experience and examine performance of management strategies, or of some of their pieces, based on how they succeeded or not, and the reasons for their success or failure (e.g., Hilborn, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because estimates by some stock assessment methods are more reliable at the beginning of the data time series than in the most recent years, the performance of these methods at forecasting catch can be retrospectively examined (Jónsson and Hjörleifsson, 2000; Reeves and Pastoors, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Retrospective analysis of the performance of the subsequent advice in terms of relevance of the advised action against true status of the stock is also informative (Piet and Rice, 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Analysis of time trends in indicators can also reveal performance of a management strategy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, Sparholt et al. ( 2007) showed that the demersal stocks evaluated by ICES have continuously declined since the 1950's and that neither the Common Fisheries Policy introduced in 1983 nor the Precautionary Approach implemented by the late 1990s had a detectable effect on trends in fishing mortality nor stock biomasses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Retrospective examination of management strategies performance will be much more powerful if done in a comparative approach, that is, comparing different management strategies across regions or fisheries or stocks (Patterson and Résimont, 2007; Dankel et al., 2008) or across periods with different biological or management regimes for a given stock (Simmonds, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When the outcome of a particular strategy for the management of a particular stock is examined, the reasons for success or failure might be diverse and confounded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Bringing together outcomes of different strategies implemented in different settings, and applying explicit criteria to define successes and failures, the method will point to the characteristics of those management strategies which worked, against those of the strategies which failed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Much can be learned about selection of cases and traits and appropriate comparison methods from the comparative method which has been developed and widely used in evolutionary biology (Harvey and Pagel, 1991)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the experience with formalised management procedures increases, these retrospective empirical methods will be increasingly informative. But even before any implementation, the consistency of a proposed method can be checked."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One type of consistency check is simply the internal consistency of what is said and what is done."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If a management strategy is not internally consistent, it may be more prone to failure than another consistent one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, Hauge et al. ( 2007) compared the definitions of limit and precautionary reference points in the ICES Precautionary Approach, and the way they are used in practice, and found that their apparent transparency is compromised by the difficulty of estimating them in a standardised way across a diversity of stocks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another consistency check consists in using formal mathematical analysis to test if a rule really provides the expected results under ideal conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, De Lara et al. ( 2007) showed by analysing a dynamic stock model that in ICES Precautionary Approach, for most stocks the objective of keeping spawning stock biomass above B lim cannot be guaranteed on the long term just by keeping SSB above a limit from year to year: additional indicators of stock structure are required."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Qualitative modelling (e.g., Eisenack and Kropp, 2001) provides an attractive way of modelling vague knowledge to provide decision support."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather than attempting to provide arrays of formulations and parameter distributions for processes which are not well known, this approach allows a formal analysis of the consequences of qualitative assumptions, such as 'catch is a dome-shaped function of effort' or 'effort increased during the 1960-1990 period'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A combination of formal derivation and \"qualitative simulation\" yields system trajectories that can be categorized in groups like 'stabilization at a low level' or 'sustainable use' depending on these qualitative assumptions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Similarly, qualitative analysis of dynamic models e.g., loop analysis and shifts in equilibrium caused by press perturbations, allows to predict the direction (not amount) of change in some variables like stock abundance or catch induced by changes in parameters or other variables like effort or price (Dambacher et al., 2002; Dambacher et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, in a multifleet multi-species fishery targeting two trophic levels, decreasing catchability of piscivores will lead to an increase in their abundance, whether there is omnivory or technical interactions, or not, implying that a number of complex science questions about those interactions do not have to be resolved before the right type of management action can be selected (Dambacher et al., In Press)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This can obviously be extended to examine which directions of changes will be robust irrespective of model structure; when decreasing catch or increasing taxes is likely to have the expected consequences, before undertaking a costly model parameterization and simulation work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Without question the MSE approach is a significant step forward in fisheries science."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It has all the benefits of any modelling exercise and provides a tool to help make the precautionary approach operational."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However we are seeing it being used as if small differences in analytical results are meaningful biologically and in management."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the reasons we illustrate above, it is inherently impossible for MSE (at least with current knowledge of marine ecological processes, quality of data, and conflicts over implementation) to provide the level of quantitative accuracy and precision needed to support making finely differentiated management decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, if the goal is to rebuild a depleted stock to a pre- selected biomass level in 10 years, when knowledge of stock productivity at low biomass is highly uncertain, MSE cannot be used to reliably estimate that the goal can be reached with a particular F, but not with an F, e.g., 20% higher."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Simulations can provide results which present themselves as having that level of precision, but it is a deception."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The implied precision may not deceive those performing the evaluations, but it is often a deception that users of the results at least may exploit, whether they are believed or not."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our alternative is to first of all get a general admission that it is unrealistic for managers and policy experts to expect reliable, finely nuanced discriminations from simulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fisheries scientists have spent 15 years admitting first to themselves and then trying to convince managers and policy makers that they cannot provide science support for annually adjusting Fs by 10% and TACs by a few thousand tonnes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We do not want to start building a culture where either producers or users of MSEs think our tools can support discriminations of comparable precision when the analyses have to include even more processes and data sets - many more poorly specified than in traditional single-species assessments estimating only the most likely B and F each year."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In other fields where risk analysis is well developed like nuclear power safety or cost analysis of regulatory intervention, risk estimates are sometimes reported with an excessive precision that is not supported by the available data, and can lead to rankings of options which are not robust."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unfortunately overly precise figures are picked up by users because they give confidence in the analyst's knowledge (Hassenzahl, 2006)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A useful practice might be to report with any MSE result the number of parameters that were actually estimated from data relevant to the situation, the number which were borrowed from the literature, and the number which were guessed or tuned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This could be done separately for the parameters which determine the system state and dynamics, and for those that characterize the uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly practice could include reporting comparable information about the sources and strength of support for the functional relationships that were included, relative to alternatives that were not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This would provide users with some appraisal of the reliability of the risk estimates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are valuable uses of simulation-based MSEs, such as eliminating 'bad' management strategies from consideration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A MS that performs poorly in the full range of simulations is not likely to perform well in the real world, because the real world is always more complex and unpredictable than the simulated world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, this does not mean that MSEs are necessarily powerful at discriminating the best approach among ones that are not bad."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Simple, adaptive MSs may not be optimal in the face of the particular forms of uncertainties/changes that were incorporated in the operating model; but in the real world they might address better the \"unknown unknowns\": unforeseen changes in ecosystem factors and/or in the economy, reactions of fishers to new management plans, etc."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Overall, MSEs should be used to strengthen the use of intelligence in developing approaches to fisheries management, not as an excuse to remove it from the process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Few operating models can simulate the act of scientists, managers, and fishers making choices in each year of an ongoing cyclic process of fishery - assessment - advice - management plan - fishery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, Punt (1997) in his evaluation of VPA-based management, uses the Laurec-Shepherd estimation procedure rather than ADAPT, because the latter requires making educated choices that cannot be simulated in an operating model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, in many cases choices of one player can be influenced by conjectures of what choices other players may make (Rice and Richards, 1996), and this might be difficult to simulate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Particularly because another key change going on in fisheries management is making the governance process more inclusive (FAO, 2003; DFO, 2004; European Union, 2004), this is the wrong time to remove intelligence from the procedure used to evaluate the process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If all their quantitative details are to be taken as reliable, then simulation-based MSEs can only evaluate impoverished procedures; ones without the need of human intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is not the kind of management procedures we want."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bayesian approaches (Punt and Hilborn, 1997) amplify all our concerns about treating quantitative details as more meaningful than deserved by the quality and quantity of either the data or the theory on which the details depend."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Bayesian approaches are becoming increasingly popular in many fisheries applications, in part because they allow greater use of the information that is available, differentially emphasising data sets based on quantitative measures of their information content."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, they are still vulnerable to the concerns that we raise here: model misspecification and underestimated errors are pervasive in Bayesian analysis and lead to false precision estimates (Small and Fishbeck, 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "More data and sophisticated techniques can improve this problem but not solve it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Instead, MSEs should not oversell their ability to differentiate among strategies that perform well enough to be considered relevant to management decisions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has long been argued that a major benefit of MSEs is not technical development and quantitative output, but greater opportunity for stakeholder participation and acceptance (Cochrane et al., 1998; Smith et al., 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The process of developing an MSE forces participants to agree about management objectives, and to think about the various components of the system, unknowns that might influence the success of a MS, appropriate criteria to evaluate an MS, and how to weight the various considerations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Agreeing completely with the value of such careful thinking about the management problem, and wide engagement of parties in the process of developing and implementing MSs, we notice that few MSE publications are reporting how users were involved in the process (but see Cochrane et al., 1998; Pastoors et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "On the other side of the coin, we contend that progress on those fronts does not require that everything be translated into equations and distributions for this progress to be made."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example qualitative risk evaluation (Fletcher, 2005) basically does the same job in a transparent and shared way."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 1, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Simulations have important roles in supporting management decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These include finding out what really does not work under any plausible circumstances and avoiding it, and providing a process to define the management problem comprehensively and consolidate knowledge as much as possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The quantitative results certainly serve as one source of information to support decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, they are not a substitute for applying our full intelligence in the decision support."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The simulations might really tell little more than the general magnitude of the changes to be expected from a particular set of actions and the qualitative scale of the management intervention that is needed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Then it is necessary to bring in all the other sources of knowledge to first get confirmation that the scale of intervention really is needed, and second to get some insight into which actions are most likely to succeed in making the intervention large enough to achieve the management goals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We know from experience that implementation uncertainty is very likely to greatly exceed any nuanced quantitative differences among simulation results."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__original__p0040__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Therefore processes that are simple and adaptive, but have high compliance are likely to be appropriate most of the time, however well structured processes may perform in MSEs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3544__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Rochet and Rice, while recognizing management strategy evaluation (MSE) as an important step forward in fisheries management, level a number of criticisms at its implementation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some of their points are sound, such as the need for care in representing uncertainties and for thorough documentation of the process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, others evidence important misunderstandings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the difficulties in estimating tail probabilities and risks, as discussed by Rochet and Rice, are well known, their arguments that Efron’s non-parametric bootstrap re-sampling method underestimates the probabilities of low values are flawed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In any case, though, the focus of MSEs is primarily on comparing performance and robustness across alternative management procedures (MPs), rather than on estimating absolute levels of risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Qualitative methods can augment MSE, but their limitations also need to be recognized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Intelligence certainly needs to play a role in fisheries management, but not at the level of tinkering in the provision of annual advice, which Rochet and Rice apparently advocate, inter alia because this runs the risk of advice following noise rather than signal."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Instead, intelligence should come into play in the exercise of oversight through the process of multiannual reviews of MSE and associated MPs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0041__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "A number of examples are given of the process of interaction with stakeholders which should characterize MSE."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 19, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [19, 19, 19], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Management strategy evaluation [MSE, also known as the management procedure (MP) approach] was developed to address problems traditional management approaches (e.g. Kirkwood, 1992, 1996), initially with respect to the management of commercial whaling by the International Whaling Commission (IWC)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Critical appraisals of MSE are opportune, particularly given the slow but steady moves towards increased application of the approach at both national and international (e.g. Regional Fisheries Management Organization, RFMO) levels [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As developers of and hence advocates for MSE, because of the great improvements the approach can bring to fisheries management [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], we welcome pertinent warnings offered by Rochet and Rice (2009; hereinafter referred to as R&R) concerning some aspects of the approach that are potentially subject to poor implementation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Their criticisms centre on some of the ways in which uncertainty is represented and risk levels are estimated in MSE, although they do note that “these tools improve practice compared with ignoring uncertainty and applying ad hoc decision-making”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, in welcoming R&R’s critique, we also consider that it is important to draw attention to some important misunderstandings evident in their paper that bring some of their conclusions under question."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further, we are concerned that some of the issues raised by R&R may be misconstrued as basic flaws of MSE, rather than concerns about some technical aspects of its implementation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The most important misunderstanding seems to be what precisely is meant by the term “management strategy evaluation”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It is essential to be clear about the concept and implementation of MSE, which has come to have a specific meaning in a fisheries context (see the Glossary in Rademeyer et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "MSE is a process for the evaluation of decision rules for providing scientific recommendations for management measures (such as total allowable catch, TAC, or total allowable effort) for a marine renewable resource, or a set of linked species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "This evaluation is made against user- and resource-orientated objectives set by managers that should take into account the various stakeholders’ views and needs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Importantly, the data inputs to such rules are prespecified, and in line with the precautionary approach [9][10], the rules are checked using simulation to ensure that they are likely to provide reasonably robust performance given the plausible range of scientific and operational uncertainties considered to apply to the resource and associated fishery, group of fisheries, or even ecosystem [11][12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "It is especially this simulation testing, which takes proper account of feedback effects, which differentiates MSE from the more traditional “best assessment” approaches to providing fishery management advice [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "MSE can be applied at three levels: 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "development of the specific and operational MP for a particular fishery, e.g. those for the major South African fisheries summarized in Plaga´nyi et al. ( 2007), or the strike limit algorithms developed for subsistence fisheries by the IWC [14][15]; 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "the evaluation of generic MPs, such as the IWC’s revised MP (RMP) for baleen whales on their feeding grounds [16], which can be applied to a number of stocks [note that specific implementations of the generic RMP are also evaluated using the simulation approach, e.g. IWC (2008)]; 3. more broadly the evaluation of management strategies in the form, for example, of general formulations for harvest control rules where, as R&R state, the process can inter alia be used to identify some formulations that will not work and can hence be eliminated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "For brevity of expression in what follows, we will use the acronym “MP” to refer to the outcome from MSE at all three of these levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Nevertheless we note that MSE does not extend to broader concepts still, such as those underlying, for example, the European Common Fisheries Policy, which R&R also term a “management strategy”, or national “harvest strategy standards” such as the US National Standard Guidelines that expand upon the Magnusson –Stevens Act [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "However, MSE could, and we would suggest should, be used to evaluate how well a specific MP, with its embedded monitoring, assessment method, and decision rule, could be expected to achieve these broader goals [18]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0042__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "In what follows, we comment first on some positive and then on some questionable viewpoints advanced by R&R and argue that most of the problems raised concerning MSE are addressed through its proper interpretation and implementation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Some of the criticisms made by R&R do not apply to MSE per se."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather they reflect instances of poor implementation of MSE, as elaborated below."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If MSE is to address the requirements of the precautionary approach so as to identify MPs that are robust to scientific uncertainties, which was the key factor behind the development of that approach, those uncertainties have to be realistically reflected in the simulation “trials” on which the testing of proposed MPs is based."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among other things, care needs to be taken not to input probability distributions, e.g. Bayesian priors, that are unrealistically narrow, or misleadingly low estimates of risk would result."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Equally, problems can arise if questionably high levels of uncertainty are input to the process—see the debate in Kolody et al. ( 2008) and Butterworth (2008a), as well as in Butterworth et al. ( 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The proponents of MSE have never suggested that it can compensate for poor data inputs or inappropriate assumptions, nor has it been suggested that it can calculate very precisely the differences in outcomes expected under marginally different strategy selections, any more than can other quantitative analyses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In essence, these, and a number of other reservations raised in the Discussion section of R&R, are drawing attention to the GIGO (garbage in garbage out) principle, with which we naturally concur."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Similarly, we agree with R&R that the complete MSE process must be thoroughly documented for each application, particularly the details of the simulation trials considered and their motivations, so that the reliability of eventual outputs from the process is susceptible to thorough independent review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0043__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The documentation that accompanies IWC reports of the implementation reviews of their MPs for both commercial and aboriginal whaling [19][15] provides useful benchmarks for best practice for such documentation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The whole exercise involves an assessment of risk in some way, and this necessarily requires inferences about the lower portions of probability distributions (typically 5 or 10%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It would be a poor analyst who showed no cognizance of the difficulties of estimating tail probabilities, and the sensitivity of such estimates to the probability distribution shapes assumed, particularly for low percentiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The above alone should be sufficient to confirm that MSE, provided properly applied to avoid poor practices such as those discussed above, does not remove “intelligence” from the fishery management process, a concern raised by R&R in their Discussion section."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, there are different places where “intelligence” can be applied to modify intermediate outcomes in the multistep process of MSE, and here we have some reservations concerning R&R’s suggestions about when such interventions should occur, for reasons on which we elaborate in the penultimate section of this manuscript."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R assert that stochastic modelling of uncertainty, which applies to Bayesian assessments of stock status as well as to MSE, is paradoxical because “it implies knowing more than deterministic approaches: to know the distribution of a quantity requires more information than only estimating its expected value”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, use only of a deterministic value, such as an expectation, ignores the facts that that value had to be estimated in some way and that estimation would not have been exact; there may be associated bias and certainly lack of precision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surely, analyses that assume uncertainty does not exist cannot be argued to be preferable in a management context to others that attempt to take some account of such uncertainty, though imperfectly?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Certainly, the former would be totally at variance with the precautionary approach, and ignoring uncertainty has been a major cause of the failure of some natural resource management attempts, e.g. not accounting for uncertainty about the value of natural mortality M for orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in New Zealand [20], and about the productivity of groundfish species off the west coast of North America [21][22]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The argued paradox seems to us a consequence rather of a mis-focus away from the basic question: which of a range of possible MPs or strategies best meets management objectives? Or conversely, what is the basis for considering that a particular MP is likely to achieve its intended outcome in the context of the information and uncertainties in the observation, assessment, and management processes?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R also claim that non-parametric bootstrap re-sampling, a method which provides probability distributions without the need to assume parametric forms and which has been widely applied in statistics since being introduced by Efron [23][24], “underestimates the probabilities of low values”, and hence also of the risks of undesirable outcomes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, their justification for this conclusion is flawed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( Furthermore, the results shown in Figure 3 of R&R demonstrate an overestimation of risk, not an underestimation, as they state.) The sparser distribution of observations farther from the centre of their distribution will certainly lead to a lower proportion of resamples drawn from those outer compared with central regions, but that is exactly in line with the relatively lower level of the distribution in such outer regions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, this in no way implies a necessary bias, as argued by R&R. It simply means that the bootstrap process estimates probabilities near the centre of distributions more precisely than near the tails, a problem that may be severe when the sample size is small, as in the examples provided by R&R. Bootstrap percentiles can be biased because the bootstrap distribution is centred on the estimated rather than the true value of the parameter in question, and methods exist to correct for this [25], but the issue raised by R&R relates to variance, not bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although R&R’s critique that the tails of distributions are often poorly estimated may be true in absolute terms, MSE is almost always concerned with relative performance among alternative MPs (and the trade-offs involved across multiple objectives), rather than in absolute levels of performance for a particular MP [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "MSE does not purport to know more about issues that are uncertain, but instead addresses uncertainty by concentrating on evaluating the robustness of MP performance to that uncertainty."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R state that “Robustness may be tested by combining the full suite of related simulations probabilistically into a combined probability density function of possible outcomes, and evaluating the risk of an undesirable outcome from each management option”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of course this could be done, but it is certainly not, in our experience, a standard practice in MSE implementations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most MSE studies integrate across uncertainty in some parameters/variables, such as variation in future recruitment and future observation error, and some go an extra step to integrate over a plausibility-weighted reference set of operating models (OMs) describing a range of highly plausible scenarios [26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, when it comes to evaluating robustness, one wants to demonstrate this robustness in anticipated performance under simulation across different OMs, not to consider only some tail-probability risk criterion being met for a single probability distribution generated from a weighted set of all OMs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The relative plausibility of different scenarios (OMs) has to be taken into account to some extent, because clearly no MP can be robust to every conceivable situation [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, although there are standard methods for calculating relative probabilities associated with parameter estimation uncertainty within a single model structure, assigning plausibility weightings across different model structures, e.g. how many stocks of the species are present in the area under management, is recognized as a far more difficult and certainly as yet not fully solved problem."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Probably the most advanced approach to date is that developed in the IWC, which accords scenarios corresponding in particular to different model structures a high, medium, or low plausibility on qualitative grounds (“intelligence”)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It then disregards the low ones and requires the performance of candidate MPs to satisfy less stringent conservation-related criteria for trials with medium plausibility weighting compared with the criteria that apply for those given high weighting [27]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0047__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The focus is therefore on consistency across stocks and over time in evaluating risk, rather than claiming a single integrative measure of risk as a probability calculated in absolute terms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If indeed MSEs are not “powerful at discriminating the best approach” (R&R), is that of great consequence?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As indicated above, the priority in selecting management approaches is robustness to unavoidable uncertainty rather than seeking an optimality that is in any case difficult to define given the inevitable trade-offs in performance between catch on average, catch variability, and the risk of depleting the resource to too low a level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We are therefore somewhat bemused by R&R’s concern that MSE is being used “as if small differences in analytical results are meaningful biologically and in management”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We equally would be concerned if this was common practice in MSE, but we are not aware of any instances where the outputs from an MSE process have been used in that manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If such instances do exist, they are the exception rather than the rule."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, in our experience, the far greater problem in current stock assessments is for small differences in estimated values, e.g. the estimated current fishing mortality F compared with a target F each year, to be treated as meaningful despite the stock assessment model not including important sources of uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The resulting scientific overconfidence and lack of robustness have arguably contributed to overexploitation of several fisheries [20][21][22]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, R&R’s argument that “implementation uncertainty is very likely to greatly exceed any nuanced quantitative differences amongst simulation results” is hardly an argument against MSE per se."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If implementation issues are among the major of the set of uncertainties that apply in a particular situation, the trials used for testing associated candidate MPs should certainly be attempting the not always straightforward task of making appropriate allowance for implementation error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, Dichmont et al. ( 2006) characterized implementation uncertainty in Australia’s northern prawn fishery (NPF) based on historical decision-making, and incorporated that source of uncertainty in the scenarios considered in the simulation trials used to compare MPs for the two commercially important tiger prawn species (Penaeus esculentus and P. semisulcatus) in the NPF."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The implementation of MSE for the management of a tropical trawl fishery [28] explicitly included a high level of implementation uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The evaluation of alternative composite fishery management scenarios by Fulton et al. ( 2008) goes to considerable lengths to represent both implementation uncertainty and the response of fishers to changes in management arrangements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Open source software available to apply MSE to fisheries explicitly includes implementation uncertainty in several of the management processes [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In any case though, the feedback nature of MPs will, at least partially, adjust for implementation error such as failure to take account of unreported catches [30]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R admit that they can offer no cure to a number of problems they raise in relation to MSE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They suggest that MSE be augmented by alternative methods to evaluate risks, including qualitative methods and post hoc analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, much of this is already accepted and implemented best practice where MSE is used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making context of the interpretation of outputs from the simulation-testing process, which incorporates more than one measure of risk and emphasizes the key role of trade-offs among conflicting objectives, is widely recognized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Regular reviews are frequently mandated, e.g. five-yearly in the IWC [16] and four-yearly in South Africa [31], and these allow further knowledge and experience gained in the interim to be taken into account."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We agree that qualitative methods [32] have a useful supplementary role to play alongside more quantitative approaches, from several perspectives, including facilitating stakeholder engagement, and the speed and cost with which analyses can be completed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, qualitative methods tend to be less adept at incorporating uncertainty and can be poor at capturing the often unexpected effects of feedback, including future learning [33]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Post hoc analyses can be even more problematic, because the limited number of real world “experiments” to hand, combined with severe problems of attribution of cause, make learning from such analyses difficult."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Ongoing contention over explanations for the failure of NW Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to recover [34], and for the decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the North Pacific [35], are cases in point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Moreover, analyses that provide only qualitative or directional management insight are necessarily incomplete; the first question that will be asked by a manager when advised that the TAC needs to be reduced is going to be: “By how much?”."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "More to the point, we believe, are the advantages that MSE brings over previous approaches, an aspect that R&R do acknowledge partially."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0050__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "These are elaborated in more detail in Punt (2006), Butterworth (2007), and Punt and Donovan (2007), but it is worth re-emphasizing some of the more important ones, such as a structured approach to taking uncertainty into account, being able to make allowance for the feedback (learning) contribution forthcoming from future data as the MP is put into practice, and providing a basis to consider trade-offs between interannual catch variability and resource risk, or between short-term pain and achieving resource rebuilding targets, so that the aim of socio-economic stability can be factored in more objectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 26, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [15, 26, 26], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R quote the Sparholt et al. ( 2007) observation that despite the implementation of the precautionary approach by ICES for providing scientific advice, demersal stocks have still declined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, Cadrin and Pastoors (2008) showed that of 137 management units for which advice is provided by ICES, only 17% actually have the necessary estimates to implement a precautionary control rule, and 61% have no estimates of reference points at all."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The failure has been related to not implementing scientific advice in an effective management context, and to not evaluating the extent to which management strategies are able to meet the objectives set out for them, given uncertainties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MSE has helped address these failings by developing management advice for stocks for which detailed assessments have yet to be developed [18][36]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We certainly agree with R&R that MSEs provide a mechanism for a desirable strengthening of “the use of intelligence in developing approaches to fisheries management”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As discussed above, the properly conducted process of setting up the simulation trials required for MSE and the interpretation of the results already requires full exercise of that attribute."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "R&R subsequently comment, however, that few OMs “can simulate the acts of scientists, managers, and fishers making choices in each year of an ongoing cyclic process of fishery-assessment-advice-management plan-fishery” and that “this is the wrong time to remove intelligence from the process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "If all their quantitative details are taken as reliable, then simulation-based MSEs can only evaluate impoverished procedures, those without the need for human intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This is not the type of management procedure we want”. What R&R apparently advocate is, we believe, unwise and indeed quite the reverse of the philosophy underlying levels 1 and 2 of MSE (see above), which insists on the MPs adopted being exactly of the form that has been simulation-tested, and to be implemented in the “auto-pilot” mode, i.e. the management measures they output to be applied unchanged unless there is compelling evidence for the need for some amendment (what are termed exceptional circumstances)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Jurisdictions such as Australia that use the MSE at level 3 to inform both policy and choice of fishery-specific harvest strategies without fully adopting an MP do provide more room for human intervention in annual decision-making, but even this is formulated as the application of meta-rules that constrain the freedom of decision-makers to simply override application of the strategy without sound justification [37]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "R&R motivate their position on Punt (1997) having used Laurec–Shepherd tuning rather than ADAPT to simulation-test VPA-based management “because the latter requires making educated choices that cannot be simulated in an operating model”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "If a procedure cannot be simulated, how can one have confidence that it will perform better than one which has been? A counter-example is provided by Punt’s (1993) simulation-based comparison of the age-aggregated production model and the VPA-based management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The educated choice would surely be for VPA, because this can make use of additional information (catch-at-age data)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Yet as the case investigated showed, compared with the production model, VPA added nothing in terms of greater catches on average, or less risk to the resource, but led to far greater interannual variability in the catches, i.e. the addition of “intelligence” led to a deterioration in performance in meeting one management objective without any compensating gains for others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "It is surely far better to develop an MP that can be simulated, and thus that can be shown to be likely to meet the user- and resource-based objectives identified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The philosophy apparently espoused by R&R of, even after conducting an MSE, returning to the annual cycle of scientifically debating the management action to follow an assessment process which itself may be contested, reintroduces many of the problems that levels 1 and 2 of MSE are intended to avoid, by providing a default decision rule which has been tested and proved to be robust."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "On what bases could one claim that “intelligence” routinely entered at the stage of developing management advice leads to improved performance in the longer term? Or does it instead only “tinker”, by providing management recommendations that follow noise rather than signal in the data, and reopen the door to ad hoc decisions that lack a clear and consistent basis?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "A particular problem with this last approach is that it admits a role for strengthening advocacy positions over time as resource indices deteriorate, resulting in the necessary management response of adequate reductions in catch and/or effort being enacted too little too late."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Avoiding such problems underlay the IWC’s (and subsequently a number of other organizations’) decision to opt instead for the MP auto-pilot route of levels 1 and 2 of MSE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Even when advocacy is not a problem, frequent changes in models or data are often introduced in an effort to provide the best stock assessment every year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "Such changes may lead to unnecessary disruptions in the management advice, when a simpler, consistent decision rule applied every year might perform better in the long term [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Relatively simple estimation models are often both sufficient and more robust than their “more realistic” counterparts as the basis for MPs, because of the high noise-to-signal ratio typical of fisheries data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "For example, in the development of the IWC’s RMP, the relatively simple Cooke population estimation model that was eventually adopted performed at least as well in simulations as other MPs based on more complex models that attempted to match features of the underlying OMs of whale population dynamics, such as time-lags, more closely [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "This is not to deny any role for such more realistic models, but this is generally at the OM level in providing necessary realism for the possible underlying dynamics of the system in the simulation trials used for testing purposes, rather than in calculating management measures to be applied in practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "Therefore, for example, a recent FAO workshop on modelling ecosystem interactions for informing an ecosystem approach to fisheries concluded that although such ecosystem models were not yet at the stage where they might be used directly to provide management recommendations, they did have a role to play as OMs in evaluating the performance of simpler models used as the basis for MPs [38]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "There is a role for “intelligence” at the stage of implementing an MP for either of levels 1 or 2, but it is rather in the oversight role of a pilot regularly checking that his autopilot continues to achieve the results planned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "This includes checking that exceptional circumstances have not arisen in the form of compelling scientific evidence that the resource has moved outside the range of circumstances (including implementation error) spanned by the simulation testing, which necessitates that the advice provided by the MP be overruled (for level 3 of MSE as applied in Australia, the constraints on human intervention provided by the meta-rules play a similar role)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "This should be a rare occurrence—it is not a mechanism to allow annual “tinkering” with the scientific recommendations output by an MP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0051__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "Best practice for MSE implementation includes documentation of an agreed process for such an eventuality, as well as a regular MP review process during which “intelligence” can be brought to bear in considering whether amendments to an MP are required [39]; and see specific examples in CCSBT, 2005b, and Appendix 2 of Rademeyer et al., 2008; the 5-year regular IWC MP review process [16] includes the option to call for an “exceptional” review under certain circumstances."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 13, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [13, 13, 13], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R admonish a frequent absence in MSE publications of details of how stakeholders were involved in the MP development process, given that the opportunity that MSE provides for such involvement, and hence for more likely acceptance of the product, is often advanced as one of its major benefits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, an interesting feature of the growing application of MSE and MPs is increasing acceptance by industry of the process, because it provides them with greater planning security by removing the uncertainty associated with the outcome of the annual assessment/TAC scientific debate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Failures to report details of these interactive processes may reflect the fact that in many fora, these processes settled down some time ago and are now fairly routine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "At an international level, in the IWC, there has been a concerted effort to ensure stakeholder participation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is normally carried out via national delegations, which often include representatives of environment and fisheries ministries, industry, and NGOs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "With respect to the development of the MPs for subsistence whaling, the chair of the scientific group working on development talked directly with representatives of the subsistence communities throughout the development process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The primary interests of stakeholders have been: determination of the user- and resource-orientated objectives and the balance between these; performance measures of proposed procedures against those objectives; and data and analysis requirements and availability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Technical details of approaches have rarely been the focus of concern of the stakeholders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) has so far adopted the approach of a broad interchange between scientists and managers (Commissioners) at its annual meetings in its work towards development of an MP to govern spatial allocation of the krill (Euphausia superba) catches allowed in the Scotia Sea [40]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Moreover, stakeholders such as the fishing industry and NGOs have been party to relevant discussions by virtue of the fact that they are either involved as members of national delegations or serve as observers at the Commission or Scientific Committee level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), where adoption of an MP is nearing finality (though after some hiccoughs—see Kolody et al., 2008), there have been several special meetings held to allow for interaction between scientists, managers, and industry representatives on the details of the MP as it is developed [41], and an initiation of this process at NAFO for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) took a similar route [42]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "In Europe, there is increased emphasis on stakeholder participation and the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management in the reform of the CFP [43]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The development of MSE is therefore an important tool because it allows a broad array of European, national, and local stakeholders to be involved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "For example, MSE is being used in a participatory modelling process in the JAKFISH project (http://www.imares.wur.nl/UK/research/marinefisheries/projects/jakfish/), so that scientists and stakeholders can jointly develop flexible and transparent models to evaluate alternative management strategies before implementation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "This will allow stakeholders to decide upon the best assessment, monitoring, and MPs, based upon incomplete knowledge of stock structure and subpopulation catches for the management of the herring (Clupea harengus) meta-population [44], and to help perform bioeconomic evaluation of different management measures [45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "Nationally, in South Africa, the primary discussions take place in species-specific scientific working groups on which industry and managers are present as observers, but in practice can and often do participate fully in discussions [39]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "These discussions have focused particularly on the trade-off arising from restrictions on interannual TAC variability that industries seek for reasons of stability, and the associated lesser average fishing mortality levels and hence lower catches on average over time that such restrictions require."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Involvement of stakeholders, including environmental NGOs as well as the fishing industry, is a basic and widespread feature of the Australian system of fisheries governance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "This stakeholder participation has been an important aspect of developing and applying the MSE approach in Australia [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Cox and Kronlund (2008) used MSE to develop practical stakeholder-driven harvest policies for groundfish fisheries in British Columbia, Canada."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "They found that MSE helped in developing co-management, because in traditional stock assessment there is only a scientific choice of what constitutes the best assessment method, and the long-term policy consequences of particular assessment model choices are rarely evaluated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Therefore, MSE offered a potential vehicle for addressing both policy and process conflicts in fishery co-management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "In New Zealand, stakeholder (commercial, recreational, customary Maori, and environmental) involvement in scientific and management meetings is the norm for all fisheries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "In addition, all decision-making, including the setting of TACs, is subject to statutory public consultation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "Although most stocks are managed using the traditional assessment approach, MPs have been developed to guide TAC-setting for some rock lobster stocks since the mid-1990s [46]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "MP development and recommendations and consequent TAC advice have been provided by a national multistakeholder group with responsibility for providing advice directly to the Minister of Fisheries in place of the usual government-led processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "The MP development processes have been highly collaborative involving stakeholders, scientists, and government officials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__critique__p0052__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "Based on advice from the multistakeholder group [47] reflecting changing stakeholder goals, successive ministers have decided upon a sequence of 5-year MPs since 1996 and have also implemented TAC cuts and increases as indicated by the adopted MPs and advised on annually by the multistakeholder group."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3544__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Simulation-based management strategy evaluation is a valuable tool, when appropriately implemented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Implementation, however, may not always have been appropriate, and some reasons are provided why perhaps there is incomplete faith in certain of its technical aspects, such as knowing the distribution of the parameters of population processes from the information in limited datasets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A management strategy that has been evaluated by simulation should not be used as an “autopilot”, because even the most competent of experts can develop autopilots with imperfect and incomplete knowledge of reality, and all information should be incorporated when decisions have to be made."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The manuscript by Butterworth et al. ( 2010) is a response to a paper published in the ICES Journal of Marine Science by Rochet and Rice (2009), referred to hereafter as R&R. The authors make five substantive criticisms of R&R."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "They argue that most concerns regarding management strategy evaluation (MSE) raised in the R&R paper are addressed when the method is properly implemented. They also argue that the paradox identified by R&R, namely that modelling a distribution implies knowing more than only estimating its expected value, is a misunderstanding; instead, they assume that modelling uncertainty is always preferable to ignoring it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They challenge R&R’s interpretation that their simulations showed that re-sampling methods may underestimate the probabilities of low values."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They further argue that R&R’s criticism of implementation uncertainty can in fact be addressed by simulations as part of an MSE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They suggest that the alternative approaches proposed by R&R for the evaluation of management options are not appropriate either for incorporating uncertainty or the effects of feedback."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several points are discussed without direct criticism of R&R, particularly the robustness of MSE conclusions to various operating models and whether simulation results can be used to identify the best MSE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "R&R did not assert that there are basic flaws in MSE, a point conceded by Butterworth et al. ( 2010) notwithstanding their title, and we agree that if simulation-based methods were always appropriately implemented, there would have been no need to write the R&R paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Doug Butterworth and his colleagues are among the leaders in MSE development, and implementations they have led are generally not implicated in the issues raised by R&R. However, although analytical stock assessments carried out carefully by assessment scientists meet high standards, there is no guarantee that all stock assessments are analytically without flaws, and the fact that good MSEs can be produced by expert scientists does not ensure that all MSEs will avoid the types of flaw discussed in R&R."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although R&R did not go to the extreme criticism of “garbage in –garbage out”, as used by Butterworth et al. ( 2010), we have seen the types of flaw discussed in R&R in work presented in various fora."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As we all agree they should be avoided, if this exchange leads to increased vigilance by practitioners and reviewers, the discipline and the resources will be much better off."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With agreement on many core points between the Rochet and Rice (2009) and Butterworth et al. ( 2010) papers, it is difficult to identify the source of the “misinterpretation” referred to in the title of the latter paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The most important misunderstanding of definition could be that the definition in Butterworth et al. ( 2010) is not consistent with R&R’s usage."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, Butterworth et al. ( 2010) might misunderstand or misrepresent some key parts of R&R’s thesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some are details, such as their criticism of R&R’s interpretation of the use of re-sampling methods in MSEs, where we believe that Figure 3 of R&R does demonstrate the possibility (but not the certainty) of underestimating the likelihood of rare events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some are more conceptual, but more serious."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Butterworth et al. ( 2010) represent R&R’s cautions regarding MSE stock assessment as a desire to restrict practice to only “traditional assessment”."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rather, unlike Butterworth et al. ( 2010), who suggest that MSE is the only alternative to traditional stock assessment, the main point by R&R was that there are different complementary approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0057__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Each, including MSE, will have strengths and drawbacks that need to be considered on a case-by-case basis, and no one should be considered the universal solution to fisheries assessment and advice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, post hoc analyses suffer problems of attribution of cause, as outlined by Butterworth et al. ( 2010)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, such analyses are required to form the knowledge base underlying operating models and MSEs: if causes are not understood in real cases, there is little hope that they can be simulated adequately in models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Likewise, when R&R stated that, paradoxically, modelling a distribution implies knowing more than just taking its expected value, R&R did not argue or imply that it was preferable to ignore uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rather they cautioned about the risks of assuming that uncertainty could be captured fully and accurately by using distributions for key parameters, especially if the distributions were not securely supported by adequate data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R&R were not specific about what alternative was a better way to deal with uncertainty, again because they felt that it was unlikely that there was some single best way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, in their commentary on R&R’s reference to implementation uncertainty, Butterworth et al. ( 2010) argue for considering implementation within the MSE and provide examples where it has been done."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We do not share the belief that we should be confident of modelling accurately the complex human processes underlying implementation uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Rather, we encourage efforts aimed at using MSE to establish likely implementation errors that would cause specific management strategies to fail, a point made in R&R."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We advise caution in believing that human behaviour and economic externalities can be modelled well enough to develop confidence that a management strategy will be found that is reliable enough to use as an “autopilot”. It is perhaps this search for an autopilot that best differentiates Butterworth et al. ( 2010) from R&R. The latter argue for maximizing intelligence in science support for fisheries decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Contrary to the discussion of this point by the former, this is not arguing for the annual debate of assessment results that opens the door to partisanship—be it power-brokering by industry lobbies or advocacy science by special interest groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Intelligence is getting as much information as possible into public dialogue and decision-making, ensuring that all of it is understood by all parties, and designing decision-making processes that are inclusive and equitable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We think that this should not be done once, during an MSE—even one that, as Butterworth et al. ( 2010) say, can engage stakeholders—but each time a decision has to be made. We are well aware that Sparholt et al. ( 2007) found that implementation of the precautionary approach at ICES did not prevent demersal stocks from declining, but Gerjan Piet and some Dutch colleagues show, in a manuscript currently under preparation (“The necessity of response indicators as part of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management”), but Piet et al. ( 2010) show that for 121 stocks for which ICES provided advice over the period 1987–2006, the official TAC was on average 30% higher than the scientific advice, suggesting that quantitative advice is used qualitatively anyway."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3544", "paragraph_id": "triad_3544__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We agree that such a system needs to be improved."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, we believe that improvement can be made in many ways and certainly not by adopting a system built on an autopilot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Even with stakeholders involved in the process, the details and parametrization of the operating model that determine the final answer are proposed usually by scientific and technical experts whom stakeholders trust and feel they are not competent to contest, or in some instances, do not fully understand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3544__response__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a consequence, dictatorship of technical expertise is difficult to avoid, even in the best of faith."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3544/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2166914480_W2124976333_W2108578053", "triad_name": "triad_3544", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3544__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The innate immune system uses pattern recognition to sense infection, and it initiates an immune response upon pathogen detection (Janeway, 1989)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recent ad- vances have defined two broad categories of microbial stimuli."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first class includes products unique to mi- crobes, such as lipopolysaccharide and lipotechoic acid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second class encompasses nucleic acids de- rived from pathogens, particularly viruses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Receptors that detect nucleic acids generally activate type I inter- ferons (IFN), which establish a cell-autonomous antiviral state, alert neighboring cells to the presence of infec- tion, and enhance cytotoxic lymphocyte responses to infected cells (Levy et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Importantly, self/non- self discrimination is straightforward for receptors that detect unique microbial products but more complex for nucleic acid sensors because their ligands are not unique to pathogens."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two types of receptors detect and respond to nucleic acids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first type includes several Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and samples material captured in endosomes (for review, see Kawai and Akira, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "TLR3 is acti- vated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), while TLRs 7 and 8 recognize single-stranded RNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "TLR9, the only known primary sensor of foreign DNA, recognizes un- methylated CpG motifs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "TLRs are important for detec- tion of foreign nucleic acids, but they are only expressed in a subset of cells, while almost all nucleated cells can activate type I IFN in response to viral infection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Introduction into the cytosol of double-stranded RNA or its synthetic analog Poly I:C activates potent type I IFN production."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA5 were recently found to be essential for this response (Yoneyama et al., 2004, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both are activated by dsRNA, and RIG-I is essential for the type I IFN response to diverse RNA viruses (Kato et al., 2005; Sumpter et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "RIG-I and MDA5 signal via a pathway that includes FADD, the RIP-1 kinase, Tank binding kinase 1 (TBK-1), and the adaptor protein MAVS/IPS-1/VISA/CARDIF (Balachandran et al., 2004; Kawai et al., 2005; Meylan et al., 2005; Seth et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These recent findings are a major advance in our un- derstanding of cytosolic RNA recognition and innate an- tiviral responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, TLR9 remains the only known sensor of foreign DNA."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whether a pathway anal- ogous to RIG-I/MDA5 exists to signal an antiviral re- sponse to DNA is currently unknown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such a sensor would be consistent with recent observations that HSV activates type I interferons by TLR9-dependent and -independent pathways depending on the cell type infected (Hochrein et al., 2004; Malmgaard et al., 2004)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that grows in the cytosol of infected host cells (Portnoy, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Upon entry of Listeria into cells by endocytosis, the pore-forming protein Listeriolysin O (LLO) ruptures the nascent phagosome, allowing escape into the cyto- sol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Invasive versus noninvasive Listeria activate distinct signaling pathways (Hauf et al., 1997), and cytosolic bacteria trigger a unique cytokine response that in- cludes production of type I IFN and monocyte chemo- tactic protein (MCP-1) (O'Riordan et al., 2002; Serbina et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While MCP-1 is essential for in vivo immu- nity to Listeria infection, type I IFN appear to be delete- rious to the host (Serbina et al., 2003; Auerbuch et al., 2004; Carrero et al., 2004; O'Connell et al., 2004)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Recent reports have shown that type I IFN activation by Listeria requires IRF3 and TBK-1 and is independent of TLRs and NOD proteins (O'Connell et al., 2005; Stockinger et al., 2004), but the ligand(s) responsible remain un- known."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several lines of evidence suggest that the IFN-induc- ing ligand(s) detected upon cytosolic invasion are not unique to Listeria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the invasive enterobacterium Shigella flexneri activates potent IFN production in fibro- blasts, but a noninvasive variant does not (Hess et al., 1987)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, noninvasive bacteria engineered to ex- press LLO, including Escherichia coli and Bacillus subti- lis, activate an identical type I IFN response (O'Riordan et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan par- asite, activates IFN production with similar kinetics to its escape from the vacuole (Vaena de Avalos et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These studies suggest that a common feature might unite the IFN response to these pathogens and that products unique to bacteria are unlikely to be responsi- ble for activating type I IFNs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here we show that apoptotic cells loaded with LLO re- capitulate the IFN response activated by Listeria and that DNA is a major IFN-inducing ligand in Listeria extracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We demonstrate that Legionella pneumophila, a vacuolar pathogen, activates an identical response through its type IV secretion system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By using purified DNA, we define the key features of a novel cytosolic in- nate immune recognition system and compare this path- way to other known nucleic acid sensors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Remarkably, intracellular DNA triggers a unique antiviral response without detectable activation of NF-kB or MAP kinases, suggesting that the signaling pathways activated by cytosolic DNA and RNA are distinct."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Listeria monocytogenes contains multiple ligands for TLRs and possibly NOD proteins (Portnoy, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To ex- amine cytokine responses to Listeria infection in the ab- sence of these pathways, we used MyD88/Trif double knockout (DKO) macrophages, which lack all TLR sig- naling (Yamamoto et al., 2003), and MyD88/RIP2 DKO macrophages, which lack TLR- and NOD1/NOD2- mediated signaling (Chin et al., 2002; Kobayashi et al., 2002)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In agreement with previous studies, we found that macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes acti- vated a potent IFN-b response that was intact in cells doubly deficient for MyD88/Trif or MyD88/RIP2 (Fig- ure 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Robust IL-6 production was also MyD88/Trif/ RIP2 independent (Figure 1A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, induction of KC (CXCL1), a chemokine homologous to human IL-8, was intact in MyD88/Trif DKO macrophages but se- verely impaired in MyD88/RIP2 DKO cells (Figure 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We confirmed these observations in vivo and found that IFN-b and IL-6 induction in spleens 24 hr after intra- venous Listeria infection remained intact in MyD88/Trif DKO and MyD88/RIP2 DKO mice (Figure 1B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, KC production by splenocytes appeared to be MyD88 Immunity dependent at this early time point, perhaps reflecting a contribution from other cell types (data not shown)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To- gether with previous studies, these data demonstrate that live Listeria activate at least three signaling path- ways in macrophages: one that requires TLR/MyD88 sig- naling (McCaffrey et al., 2004), one that requires RIP2, and one that is independent of both TLRs and RIP2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We next tested whether material from mammalian cells would initiate a similar response if endowed with the ability to enter the cytosol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We prepared dexameth- asone-treated apoptotic thymocytes, loaded them with recombinant LLO, and fed them to peritoneal macro- phages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both the thymocytes and macrophages were derived from MyD88/Trif DKO mice to eliminate any TLR signaling activated by LLO (Park et al., 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We observed an induction of IFN-b transcription when mac- rophages were fed LLO-loaded apoptotic cells, but neg- ligible induction with apoptotic cells alone or a similar amount of recombinant LLO alone (Figure 1C)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There- fore, ligand(s) that activate IFN-b upon cytosolic entry are also present in mammalian cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We tested whether nucleic acids could account for the potent IFN-b response to Listeria infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Extracts pre- pared from sonicated Listeria recapitulated the MyD88/ Trif/RIP2-independent induction of both IFN-b and IL-6 when transfected into macrophages (Figure 1E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With extracts alone, we were unable to consistently repro- duce the RIP2-dependent KC induction observed during live Listeria infection, possibly because the ligand(s) that activate RIP2-mediated signaling were lost during ex- tract preparation or are not transfectable (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Pretreatment of Listeria extracts with DNase im- paired their ability to activate both IFN-b and IL-6 by more than 98%, while RNase pretreatment had no effect (Figures 1D and 1E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Identical results were obtained with E. coli extracts (data not shown)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These data demon- strate that DNA in Listeria extracts is a major activating ligand of IFN-b and IL-6 and that a cytosolic sensor of DNA may account for the potent TLR- and RIP2-inde- pendent IFN response to Listeria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "LLO-mediated delivery of bacteria or apoptotic cells into the cytosol activates the response described above."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whether a vacuole-confined pathogen can trig- ger a similar pathway has not been fully explored."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We examined the innate immune response to Legionella pneumophila, a pathogen of phagocytic protozoa and the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease (McDade et al., 1977)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "L. pneumophila injects proteins into the host cell cytosol that disrupt phagosome-lysosome transport to establish a replicative organelle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These ef- fectors are transferred via the Dot/Icm type IV secretion apparatus, which is ancestrally related to bacterial con- jugation systems (Vogel and Isberg, 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Importantly, the Dot/Icm system retains the ability to transfer DNA (Segal et al., 1998; Vogel et al., 1998)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We infected MyD88/Trif DKO macrophages with sev- eral doses of opsonized L. pneumophila and observed potent IFN-b and IL-6 transcription that was detectable 3 hr after infection and dramatically increased by 6 hr (Figure 2A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mutant bacteria lacking the dotA gene, which encodes a polytopic inner membrane protein es- sential for translocation of all Dot/Icm substrates (Roy and Isberg, 1997), failed to activate either cytokine (Fig- ure 2A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Identical results were obtained with MyD88/ RIP2 DKO cells (Figure 2B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "L. pneumophila deficient for the icmW gene, which retain type IV secretion but are unable to evade transport to lysosomes due to a de- fect in transfer of a subset of Dot/Icm protein substrates (Zuckman et al., 1999), activated a potent cytokine re- sponse comparable to wild-type bacteria (Figure 2B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Macrophages infected in the presence of chloramphen- icol, which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis but not type IV secretion, activated similarly robust IFN-b and IL-6 transcription, suggesting that neither newly formed proteins nor other indirect consequences of bacterial growth can account for activation of these cytokines (Figure 2C)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "L. pneumophila therefore triggers, via Dot/ Icm-dependent transfer of a preformed substrate into the host cell cytosol, a TLR- and RIP2-independent re- sponse identical to that activated by Listeria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Induction of these same cytokines by Listeria extracts is sensitive to DNase pretreatment (Figure 1E)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Together with the well-established capability of type IV secretion systems to transfer DNA (Christie et al., 2005), these data lead us to suggest that cytosolic DNA might also activate the in- terferon response to Legionella and that this innate im- mune recognition pathway may detect a broader range of pathogens than just cytosol-invasive bacteria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because the TLR9-mediated response to DNA is strictly CpG sequence specific (Hemmi et al., 2000; Krieg et al., 1995), we reasoned that DNA devoid of these motifs would allow us to explore TLR9-independent responses to DNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Double-stranded 45 base pair oligonucleotides lacking contiguous CpG sequences failed to activate a detectable cytokine response when added to the cell- culture medium at concentrations of up to 100 mg/ml (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, we observed a potent induc- tion of type I IFN when the DNA was transfected into sev- eral different cell types, including plasmacytoid den- dritic cells (Flt3 ligand DCs, Figure 3A), ''conventional'' dendritic cells (GM-CSF DCs, Figure 3B), macrophages (Figure 3C), and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs, Fig- ure 3D), as measured by both ELISA for IFN-a (Figures 3A and 3B) and quantitative RT-PCR for IFN-b (Figures 3C and 3D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We refer hereafter to these DNA oligos as in- terferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) for simplicity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Type I IFN Immunity induction by ISD was intact in cells lacking MyD88, Trif, or RIP2 (Figures 3A-3D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, IFN-b activation in IRF3-deficient MEFs after ISD treatment was reduced by more than 99% compared to wild-type controls (Fig- ure 3D), consistent with the key role for IRF3 in virus- induced type I IFN production (Sato et al., 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The IFN-a/b response to ISD was intact in TLR9-deficient cells (Figure 3A), and ISD did not activate murine TLR9 expressed in HEK-293T cells (Figure 3E)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, CpG oligonucleotides induced type I IFN production in a strictly TLR9/MyD88-dependent manner only in pDCs (Figures 3A-3D)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The potency of ISD was sequence in- dependent, because ISD with a reversed nucleotide se- quence and an unrelated 132 bp DNA fragment had identical activity (Figures 3A-3D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, DNA oligo- nucleotides smaller than 25 bp failed to activate type I IFN production, suggesting a minimum size required for their recognition (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "ISD failed to acti- vate an IFN-b reporter plasmid in 293T cells expressing RIG-I or MDA5 (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These data show that purified DNA recapitulates the IFN-inducing activity of Listeria and Legionella and that a broad range of primary cell types mounts an IRF3-dependent innate immune re- sponse to intracellular DNA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We considered whether components of the DNA dam- age repair pathway might be involved in the detection of ISD, especially since the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) can directly phosphorylate IRF3 (Karpova et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, cells lacking Ku70, the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs), p53, or the Ataxia- Telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) mounted an iden- tical IFN-b response when compared to their wild-type controls (Figure 3F)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, IFN-b activation by ISD was normal in cells treated with the PI-3 kinase family in- hibitors wortmannin (20 mM) or caffeine (5 mM), suggest- ing that DNA-PK, ATM, the ATR kinase, and PI-3K itself do not participate in ISD-activated signaling (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the response to phosphodiester ISD trans- fection was sequence independent, CpG oligonucleo- tides synthesized with nuclease-resistant phosphoro- thioate bonds failed to activate the same pathway (Figure 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found that while phosphodiester ISD po- tently activated type I IFN as measured by quantitative RT-PCR and intracellular cytokine staining, transfected p-thio oligonucleotides of identical sequence stimulated negligible IFN-b transcription and no production of type I IFN proteins (Figures 4A and 4B), suggesting that a na- tive sugar-phosphate DNA backbone is essential for ISD activity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "TLR9 activation by CpG DNA occurs in endosomes and can be inhibited by preventing endosomal acidifi- cation with the buffering agent chloroquine (Hacker et al., 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As expected, chloroquine pretreatment completely inhibited the response to CpG DNA; how- ever, ISD activity was unimpaired (Figure 4C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "ISD acti- vated robust IFN-b and IL-6 transcription but not KC (Figure 4C), which is identical to the TLR- and RIP2-inde- pendent pathway activated by live Listeria and Legion- ella (Figures 1A and 2A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We next transfected ISD or CpG DNA into chloroquine-pretreated macrophages by calcium phosphate precipitation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "ISD activated ro- bust IFN-b and IL-6 transcription while CpG DNA was in- active when transfected by this method (Figure 4D)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To- gether with the data from Figures 1 and 2, these findings indicate that ISD recognition occurs in the cytosol."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We examined several well-characterized signaling re- sponses to inflammatory stimuli and nucleic acid recog- nition, particularly those activated by TLRs and RIG-I. We first compared NF-kB activation in macrophages transfected with ISD or treated with LPS, which acti- vates TLR4/Trif-dependent IFN-b production (Yama- moto et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both treatments activated robust IFN-b transcription, with ISD-stimulated IFN-b mRNA in- duction delayed by 30 min compared to LPS (Figure 5A, top)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "LPS stimulation led to rapid and sustained nuclear NF-kB binding activity assessed by EMSA, while ISD treatment failed to stimulate detectable NF-kB binding (Figure 5A, bottom)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We next examined NF-kB activity in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages stably expressing a luciferase reporter driven by two consensus NF-kB binding sites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "ISD transfection of RAW-kB cells failed to activate the NF-kB-luciferase reporter but stimulated transcription of the endogenous IFN-b gene (Figure 5B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In contrast, CpG stimulation of these cells activated the NF-kB reporter but not IFN-b (Figure 5B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Taken to- gether, these data suggest that ISD potently activate type I IFN without NF-kB."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We next compared MAP kinase activation in response to ISD transfection versus CpG DNA treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As ex- pected, treatment of wild-type macrophages with CpG DNA induced a rapid and robust activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 (Figure 5C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, ISD treatment did not activate any of these MAP kinases (Figure 5C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Identical results were observed in cDCs and MEFs (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we used MyD88/Trif DKO macrophages to di- rectly compare the cytosolic response to transfected DNA and dsRNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The use of cells deficient in all TLR sig- naling allowed us to examine MAP kinase activation by ISD, genomic DNA isolated from calf thymus (which is contaminated with TLR ligands), and Poly I:C (which ac- tivates RIG-I and MDA5 upon transfection but also acti- vates TLR3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of RNA from cells processed in parallel revealed that all three stimuli activated similarly robust transcription of the endoge- nous IFN-b gene that was detectable by 60 min Immunity posttransfection (Figure 5D, top)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, only Poly I:C transfection activated JNK and p38 with similar ki- netics to IFN-b induction (Figure 5D, bottom), suggest- ing that distinct signaling pathways are activated by cy- tosolic DNA versus dsRNA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We performed a microarray analysis of cDCs stimulated for 4 hr with ISD or CpG DNA to identify the gene-expres- sion programs activated by each response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both ISD and CpG DNA matured DCs, as evidenced by an in- crease in surface expression of MHC Class II, CD86, and CD40 (Figure 6A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A two-dimensional plot of the n- fold change in expression of each gene revealed an overlapping response with evidence for unique genes activated by both ISD and CpG (Figure 6B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Importantly, several type I IFNs were specifically induced by ISD but not CpG (Figure 6C), confirming the ability of ISDs to ac- tivate a potent antiviral response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As seen in Figure 4C, CpG DNA treatment but not ISD stimulation induced ro- bust transcription of KC (Figure 6D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "CpG DNA activated expression of both subunits of IL-12, the chemokine Dcip-1, and IL-1 far more potently than ISD (Figure 6D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Both ISD and CpG DNA activated expression of IL-6, IP-10 (CXCL10), CD40, lymphotoxin-a, and tumor necro- sis factor, among others (Figure 6E)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To examine primary response genes in the ISD path- way versus those that required type I IFN receptor signal- ing for expression, we compared the ISD response in wild-type versus IFN-a receptor (IFNaR1)-deficient mac- rophages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "IFN-b induction in IFNaR1 2/2 cells was mildly reduced but still robust (Figure 6F)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, all other type I IFNs strictly required IFNaR1 signaling for expres- sion (Figure 6F)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This observation is consistent with the recently defined role for IRF7 in IFNaR1-dependent tran- scriptional activation of all type I IFNs (Honda et al., 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Remarkably, IL-6 induction by ISD was impaired by more than 95% in IFNaR1 2/2 cells, while TLR9-medi- ated IL-6 activation was normal in these cells (Figure 6F)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While IL-6 is an NF-kB-dependent gene in response to IL-1 receptor and TLR signaling (Yamamoto et al., 2004), these data suggest that IL-6 is an IFN-dependent gene in the ISD pathway."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These findings detail a tran- scriptional profile of the acute response to ISD and dem- onstrate distinct gene expression programs activated by detection of endosomal versus cytosolic DNA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We next compared gene expression in MyD88/Trif DKO macrophages after ISD or Poly I:C transfection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "De- spite the differences in ISD- and Poly I:C-activated sig- naling pathways (Figure 5), microarray analysis revealed a remarkably similar gene expression pattern 3 hr after transfection (Figure 7A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Type I IFNs, IL-6, and key IFN- inducible genes were comparably activated by ISD and Poly I:C (Figure 7B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among the relatively few tran- scripts differentially expressed at this early time point, we observed several interesting genes that may account for unique responses to DNA and dsRNA (Figure 7C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consistent with our observations that the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway activates MAP kinases but the ISD response does not (Figure 5D), the MAP kinase-inducible tran- scription factor Early Growth Response 1 (Egr1) was strongly induced only by Poly I:C (Figure 7C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Tran- scripts for Mafb were dramatically reduced after ISD but not Poly I:C treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The lectin Ocil/Clrb, the apo- ptosis-associated gene Tdag, and the NF-kB-activating adaptor TANK were selectively activated by Poly I:C treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Transcripts for the protein phosphatase PtprJ were robustly increased only by Poly I:C, while the phosphatases Dusp6 and Ptpn16 were selectively downregulated by ISD treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Among the genes with expression specifically increased after ISD treat- ment, we found the GTPase RhoE, the cytokine-induc- ible SH2 protein Cish, Fas, and Lck (Figure 7C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Further work will be required to establish the functional rele- vance of these genes and whether these pathways diverge more dramatically at later time points."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0034__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "These data provide a direct comparison of genes activated by intracellular DNA and dsRNA and suggest that over- lapping but unique responses are initiated depending on the type of nucleic acid detected."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We provide evidence for a novel cytosolic innate im- mune response to DNA and suggest that recognition of bacterial DNA in the cytosol may be responsible for the potent induction of type I IFN upon Listeria monocy- togenes and Legionella pneumophila infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Removal of DNA from Listeria extracts abolishes their IFN-induc- ing activity, and purified DNA recapitulates all aspects of the TLR- and RIP2-independent cytokine response acti- vated by live bacteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We directly compare the signaling and gene expression programs activated by ISD, TLR9, and RIG-I/MDA5."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These findings define a unique innate immune pathway and implicate a novel mechanism for nucleic acid recognition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our data implicating DNA in Listeria-activated IFN production may explain why diverse bacteria, eukary- otic parasites, and even apoptotic cells trigger an iden- tical response upon entry into the cytosol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "DNA may be released during Listeria infection as a passive conse- quence of LLO-mediated disruption of the vacuole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The majority of Listeria are killed shortly after infection of macrophages (Portnoy et al., 1989), which could pro- vide a source of DNA for cytosolic recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "More- over, LLO-expressing E. coli are lysed upon entry yet still dissolve the vacuole and expose its contents to the cy- tosol, including soluble proteins and DNA once con- tained within the bacteria (Higgins et al., 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Alterna- tively, live Listeria may actively secrete DNA, which is a fundamental process in all prokaryotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "L. monocyto- genes can conjugate with both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and conjugal transfer of DNA into eukaryotic cells is known to occur (Charpentier et al., 1999; Waters, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Legionella pneumophila, which remains confined within a host cell vacuole, trig- gers an identical response through its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We have not formally demonstrated that DNA is the activating ligand for this TLR- and RIP2-independent response."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, L. pneumophila injects effector proteins into recipient bacteria during Dot/Icm-dependent conjugal DNA transfer (Luo and Isberg, 2004), suggesting that the nature of the target cell does not influence substrate selection and that DNA might be translocated along with effector proteins into eukaryotic cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The elegant original demonstration of the cytosolic surveillance pathway activated by Listeria showed that IFN-b induction requires p38 and is associated with NF-kB activation (O'Riordan et al., 2002), while purified DNA activates neither of these (Figure 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found that p38 inhibitors delayed IFN-b induction and reduced it by approximately 70%, but significantly fewer bacteria entered inhibitor-treated cells, perhaps because p38 is important for phagocytosis of bacteria (D.B.S., unpub- lished data; Blander and Medzhitov, 2004)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also found that live Listeria activate a RIP2-dependent path- way in macrophages that is separable from the IFN-b and IL-6 response to bacterial DNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further character- ization of the multiple signaling pathways activated by Listeria will be required to establish the relative contri- butions of these individual components."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A native phosphodiester sugar-phosphate backbone is required for activation of the antiviral response by cy- tosolic DNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several studies have shown sequence- independent immunostimulatory activity specifically as- sociated with transfected DNA (Ishii et al., 2001; Suzuki et al., 1999), and one recent report found TLR9-indepen- dent activity of phosphodiester DNA (Yasuda et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While we used this feature to our advantage to compare the cytosolic DNA response to TLR9-depen- dent recognition, it may offer important clues to the nature of the sensor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Perhaps the sensor has intrinsic nuclease activity that is essential for DNA recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, chimeric oligonucleotides with p-thio linkages at the ends and phosphodiester bonds in the center are fully active (D.B.S. and R.M., unpublished data)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Alterna- tively, the phosphodiester backbone may provide a sequence-independent binding site for the sensor and allow it to distinguish between DNA and RNA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found that intracellular DNA potently activates the IFN-b gene without detectable activation of NF-kB and MAP kinases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Classical studies of this promoter estab- lished that robust transcriptional activation requires the coordinated assembly of several transcription fac- tors termed the enhanceosome (Maniatis et al., 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These factors include IRF3/7, NF-kB p50/p65, and the MAP kinase-activated AP-1 (Atf2/c-Jun)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The vast ma- jority of studies defining the assembly of the enhanceo- some were done with RNA viruses, and the recent char- acterization of the RIG-I-dependent response to RNA viruses validates the classical model (Kato et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We suggest that ISD recognition might activate IFN-b transcription by using some but not all components of the enhanceosome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Numerous studies have shown that overexpression of IRF3 alone robustly activates the IFN-b promoter, presumably without any direct con- tribution of NF-kB or MAP kinases, and multimerization of IRF3 binding sites renders an ectopic promoter virus inducible (Fujita et al., 1987)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We emphasize that live DNA viruses may activate these pathways via other li- gands or effects on cells, such as recognition of viral RNA transcripts or a global stress response to viral rep- lication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0041__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Identification of the sensor and unique elements of the ISD signaling pathway will allow dissection of the components of the response to DNA viruses and intra- cellular bacteria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We used microarray analysis to directly compare the gene expression patterns activated by ISD versus TLR9 and RIG-I/MDA5 and identified a unique but over- lapping response to intracellular DNA."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Together, RIG-I, MDA5, and the ISD pathway may be sufficient to recog- nize a majority of viruses based on the type and structure of nucleic acids exposed inside the cell."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, just as RNA viruses encode proteins that antagonize the RIG-I and MDA5 pathways (Andrejeva et al., 2004; Foy et al., 2005; Meylan et al., 2005), it is almost cer- tain that DNA viruses encode proteins that interfere with the ISD response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Examination of these proteins will illuminate the specific mechanisms of DNA virus detection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the existence of this pathway raises an impor- tant question of self/nonself discrimination: how does a sequence-independent sensor avoid recognition of the more than 10 9 base pairs of genomic DNA in all nu- cleated cells?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Exclusion from the nucleus is an attractive explanation, but the breakdown of the nuclear envelope during cell division suggests that other mechanisms might prevent autoreactivity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Perhaps genomic DNA, with its myriad modifications and association with chro- matin components, is specifically marked as ''self."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "'' This would suggest that a failure to mark the genome as ''self'' would result in activation of the sensor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Such self-recognition could be beneficial in sensing genomic instability in severely damaged or neoplastic cells and may contribute to the important role for type I IFNs in tumor immunosurveillance (Dunn et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Alterna- tively, a loss of cell-autonomous tolerance to genomic DNA would result in IFN-dependent autoimmunity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While these proposed functions are entirely speculative, we suggest that this pathway is responsible for the TLR- independent, type I IFN-mediated pathology observed in DNase II-deficient embryos, where liver macrophages become engorged with undigestable nuclei from eryth- rocyte precursors (Okabe et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further charac- terization of this pathway will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of nucleic acid recognition and host resistance to pathogens."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mice, Cells, and Antibodies C57Bl/6 mice and IFNaR1 2/2 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MyD88 2/2 , Trif 2/2 , and TLR9 2/2 mice were kindly provided by Dr. Shizuo Akira."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "RIP2 2/2 mice and MEFs have been described (Kobayashi et al., 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ku70 2/2 and DNA-PK 2/2 bone marrow and Atm 2/2 MEFs were generously pro- vided by Dr. Frederick Alt."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "IRF3 2/2 MEFs were kindly provided by Dr. Tadatsugu Taniguchi."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All animals were maintained in accordance with guidelines of the Yale Institutional Animal Use and Care Com- mittee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "RAW264.7 cells stably expressing an NF-kB-luciferase re- porter were generated by standard procedures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Antibodies to MHC Class II (I-A b ), CD86, CD40, CD11c, and p38a were from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Antibodies to SAPK/JNK and p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) were from Cell Signaling Technologies (Beverly, MA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Antibodies to IFN-a were from HyCult Biotechnology (the Neth- erlands) and PBL laboratories (Piscataway, NJ), and monoclonal an- tibody to murine IFN-b was from Seikagaku America (East Falmouth, MA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Calf thymus genomic DNA was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Poly I:C was from Amersham (Piscataway, NJ)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All oligonucleotides were synthesized at the Yale W.M. Keck facility, with p-thio linkages rep- resented as lowercase: ISD (sense), TACAGATCTACTAGTGATC TATGACTGATCTGTACATGATCTACA; CpG, tccatgacgttcctgacgtt."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Equimolar amounts of ISD and their antisense oligos were an- nealed in PBS at 75ºC for 30 min before cooling to room tempera- ture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ISD-reverse was the exact reverse sequence of that listed above."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Macrophages were infected with Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403S at a moi of 2 bacteria per cell."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Gentamycin (50 mg/ml) was added to cells 1.5 hr postinfection to kill extracellular bacteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For in vivo infections, mice were injected intravenously with 5000 L. monocytogenes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Apoptotic thymocytes from MyD88/Trif DKO mice were prepared by a 4.5 hr treatment with 10 mM dexametha- sone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Washed cells were loaded with recombinant LLO (100 ng per 10 6 cells) for 15 min in ice-cold PBS, washed, and added to MyD88/Trif DKO peritoneal-derived macrophages at a ratio of 5:1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Listeria extracts were prepared from a pelleted 5 ml culture freeze- thawed in liquid nitrogen, resuspended in 400 ml PBS containing 1 mg/ml lysozyme (Roche), and sonicated for 2 min using a VirSonic 101 Digital 600 Cell Disrupter (VirTis, Gardiner, NY)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Remaining debris was removed by centrifugation, and cleared extracts were adjusted to contain 2 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM KCl, and 20 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8). 100 ml aliquots were treated separately with DNase I (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA; 100 units/ml) or RNase (Qiagen, Valencia, CA; 100 mg/ml) for 45 min at 37ºC. EDTA was added to 2.5 mM and samples were heated for 10 min at 70ºC. Extracts were again cleared by a 5 min centrifugation, and 5-10 ml were complexed with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) and transfected as described below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Legionella pneumophila strains and opsonizing antibody were generously pro- vided by Dr. Craig Roy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ISD were complexed with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) at a ratio of 1 ml lipofectamine to 1 mg DNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cells in 12-well plates were stimulated with 5 mg ISD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Calcium phosphate transfections were done in the presence of 50 mM chloroquine by standard techniques."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "CpG was added directly to the media at 3 mM. E. coli LPS (Sigma) was used at 100 ng/ml."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For analysis of IFN-a production, supernatants were harvested 18 hr poststimula- tion and used for a sandwich ELISA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For quantitative RT-PCR, cells were harvested into RNA-Bee (Teltest, Friendswood, TX)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "RNA was reverse transcribed with Superscript II (Invitrogen), and cDNAs were used for PCR with Quantitect SYBR Green reagents (Qiagen) on a Stratagene MX3000 bioanalyzer (La Jolla, CA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The abundance of each cytokine mRNA was normalized to HPRT expression and com- pared to untreated cells to calculate the relative induction."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "cDCs or macrophages were stimulated for 4 hr and harvested into RNA Bee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sample preparation and hybridization to Affymetrix Mouse genome 430 2.0 arrays were performed at the Yale W.M. Keck facility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The complete data set has been submitted to the GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo; submission #GSE2197)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Whole-cell lysates from macrophages stimulated for the indicated times were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF mem- branes, and probed with antibodies specific for the indicated pro- teins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Gel shift analysis was performed with standard techniques."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3732__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__critique__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__critique__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Induction of type I interferons (IFNs) by viruses and other pathogens is crucial for innate immunity, and it is mediated by the activation of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and cytosolic receptors such as RIG-I and MDA5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__critique__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The type I IFN induction is primarily controlled at the gene transcriptional level, wherein a family of transcription factors, interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), plays central roles."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__critique__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here, we summarize the recent studies on IRFs, providing a paradigm of how genes are ingeniously regulated during immune responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__critique__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also consider some evolutional aspects on the IFN-IRF system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3732__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 3, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines specialized to coordinate immunity to viruses and other intracellular infections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the past several years, many of the receptors and signaling pathways that link pathogen detection to induction of type I IFNs have been identified and characterized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An integrated picture has emerged in which type I IFNs have essential functions in several seemingly disparate processes: they restrict viral spread by engaging machinery that ultimately cripples and kills infected cells, yet they are also positively linked to the activation and expansion of lymphocytes that are important for control of intracellular infections."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These advances highlight the context-specific actions of type I IFNs and clarify the multiple points at which they are integrated into both innate and adaptive immunity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Viruses are the most abundant and diverse pathogens on earth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One look at the genome of any organism confirms that viruses have been around for a very long time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is estimated that up to 40% of the human genome is derived from fragments of ancestral viral sequence, and approximately 1% of the genome consists of intact endogenous retroviruses [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The impact of viruses on our genes cannot be overstated: viruses are likely responsible for generating much of the variation that fueled selection of new traits and the evolution of our species, including exon shuffling, gene duplication, and diversification of noncoding regulatory elements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Viruses can also be formidable pathogens and pose a unique challenge for the host’s detection systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is now well established that immune recognition focuses on highly conserved, invariant structures of microbes that are distinct from the host [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unlike bacteria and fungi, which contain easily distinguishable microbe-specific structures, viruses are made entirely of host-derived components."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "With no microbe-specific “pattern” to latch onto, the receptors that detect viruses have instead evolved to recognize the one feature that is shared without exception among all viruses: a genome composed of nucleic acids."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Importantly, nucleic acid recognition is in principle an imperfect way for cells to distinguish self from non-self for obvious reasons, yet most (if not all) ways for a cell to signal the presence of viral infection are based on it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The receptors that accomplish this are generally very successful at identifying viral nucleic acids in the midst of an abundance of host-derived RNA and DNA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Because there is little structural basis for discrimination between viral and host nucleic acids, it appears that pattern recognition in this case is aided by the compartmentalization of antiviral sensors and by activities of host nucleases that help eliminate self nucleic acids from the extracellular fluids and from lysosomes [3][4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0059__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Additional mechanisms that help such discrimination undoubtedly exist and await elucidation; insight into this fundamental question is attainable now that we know the identity of many of the receptors involved, as discussed below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All organisms are susceptible to viral infections and all have a dedicated system to detect and prevent nucleic acid parasitism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These systems range from restriction enzymes and antiphage defense in prokaryotes to the multilayered and complex networks of antiviral responses in higher metazoans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each of these systems directs responses that vary according to the organism’s physiology and needs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Jawed vertebrates, which evolved an adaptive immune system of T and B cells, also developed the type I interferon (IFN) cytokine family that is dedicated to signaling the presence of intracellular infection and facilitating communication among the cells that provide defense against viruses and intracellular bacteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All vertebrates examined to date have a gene that encodes IFN-b and at least two that encode IFN-a, together with natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells; there is no known organism that has one of these components without all of the others."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The preservation of type I IFNs throughout the vertebrate lineage suggests an intimate functional linkage to adaptive immunity that has become increasingly apparent with recent experimental insights."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this review, we will discuss the major receptor systems that detect viral infection and activate type I IFNs in vertebrates, with an emphasis on how these systems complement each other in host defense."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We will attempt to integrate important recent developments into the well-established framework of IFN function that is discussed in the accompanying reviews [6][7][8] and other papers [9][10][11][12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These exciting advances clarify the mechanisms by which IFNs are activated, provide insight into their multiple and context-specific roles in antiviral immunity, and may suggest new directions for therapeutics and vaccine development."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two Pathways for Type I IFN Induction: Toll-like Receptors Prior to the year 2000, no mammalian receptors that linked viral recognition to activation of type I IFNs had been identified."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After several years of remarkable progress, it is now clear that two complementary receptor systems account for most virus detection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A general principle that has emerged is that all of these receptors detect nucleic acids."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, these receptors fall into two categories: one class of receptors (exemplified by RIG-I and MDA5 proteins) is expressed ubiquitously and is localized to the cell’s cytosol where it detects viral nucleic acids produced upon infection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second class of receptors (members of the Toll-like receptor [TLR] family) detects viral nucleic acids in endosomes and only in specialized cell types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This latter mode of recognition does not require that the IFN-producing cells are infected themselves and hence need not be ubiquitous."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been the subject of intense investigation as prototypical signaling receptors that activate immunity in response to microbial stimuli [13]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Several of the mammalian TLRs recognize different types of nucleic acids, and together they provide enough coverage to detect most types of viruses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a common feature of both DNA and RNA viruses that until recently was thought to be the principal (or even only) form of viral nucleic acid recognized by the immune system [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "TLR7 and TLR8 detect single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and viruses that contain ssRNA genomes [15][16][17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "TLR9 detects unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA that are common in DNA viruses and also bacteria [18][19][20]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The only known exception to the rule that all receptors that activate type I IFNs detect nucleic acids is TLR4, which detects lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from gram-negative bacteria and activates type I IFNs in conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages through a signaling pathway that utilizes the adaptor protein Trif [21][22]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is completely unclear at present why the TLR4-Trif pathway links recognition of bacterial cell walls to cytokines that generally signal the presence of a viral infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By comparison, TLR2 also recognizes cell wall components (peptidoglycans) but does not activate IFNs [23][24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is likely that the TLR4-Trif axis arose to harness some of the functions of IFNs in enhancing T cell differentiation and NK cell function, as discussed below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "TLRs are primarily expressed on key sentinel cells of the innate immune system: macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "TLR3 is expressed by conventional DCs, whereas TLRs 7 and 9 are expressed by both conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "pDCs have a specialized signaling pathway that links activation of TLRs 7 and 9 to the production of copious amounts of type I IFNs, and they are primarily responsible for the systemic concentrations of IFNs detected during many experimental viral infections [25][26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One feature shared by the four TLRs that sense nucleic acids is their intracellular localization: unlike all other TLRs, which are located at the cell surface, TLRs 3, 7, and 9 signal from within an acidified endosomal compartment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consequently, inhibitors of endosomal acidification block the function of these three TLRs but none of the others [27][28][29]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This intracellular localization is important for the ability of these TLRs to discriminate between self and non-self nucleic acids: relocating TLR9 to the cell surface abolishes its ability to respond to virus-encapsulated DNA but enables recognition of self-derived genomic DNA in the extracellular milieu [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A key feature of TLR-dependent nucleic acid recognition is directly tied to their intracellular location: TLRs sample material entering cells from the outside and thus do not detect the presence of infection from within."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This material often consists of viral particles that become uncoated or degraded upon endosomal acidification, thus exposing their nucleic acids for recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recent evidence indicates that TLR3 also samples apoptotic cells for viral dsRNA as they are engulfed and degraded in the phagosome [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Considering the strong link between viral infection and apoptosis in vertebrates and the role of TLRs in antigen presentation, this mechanism would provide an efficient means for viral antigens within dead cells derived from any tissue to be presented to T cells by uninfected DCs, a process known as crosspresentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The separation of viral infection from viral recognition in DCs has another important consequence: most viruses encode proteins that potently antagonize type I IFN expression and signaling within infected cells, but uninfected DCs would be refractory to such inhibition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two Pathways for Type I IFN Induction: Cytosolic Receptors\nAlthough some TLRs can activate IFNs in a subset of specialized cells, almost all nucleated cells respond to viral infection by producing type I IFNs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fujita and colleagues advanced our understanding of this more broadly expressed virus-detection system by identifying the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing RNA helicases retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation antigen 5 (MDA5) as sensors that link detection of dsRNA to activation of type I IFNs [31]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both RIG-I and MDA5 use the CARD-containing adaptor protein MAVS (also known as IPS-1, VISA, or CARDIF) to activate the IFN-b gene [32][33][34][35]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The details of the RNA-activated signaling pathways have been reviewed elsewhere [36][37], and recent developments will also be discussed in the accompanying review [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Knockout mice lacking RIG-I and MDA5 have dramatic phenotypes when challenged with RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "RIG-I-deficient cells fail to activate type I IFN production when challenged with several classes of viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, influenza virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus [38][39]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Interestingly, pDC-derived type I IFN production in response to these viruses requires MyD88-dependent TLR signaling but not RIG-I, highlighting the fact that TLRs and cytosolic sensors can independently activate type I IFNs in vivo [38]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MDA5 is the primary cytosolic receptor for the RNA polymer poly I:C and is required for detection of the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) [40][39]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Together, these studies establish that RIG-I and MDA5 detect different viral RNA structures, although the precise nature of these structures and the biochemical basis for this differential recognition remains unknown."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The generation of MAVS-deficient mice demonstrated that both RIG-I and MDA5 use this adaptor protein to activate type I IFNs [41][42]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consequently, the phenotype of MAVS-deficient mice resembles the sum of RIG-I and MDA5 deficiency when challenged with RNA viruses that are detected by these helicases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, MAVS-deficient mice are highly susceptible to infection with these viruses despite an intact TLR-dependent recognition system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This interesting observation formally demonstrates that although the two receptor systems can independently activate the type I IFN response, they are not functionally redundant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As discussed below, this also implies that type I IFNs are not sufficient for antiviral defense and that these cytosolic receptors may also control essential antiviral functions in an IFN-independent manner."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to intracellular recognition of viral dsRNA, which has been known to exist for many years, foreign DNA is also recognized by an intracellular sensor that triggers type I IFN production [43][44][45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This DNA-recognition system presumably evolved to detect DNA derived from DNA viruses during infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, similar to RIG-I and MDA5, DNA recognition is a cell-autonomous and, presumably ubiquitous virus-recognition system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The sensor for intracellular viral DNA is currently unknown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Interestingly, however, the signaling pathway induced by this sensor is distinct from RIG-I and MDA5 signaling in that it does not result in activation of NF-kB transcription factor or MAP kinases, but does require IRF3 for the induction of interferon genes [45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Consistent with the different downstream signaling pathway, DNA-induced interferon production is MAVS independent [41][42]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The reason why dsRNA and DNA trigger different signaling pathways presumably has to do with the induction of distinct effector responses to RNA and DNA viruses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0071__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "These two types of viruses differ dramatically with regards to their size and infection strategies, and so it is not surprising that different antiviral responses need to be induced to interfere with stages of the infection cycle unique to RNA or DNA viruses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, a potent type I interferon response is also induced by several intracellular bacterial infections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This has been most clearly demonstrated in the case of Listeria monocytogenes [46], although other intracellular bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Legionella pneumophila induce interferon responses as well [47][45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It appears that the induction of IFN-b in Listeria-infected macrophages may be mediated by the DNA-recognition pathway [45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consistent with this possibility, IFN-b induction by Listeria is TLR and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein independent, but requires invasion of the host cell’s cytosol [48][46][49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the case of Listeria, IFN-b production and type I IFN-activated signaling in lymphocytes makes the host more susceptible to infection [50][51][48]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is important to note that although type I IFNs appear to be detrimental to the host during Listeria infection, they are likely only one facet of the response activated by the sensor(s) that detect cytosolic Listeria; this pathway probably induces other cytokines and effector mechanisms, some of which might be beneficial to the host."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Nonetheless, this finding is a dramatic example of context-dependent effects of type I IFNs in the course of infection, which appears to be a common theme in IFN biology, as discussed below."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0072__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In the case of other bacteria that invade the host cytosol, it remains to be seen whether IFNs have a protective or detrimental effect at different stages of infection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, two distinct IFN-inducing systems are now known to exist: one is restricted to endosomes of specialized sentinel cells and mediated by TLRs, and the other is a ubiquitous cytosolic viral detection system mediated by RIG-I and MDA5 and a DNA sensor(s)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In principle, any type of virus would be vulnerable to detection by both a TLR and a cytosolic sensor; this breadth of coverage is remarkable considering the staggering diversity of viruses and the comparably tiny number of receptors charged with sensing them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It would be interesting to determine whether retroviruses, which generate both RNA and DNA during their infectious cycle, are detected by sensors of both of these nucleic acids or whether one type of receptor predominates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on the recent insights into the receptor systems that sense nucleic acids and the generation of knockout mice lacking specific components of each pathway, we are now able to evaluate the relative contributions of each of these systems to antiviral immunity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "What is beginning to emerge from these studies is a more integrated picture of the different ways in which type I IFNs facilitate antiviral defense through both cell-intrinsic and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral Defense: The “Antiviral State”\nThe activity of type I IFNs was originally described almost 50 years ago as a soluble factor produced by cells treated with inactivated, nonreplicating viruses that blocked subsequent infection with live virus [52][53][54]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interestingly, one group used the RNA influenza virus whereas the other used the DNA vaccinia virus, implying the existence of cellular sensors of both types of viral nucleic acids even in the first reports describing type I IFNs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As indicated in these initial studies, type I IFNs produced by infected cells act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to signal the presence of viral infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "By signaling through the type I IFN receptor, IFNs activate the inducible expression of hundreds of genes that together establish the “antiviral state” [7][12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Antiviral state is a generic term and perhaps belies the fact that we still have only an elementary understanding of what exactly it is."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, there are entire families of IFN-inducible genes with completely unknown function, including several large GTPases and a series of proteins with tetratricopeptide repeat domains (IFITs) [55]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0074__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Although the function of each of these and other IFN-inducible genes awaits elucidation, it is safe to say that they act to cripple every stage of the viral life cycle."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Some IFN-inducible proteins have broad antiviral effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthases (OAS) are activated by viral dsRNA and produce 2'-5' oligoadenylates, which in turn activate the latent nuclease, RNase L, resulting in the degradation of viral RNA transcripts as well as host RNAs [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Another well-studied IFN-induced antiviral effector is PKR, a member of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (eIF2a) kinase family."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Activation of PKR by dsRNA leads to eIF2a phosphorylation with a consequent blockade of translation of most cellular and viral mRNAs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Interestingly, translation of mRNAs containing upstream open reading frames in their 5' UTRs is enhanced upon eIF2a phosphorylation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Most known examples of proteins encoded by such mRNAs are restricted to the unfolded protein response and nutrient deprivation or stress conditions that activate other members of the eIF2a kinase family [56]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Conceivably, these proteins may indirectly contribute to the antiviral state."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0075__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, one would expect that some of the bona fide antiviral effectors, including perhaps type I IFNs themselves, may also be translated preferentially when PKR is activated and eIF2a phosphorylated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to the relatively nonspecific antiviral activities of PKR and OAS-RNaseL systems, certain IFN-inducible genes may also exhibit specificity for distinct classes of viruses as implied by the existence of distinct sensors and signaling pathways that detect DNA or RNA within infected cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recent studies demonstrate that there are indeed IFN-inducible genes that are able to intercept specific types of viruses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The MX and guanylate binding proteins are large, IFN-inducible GTPases of the dynamin family."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The MX proteins have been shown to have a protective effect against two RNA viruses, influenza and VSV [57][58]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although detailed mechanisms of MX and GBP functions await elucidation, their structural similarity with dynamin suggests that these proteins may interfere with viral assembly and trafficking in the cell."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Perhaps the best example of virus-specific functions of IFN-inducible genes and the most promising recent development in the search for novel HIV therapeutics is the recently discovered APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It was established several years ago that HIV deficient in the virion infectivity factor (vif) is only able to form infectious viral particles in certain cell lines (termed permissive) and not in human T cells and several other cell lines (termed nonpermissive) [59][60]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The phenotype of the nonpermissive cells was interesting: they supported a single round of virus production, but the newly formed virions were unable to infect even permissive cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fusion of permissive and nonpermissive cells established that the nonpermissive phenotype was dominant and suggested that a cellular factor expressed only in nonpermissive cells could suppress infectivity of vif-deficient HIV [61]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Malim and colleagues used subtractive cDNA analysis to identify CEM15 (also known as APOBEC3G) as this factor and showed that it is incorporated into vif-deficient, but not wild-type, virions [62]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Virion-incorporated APOBEC3G deaminates cytosine to uracil in reverse-transcribed retroviral DNA, generating catastrophic mutations and rendering viral DNA susceptible to cleavage by uracil DNA glycosylase and apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease enzymes [63][64]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Interestingly, the deaminase activity of APOBEC3G is not required for its antiretroviral function [65], and cellular (non-virus-incorporated) APOBEC3G potently blocks vif+ HIV infection in resting CD4+ T cells [66], suggesting that the regulation of APOBEC3G function may be more complex than initially suggested."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0077__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Nonetheless, these findings provide a remarkable example of IFN-inducible genes targeting a specific class of viruses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the effector proteins induced by type I IFNs are clearly an essential component of the antiviral state, mounting evidence suggests that these cannot mediate antiviral immunity on their own and instead cooperate with numerous other signaling pathways to activate the full complement of antiviral functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, MAVS-deficient mice infected with VSV suffer severe mortality despite a strong systemic type I IFN response provided by TLR-dependent recognition in pDCs [42]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, fibroblasts lacking Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), an important signaling molecule in the RIG-I and MDA5 pathways, are unable to curtail VSV replication in vitro, even when pretreated with recombinant type I IFNs [67]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, although the paracrine function of type I IFNs is a very efficient way for infected cells to disseminate an alarm signal, these findings suggest that IFN-inducible effectors on their own are not sufficient to confer immunity and highlight the other key roles that type I IFNs play in coordinating the antiviral response."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral Defense: Type I IFNs and Apoptosis\nIt is well known that treatment of cells with type I IFNs sensitizes them to apoptosis upon subsequent viral infection [12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The rationale for this response is fairly simple: because viruses require host cell machinery to replicate, elimination of an infected cell would shut down this machinery and thus prevent viral spread."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to interfere with host cell apoptosis, reflecting the importance of this process in antiviral defense [68]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "How do interferons sensitize cells to apoptosis?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several overlapping mechanisms likely exist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "PKR is required for apoptosis of cells in response to polyI:C transfection, which activates MDA5 [69]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Paradoxically, PKR-deficient fibroblasts are far more sensitive to apoptosis when infected with VSV; this apoptotic response in PKR-deficient cells is correlated with an inability to curtail VSV replication and can be reversed by pretreatment of the cells with type I IFNs [69]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The tumor suppressor p53 also may play an important role in virus-induced apoptosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "p53 is interferon inducible, p53-deficient cells are defective in VSV-induced apoptosis, and p53-deficient mice are highly susceptible to in vivo infection with VSV [70]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It is also possible that signaling from the cytosolic nucleic acid receptors might cooperate with type I IFN signaling to activate apoptosis in infected cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0080__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The observation that the RIG-I and MDA5 signaling adaptor MAVS is localized to the outer membrane of mitochondria suggests the interesting possibility that this pathway may interact with Bcl2 family members, which modulate apoptosis from the mitochondrial membrane [34]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The strong link between type I IFNs and cell-intrinsic apoptosis may be an important clue to the evolutionary significance of why the type I IFN system exists in vertebrates and not in any other class of organisms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Perhaps it is because vertebrates are unique in the animal kingdom in that they use apoptosis as a potent form of host defense."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When would the benefits of apoptosis (removal of an infected cell) outweigh the costs (loss of an important cell) enough to make it a useful form of defense? Only when tissue renewal can prevent impairment of physiological functions caused by irreplaceable cell loss."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most cells of adult invertebrate animals are postmitotic, which would make the deliberate removal of even a few key cells in invertebrates highly deleterious."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The few examples of renewable tissue in invertebrates, such as the tentacles of octopi and starfish and the segments of earthworms, are clearly secondary adaptations and occur by de novo regeneration instead of by continuous replacement of individual cells over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, most cells in vertebrate animals are renewable and continually replenished throughout adult life."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are exceptions to this general rule, including certain postmitotic neuronal populations, and the rate of cell renewal varies widely among tissues, with epithelial cells and hepatocytes at the faster end of the spectrum and tissues like heart muscle at the slower end."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It would be interesting to determine whether a cell’s utilization of the type I IFN system for apoptosis is directly proportional to its “renewability.”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This would imply that a postmitotic, irreplaceable neuron would respond to type I IFNs quite differently than an easily renewable epithelial cell; even the signaling downstream of the widely distributed cytosolic nucleic acid sensors might vary considerably depending on the type of infected cell."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A deeper understanding of this specificity in the type I IFN system would have important implications for clinical treatment of viruses with cell type-specific tropism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, the other class of organisms that uses programmed cell death for defense also has renewable tissues: plants activate a hypersensitivity response to eliminate host cells surrounding sites of infection and prevent pathogen spread."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Instead of type I IFNs, plants use inducible production of other types of rapidly diffusing soluble mediators to relay an alarm signal among their noncirculating cells [71]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Non-Cell-Autonomous Roles of Type I IFNs\nIn addition to cell-intrinsic effects of type I IFNs that confer the antiviral state, the IFN system is linked to a variety of effector responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One characteristic shared by IFN-regulated effector responses is that their activation ultimately results in the elimination of infected cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, two major effector cell populations regulated by type I IFNs are natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0093__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, type I IFNs have been shown to facilitate cross-presentation by DCs for presentation of viral antigens to CD8+ T cells [72]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0093__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Cytotoxic responses mediated by NK cells and CTLs are designed to eliminate infected cells, so it appears that a common feature of IFN activity is the defense against intracellular infections."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mechanisms whereby type I IFNs contribute to NK and CTL responses are diverse and include production of chemokines that recruit the cytotoxic cells to the site of infection and induction of cytokines that positively regulate cytotoxic cell numbers and activities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, type I IFNs induce production of IL-15, which plays a critical role in proliferation and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells [73][74]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "IFNs also directly activate NK cells to enhance their cytotoxic activity [75][73]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A number of studies have demonstrated that type I IFNs also play an essential role in the differentiation and function of effector CD8+ T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Murali-Krishna and colleagues explored the role of type I IFNs in the CD8+ T cell response to infection with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a well-characterized model of CD8+ T cell function and memory [76]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0095__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They found that CD8+ T cells lacking the type I IFN receptor were profoundly impaired in their ability to expand and differentiate into effector CTLs, demonstrating that type I IFNs provide a nonredundant costimulatory signal in vivo."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A study by Taniguchi and colleagues suggests a more context-specific role for type I IFNs in CD8+ T cell differentiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Knockout mice lacking interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a transcription factor required for TLR9-mediated type I IFN production in pDCs, were unable to mount a CD8+ T cell response to protein antigens delivered with the TLR ligand CpG DNA as an adjuvant [77]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, CD8+ T cell expansion and function in IRF7-deficient mice was normal when TLR2 ligands were used as the adjuvant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Acute depletion of pDCs in wild-type mice gave similar results and selectively impaired CD8+ T cell responses when protein antigen was administered with TLR9 ligands but not when the same antigen was delivered with TLR2 ligands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "TLR2 is expressed by conventional DCs and does not activate type I IFNs, so it is reasonable that the CD8+ T cells that emerge after TLR2 activation would not require IFNs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, TLR9 can also activate conventional DC maturation and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, yet this conventional DC-derived pathway is insufficient to compensate for loss of pDC-derived, TLR9-activated type I IFNs in IRF7-deficient mice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One interesting question raised by these findings is whether pDCs are the relevant antigen-presenting cells after protein and CpG DNA immunization or whether they provide type I IFNs in trans to CD8+ T cells encountering peptide-MHC complexes on a different antigen-presenting cell."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Another question with implications for vaccine development is whether this selective requirement for pDCs and type I IFNs revealed with TLR9 ligands extends to the RNA ligands for TLR7."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0097__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If so, this would imply that TLR activation in pDCs drives the differentiation of a specialized type of CD8+ effector T cells that is distinct from those that encounter antigens presented by conventional DCs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Together with the in vivo studies that use LCMV infection, it now appears that there are at least two types of CD8+ T cells: those that require type I IFNs for expansion and function and those that do not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, vaccines aiming to elicit protective CD8+ T cell memory against viral infection should target the pDC-mediated TLR7 and TLR9 response, whereas vaccines against other pathogens like gram-positive bacteria should be designed to expand the type I IFN-independent subset of CD8+ T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because these two types of effector CTLs are generated by different pathways, it is likely that type I IFN-dependent memory CTLs may not be efficient against a pathogen that does not trigger type I IFN production; conversely, the IFN-independent CTLs would be unable to provide protective immunity to viral infection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, the effect of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cells is dependent on the stage of CD8+ T cell differentiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whereas type I IFNs limit nonspecific CD8+ T cell expansion in a STAT1-dependent manner, they promote antigen-specific expansion and IFN-g production by CTLs in a STAT4-dependent fashion [78]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0099__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, the relative abundance of STAT1 and STAT4 in CD8+ T cells determines the outcome of their exposure to IFNs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0099__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This context-dependent effect of type I IFNs is characteristic of their activity, which we will discuss in the next section."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Context-Specific Actions of Type I IFNs\nAn emerging principle in type I IFN biology is the realization that type I IFNs are part of a contextual language that can mean different things to different cells or even within the same cell depending on the presence of other cues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A simplified model that summarizes some of the contextual meanings of type I IFNs discussed above is depicted in Figure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A cell encountering type I IFNs in the absence of other cues will activate the classical antiviral state by upregulating expression of interferon-inducible genes (Figure 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These genes include nucleic acid sensors like RIG-I and MDA5; increased abundance of these sensors would make cells surrounding an infected cell more sensitive to detection of virus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Within an infected cell, type I IFN signaling can pair with cell-autonomous detection of viral nucleic acids (Figure 1B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is likely that these two pathways collaborate to distinguish an infected cell from its uninfected neighbors in at least two ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "First, these two pathways may synergize to activate cell-intrinsic apoptosis in infected cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Second, they may result in modulation of cell-surface ligands that instruct NK cells and CTLs to kill an infected cell that cannot commit apoptosis on its own."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0100__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Importantly, the type I IFNs in this case need not be autocrine and could be supplied in trans by pDC-derived systemic IFNs; however, cell-intrinsic nucleic acid recognition must be a prerequisite for apoptosis and modulation of NK and CTL ligands."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Paradoxically, in CD8+ T cells receiving appropriate T cell receptor and costimulatory signals, type I IFN signaling is essential for the massive expansion and differentiation of virus-specific effector CTLs (Figure 1C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A similar situation exists in NK cells, where type I IFN signaling collaborates with activating NK receptors to enhance NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is understandable that virus-specific CTLs would be placed under the control of cytokines that specifically announce the presence of virus."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "But what would happen if the CD8+ T cells were themselves infected? This model suggests that cell-intrinsic viral detection would revert infected CD8+ T cells to the state depicted in Figure 1B and implies that cell-intrinsic nucleic acid detection is dominant over activation and differentiation cues when paired with type I IFN signals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This cell-autonomous antiviral state would arrest the cell cycle, block host cell mRNA translation, and drive cells to commit apoptosis, thus preventing the unwanted scenario of infected cells increasing their numbers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0101__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Importantly, “bystander” activation of CD8+ T cells by type I IFNs in the absence of a TCR and costimulatory signal would revert them to a conventional antiviral state."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, type I IFN signaling in DCs, when paired with a TLR signal, would favor crosspresentation of antigens within the TLR-containing phagosome (Figure 1D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During crosspresentation, viral antigens from infected cells or viral particles engulfed by DCs access the MHC class I loading machinery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The fact that type I IFNs both facilitate this presentation of virus-derived peptides and also are essential for differentiation of the CD8+ T cells specific for these crosspresented antigens may provide a dual safeguard against inappropriate expansion of non-antigen-specific CTLs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is important clinical relevance to the contextual language of type I IFNs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, vaccines designed to combine a TLR signal with type I IFNs would likely have a different effect than vaccines that also activate a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, viruses are known to target both type I IFN receptor signaling as well as the signaling machinery that links cytosolic nucleic acid recognition to activation of type I IFNs [10][79]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on the pairing of these two pathways in infected cells, therapies that would restore both of these functions would be far more effective than those that restore either IFN signaling or nucleic acid detection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the case of hepatitis C virus, inhibition of the virus-encoded NS3/4A protease that cleaves and inactivates MAVS would reactivate both functions in infected cells [80][33]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0103__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As we continue to develop our knowledge of the different pathways that cooperate with type I IFNs to achieve diverse outcomes, we will be in a position to better understand the subtleties of this contextual language and use it for therapeutic benefit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusions and Perspectives\nSeveral years of remarkable progress have illuminated the many different points at which type I IFNs are integrated into host defense."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With this progress, a number of basic principles that govern type I IFN function have emerged."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Two general features unite the receptors that activate production of type I IFNs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "First, these receptors coordinate the immune response against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and probably cytosolic bacteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Second, nucleic acid recognition appears to underlie most of an organism’s ability to activate type I IFNs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We can say this with fair certainty for RNA virus detection based on the recent characterization of the RIG-I- and MDA5-signaling pathways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Whether the same principle holds true for recognition of DNA viruses and intracellular bacteria remains to be seen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0104__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "If true, then the source of type I IFNs that play a pathogenic role in many autoimmune settings must be an aberrant recognition of self nucleic acids by these sensors, a cost of this imperfect recognition strategy that detects pathogen components that are also present in the host (the role of type I IFNs in autoimmunity will be discussed in an accompanying review [8])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0105", "paragraph_index": 105, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0105__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sensors that activate type I IFNs probably have other important functions as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0105__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is certainly true for TLRs expressed by DCs, which are integrated into a number of key processes including antigen presentation (and crosspresentation) and inducible expression of other molecules that initiate the adaptive immune response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0105__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The cell-intrinsic cytosolic sensors might also have diverse functions beyond activation of type I interferons, including induction of apoptosis and modulation of ligands that flag infected cells for elimination by NK cells and CTLs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0105__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An important area of future research will be the precise elucidation of these IFN-independent functions and all of the signaling pathways activated by these receptors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3732", "paragraph_id": "triad_3732__response__p0106", "paragraph_index": 106, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0106__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, the pace of recent advances in our understanding of how type I IFNs operate in immunity suggests that major breakthroughs in vaccine development and clinical treatment of viral infections are more attainable now than ever before."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3732__response__p0106__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The discovery of many of the receptors that activate type I IFNs along with the details of antiviral signaling pathways provides a fertile new ground for development of strategies to enhance or intercept these responses in the event of pathogen infection or autoimmunity, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3732/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1993832002_W2005884645_W2169933147", "triad_name": "triad_3732", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3732__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indirect comparison and network meta-analysis (NMA) are standard approaches for producing pooled estimates of rela- tive treatment effects for multiple treatments from multiple randomized controlled trials, where the treatments of interest may not have all been compared in the same randomized controlled trial, but instead form a connected network of treat- ment comparisons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1-6 For example, we may have a scenario (illustrated in Figure 1) where trials of treatments A vs B and A vs C are available, but there are no trials comparing B vs C. An indirect comparison for the B vs C treatment effect can be obtained via the common comparator A. NMA is the generalization of indirect comparisons to more complex networks of treatment comparisons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Health technology assessments, such as those conducted by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom, require companies to submit evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of their treatment compared with other relevant treatments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indirect comparisons and NMA are routinely used as part of the health technology assessment process, since the available trial evidence may not necessarily include a single head-to-head study of all of the relevant treatment options, and is likely to instead consist of several studies each comparing a subset of treatments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) 12,13 and simulated treatment comparison (STC) 13,14 are popula- tion adjustment methods designed specifically for a two-study indirect comparison scenario."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this scenario there is a single IPD study comparing treatments A and B, and a single AgD study comparing treatments A and C (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MAIC is a weighting approach, and STC is based on regression adjustment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The relative effect of treat- ment B vs treatment A in the aggregate study population is predicted, based on weighting (for MAIC) or regression (for STC), and used to construct a population-adjusted indirect comparison with the aggregate relative effect of C vs A."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Multilevel network meta-regression (ML-NMR) is an extension of the NMA framework to incorporate both individual and aggregate data from a connected network formed by any number of studies and treatments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "15,16 In contrast to previous approaches based on NMA where mean covariate values are \"plugged in\" to an individual-level model for those studies with AgD, 17-21 ML-NMR instead integrates an individual-level model over the covariate distribution in each AgD study, thus avoiding aggregation bias when the model is nonlinear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Population adjustment methods are increasingly being used in health technology appraisal submissions and in the wider literature, 22-24 yet to date have largely only been investigated in limited simulation studies designed to demonstrate performance under ideal scenarios where they would be expected to perform well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ML-NMR, as the most recently pub- lished of the three methods, has yet to be examined in a simulation study."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this article, we aim to assess the performance of ML-NMR, MAIC, and STC population adjustment methods in a range of ideal and nonideal scenarios under various failures of assumptions using a simulation study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We base our simulations on the two-study setting presented in Figure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The simulation scenarios are designed to probe the underlying assumptions and properties of the methods, 22,23 and are motivated by recent reviews of technology appraisals submitted to the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom and of applications in the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "22,25 We begin in Section 2 by describing the methods of standard indirect comparison, MAIC, STC, and ML-NMR."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is followed in Section 3 by a motivating example of population adjustment applied to a network of plaque psoriasis treat- ments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Section 4 then provides an overview of the assumptions, properties, and issues often encountered in practical applications of population adjustment methods, based on recent methodological 22,23 and applied 22,25 reviews."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Motivated by the example and these reviews, we set out the simulation study design in Section 5, and report the results in Section 6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We conclude with a discussion in Section 7."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indirect comparisons follow the same general form, regardless of the method used to estimate them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a population P, the relative effect d BC(P ) of treatment C vs treatment B is determined from the difference in the relative effects of B and C against treatment A:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Differences between methods are due to how the relative effects d AB(P ) and d AC(P ) are estimated, and in which population."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Equation (1) describes an anchored indirect comparison, since the comparison is made via the common com- parator A. We focus on anchored indirect comparisons in this article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, it is also possible to produce unanchored comparisons, without reliance on a common comparator, under much stronger assumptions (see Section 4.1 and the discussion)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A standard indirect comparison, without any population adjustment, is performed following the Bucher method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 The relative effects are assumed to be constant across populations, so that the relative effect of B vs A in the population of the AB study is the same in the population of the AC study, d AB(AB) = d AB(AC) = d AB , and similarly for the C vs. A effect d AC(AB) = d AC(AC) = d AC , and the C vs B effect d BC(AB) = d BC(AC) = d BC ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The standard indirect comparison is then d BC =d AC −d AB (2a) with standard error s BC = √ s 2 AC + s 2 AB , (2b) whered AB andd AC are the relative effects estimated from the AB and AC studies respectively with standard errors s AB and s AC ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Standard indirect comparisons will be biased if there are differences between studies in the distribution of effect-modifying covariates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For STC, a regression model is fitted to the IPD in the AB study, with linear predictor g( ik(AB) ) = (AB) + x T ik(AB) 1 + (x T ik(AB) 2,B + B )I(k = B), (3) where g(⋅) is a suitable link function (eg, the logit function for logistic regression) transforming the expected outcome ik(AB) for individual i on treatment k in the AB study with covariate vector x ik(AB) , (AB) is the intercept, 1 are coefficients for prognostic variables, 2,B are coefficients for effect modifier interactions with treatment B, and B is the individual level effect of treatment B vs A at the reference level of the covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The predicted average treatment effect of B vs A in the AC population is then given byd AB(AC) = x T (AC)̂2,B +̂B, (4) where x (AC) is the vector of mean covariate values in the AC study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A population-adjusted indirect comparison between treatments B and C in the AC study population is then estimated aŝ d BC(AC) =d AC(AC) −d AB(AC) (5a) with standard error s BC(AC) = √ s 2 AC(AC) + s 2 AB(AC) , (5b) whered AC(AC) is the relative effect estimate from the AC study with standard error s AC(AC) , and s AB(AC) is the standard error ofd AB(AC) from the regression."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "STC produces estimates which are specific to the AC study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, making the shared effect modifier assumption (which is investigated in simulation scenario c, Section 6.3) means that the estimated C vs B relative effect is constant, d BC(AB) = d BC(AC) = d BC , and thus applicable in any target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "STC is designed with this two-study indirect comparison scenario in mind, and does not easily generalize to larger networks of studies or treatments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MAIC estimates weights w ik for each individual in the AB study, which match the moments of the reweighted covariate distributions to those in the AC study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12 Weights are estimated using the method of moments 12 or entropy balancing, 26-28 which have been shown to be equivalent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "29 Given the weights, the predicted mean outcomes on treatment k = A, B in the AC population are estimated by taking a weighted average of the outcomes y ik(AB) of the N k(AB) individuals on treatment k in the AB populationŷ k(AC) = ∑N k(AB) i=1 y ik(AB) w ik ∑N k(AB) i=1 w ik , (6) and the predicted average treatment effect of B vs A in the AC population is then given bŷ"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 3, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The population-adjusted indirect comparison between treatments B and C in the AC study population is again given by (5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Typically both the mean and variance of each continuous covariate are matched between the two study populations (only proportions are matched for discrete covariates), and the standard error s AB(AC) is estimated using either bootstrap- ping or robust sandwich estimators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "12,22 MAIC produces estimates which are specific to the AC study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Again however, making the shared effect modifier assumption means that the estimated C vs B relative effect is constant across populations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Like STC, MAIC is designed with this two-study indirect comparison scenario in mind, and does not easily generalize to larger networks of studies or treatments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ML-NMR extends the network meta-analysis framework to synthesize evidence from a connected network of studies where some studies provide IPD and some provide AgD. The general ML-NMR model is 16 Individual level:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Aggregate level:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Numerical integration may be used to evaluate the integral (8d) for the aggregate-level model."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The quasi-Monte Carlo integration approach described by Phillippo et al 15,16 is flexible, efficient, and widely applicable regardless of the model form or complexity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, this approach typically requires assumptions regarding the forms of the marginal distribu- tions and the covariate correlations in the AgD study or studies, as these are rarely reported in publications (Section 4.5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These assumptions are investigated in simulation scenarios g, h, and i (Section 6.6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Using ML-NMR, the population-adjusted average treatment effects in each study population P = AB, AC are given by d ab(P) = x T (P) ( 2,b − 2,a ) + b − a , (9) where a, b ∈ {A, B, C} and x (P) is the vector of covariate means in population P."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unlike MAIC or STC, ML-NMR extends naturally to larger networks: Equation (8) applies equally to networks with any number of treatments and any number of AgD or IPD studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, through Equation (9) we can produce population-adjusted treatment effects for any target population with given covariate values, not just the AgD AC study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Notably the ML-NMR model (8) reduces to standard AgD NMA when no covariates are included in the model, and reduces to IPD network meta-regression when IPD are available from every study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "16 We now demonstrate the application of MAIC, STC, and ML-NMR to a real example."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 2 displays the treat- ment network formed by four phase 3 trials comparing six treatments for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3, patients were randomized to receive placebo, etanercept (in UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 only), ixekizumab every 2 weeks (Q2W), or ixekizumab every 4 weeks (Q4W)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "30,31 In FIXTURE, patients were randomized to receive placebo, secukinumab 150 mg, secukinumab 300 mg, or etanercept."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "32 IPD were only avail- able from UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We analyze a binary outcome, success/failure to achieve 75% improvement on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scale (PASI 75) at 12 weeks, on the standardized mean dif- ference (SMD) scale (ie, using a probit link function)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Five clinically relevant covariates considered to be potential effect modifiers are available for individuals in the UNCOVER trials and as summary statistics from the FIXTURE trial, with some differences between studies in the distribution of these covariates: mean body surface area covered ranges from 26.0% to 34.4%; mean duration of psoriasis ranges from 16.5 to 19.6 years; the proportion of individuals having previous PBO ETN a b c F I G U R E 2 The UNCOVER 30,31 and FIXTURE 32 trials form a network of six treatments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Shading indicates comparisons made in: (a) UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3; (b) UNCOVER-1; (c) FIXTURE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The thick and thin lines represent availability of IPD and AgD on a comparison, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "ETN, etanercept; IXE, ixekizumab; PBO, placebo; SEC, secukinumab."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "IXE and SEC were each investigated with two different dosing regimens."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Reproduced from Phillippo et al 16 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "systemic treatment ranges from 57.1% to 71.3%; the proportion of individuals with psoriatic arthritis ranges from 14.7% to 26.3%; and mean weight ranges from 83.3 to 92.2 kg."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The within-study variation in each covariate is much greater than the variation between studies, with standard deviations between 16.5% and 18.9% for body surface area, 11.9 to 12.5 years for duration of psoriasis, and 20.8 to 23.8 kg for weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Full details are given by Phillippo et al. 16 MAIC has previously been used to estimate a population-adjusted indirect comparison between ixekizumab Q2W and secukinumab 300 mg (the approved dosages), adjusting for these baseline covariates, via the common etanercept arms in UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 and FIXTURE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "16,33 We also estimate this comparison using STC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, for both MAIC and STC, data from UNCOVER-1 could not be included as this study did not include an etanercept arm."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, comparisons made using MAIC and STC are valid only for the population of the study with AgD (here FIXTURE) unless the shared effect modifier assumption is made (Sections 2.2 and 2.3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 20, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [20, 1, 20], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using ML-NMR allows all of the available data to be incorporated and to produce population-adjusted indirect com- parisons between any pair of treatments in any chosen target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We use quasi-Monte Carlo numerical integration to implement the aggregate-level model, integrating the individual-level model (8b) over the covariate distribution in the FIXTURE trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "16 The forms of the marginal distributions for each covariate in the FIXTURE trial are chosen based on theoretical properties and on the observed distributions in the UNCOVER trials: weight and duration are given a Gamma distribution to account for skewness, and body surface area as a percentage is given a scaled logit-Normal distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Previous systemic treatment and psoriatic arthritis are binary covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Correlations between covariates in the FIXTURE study are assumed to match those observed in the UNCOVER trials since these are not reported, and are accounted for in the numerical integration using a Gaussian copula."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "16 We then fit a ML-NMR model to the PASI 75 outcomes, including interaction terms for the five potential effect modi- fiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We take a Bayesian approach implemented in Stan, 34 placing a noninformative N(0, 100 2 ) prior distribution on each parameter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "With only two AgD secukinumab treatment arms available, it is not possible to identify a model with five dis- tinct effect modifier interactions and a treatment effect for each secukinumab dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "However, since secukinumab and ixekizumab share modes of action as interleukin-17A blockers, we assume that the effect modifier interaction parame- ters are common between these treatments across all doses (the shared effect modifier assumption) to identify the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Four parallel chains were run for 2000 iterations each (the first 1000 iterations were discarded as warm-up)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Convergence was assessed using the potential scale reduction factorR, 35 and effective sample sizes and Monte Carlo standard errors guided the choice of number of iterations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "There were no divergent transitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Full details of the analysis are given by Phillippo et al. 16 The treatment contrast estimates for MAIC, STC, and ML-NMR are summarized in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "There are small differences in the estimated average treatment effects in each population, for example, etanercept appears slightly more effective relative to placebo in the FIXTURE study population than in the UNCOVER study populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Using MAIC, the com- parison between ixekizumab Q2W and secukinumab 300 mg in the FIXTURE population is estimated as a SMD of 0.28 (0.00, 0.56) in favor of ixekizumab Q2W; with STC, this comparison estimate is 0.25 (−0.02, 0.52); with ML-NMR, we estimate 0.34 (0.10, 0.58)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The standard indirect comparison estimate is 0.37 (0.12, 0.63)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "The point estimates are similar between the three population adjustment approaches, but ML-NMR has reduced uncertainty compared with MAIC and STC due to incorporating all available information from the studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Phillippo et al 16 also fitted a standard random effects NMA to this data, finding that ML-NMR also reduced uncertainty compared with the NMA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "For example, the random effects NMA estimate for the comparison between ixekizumab Q2W and secukinumab 300 mg was 0.45 (−0.02, 0.92)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Since the differences in effect modifiers between trials are small, the possible bias in a standard indirect comparison or TA B L E 1 ML-NMR estimated SMD contrasts and 95% credible intervals for each treatment against placebo, plus the contrast targeted MAIC and STC, in each study population This example raises a number of issues which we will investigate in the simulation study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "First, we made explicit assumptions regarding the joint covariate distribution in the FIXTURE study for ML-NMR, and MAIC and STC also make implicit assumptions about the joint covariate distribution (see Section 4.5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "The shared effect modifier assumption was required to identify the ML-NMR model, and is also necessary if the results of MAIC and STC are to be applicable to a target population other than the FIXTURE study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "While this assumption seems reasonable in this example since ixekizumab and secukinumab are in the same class of treatments, this may not always be the case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "For all three population adjustment methods we assume that all effect modifiers have been suitably adjusted for; however, there may be unobserved or omitted effect modifiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "Finally, while the differences in covariate distributions between study populations were relatively minor, in many cases there may be more substantial differences (see Section 4.7), which raises questions regarding sufficient between-study overlap and validity of extrapolation, particularly with continuous covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0022__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "We would like to investigate the potential impact of each of these assumptions, particularly as they are often unverifiable (although some validation may be possible in larger networks using ML-NMR, see Section 7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We now provide a more detailed overview of the assumptions, properties, and issues often encountered in practical applications of population adjustment methods, based on recent methodological 22,23 and applied 22,25 reviews."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Anchored indirect comparisons make use of a common comparator treatment to compare relative effects (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That is, in a population P, the relative effect d BC(P ) of treatment C vs treatment B is determined from the difference in the relative effects of B and C against treatment A following Equation (1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Standard indirect comparisons make the con- stancy of relative effects assumption, which requires that there are no differences in the distribution of any effect modifiers between studies, so that the relative effects in (1) are constant across study populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Anchored population adjust- ment methods relax this assumption to conditional constancy of relative effects, that is, all of the effect modifiers with respect to the chosen comparison scale (eg, log odds ratios) that are imbalanced between studies have been suitably adjusted for."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "22,23 Unanchored indirect comparisons may be performed when there is no common comparator between randomized controlled trials or if a comparison involves single arm studies, under much stronger assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "22,23 We focus on an anchored scenario in the simulation study (see Section 5.2), but expect the results and conclusions to apply widely to unanchored comparisons also."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We discuss this further in Section 7."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For anchored indirect comparisons, we are concerned with identifying and adjusting for effect-modifying covariates, so that the conditional constancy of relative effects assumption holds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Potential effect modifiers should be identified prior to analysis; 22,23 however, in practical applications there has often been no justification of effect modifier status, or any attempt to check for effect modifiers that are missing from the model (either omitted or unobserved)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22,25 In the plaque psoriasis example we adjusted for five covariates that had been selected in a previous analysis by expert opinion, 33 and assumed that relative effects were constant given these (Section 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We therefore assess the performance of the three population adjustment methods when all effect modifiers are accounted for and when there is a missing effect modifier, across all simulation scenarios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We also compare performance against a standard indirect comparison that makes no adjustment for effect modifiers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When considering noncollapsible measures of treatment effects such as odds ratios or hazard ratios, care must be taken to ensure that compatible estimates that have been adjusted in the same way are combined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is because, for such effect measures, adjustment for a covariate moves the treatment effect estimate away from the null and adjusted and unadjusted estimands do not typically coincide, even without interaction or effect modification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "36,37 Standard indirect comparison and MAIC typically combine unadjusted treatment effects (eg, crude log odds ratios)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, STC as commonly implemented 22 combines an adjusted treatment effect estimate (from the STC model) with an unadjusted esti- mate from the AC study, which may lead to bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "An adjusted estimate from the AC study may be used instead, but it is unlikely that this estimate has been adjusted in the same manner as the STC model, if an adjusted estimate is even available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "ML-NMR correctly combines adjusted and unadjusted effect measures at each level of the model, through the integration in Equation (8d)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Network meta-regression with full IPD (the \"gold-standard\" approach) combines adjusted treatment effects from each study, so we consider adjusted population-average treatment effects as the target estimands of interest in this simulation study (Section 5.3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0026__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We discuss this issue and the interpretation of our results further in Section 7."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 9, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When effect modification is present, relative effect estimates are population specific."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "What is required for health technol- ogy assessment are estimates in the population that represents the target population for making decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22 For MAIC and STC, the resulting population-adjusted estimates are valid in the population of the AC study-which is often not repre- sentative of the decision at hand, as found by the review of technology appraisals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "25 The shared effect modifier assumption is required to generalize the resulting relative effect estimate to other target populations, and means that the effect mod- ifiers of the active treatments are the same and interact with each treatment in the same way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "22,23 In the plaque psoriasis example (Section 3), this assumption was required for the MAIC and STC estimates to be applicable to a target popula- tion other than the FIXTURE study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This assumption may also be required to identify the ML-NMR model in smaller networks, as demonstrated in the plaque psoriasis example where effect modifier coefficients were shared between ixek- izumab and secukinumab."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "While this assumption seems reasonable in this example since ixekizumab and secukinumab are in the same class of treatments, this may not always be the case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We therefore investigate the impact of making this assumption when it does not hold."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Using ML-NMR in a larger network may allow this assumption to be assessed or relaxed; however, this is not possible using any of the approaches in the two-study scenario, where the assumption is unverifiable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0027__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "16"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The joint distribution of covariates is not typically published, instead only marginal covariate summaries are available (eg, mean and standard deviation for continuous covariates, proportions for categorical covariates)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, for ML-NMR the covariate joint distribution in the AgD studies is required in order to perform the integration step."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus when imple- menting ML-NMR, assumptions regarding the marginal distributional forms and the correlation structure are typically required to construct a joint distribution from the marginal summaries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "16 In the plaque psoriasis example, we used IPD from the UNCOVER studies to guide the choice of marginal distributional forms and to compute a correlation matrix, to construct a joint distribution for the FIXTURE study (Section 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is a potential limitation of ML-NMR, and we thus wish to assess the performance of ML-NMR when incorrect assumptions regarding the covariate joint distribution are made."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "MAIC and STC typically ignore the correlations between covariates 22,23 which may in turn affect the perfor- mance of these methods, for example, if correlations differ between studies, and we also assess this in the simulation study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In practical applications of population adjustment methods, sample sizes of the included studies are variable, ranging from several thousand down to less than a hundred participants."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22,25 We therefore assess performance of the methods at a range of sample sizes in this simulation study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An important property of population adjustment methods is that they require sufficient overlap between the population of the IPD study and the AgD study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22,23 As a weighting method MAIC cannot extrapolate, and thus requires that the AgD study population is contained within the IPD study population in order to effect an adjustment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, considerable reductions in effective sample size after weighting in MAIC are often seen in practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the two reviews of applications, the average reduction in effective sample size was 70% in technology appraisals 25 and 80% in the applied literature, 22 and in some cases was as high as 98%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This indicates that in many cases there may be poor overlap between the study populations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The issue of overlap is also related to the choice of covariates to include in the adjustment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the number of covariates increases the effective overlap between populations must decrease, a phenomenon that we observe later in the results of the simulation study (Section 6.1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To date, no simulation studies have investigated the performance of population adjustment methods as the level of overlap decreases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We therefore assess all methods at a range of levels of between-study overlap."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regression-based approaches such as STC and ML-NMR are not restricted to scenarios with sufficient overlap, but any resulting extrapolation requires an additional assumption about the validity of predictions beyond the range of the IPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We therefore also assess performance when extrapolation outside of the range of the IPD study is invalid."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This simulation study plan follows the ADEMP framework, 38 which breaks down the simulation study into five key elements: aims, data-generating mechanisms, estimands, methods, and performance measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The following sections are devoted to describing each of these elements in turn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The simulation study aims to assess the performance of ML-NMR, MAIC, and STC alongside standard indirect compari- son in a range of ideal and nonideal scenarios under various failures of assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The primary concerns are bias and efficiency of the estimators, along with coverage."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For this simulation study, we will consider a binary outcome, generated under a logit (log odds ratio) model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The basic data structure involves three treatments (A, B, C) investigated in two studies, AB and AC (Figure 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We will simulate two continuous covariates which modify the effect of treatments B and C. IPD are available for the AB study as a binary outcome and covariate information for each individual."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Only AgD are available for the AC study, given as an overall event count and summary covariate information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For the AC study, individual outcomes will be simulated and then aggregated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The underlying model is of the form y ijk ∼ Bern( ijk ) logit( ijk ) = j + q(x T ijk − m T j ) k + k x ijk ∼ j , where outcomes y ijk for individual i in study j receiving treatment k are generated from a Bernoulli distribution with individual event probability ijk ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We define an outcome model on the logit scale with study intercept j , covariate vector x ijk and coefficients k , and treatment effects k ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The covariates are generated following the joint distribution j ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The function q(⋅) defines a (potentially nonlinear) relationship between the covariates and outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Covariates are centered in the regression model against the mean in each study m j , so that the model coefficients are more easily interpreted as log odds and log odds ratios at the mean."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We set A = 0, B = −2, C = −1.5, AB = 1, AC = 1.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The values of k will be set depending on the scenarios set out below, but always A = 0 because A is the reference treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the AB trial, the two covariates will be generated with means m X 1 (AB) = 1 and m X 2 (AB) = 0.5, and standard devia- tions X 1 (AB) = 0.5 and X 2 (AB) = 0.1 (as either a Normal or Gamma covariate, see g and h below)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The distributions of the covariates in the AC trial are set to achieve the required overlap (see e below)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We shall consider varying the following parameters (where the reference levels for each parameter are bold and underlined below):"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "a. Overall sample size N in AB and AC trials (100, 500, 1000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We will use 1:1 randomization within each study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "b. Strength of effect modification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Modifying the treatment effect log odds ratio by 0.1, 0.5 per AB covariate SD, that is, k = 0.1 X(AB) or 0.5 X(AB) ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This corresponds to roughly ±10% and ±50% modification of treatment effects within ±2 SD of the mean covariate value m X(AB) in the AB study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "c. Shared effect modification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Effect modifier coefficients are shared ( B = C ) or not between treatments B and C. d. Strength of correlation between covariates in each study ( (AB) = (AC) = 0, 0.25, 0.5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "e. Between-study overlap."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Full overlap (AC contained entirely within AB), and 50%, 100% of AC population outside of AB."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Set using a proxy parameter (see below)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "f. Covariate-outcome relationship."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Linear, nonlinear beyond the range of the AB study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "g. Distribution of covariates in AB."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consider Normal covariates and Gamma covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "h. Distribution of covariates in AC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consider Normal covariates and Gamma covariates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "i. Correlation structures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Same in both studies ( (AB) = (AC) ), different in each study ( (AB) ≠ (AC) )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the purposes of computation time and reporting, we will not consider a full-factorial design of all possible data-generating mechanisms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instead, each parameter will be varied independently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we will consider a facto- rial examination of scenarios e and f (investigating validity of extrapolation), and of g, h, and i (investigating validity of assumptions regarding the joint covariate distribution in the AgD study)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F I G U R E 3 The function q(⋅) is approximately linear within the range of the AB study, but attenuates outside this range [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For scenario e, we wish to vary the overlap between the study populations, that is, the proportion of the AgD AC population lying within the IPD AB population (see Appendix A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We vary a proxy parameter , where approximately = 0 corresponds to no overlap, = 0.5 to 50% overlap, and = 1 to full overlap."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using , we then define the mean and standard deviation of each covariate in the AC population as"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "noting that these are set to differ from the AB population even when = 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For scenario f, the nonlinear relationship will be specified with a sigmoid function, parametrized so that y ≈ x within ±2 SD of the mean covariate value in the AB study, but then attenuating outside this range (Figure 3):"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The estimands of interest will be adjusted population-average relative effects between each treatment, as would be estimated by a \"gold standard\" correctly specified IPD network meta-regression, with target population:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Represented by the AC trial population, denoted d AB(AC) , d AC(AC) , d BC(AC) ;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Represented by the AB trial population, denoted d AB(AB) , d AC(AB) , d BC(AB) ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ML-NMR estimates all six of these relative effects (see Section 2.4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MAIC and STC only estimate d AB(AC) , d BC(AC) , and d BC(AB) (see Sections 2.3 and 2.2), and so we only report results for these relative effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For comparison, we report the same three relative effects for standard indirect comparison."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For MAIC, STC, and standard indirect comparison, d AB(AB) and d AC(AC) are taken to be the observed relative effects in the AB and AC studies respectively and are thus unchanged between these methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We compare ML-NMR, MAIC, STC, and standard indirect comparison, as described above in Section 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For ML-NMR, MAIC, and STC we will consider models with a full set of effect modifiers or missing one effect modifier."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For standard indirect comparison, no effect modifiers are adjusted for."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For MAIC, we match both the mean and variance of the covariates between the study populations and estimate the standard error s AB(AC) using bootstrapping."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22 For STC, we fit a logistic regression model to the IPD in the AB study, Covariate distributions and correlation structures 6.6 B.6 with linear predictor given by (3) and a logit link function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For both MAIC and STC, making the shared effect modifier assumption (which is investigated in scenario c, Section 6.3) means that the estimated B vs C relative effect is constant across populations, d BC(AB) = d BC(AC) = d BC ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For ML-NMR, we use a logit link function, a Bernoulli individual-level likelihood Ind ( ijk ) = Bern( ijk ), and a Bino- mial aggregate-level likelihood Agg ( •jk ) = Bin(N jk , •jk )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this two-study scenario, we require the shared effect modifier assumption to identify the model: we set 2,B = 2,C ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This assumption is investigated in scenario c (Section 6.3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We evalu- ate the integral (8d) for the aggregate-level model using quasi-Monte Carlo numerical integration, with a Gaussian copula to account for the correlations between covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the AgD study we only have marginal covariate information (here, means and standard deviations); therefore, the joint covariate distribution f (AC) (x) in the AgD study is assumed to have the same form of marginal distributions and covariate correlations as in the IPD study, an assumption that we investigate in scenarios g, h, and i (Section 6.6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We implement ML-NMR in a Bayesian framework using Stan. 34 We use vague N(0, 100 2 ) prior distributions for all parameters, and summarize uncertainty in the parameter estimates with standard errors and credible intervals from the posterior distribution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess the performance of each method, we compute the bias, empirical standard error, model standard error, and coverage probability in each simulation scenario."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Bias is the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the truth, estimated as the average difference between the repeated estimates and the truth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An unbiased estimator (bias of zero) is desirable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The empirical standard error is the true variability of the estimator, estimated as the observed standard error of the repeated estimates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The model standard error is the average standard error reported by a method over all repetitions (taken on the variance scale)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We thus desire both that the empirical standard error is small (the estimator is precise) and that the empirical standard error is well estimated by the model standard error (so that uncertainty is appropriately quantified)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0060__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The coverage probability is the probability that the confidence or credible intervals contain the true value, estimated as the proportion of repetitions with intervals that include the true value, which we wish to be at the nominal level (here 95%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The simulation study was run in R 3.4.1, 39 using the package simsalapar 40 to facilitate parallelization, error handling, and saving of results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each scenario was replicated 2000 times to achieve Monte Carlo standard errors (on the log odds ratio scale) below 0.035 for bias and 0.025 for empirical standard error, for all methods (other than a small number of scenarios for which MAIC was highly unstable)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Due to the size of simulation study, additional figures (including coverage plots) and tabulated summaries of results can be found in Appendix B. For reference, Table 2 summarizes the simulation scenarios and lists the corresponding results sections and appendices."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In scenario a, the sample sizes of the two studies were varied between 100, 500, and 1000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 4A shows the bias in the population-average contrast estimates for each method, adjusting for all effect modifiers, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To aid comparison between methods, the points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Figure 4B shows the corresponding empirical and model standard errors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Coverage zip plots 38 for the d BC(AC) contrast estimate are shown in Figure B1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0063__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Table B1 provides the results in tabular format."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We see that ML-NMR and STC are comparable in terms of both bias and standard error, largely eliminating the bias that the Bucher method (standard indirect comparison) incurs, with similar empirical standard errors that are well esti- mated by the model standard errors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the smallest sample size (100), the model standard errors slightly underestimate the empirical standard errors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some small bias remains in each of the estimates for ML-NMR and STC, and is most pro- nounced at the smallest sample size; this is likely due to the small sample bias inherent to logistic regression and the low average number of events on treatment B (13.6 from 50 individuals)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "41 As expected, ML-NMR produces more precise esti- mates (ie, with lower standard error) for contrasts between treatments where there is direct evidence than those based on indirect evidence (d AB(AB) and d AC(AC) are more precisely estimated than the remaining contrasts)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "ML-NMR and STC also perform similarly in terms of coverage, achieving nominal coverage for sample sizes 500 and 1000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Both methods display slight undercoverage at the smallest sample size (100), 90.6% (89.3, 91.8) for ML-NMR, and 93.6% (92.6, 94.7) for STC, perhaps due to increased small-sample bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0064__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The standard indirect comparison is always below nominal coverage, and coverage drops off severely with increasing sample size as a biased estimator is more precisely estimated (note the rightward skew to the zip, which agrees with Figure 4A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MAIC does not perform as well as ML-NMR or STC in this scenario."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The reference level of between-study overlap is set at 50%, but this means that any reweighting scheme such as MAIC cannot hope to eliminate the bias since extrapolation is not possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a result, MAIC provides a lesser bias reduction than ML-NMR and STC for sample sizes 500 and 100, and for the smallest sample size actually substantially increases the bias compared with a standard indirect comparison."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Empirical standard errors for MAIC are larger than for ML-NMR and STC, and the MAIC model standard error is only a good estimate at the largest sample size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For sample size 500, the MAIC model standard errors (derived through boot- strapping) are extremely unstable, as the weights are highly dependent on a small number of individuals, and were only successfully obtained 47% of the time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For sample size 100, estimation failed entirely 23% of the time, and no attempts to obtain model standard errors were successful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Coverage for sample size 500 is at the nominal value, despite remaining bias and unstable standard errors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0065__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "For sample size 1000, coverage of 90.7% (89.4, 91.9) is below the nominal value, as the standard errors have stabilized but the estimator remains biased."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When one of the two effect modifiers is not adjusted for, none of the methods are able to eliminate bias from the estimates (Figure 5A, also Table B2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ML-NMR and STC show slightly reduced standard errors compared with the models with the full set of effect modifiers (Figure 5B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Again, the empirical standard errors are well estimated by the model standard errors for the larger sample sizes, with a slight underestimation for the smallest sample size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MAIC has markedly reduced standard errors compared with adjustment for both effect modifiers, and the bootstrap model standard errors are now stable for the larger sample sizes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is because the overlap between studies is necessarily lower as the number of covariates increases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, MAIC is still unstable for the smallest sample size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Coverage of all three population adjustment methods begins to drop from the nominal level as sample size increases, down to around 92% for sample size 1000 (Figure B2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is due to the bias remaining in the estimates, as further evidenced by the rightward skew to the zip plots."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, coverage is still well above that of the standard indirect comparison, as bias is reduced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Similar results to Figure 5 are seen across the remaining scenarios when an effect modifier is missing; here onward, we discuss any notable differences in the main text and refer to Appendix B for figures and tabulated results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In scenario b, the strength of effect modification was varied from weak (0.1 change in log odds ratio per covariate standard deviation in the AB study) to strong (0.5 change in log odds ratio per covariate standard deviation in the AB study), and was the same for both treatments B and C (so the shared effect modifier assumption holds)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 6A shows the bias in the population-average contrast estimates for each method, adjusting for all effect modifiers, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 6B shows the corresponding empirical and model standard errors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "( See also Table B3.) Both F I G U R E 4 Bias, A, and standard errors, B, for the population-average contrast estimates for scenario a, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Each method (other than Bucher) adjusts for the full set of effect modifiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Sample size is varied between 100, 500, and 1000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0069__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F I G U R E 5 Bias, A, and standard errors, B, for the population-average contrast estimates for scenario a, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One of the two effect modifiers was not adjusted for."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Sample size is varied between 100, 500, and 1000."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ML-NMR and STC have successfully removed the bias from the standard indirect comparison, and display very similar standard errors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The standard errors are largely unaffected by the strength of the effect modification, although the model standard errors for ML-NMR and STC slightly underestimate the empirical standard errors when the effect modification is strong."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MAIC has also removed most of the bias, though some remains due to lack of overlap between the two studies, and appears to do better when the effect modification is stronger."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Empirical standard errors for MAIC are higher than for ML-NMR and STC, and again the bootstrap model standard errors are extremely unstable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Coverage for all three population adjustment methods is at the nominal level (Figure B3), although there is a small drop for ML-NMR and STC to 93.0% (91.9, 94.2) and 93.9% (92.9, 94.9) when the effect modification is stronger due to the slight underestimation of the standard error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Coverage for the standard indirect comparison drops to zero when the effect modification is strong, as the incurred bias is so large."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When one of the two effect modifiers is not adjusted for, all population adjustment methods fail to remove the bias (Figure B4a, also Table B4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As expected, the amount of bias remaining is larger when the missing effect modifier is stronger."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The standard errors of all population adjustment methods are reduced compared with adjustment for all effect modifiers, and again do not differ by the strength of effect modification (Figure B4b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The coverage for all population adjustment methods drops further when the missing effect modifier is stronger (Figure B5), due to the increased residual bias."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In scenario c the shared effect modifier assumption is broken, so that treatment B is subject to weak effect modification, while treatment C is subject to strong effect modification and vice versa."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We expect to see that all population adjustment methods are capable of producing unbiased estimates in the AC population, but that extrapolation into other populations is biased, and indeed this is what occurs (Figure 7A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Standard errors (Figure 7B) and coverage (Figure B6) are largely unchanged from scenario b (see also Table B5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Again, ML-NMR and STC show slight underestimation of the empirical standard error when there is strong effect modification, leading to a small drop in coverage down to around 93%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The increase in bias for a standard indirect comparison when treatment B is strongly modified compared with weakly modified (Figure 7A) is due to the focus on the AC population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since a standard indirect comparison does not adjust for population differences, the estimates of d AB , d AC , and d BC are the same regardless of population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, when the target of inference is a comparison in the AC population, the estimate of d AC(AC) is unbiased and bias in the estimate of d AB(AC) (and thus d BC(AC) ) is driven by the strength of effect modification of treatment B. If the target of inference was instead a comparison in the AB population, this pattern would be reversed (bias now being driven by the strength of effect modification of treatment C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A similar pattern, driven by the same mechanism, is observed in scenario b (see Figure 4A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When one of the two effect modifiers is not adjusted for, further bias is introduced into the estimates, in all target populations (Figure B7a, see also Table B6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This bias is generally larger for estimates involving extrapolation of treatment effects affected by strong unobserved effect modifiers, for example, d AC(AB) and d BC(AB) when C is strongly modified by a missing effect modifier."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Again, standard error is reduced when fewer effect modifiers are adjusted for (Figure B7b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Coverage for d BC(AC) is close to nominal level for all population adjustment methods when the missing effect modifier for B is weak as the incurred bias is small, but drops severely when the missing effect modifier for B is strong as the incurred bias is large (Figure B8)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In scenario d, the correlation between covariates is varied between 0, 0.25, and 0.5, and the correlation is the same in both study populations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 8A shows that ML-NMR and STC are unaffected by the correlation between covari- ates, achieving bias removal regardless of the correlation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Standard errors are similarly unaffected (Figure 8B), and coverage is at the nominal level (Figure B10)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table B7 shows the results in tabular format."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For MAIC, both bias and standard error are reduced as the correlation between covariates increases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is because, as the correlation increases, the effective number of covariates decreases and the overlap between study populations increases (Figure B9)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The sim- ulation parameter is only a proxy for overlap and does not account for correlation between covariates, so the true F I G U R E 6 Bias, A, and standard errors, B, for the population-average contrast estimates for scenario b, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Strength of effect modification is varied from weak (0.1 change in log odds ratio per covariate standard deviation in the AB study) to strong (0.5 change in log odds ratio per covariate standard deviation in the AB study)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Each method (other than Bucher) adjusts for the full set of effect modifiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0077__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F I G U R E 7 Bias, A, and standard error, B, for the population-average contrast estimates for scenario c, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each method (other than Bucher) adjusts for the full set of effect modifiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The shared effect modifier assumption is broken, so that treatment B is subject to weak effect modification, while treatment C is subject to strong effect modification and vice versa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] overlap changes with the correlation despite holding constant at 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Since MAIC cannot eliminate the bias, cover- age drops as the standard error decreases (as the correlation increases), down to 93.4% (92.3, 94.6) when the correlation is 0.5."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When one of the two effect modifiers is not adjusted for, all population adjustment methods produce biased esti- mates (Figure B11a, see also Table B8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as we expect, the amount of bias reduces as the correlation between the observed and missing effect modifiers increases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If we were to continue simulations with correlations tending closer to 1, the bias due to a missing effect modifier would disappear entirely."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Again, standard error is reduced when fewer effect modifiers are adjusted for (Figure B11b)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Coverage for all population adjustment methods was slightly below the nominal level (around 93%) due to the remaining bias (Figure B12)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In scenarios e and f, the between-study overlap and covariate-outcome relationship are varied jointly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The between-study overlap is varied between 0 (no overlap, all of AC population outside of the AB population), 0.5 (approximately 50% of AC outside of AB), and 1 (full overlap, all of AC within AB), and the covariate-outcome relationship is either linear or nonlinear (Equation (10))."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the covariate-outcome relationship is linear, both ML-NMR and STC produce unbiased estimates (Figure 9A, Table B9)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MAIC is unable to produce any estimates when there is no overlap between study populations, and remains biased when the overlap is 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Only when the study populations overlap completely does MAIC produce unbiased estimates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the covariate-outcome relationship is nonlinear, ML-NMR and STC (set to fit a linear relationship) are both biased when there is no overlap between the study populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There is no discernible bias when the overlap is 0.5 or 1, as Equation (10) behaves linearly within the range of the AB population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, prediction into another target population with a greater difference in covariate values from the AB and AC populations would still result in bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Again, MAIC cannot produce estimates when there is no overlap between study populations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Standard errors for all population adjustment methods decrease as the level of overlap increases (Figure 9B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Empirical standard errors are well estimated by model standard errors for ML-NMR and STC; however, MAIC only produced stable bootstrap model standard errors when the overlap was 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the population adjustment methods, nominal coverage is achieved when the covariate-outcome relationship is linear (Figure B13)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With a nonlinear relationship, coverage drops slightly to 93.0% (91.9, 94.2) for ML-NMR and to 93.4% (92.4, 94.5) when there is no overlap, but is unaffected at 0.5 and full overlap as there is no discernible bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MAIC achieves nominal coverage for 0.5 and full overlap."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When one of the two effect modifiers is not adjusted for, all population adjustment methods produce biased estimates (Figure B14a, Table B10)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As expected, the bias due to the missing effect modifier reduces as the overlap between studies increases, since the difference in the missing effect modifier between the study populations becomes smaller."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Due to this, coverage shows the opposite relationship with overlap, dropping as the overlap decreases (Figure B15)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Again, standard error is reduced when fewer effect modifiers are adjusted for (Figure B14b)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In scenarios g, h, and i, the covariate distributions and correlation structures in each study population are varied jointly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The covariate distributions are set to either Normal or Gamma in each of the study populations, and the correlation between covariates in the AC population was varied between 0, 0.25, and 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0086__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The correlation between covariates in the AB population was held constant at 0.25."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We are particularly interested in the performance of ML-NMR in this scenario, since ML-NMR makes the assumption that distributional form and correlation structure are the same in the AgD studies as in the IPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Scenarios g, h, and i break this assumption."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite this, ML-NMR is not seen to incur any bias when the distributional form and/or correlation structure are different in each population (Figure B16)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The empirical standard errors, and their estimation by the model standard errors, are also unaffected (Figure B17)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The bias and standard error of MAIC are slightly smaller when the covariates in the AB population are Gamma distributed compared to Normally distributed; however, this is due to the skew of the Gamma distribution slightly increasing the true overlap between the study populations (compare row 1 with F I G U R E 8 Bias, A, and standard errors, B, for the population-average contrast estimates for scenario d, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The correlation between covariates is varied between 0, 0.25, and 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Each method (other than Bucher) adjusts for the full set of effect modifiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0087__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "F I G U R E 9 Bias, A, and standard errors, B, the population-average contrast estimates for scenarios e and f, along with 95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each method (other than Bucher) adjusts for the full set of effect modifiers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The between-study overlap and covariate-outcome relationship are varied jointly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The points are colored by contrast, with lighter shades for the AB population and darker for the AC population [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] 3, and 2 with 4, in Figure B18)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nominal coverage is achieved by all population adjustment methods, regardless of the covariate distributions or correlation structure (Figure B19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0088__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "See Table B11 for a table of these results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once again, when one of the two effect modifiers is not adjusted for, all population adjustment methods produce biased estimates (Figure B20) but standard error is reduced (Figure B21)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Coverage is slightly reduced for all population adjustment methods, to around 94%, as a result of the bias (Figure B19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0089__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The results are tabulated in Table B12."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this simulation study, we have investigated the performance of ML-NMR in comparison with current population adjustment methods (MAIC and STC) in a wide range of scenarios, including varying sample sizes, strength of effect modification, overlap between studies, and joint covariate distributions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Scenarios were chosen to be realistic, reflecting the issues raised by the applied example and the findings of two recent reviews of applications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22,25 As well as validating the performance of the different methods when assumptions were met, we were particularly interested in how the meth- ods fared when assumptions were broken in realistic ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0090__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We investigated conditional constancy of relative effects (ie, no missing effect modifiers), the shared effect modifier assumption, validity of extrapolation beyond the IPD study popu- lation, and (for ML-NMR) correctly specifying the form of the marginal distributions and correlations between covariates in the AgD study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ML-NMR and STC performed very similarly throughout the simulation study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is to be expected, as the two meth- ods are both regression adjustment methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both methods were seen to perform well when the requisite assumptions were met, largely eliminating the bias incurred by a standard indirect comparison and estimating standard errors well."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "ML-NMR offers additional advantages over STC, including the ability to synthesize a larger network of treatments, and to produce estimates in any target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "ML-NMR makes explicit assumptions about the covariate distributions and correlation structure in the aggregate population in order to derive the aggregate likelihood through integration, typically that they are the same as in the IPD population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, the performance of ML-NMR was not found to be sensitive to this assumption (see scenarios g, h, and i, Section 6.6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0091__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "MAIC and STC typically ignore covariate correlations (Section 4.5), but the performance of these methods was also not seen to be sensitive to the implicit assumptions that this invokes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this simulation study, we focused on continuous covariates only."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the underlying assumptions made by each of the methods are unchanged whether covariates are discrete or continuous, and so we expect the conclusions of this simulation study to apply regardless of the type of covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Continuous covariates were chosen for this simulation study since issues with between-study overlap can arise in much less extreme situations with continuous covariates than with discrete covariates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the binary covariate case, issues only appear as the covariate proportions in the IPD study approach 0 or 1, at which point no methods will work (there is no information to estimate the interaction term for ML-NMR or STC, and no individuals to reweight for MAIC)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When covariate proportions are not close to 0 or 1 there can be no overlap issues-estimates may be imprecise if groups are small, but they should not be biased."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We would expect the performance of all methods with binary covariates to be similar to that seen in the full overlap scenario in this simulation study, except when proportions are close to 0 or 1 (when no methods will work)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0094__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This also aligns with the results of previous simulation studies based on binary covariates, 44,45 which have observed no bias with nonextreme covariate proportions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The continuous covariate scenario is of greater practical concern, as there is greater potential for methods to break down."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Practical applications often involve a mix of discrete and continuous covariates, as demonstrated in the plaque psoriasis example (Section 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0095__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As we have seen with continuous covariates bias can occur for MAIC even when the overlap is moderate, and ML-NMR and STC must be concerned with the validity of extrapolation (Section 6.5, scenarios e and f)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have not considered including correlations between covariates in the MAIC matching in this simulation study, as these are typically unavailable and we are unaware of any practical applications where this has been done (see Section 4.5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, it is possible to also match covariate correlations to the aggregate study in MAIC if these are known or perhaps imputed from the IPD study."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we did not find any notable impact of correlations on the performance of MAIC (or indeed ML-NMR or STC) in the scenarios considered, except through the impact on effective overlap (see scenarios d, g, h, and i, Sections 6.4 and 6.6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For this simulation study the estimands of interest are adjusted population-average treatment effects in a given study population, as would be estimated by a \"gold-standard\" IPD network meta-regression with a correctly specified regression model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Due to the noncollapsibility of the log odds ratio, these estimands differ from the unadjusted population-average treatment effects (ie, the unadjusted crude log odds ratios in each study population)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MAIC, as it is typically implemented (see Section 2.3), targets this latter estimand since unadjusted log odds ratios (after weighting) are combined."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0097__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This mis- match of estimands has the potential to introduce additional bias into our evaluation of MAIC; however, this does not seem to be the case in the scenarios considered here, as MAIC is seen to estimate an unbiased treatment effect when there is full overlap between study populations (Section 6.5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The typical implementation of STC which we have used 22 is flawed for noncollapsible effect measures since it combines an adjusted effect estimate (d AB(AC) from the STC model) with an unadjusted effect estimate (d AC(AC) from the AC trial)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We assessed this version of STC, since it seems to be the most prevalent in the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, a corrected version of STC combining two adjusted estimates requires that the aggregate AC study reports a d AC(AC) treatment effect estimate that has been adjusted in the same manner as the STC regression model, which seems unlikely to be available in practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our simulations did not show any noticeable bias for STC when the requisite assumptions were met, despite the flawed combination of estimands; however, other simulation studies have demonstrated bias for STC due to this issue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "45 Both MAIC and STC (and indeed standard indirect com- parisons and NMA) may incur bias if incompatible estimates are combined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "ML-NMR correctly combines adjusted and unadjusted effect measures at each level of the model through the integration in Equation (8d)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Furthermore, ML-NMR can produce estimates of any population-average quantity of interest, including unadjusted treatment effects, through integration over the corresponding covariate distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0098__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "16"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although MAIC and STC are designed with a two-study indirect comparison scenario in mind, it is commonplace for larger networks of treatments and studies to be available in practice (as demonstrated in the plaque psoriasis example, Section 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the review of applied literature, 73% of applications involved multiple IPD or AgD studies and/or addi- tional treatments, 22 and 56% of technology appraisals had larger networks present."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0099__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "25 ML-NMR extends naturally to larger networks of studies and treatments, as we describe in Section 2.4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0099__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While this simulation study focused on the two-study scenario for comparison with MAIC, STC, and standard indirect comparison, we expect the conclusions regard- ing ML-NMR to extend to larger networks since the underlying assumptions remain the same."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0099__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further research could explore the properties of ML-NMR in larger networks in more detail."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although ML-NMR offers the possibility to analyze larger networks of studies and treatments, with larger networks of evidence there is increased potential for heterogeneity and inconsistency-and also the possibility to check for such issues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When ML-NMR is used in larger networks, Phillippo et al 16 suggest performing standard checks for heterogeneity and inconsistency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0100__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "46 The presence of residual heterogeneity or inconsistency may indicate a failure of assumptions, such as unobserved effect modifiers or an invalid shared effect modifier assumption."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ML-NMR model described in Section 2.4 assumes that aggregate studies provide outcome data on each arm (eg, event counts or mean outcomes)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, this can be extended to incorporate contrast-based aggregate data (eg, log odds ratios or mean differences) by using a Normal likelihood for studies providing evidence as contrasts (multivariate Normal for multi-arm studies), with linear predictor given by Equation (9)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "15 This is analogous to the usual approach to handling contrast-based data in NMA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0101__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "6,47,48"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MAIC and STC require the shared effect modifier assumption in order to produce estimates outside of the AC study population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also made this assumption for ML-NMR to identify the model in the two-study scenario."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This assumption may be relaxed for ML-NMR in larger networks if sufficient data are available, but this is data-intensive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0102__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If additional information is available from aggregate studies such as reported regression coefficients or subgroup analyses, this can be used to aid estimation of a ML-NMR model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0103__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, if regression coefficients and their covariance matrix are reported then these may be used as an informative prior distribution, and factorial subgroup analyses may be incorporated through a simple extension of the numerical integration approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0103__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "15 However, further research is necessary to consider scenarios where regression coefficients are only univariate or reported without correlations, or where multiple univariate subgroup analyses are reported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, reporting bias may be introduced if \"significant\" regression coefficients or subgroup analyses are selectively reported, and care should be taken to only consider evidence from prespecified analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0105", "paragraph_index": 105, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0105__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Practical applications of population adjustment include a large majority of \"unanchored\" comparisons, involving single arm studies or where there is no common comparator."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0105__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22,25 In this case, the expected outcomes Y B(P ) and Y C(P ) on each treatment are compared directly"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 5, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106", "paragraph_index": 106, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Standard model fit and model comparison techniques may be employed for the ML-NMR model described in Section 2.4, such as the Deviance Information Criterion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "53 With more general individual-level likelihoods where the aggregate likelihood has no closed form (eg, for time-to-event data), alternative model comparison techniques are required, 15 and this is an area for further research."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we recommend that (at least for technology assess- ment purposes) applicable guidance on covariate selection is followed; that is, effect-modifying covariates should be prespecified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "22 As regression methods, ML-NMR and STC are able to extrapolate beyond the range of the IPD, producing estimates even when there is no overlap between study populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, when extrapolation occurs, estimates will only be unbiased if such extrapolation is valid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0106__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For example, in scenarios e and f (Section 6.5), ML-NMR and STC produced biased estimates when there was no overlap between populations and the true covariate-outcome relationship was nonlinear outside of the range of the IPD, but only a linear relationship was accounted for (Figure 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__original__p0107", "paragraph_index": 107, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0107__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Notably, all population adjustment methods are susceptible to bias (and as a result, undercoverage) when an effect modifier is missing from the adjustment, and thus the conditional constancy of relative effects assumption is invalid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0107__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This highlights the necessity of careful and considered selection of potential effect modifiers prior to analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0107__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22,23 When all effect modifiers have been identified and included in the adjustment model, ML-NMR and STC are both robust techniques for obtaining population-adjusted indirect comparisons."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__original__p0107__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "ML-NMR offers additional advantages over MAIC and STC, including extending naturally to incorporate larger networks of evidence and producing estimates in any target population of interest, 16 making this an attractive choice for population adjustment in a wide variety of scenarios."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2396__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 77, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [77, 77, 77], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108", "paragraph_index": 108, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this commentary, we highlight the importance of: (1) carefully considering and clarifying whether a marginal or conditional treatment effect is of interest in a population-adjusted indirect treatment comparison; and (2) developing distinct methodologies for estimating the different measures of effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The appropriateness of each methodology depends on the preferred target of inference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The extensive simulation study presented by Phillippo, Dias, Ades and Welton (PDAW) [1] is a timely and important addition to the evaluation of population adjustment methods for indirect treatment comparisons, a very relevant and current topic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The authors investigate the statistical performance of matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC), simulated treatment comparison (STC), and a novel method that they have recently proposed [2][3] named multilevel network meta-regression (ML-NMR), in an “anchored” scenario with a common comparator."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The use of these methods in health technology assessment (HTA), both in published literature and in submissions for reimbursement, and their acceptability by national HTA bodies, has increased across diverse therapeutic areas [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Their article is an important piece of scholarship because the performance of MAIC, STC and ML-NMR is assessed in a very wide range of settings, which reflect typical scenarios in health technology appraisals and include realistic “non-ideal” scenarios under several failures of assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The results of the simulation study are interesting, complement currently available guidance [5][6], and inform the circumstances under which population-adjusted indirect comparisons should be applied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "An important limitation of MAIC and STC is that they are only applicable to pairwise indirect comparisons, and not easily generalizable to larger network structures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This is due to the methods being developed in the context of a two-study scenario, often seen in HTA submissions, where there is one AB study with individual patient data (IPD) and another AC study with only published aggregate data (AgD)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In this very sparse network, indirect comparisons are vulnerable to bias induced by effect-modifier imbalances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In larger network structures, multiple pairwise MAICs or STCs do not necessarily generate a consistent set of relative effect estimates for all treatments because the indirect comparisons are made in the AgD study populations, due to the nature of these population adjustment methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "ML-NMR is a timely addition because it extends population adjustment methods to synthesize scenarios where larger networks are required, with the two-study scenario as a special case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The conclusions of the simulation study are that STC and ML-NMR are successful and robust in eliminating bias in the two-study scenario, provided the methods’ assumptions hold."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "On the other hand, MAIC appears to perform poorly in nearly all simulation scenarios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "In general, MAIC provides much smaller bias reduction than ML-NMR and STC, and remains biased in relatively favorable settings where we would expect MAIC to perform well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "Despite the merits of PDAW, we believe that further clarification of the treatment effect targeted by the simulation study, and of the estimands targeted by the different methods, is required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "This is related to the conflation of marginal and conditional (log) odds ratios and the non-collapsibility of this measure of effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Section 5.3 of PDAW states that the estimands of interest are “adjusted population-average relative effects between each treatment”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "There are two estimands of interest in the comparison of MAIC, STC and ML-NMR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Using the notation introduced by PDAW, these are: dAB(AC), the population-average treatment effect of B vs. A in the AC population, and dBC(AC) the population-average treatment effect of C vs. B in the AC population, implicitly assumed to be the target population if the shared effect modifier assumption is not made."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "For ease of exposition, we focus on the former."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "By population-average treatment effects, we believe that the authors refer to marginal treatment effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "That is, dAB(AC) represents the average difference in the outcome between two identical AC populations, except that in one population all subjects have received treatment B, while in the other population all subjects have received treatment A, in this case taking the difference on the log odds ratio scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "In health technology assessment, a marginal treatment effect is typically of interest when decision-making is made at the population level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "Because the goal is to evaluate the impact of a health technology on the target population for the decision problem, one is interested in the average effect, at the population level, of moving everyone in the target population from treatment A to B. Despite this, the target estimand specified by the data-generating mechanism in Section 5.2 of PDAW is, in fact, calibrated at a different hierarchical level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "This estimand is a conditional treatment effect, which has a different interpretation than the marginal or population-average treatment effect: a subject-specific interpretation at the individual level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "This is because the treatment effects (γk in Section 5.2 of PDAW) are coefficients of the logistic regression, conditional on the effects of the other covariates that have also been included in the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "That is, dAB(AC) would represent the average effect, at the unit level, of changing an individual’s treatment from B to A, i.e., the average treatment effect conditioned on the average combination of covariates in AC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "The (log) odds ratio is an effect measure that is not collapsible over covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0030", "sentence_n": 30, "text": "Therefore, the marginal and conditional effects may not coincide, even if there is covariate balance (i.e., independence between the covariates and treatment) and the absence of confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0031", "sentence_n": 31, "text": "This is because the covariate effects do not cancel out in the computation of the conditional log odds ratio, due to the non-linearity of the logit link function of the outcome model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0032", "sentence_n": 32, "text": "For other link functions, e.g. the identity or log links, the conditional treatment effect does not vary across covariate strata (because the covariate effects cancel out in the computation), and marginal and conditional treatment effects are equal in the absence of confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0033", "sentence_n": 33, "text": "Therefore, the article by PDAW assesses the performance of population adjustment methods for anchored indirect comparisons, when the target estimand, dAB(AC), is a conditional measure of effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0034", "sentence_n": 34, "text": "The article does not evaluate the performance of population adjustment methods, where the target estimand is a marginal or population-average treatment effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0035", "sentence_n": 35, "text": "As seen in the next section, the population adjustment methods considered in the simulation study target different estimand types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0036", "sentence_n": 36, "text": "This is an important issue that requires further discussion because the appropriateness of each method depends on the target estimand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0037", "sentence_n": 37, "text": "MAIC is a method based on propensity score weighting, where the estimate dAB(AC) targets a marginal log odds ratio, rather than a conditional log odds ratio."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0038", "sentence_n": 38, "text": "This is because the outcome model is a univariable weighted regression of outcome on treatment assignment, such that dAB(AC) is the fitted treatment coefficient of this weighted regression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0039", "sentence_n": 39, "text": "This coefficient estimates a relative effect between subjects that have the same distribution of covariates (corresponding to the AC population), assuming a reasonably large sample size and proper randomization in the AB trial, such that (chance) imbalances in baseline characteristics across treatment groups are insignificant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0040", "sentence_n": 40, "text": "Because the simulation study by PDAW targets a conditional treatment effect, the questions raised about the use of MAIC only apply in this context, where the method is biased due to a mismatch in estimands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0041", "sentence_n": 41, "text": "It is unsurprising that MAIC produces biased results, because it targets a marginal or population-average treatment effect, where the target estimand of the simulation study is a conditional or unit-specific treatment effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0042", "sentence_n": 42, "text": "These do not coincide because the measure of effect, the log odds ratio, is non-collapsible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0043", "sentence_n": 43, "text": "If the target of the simulation study is a marginal treatment effect, then we would expect MAIC to be unbiased under no failures of assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0044", "sentence_n": 44, "text": "In this case, MAIC should also produce unbiased estimates for dBC(AC) because it typically combines marginal treatment effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0045", "sentence_n": 45, "text": "Evaluating the performance of MAIC with respect to the other methods, where the target estimand is a marginal or population-average effect, would be informative and impactful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0046", "sentence_n": 46, "text": "True values of the marginal or population-average effects can be calculated by simulating a very large AgD population (sufficiently large to minimize sampling variability) and fitting a simple univariable regression of outcome on treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0047", "sentence_n": 47, "text": "The treatment coefficient of the regression represents the expected difference in the counterfactual outcomes on the log odds ratio scale if all members of the target population are under active treatment versus if all members of the population are under the common comparator."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0048", "sentence_n": 48, "text": "Under correct model specification, MAIC has produced unbiased estimates in recent simulation studies [7][8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0049", "sentence_n": 49, "text": "The authors argue that this is because the studies “were focused on binary covariates, where issues only arise when covariate proportions are close to zero or one in the IPD study” and “were not designed to vary the overlap of continuous covariates between studies, instead basing simulations on scenarios with good overlap”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0050", "sentence_n": 50, "text": "In our opinion, the difference in the performance of MAIC across simulation studies cannot be attributed solely to differences in overlap."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0051", "sentence_n": 51, "text": "As explained earlier, PDAW consider a sufficiently broad set of scenarios, and MAIC is biased even in relatively favorable conditions with reasonable numbers of “overlapping” subjects (effective sample sizes)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0052", "sentence_n": 52, "text": "Very recently, after submission and revision of the article by PDAW, we have updated one of the highlighted simulation studies [7] to include smaller sample sizes and to vary the overlap of continuous covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0053", "sentence_n": 53, "text": "The levels of overlap now correspond to percentage reductions in effective sample size that are representative of, and have been inspired by, applications of population adjustment in health technology appraisals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0054", "sentence_n": 54, "text": "Even though overlap issues can arise more easily with continuous than with binary covariates, MAIC remains unbiased under correct model specification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0055", "sentence_n": 55, "text": "The study features survival outcomes and a Cox proportional hazards model, which are likely less susceptible to small sample bias than the binary outcomes and logistic regression considered by PDAW."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0056", "sentence_n": 56, "text": "However, we believe that bias is not observed because the target estimand in the study, the indirect effect dBC(AC) (using the notation of PDAW), is a marginal treatment effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0057", "sentence_n": 57, "text": "While MAIC uses weighting for population adjustment, STC and ML-NMR are methods based on regression adjustment, which typically targets conditional estimation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0058", "sentence_n": 58, "text": "The estimate dAB(AC) targets a conditional treatment effect, because it is derived from a multivariable regression model containing as predictors both the treatment plus all effect modifiers and, potentially, prognostic variables considered for adjustment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0059", "sentence_n": 59, "text": "The treatment coefficient of the outcome model is adjusted, controlling for or holding constant all other covariate effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0060", "sentence_n": 60, "text": "Therefore, such relative effect has a conditional interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0061", "sentence_n": 61, "text": "Indeed, ML-NMR is a generalization of the “gold standard” correctly specified IPD network meta-regression, which also targets a conditional treatment effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0062", "sentence_n": 62, "text": "As a result, it is unsurprising that STC and ML-NMR are adequate estimators of the conditional log odds ratio and produce similar unbiased results where there are no failures in assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0063", "sentence_n": 63, "text": "Conversely, if the target estimand dAB(AC) was a marginal log odds ratio, we would expect STC and ML-NMR to be biased because these target conditional log odds ratios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0064", "sentence_n": 64, "text": "Unlike ML-NMR, STC has the additional issue of combining incompatible estimates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0065", "sentence_n": 65, "text": "As commonly implemented, STC combines a conditional treatment effect estimate dAB(AC) with a marginal treatment effect estimate dAC(AC) in Equation 5a of PDAW, dBC(AC) = dAC(AC) − dAB(AC)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0066", "sentence_n": 66, "text": "This is because marginal treatment effects are typically reported in the clinical trial setting, e.g. derived from the coefficient of a simple regression of the clinical outcome of interest on treatment assignment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0067", "sentence_n": 67, "text": "Clinical trial publications are increasingly reporting conditional or adjusted treatment effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0068", "sentence_n": 68, "text": "However, the reported conditional estimate for the AC study is unlikely to be compatible with the conditional effect estimate dAB(AC) because these will have been adjusted across different covariate sets and/or using different model specifications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0069", "sentence_n": 69, "text": "Because odds ratios are non-collapsible, conditional odds ratios differ across different sets of adjustment factors and model specifications, even if the covariates and treatment assignment are independent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0070", "sentence_n": 70, "text": "As mentioned by PDAW, adjusting for a greater number of covariates drives the estimated conditional treatment effect further away from the null, as these account for the some unexplained outcome heterogeneity if they are prognostic of outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0071", "sentence_n": 71, "text": "A conditional estimate from the AC study is only compatible if it is derived fitting the non-centered version of the model in Equation 3 of PDAW, g(θik(AC)) = μ(AC) + x⊤ik(AC)β1 + (x⊤ik(AC)β2,K + γC)1(k = C), including the same explanatory variables in the same manner, to the AC subject-level data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0072", "sentence_n": 72, "text": "Such data are unavailable and it is unlikely that the estimated treatment coefficient from this model is available in the clinical trial publication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0073", "sentence_n": 73, "text": "ML-NMR is not susceptible to the compatibility issues of STC, with compatible conditional effect measures being combined at each level of the model through the integration in Equation 8d of PDAW."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0074", "sentence_n": 74, "text": "Therefore, ML-NMR is the gold standard for estimating conditional treatment effects, as STC may produce bias if the target estimand is dBC(AC) and incompatible estimates are compared in Equation 5a of PDAW, as observed in a recent simulation study [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0075", "sentence_n": 75, "text": "In that study, the true marginal treatment effect has been set to zero by setting the true unit-level conditional treatment effects for all subjects to zero, implying a “null”-like simulation setup."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0076", "sentence_n": 76, "text": "As both the true marginal and conditional effects coincide by design, ML-NMR would likely produce unbiased estimates of dBC(AC) in that setup."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0077", "sentence_n": 77, "text": "We believe that this commentary is important because it highlights the importance of: (1) carefully considering and clarifying whether a marginal or conditional treatment effect is of interest in an indirect treatment comparison; and (2) developing distinct methodologies for estimating the different measures of effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0078", "sentence_n": 78, "text": "Then, the analyst can decide between each class of methodologies according to the preferred target of inference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0079", "sentence_n": 79, "text": "Any method is susceptible to bias if targeting the wrong measure of effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0080", "sentence_n": 80, "text": "Methods like MAIC are valid for population-based inference, but not “fit for purpose” when inference is at the individual level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0081", "sentence_n": 81, "text": "Similarly, methods like ML-NMR are valid for inference at the individual level, but not designed for population-based inference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0082", "sentence_n": 82, "text": "Note that, throughout this discussion, we have focused on non-collapsible measures of treatment effect, where marginal and conditional estimates may be very different and the conflation of these may lead to bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0083", "sentence_n": 83, "text": "Collapsibility does not hold for most measures of interest in population-adjusted indirect comparisons, such as (log) hazard ratios or (log) odds ratios in oncology applications, when investigating time-to-event or binary outcomes, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0084", "sentence_n": 84, "text": "Nevertheless, clarifying the target of inference is also crucial where the measure of effect is collapsible, in order to ensure adequate uncertainty quantification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0085", "sentence_n": 85, "text": "For instance, in a linear model with continuous outcomes, the treatment effect (mean difference) is collapsible, and the magnitudes of marginal and conditional effects coincide, on expectation, in the absence of confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0086", "sentence_n": 86, "text": "If one runs a simple regression of outcome on treatment assignment, the point estimate of the regression coefficient has both a conditional and a marginal interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0087", "sentence_n": 87, "text": "However, if one includes further covariates for adjustment, the magnitude of the residuals, residual variance and the standard error of the treatment coefficient are reduced because the covariates, if prognostic of outcome, absorb some outcome heterogeneity that was unexplained in the simple regression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0088", "sentence_n": 88, "text": "In this case, interpreting the treatment coefficient of the multivariable regression as a marginal treatment effect would lead to an underestimation of uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0089", "sentence_n": 89, "text": "In HTA, this means that uncertainty will be incorrectly propagated to the wider health economic model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0090", "sentence_n": 90, "text": "This is undesirable from the economic modeling point of view and has a negative impact on the “probabilistic sensitivity analysis”, the (often mandatory) process used to characterize the impact of the uncertainty in the model inputs on the decision-making process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0091", "sentence_n": 91, "text": "In HTA, when making inferences and policy decisions at the population level, marginal or population-average effect estimates are desirable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0092", "sentence_n": 92, "text": "Because the policy is to be uniformly applied to the target population, we want the treatment effect to be conditional on the entire population distribution of covariates, such that we marginalize over the individual-level covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0093", "sentence_n": 93, "text": "We are interested in a single marginal effect for a specific population, not in a conditional estimate, which is a subgroup-specific measure of effect, allowed to vary across a population at each possible combination of covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0094", "sentence_n": 94, "text": "This may be the case when making treatment decisions, involving solely clinical efficacy or effectiveness, or reimbursement decisions that also take into account cost considerations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0095", "sentence_n": 95, "text": "For treatment decisions, marginal effects may be of interest if deploying the treatment uniformly across the target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0096", "sentence_n": 96, "text": "In reimbursement decisions, marginal effect estimates should inform the mean treatment benefit across the population in a cost-effectiveness analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0097", "sentence_n": 97, "text": "Conversely, conditional treatment effect estimates are preferred for inference at the individual level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0098", "sentence_n": 98, "text": "These are clinically relevant as patient-centered evidence in a physician-patient context, where decision-making relates to the treatment benefit given the specific covariates of an individual patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0099", "sentence_n": 99, "text": "Because treatment effects may be heterogeneous across individuals, a finer resolution is of interest in precision or personalized medicine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0100", "sentence_n": 100, "text": "In the health decision sciences, conditional treatment effects would also be of interest for individual-level microsimulation models that simulate the impact of interventions or policies on individual trajectories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0101", "sentence_n": 101, "text": "An active area of discussion is whether the primary target of inference in randomized controlled trials should be a marginal or a conditional effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0102", "sentence_n": 102, "text": "When approving new treatments, regulators have traditionally focused on marginal estimates as population-level summaries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0103", "sentence_n": 103, "text": "Nevertheless, conditional effect estimates, adjusted for important prognostic covariates, are increasingly reported as the key analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0104", "sentence_n": 104, "text": "This is due to greater interpretability when applying the results of the trial to individual patients, improved efficiency and statistical power for hypothesis testing, and correcting for (chance) imbalances in baseline characteristics across treatment groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0105", "sentence_n": 105, "text": "The finding that MAIC has unstable model standard errors and high empirical standard errors under poor overlap between studies or small study sample sizes is an important one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0106", "sentence_n": 106, "text": "This suggests that the use of MAIC should be avoided when the weights are unstable and dependent on a small number of subjects, i.e., a small effective sample size, a situation that is fairly common in practical applications of MAIC, as evidenced by Phillippo et al. in a recent review [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0107", "sentence_n": 107, "text": "Poor precision and accuracy will be exacerbated in unanchored comparisons, which require accounting for all variables that are prognostic of outcome in order to remove bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0108", "sentence_n": 108, "text": "Almost invariably, the level of between-study overlap will decrease as a greater number of covariates are accounted for."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0109", "sentence_n": 109, "text": "MAIC is a weighting method that cannot extrapolate where the between-study overlap is insufficient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0110", "sentence_n": 110, "text": "However, regression adjustment approaches can extrapolate beyond the covariate space observed in the AB patient-level data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0111", "sentence_n": 111, "text": "Therefore, the development of a regression adjustment method for indirect comparisons that targets marginal treatment effects would be impactful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0112", "sentence_n": 112, "text": "Currently, to our knowledge, the only peer-reviewed population adjustment methodology that targets marginal effects for indirect treatment comparisons with limited subject-level data is MAIC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0113", "sentence_n": 113, "text": "MAIC explicitly targets dAB(AC), and care must be taken to ensure that dAC(AC) is also a marginal treatment effect, so that compatible estimates are combined in the indirect treatment comparison, and to avoid bias when the measure of effect is non-collapsible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0114", "sentence_n": 114, "text": "An important weakness of MAIC is that it is only applicable to pairwise indirect comparisons, and it is unclear how to generalize the method for application in larger network structures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0115", "sentence_n": 115, "text": "Therefore, a research priority is to extend MAIC, or to adapt ML-NMR, so that marginal treatment effects can be estimated in scenarios where larger networks are required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0116", "sentence_n": 116, "text": "Alternatively, the decision-maker could specify a target population for a specific disease area and clinical outcome, and all manufacturers could conduct their indirect comparisons in the target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__critique__p0108__s0117", "sentence_n": 117, "text": "Note that larger networks will be less vulnerable to bias induced by imbalances in effect modifiers, as the heterogeneity “averages out” across the network, and the consistency assumption of network meta-analysis can be relaxed using random effects models."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2396__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0109", "paragraph_index": 109, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0109__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Remiro-Azócar, Heath, and Baio (R-AHB) for their letter to the editor [1], in response to our recent article presenting a simulation study comparing the performance of methods for population-adjusted indirect comparison [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0109__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "R-AHB discuss the important issue of target estimands with noncollapsible effect measures, expanding upon the discussion in sections 4.3 and 7 of our article [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0109__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "R-AHB distinguish between marginal and conditional treatment effect estimates and explain that matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) targets marginal effects whereas simulated treatment comparison (STC) and multilevel network meta-regression (ML-NMR) target conditional treatment effects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0109__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They conclude that “methods like MAIC are valid for population-based inference, but not “fit for purpose” when inference is at the individual level, whereas methods like ML-NMR are valid for inference at the individual level, but not designed for population-based inference.” Furthermore, they assert that marginal treatment effect estimates are necessary for population-based inference as required for decision-making in Health Technology Assessment (HTA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0110", "paragraph_index": 110, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0110__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We welcome and encourage debate of these issues, which—despite much discussion in the literature on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [3-6] and observational epidemiology [7-9]—have largely been overlooked in the literature on population adjustment and meta-analysis to date."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0110__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, whilst we agree with R-AHB that population-based inference is required for HTA, we disagree that methods like ML-NMR are not appropriate to obtain population-average estimates for HTA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0110__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this response, we further clarify the use of conditional estimates to inform population-average treatment effects and why we believe these are appropriate target estimands for decision making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0110__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also correct some important inaccuracies in R-AHB’s letter regarding the characterization of the methods (in particular ML-NMR) and interpretation of our simulation study results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0111", "paragraph_index": 111, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0111__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Healthcare decision making requires estimates of average relative treatment effects between each treatment of interest in the decision target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0111__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ideally, such estimates would be provided by a well-designed, representative RCT comparing all treatments of interest in the decision target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0111__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To help solidify ideas and define terminology, let us first consider the analysis of this ideal RCT."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0112", "paragraph_index": 112, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0112__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The simplest analysis of this ideal RCT is an unadjusted analysis (eg, ANOVA or regression including only the main effect of treatment)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0112__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, this is not the most efficient approach."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0112__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Instead, it is recommended practice to include prespecified prognostic factors in the analysis model (eg, ANCOVA or regression including main effects of covariates) [3-6,10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0112__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The adjusted analysis is more powerful and more efficient because some of the additional variation in the outcome not due to treatment has been conditioned on the covariates [3-6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0113", "paragraph_index": 113, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0113__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The unadjusted analysis results in marginal treatment effect estimates, whereas the adjusted analysis results in conditional treatment effect estimates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0113__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since only main effects of covariates and no interactions with treatment have been included in the adjusted analysis, the conditional treatment effects apply over the entire study population; they do not vary by covariate values and are not subgroup-specific."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0113__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, they can be considered population-average conditional treatment effects, and can be used to make treatment decisions for the entire population represented by this ideal RCT."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0114", "paragraph_index": 114, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0114__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When working with noncollapsible effect measures such as odds ratios or hazard ratios, conditional and marginal treatment effects do not in general coincide; conditional effects will lie further from the null [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0114__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We should also be clear that the everyday usage of “conditional” to mean “depends upon” is misleading here: indeed, marginal estimates are more strongly dependent on the population than these conditional estimates, because the marginal estimates are affected by differences in all prognostic factors (observed and unobserved) whereas the conditional estimates will not be affected by differences in observed prognostic factors [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0115", "paragraph_index": 115, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0115__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R-AHB are correct that other types of conditional effects depend on specified covariate values when treatment-covariate interactions have been included in the analysis, and are then appropriate for decision-making for individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0115__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To avoid further confusion, we refer to these conditional effects from analyses including interactions as individual-level conditional treatment effects, and refer to conditional effects from analyses without interactions as population-average conditional treatment effects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0115__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, R-AHB conflate these individual-level and population-average conditional treatment effects, which have different interpretations and different uses for decision making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0115__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ML-NMR model is parameterized in terms of individual-level conditional treatment effects, since treatment-covariate interactions are included in the analysis model in order to adjust for differences in effect modifiers between studies (population adjustment)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0115__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, ML-NMR can still produce estimates of marginal and conditional population-average treatment effects by integration over the covariate joint distribution in the target population, as we have described previously [2,12] and reiterate in the following section."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0116", "paragraph_index": 116, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0116__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both marginal and population-average conditional estimands reflect a “population-average treatment effect” as both apply to the entire population and are averaged over the distribution of covariates in the population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0116__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The marginal estimand reflects the average treatment effect over individuals in the target population without any knowledge of the distribution of prognostic covariates in the sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0116__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The population-average conditional estimand reflects the average treatment effect over individuals in the target population accounting for the distribution of prognostic covariates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0117", "paragraph_index": 117, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0117__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We consider that the population-average conditional treatment effect is the most appropriate target estimand for decision makers, primarily because it reflects the recommended analysis that would be undertaken in the ideal evidence scenario described above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0117__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Decision makers typically have a well-defined target population in mind, however, the marginal estimand does not make full use of this information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0117__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The population-average conditional estimand is more efficient because it accounts for the known distribution of prognostic factors in the target population [3-6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0118", "paragraph_index": 118, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0118__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the ML-NMR model is parameterized on individual-level conditional treatment effects on a given linear predictor scale, ML-NMR can produce population average estimates for a range of quantities of interest in a target population through appropriate use of integration, as described in section 2.5 of Phillippo et al. [ 12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0119", "paragraph_index": 119, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0119__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the quantities of interest are population-average conditional treatments effects dab(P) between treatments b and a in population P, integration simplifies to plugging in mean covariate values x(P) in the target population since these are defined on the linear predictor scale, as given in equation (9) of our article [2]:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0120", "paragraph_index": 120, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0120__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "( dab(P) = ∫𝔛 = xT (P) 𝜇(P) + xT ( 𝜷 2,b − 𝜷 1 + 𝜷 ) + 𝛾b − 𝛾a, 2,a ) 2,b ) + 𝛾b f(P)(x)dx − ∫𝔛 ( 𝜇(P) + xT ( 𝜷 1 + 𝜷 2,a ) ) + 𝛾a f(P)(x)dx (1)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0121", "paragraph_index": 121, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0121__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where 𝜷 2,b and 𝜷 2,a are coefficients for effect modifier interactions, and 𝛾b and 𝛾a are individual-level treatment effects at the reference level of the covariates x = 0."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0121__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "𝜷 1 are coefficients for prognostic (main) effects of covariates, 𝜇(P) is a distribution for baseline response in population P, f (P)(⋅) is the joint covariate distribution in population P with support 𝔛. This does not mean that the resulting estimate is only appropriate for individuals with the mean covariate values, as suggested by R-AHB."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0121__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It just happens that the population-average conditional treatment effect estimate on the linear predictor scale is equivalent to that for individuals with the mean covariate values."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0122", "paragraph_index": 122, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0122__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Health economic models typically require population-average absolute effects, such as average event probabilities pk(P) on treatment k, which can be produced following Phillippo et al. [ 12] and using the notation in our article [2] as"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0123", "paragraph_index": 123, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0123__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "pk(P) = ∫𝔛 g−1 ( 𝜇(P) + xT ( 𝜷 1 + 𝜷 2,k ) ) + 𝛾k f(P)(x)dx, (2)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0124", "paragraph_index": 124, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0124__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where g(⋅) is a suitable link function (eg, logit)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0125", "paragraph_index": 125, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0125__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Contrary to the assertion of R-AHB that ML-NMR cannot produce marginal population-average treatment effect estimates, ML-NMR can indeed estimate the marginal population-average treatment effect Δab(P) between treatments b and a in population P, simply by working with the population-average absolute effects from (2):"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0126", "paragraph_index": 126, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0126__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Δab(P) = g(pb(P)) − g(pa(P))."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0126__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "( 3)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0127", "paragraph_index": 127, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0127__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Estimates of other summaries of marginal population-average treatment effects such as risk differences or relative risks can be produced by similar manipulation of pb(P) and pa(P)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0127__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Again, we note that dab(P), pk(P), and Δab(P) are not subgroup-specific but apply over the entire target population P, since all covariates (including effect modifiers) have been integrated over."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128", "paragraph_index": 128, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MAIC directly targets the marginal population-average treatment effect, and cannot estimate the (more efficient) population-average conditional treatment effect unless suitable adjusted estimates are available from the AgD study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As described by both R-AHB and ourselves [2], STC in typical usage estimates neither the marginal or conditional population-average treatment effect and will be biased for either estimand, because in typical use"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "STC combines conditional and marginal effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, Equations (2) and (3) make it clear that marginal population-average relative effects depend not only on the distribution of effect modifiers, but also on the distribution of all prognostic variables and the population baseline risk."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, the marginal population-average treatment effects Δab(P) depend more strongly on the population of interest than the population-average conditional treatment effects dab(P), and are less generalizable/transportable as a result [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0128__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is an additional concern for MAIC and STC, which produce marginal treatment effect estimates specific to the aggregate study population in a population-adjusted indirect comparison, and may not be representative of the decision target population in either prognostic factors or effect modifiers [13,14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0129", "paragraph_index": 129, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0129__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As we have argued above, population-average conditional treatment effects are appropriate target estimands for efficient decision making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0129__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our simulation study [2] is therefore designed to evaluate the performance of the methods against the population-average conditional treatment effects dab(P)—not the individual-level conditional treatment effects 𝛾k as R-AHB claim."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130", "paragraph_index": 130, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R-AHB suppose that much of the observed bias for MAIC in our simulation study is due to evaluating its performance against the wrong estimand, since MAIC targets the marginal population-average treatment effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, standard unadjusted Bucher indirect comparisons also target marginal estimands, and yet MAIC manages to substantially increase the bias compared with these in some scenarios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, we would expect STC to perform poorly for the same reasons, since it mixes conditional and marginal estimates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, in our simulations STC performed well and was seen to be unbiased when the requisite assumptions were met."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Intuitively, therefore, our simulation scenarios must be such that the differences between marginal and population-average conditional estimands are small."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More formally, we can investigate this claim using the formula of Matthews and Badi [15] for the ratio between the conditional and marginal estimands, which depends on the strength of the covariate effect and the variance within the population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Using this result, we determine that—even in the worst cases—the difference between marginal and population-average conditional estimands in the scenarios we investigated is less than 0.5%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0130__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Therefore, the performance issues demonstrated for MAIC are not due to any meaningful difference in estimands, but are due to the fundamental inability of MAIC to extrapolate and the resulting bias and instability as population overlap decreases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0131", "paragraph_index": 131, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0131__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R-AHB contrast our results against a simulation study of their own [16], which shows that MAIC can remain unbiased (for the marginal estimand) even with only moderate overlap between populations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0131__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The observed difference in performance is due to R-AHB considering only matching covariate means across populations, whereas we consider matching both means and variances (first and second moments) which is a common approach [14] and follows the original description of the method [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0131__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The results of R-AHB suggest that matching on covariate means only might be less sensitive to reduced population overlap and may be able to tolerate lower levels of overlap before issues arise, since this is a much less exacting requirement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0131__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This has also been observed in other simulation studies [18,19]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0131__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the question of when, if at all, it is preferable or necessary to match higher moments between populations for MAIC remains an interesting area for further theoretical research and simulation studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132", "paragraph_index": 132, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We welcome the much-needed discussion of target estimands in the letter from R-AHB, which has largely been overlooked in the population adjustment literature to date."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We hope that our response has served to further clarify the issues surrounding estimands for noncollapsible effect measures."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here, we have argued the case for considering population-average conditional treatment effects as appropriate targets for efficient decision making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In their letter, R-AHB state that “methods like ML-NMR are valid for inference at the individual level, but are not designed for population-based inference.” However, we have demonstrated that this is not the case: ML-NMR can indeed support inference at the individual level, but can also provide estimates of both marginal and conditional population-average treatment effects, as well as the population-average absolute effects typically required for health economic modeling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, ML-NMR is likely to be a more efficient approach than MAIC even when targeting marginal population-average treatment effects, since regression adjustment is typically more efficient than weighting [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0132__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We have shown that the results of our simulation study, including the poor performance of MAIC in many scenarios, are not an artifact of noncollapsibility and incompatible estimands, and are pertinent regardless of whether population-average conditional or marginal estimands are of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2396", "paragraph_id": "triad_2396__response__p0133", "paragraph_index": 133, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0133__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "R-AHB refer to ML-NMR as the “gold standard” for estimating conditional population-adjusted treatment effects from mixtures of IPD and AgD, and suggest further work extending ML-NMR to estimate marginal population-adjusted as a research priority."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0133__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as we have described above, ML-NMR can be used to obtain marginal population-adjusted treatment effects, and we would suggest therefore that ML-NMR may also be considered the “gold standard” for estimating marginal population-average treatment effects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2396__response__p0133__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analysts and decision makers should carefully consider which target estimand is most appropriate to their needs and, as we have argued, population-average conditional treatment effects as targeted by a hypothetical “ideal RCT” may be a more efficient choice than marginal estimands which do not account for known population characteristics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2396/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3086843780_W3105768632_W3111551588", "triad_name": "triad_2396", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2396__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is estimated that 16.6% of Americans will experience a major depressive episode at some point in their lifetimes (1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Depression is associated with functional impairment (2), cognitive impairment (3), poor quality of life (4), and in- creased risks of coronary heart disease (5) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (6)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Persons who are depressed also are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol (7) and to commit suicide (8)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Considering the high prevalence and debilitating effects of depression, as well as the challenges in providing effective treatment to depressed individuals, it is critical to identify modifiable risk factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because more than two-thirds of American adults (68.0%) are overweight or obese (9), re- searchers have begun to question whether being overweight or obese might be 1 such risk factor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous research in this area has yielded unclear conclu- sions (10)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Much of the research has been cross-sectional (10, 11), making it impossible to determine whether overweight/ obesity causes depression or vice versa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In terms of prospec- tive studies, some researchers have investigated whether de- pression precedes obesity (12, 13) (often hypothesizing that depressed persons gain weight because they eat more and move less than their healthy peers), whereas others have inves- tigated whether obesity precedes depression."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent meta- analysis, Luppino et al. ( 13) found significant associations in both directions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 9 prospective studies that examined the po- tential effects of depression on obesity, the pooled odds ratio was 1.58, whereas in 8 prospective studies that examined the relationship in the other direction (the potential effects of obe- sity on depression), the pooled odds ratio was 1.55."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, most studies have not considered the relation- ships between percentage of body fat or level of abdominal obesity (i.e., waist circumference) and depression but rather have relied solely on body mass index (BMI) to categorize levels of overweight/obesity (10, 13)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fat tissue, particularly visceral abdominal fat tissue, is closely associated with meta- bolic health status (14, 15), and thus use of these measures might provide a clearer picture of which aspects of obesity (i.e., the extra weight itself or the common metabolic comorbid conditions) are most threatening to mental health."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most pro- spective studies also have not adequately considered physical activity level or cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (10), both of which might be protective against the development of depres- sive symptoms (16, 17)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous longitudinal analyses of data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) showed that higher CRF level was associated with a lower incidence of elevated depressive symptoms (16) and that greater odds of incident depression complaints resulted from greater declines in CRF in late middle age (18)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the present article, we build on these previous findings (16, 18) by examining the indepen- dent and combined associations of overweight/obesity and CRF with the development of elevated depressive symptoms in the ACLS."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ACLS is an open cohort study in which participants enter and undergo health examinations at the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, Texas) at different time points and complete periodic follow-up health surveys by mail (19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Participants are pri- marily self-referred or sent by their employer for preventive medical examinations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Eligible participants for this particular study included men and women 20-100 years of age who had a baseline health examination between 1979 and 1998 (n = 35,392) and who returned at least 1 mail-back health survey in 1990, 1995, or 1999 (19,521 were excluded because they did not return any surveys)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If individuals returned multiple surveys, only their first survey response was used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Participants were excluded if they did not achieve at least 85% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate during treadmill fitness testing (n = 391) or if they had cardiovascular disease, cancer, or ab- normal resting or exercise electrocardiogram results at baseline (n = 1,602)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Individuals also were excluded if they had any previously diagnosed mental disorder, such as de- pression or anxiety, or if they had a nervous disorder, had thoughts of suicide, or had undergone psychiatric counsel- ing in the past (n = 1,279)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This mental health information was gathered using the standardized Cooper Clinic medical history questionnaire, which included the question, \"Please indicate whether you have ever had a significant problem with any of the symptoms or conditions listed below (yes/ no).\" Final analyses included 12,599 adults who met the above criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All subjects provided written informed con- sent to participate in the ACLS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0008__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The Cooper Institute's in- stitutional review board approved the ACLS protocol each year."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Trained clinical personnel conducted all baseline examina- tions according to the Cooper Clinic's standardized manual of operations (19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Participants provided demographic infor- mation, personal and family health histories, and information on personal health habits (e.g., alcohol intake, smoking habits, physical activity level) via standardized Cooper Clinic questionnaires."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Clinical personnel collected height and weight measure- ments with participants wearing light-weight clothing and no shoes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "BMI was then calculated as weight in kilograms di- vided by height in meters squared."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Waist circumference was measured at the level of the umbilicus with a plastic tape mea- sure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Percentage of body fat was assessed using hydrostatic weighing, the sum of 7 skinfold measurements, or both mea- surements following standardized protocols."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Standard clinical definitions were used for BMI (overweight: 25.0-29.9; obese: ≥30), waist circumference (for women, abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference >88.0 cm; for men, it was >102.0 cm), and percentage of body fat (for women, obesity was defined as a percentage ≥30%; for men, it was ≥25%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Maximal exercise treadmill testing was used to determine CRF (20)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "CRF was defined as total symptom-limited time on the treadmill, with the test endpoint being volitional exhaus- tion or termination by a supervising physician."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our primary analyses, CRF level was grouped using quintiles of the sex- specific distribution of maximal exercise duration in the over- all ACLS population (21)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants were asked to complete the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) ques- tionnaire as part of a mail-back survey in 1990 (n = 6,657 par- ticipants), 1995 (n = 6,475), or 1999 (n = 7,579) (22, 23)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The aggregate survey response rate was approximately 65% (16, 21)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonresponse bias is a concern in epidemiologic surveillance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This issue has been investigated in the ACLS previously (24)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Baseline health histories and clinical measures were similar between responders and nonresponders and between early and late responders (24)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A score of 8 or higher indicated the presence of elevated symptoms (which corresponds to a cut- point of 16 on the 20-item CES-D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This measure has been shown to be reliable and valid (22, 23, 25), and a cutpoint of 8 has been used in multiple previous studies (26, 27)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All analyses were sex-specific."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Separate logistic regressions tested the associations between each measure of overweight/ obesity and the onset of elevated depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To account for differences in survey response patterns among study participants and for the possibility that Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/181/5/311/195235 by McGill University School of Law user on 16 May 2024 external events might have differentially affected responses to the CES-D during the 3 survey periods, dummy variables were created to indicate whether the outcome measurement was from 1990, 1995, or 1999."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Covariates in model 1 included age and baseline examination year; covariates in model 2 included those in model 1 plus survey response year (1990, 1995, or 1999), current smoking (yes or no), heavy alcohol intake (for men, >14 vs. ≤14 drinks per week; for women, >7 vs. ≤7 drinks per week), physical activity level (active or sedentary), and personal history of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercho- lesterolemia; and covariates in model 3 included those in mod- els 1 and 2 plus CRF (maximal treadmill time)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Models were repeated using CRF as the predictor variable, substituting per- centage of body fat for CRF as a covariate in the full model (model 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additional logistic regression analyses were used to determine the joint association of CRF and overweight/ obesity with onset of depressive symptoms (separate interaction analyses were run for each fatness measure)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In the joint analy- ses, CRF was grouped into a binary variable of unfit (quintile 1, the lowest 20%) and fit (quintiles 2-5, the remaining 80%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Although no consensus clinical definition of unfit currently ex- ists, the approach we used for defining unfit is a standardized method in the ACLS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Previous reports from the ACLS have shown that unfit by this definition is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality (21, 28-30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In addition, we col- lapsed BMI into categories of <25 and ≥25 in order to main- tain a good number of participants in the cross-tabulation cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Additionally, we conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the influence of missing CES-D responses at follow-up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0013__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "We used the data set with complete CES-D scores from 1990 to impute the missing CES-D scores using the predicted value from the linear regression, which was adjusted for all variables in model 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We then combined the reported data with imputed data and re- peated the main analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because the magnitude and direction of the associations from the sensitivity analyses were very sim- ilar to those from the initially proposed analyses, we did not re- port them in this article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Please see the Web Tables based on imputed analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All P values are 2-sided, with an α level of 0.05."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean baseline age for the study sample was 44.9 (stan- dard deviation, 9.5) years, and 18.4% of participants (n = 2,315) were women (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 1 also presents sample Table 4), the results of model 1 indicated that the odds of elevated depressive symptom onset were 17% greater for overweight participants and 40% greater for obese participants than for normal-weight participants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In model 2, the odds of reporting elevated depressive symptoms at follow-up were 16% and 35% higher, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "BMI was not significant in model 3 (which additionally controlled for CRF) for men (P = 0.82)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For women (Table 3), waist circum- ference was not predictive of elevated depressive symptom Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/181/5/311/195235 by McGill University School of Law user on 16 May 2024 onset in any of the 3 models (P > 0.06)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For men (Table 4), in models 1 and 2, the odds of reporting elevated depressive symptoms at follow up were 32% and 27% higher, respec- tively, for those with a waist circumference greater than 102 cm than for those with a waist circumference of 102 cm or less."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Results of model 3 were not significant for men (P = 0.48)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Percentage of body fat."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Results from models 1 and 2 show that women with a body fat percentage of 30% or higher had 38% and 36% higher odds, respectively, of developing ele- vated depressive symptoms than did women with a body fat percentage below 30% (Table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For men (Table 4), results from models 1 and 2 show that those with a body fat percent- age of 25% or higher had 28% and 23% higher odds, respec- tively, of developing elevated depressive symptoms than did those with a body fat percentage less than 25%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Model 3 showed no significant association between percentage of body fat and onset of depressive symptoms for women or men (P = 0.29 and 0.69, respectively)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CRF level was significantly associated with the onset of el- evated depressive symptoms in all models (Table 5), and thus only results from the full model (model 3) will be reported here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Compared with women with the lowest levels of CRF (quintile 1), women in the 2 highest CRF groups (quintiles 4 and 5) had 59% and 52% lower odds, respectively, of report- ing elevated depressive symptoms at follow-up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Compared with men with the lowest levels of CRF (quintile 1), men in the 2 highest CRF groups (quintiles 4 and 5) had 40% and 46% lower odds, respectively, of reporting elevated de- pressive symptoms at follow-up."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figures 1 and 2 show the joint association of fitness and fat- ness with the risk of developing elevated depressive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In interaction analyses using BMI as the fatness measure, men (n = 708) and women (n = 72) who were both unfit and over- weight or obese had 76% and 77% higher odds, respectively, of developing elevated depressive symptoms compared with the normal-weight and fit reference groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using waist circum- ference as the fatness measure, men (n = 425) and women (n = 31) who were both unfit and overweight or obese had 83% and 125% higher odds, respectively, of developing elevated depres- sive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Using percentage of body fat, men (n = 542) and women (n = 96) who were both unfit and overweight or obese had 63% and 108% higher odds, respectively, of devel- oping elevated depressive symptoms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When using waist circumference as the fatness measure, there was no significant difference in the odds of developing elevated depressive symptoms in fit men and women, regard- less of fatness level (i.e., lean and overweight/obese women who were fit had the same odds of developing depressive symp- toms)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, among overweight and obese men, there was a significant difference in the odds of developing elevated de- pressive symptoms, with unfit/fat men having 63% higher odds than fit/fat men."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There was also no significant difference in the odds of developing elevated depressive symptoms in fit women, regardless of fatness level, when using BMI as the fatness mea- sure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conversely, unfit/fat women had 94% higher odds of de- veloping elevated depressive symptoms than did fit/fat women."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In additional comparisons using the fit/fat group as the refer- ence (data not shown), unfit women with BMI less than 25 had 139% higher odds of developing elevated depressive symptoms than did fit women with a BMI of 25 or higher (odds ratio = 2.39; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 3.58)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unfit men with per- centage of body fat less than 25% had 38% higher odds than did fit men with body fat percent of 25% or higher (odds ratio = 1.38; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.87)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the present study, we demonstrated that being overweight or obese is not predictive of the onset of elevated depressive symptoms when CRF level is considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was the case regardless of whether BMI, waist circumference, or percentage of body fat was used to determine adiposity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, fat- ness was often predictive of the onset of depressive symptoms when CRF level was not considered."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because most previous studies that linked fatness and depression did not adequately consider physical activity or CRF (10), the relationship be- tween fatness and depression might often be overestimated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consistent with a previous ACLS investigation (16), we found that higher CRF was associated with lower odds of el- evated symptom onset in overweight and obese individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In some (but not all) analyses, fit/fat individuals appeared to have no higher odds of developing elevated depressive symp- toms than did fit, normal weight-individuals, whereas unfit/ fat individuals (i.e., overweight and obese individuals with low CRF) were at significantly higher risk (increased odds rang- ing from 63% to 125%)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Interestingly, fit/fat individuals also had a lower risk of depression than did unfit/not fat individ- uals in multiple analyses, which reiterates that CRF might be more essential to positive mental health than is low fatness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is important to clarify that these findings do not indicate that there is no link between obesity and depression; rather, they suggest that CRF might be a better predictor of depres- sive symptom onset and might even be protective against the potential depressive effects of obesity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, severely obese individuals might suffer functional impairment because of their excess weight and have more negative thoughts about their health status (31)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Obese women and persons with a high socioeconomic status might also be at a higher risk for depression because of social stigma associated with obesity, body image dissatisfaction, and repeated dieting (31)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Obe- sity is also associated with increased inflammation, possible hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation, and in- creased risk of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, all of which might contribute to a link with depression (13)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many psychosocial and physiological mechanisms could ex- plain how CRF might negate or buffer against the possible mul- tilevel, prodepressive effects of obesity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individuals who attain high CRF through regular physical activity might experience increased self-efficacy, self-esteem, and social reinforcement (32, 33)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From a physiological standpoint, regular physical ac- tivity might be associated with increased quantity and activity of key neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopa- mine) (34), attenuation of the stress response (e.g., lower corti- sol levels, lower cardiovascular reactivity to mental stressors) (35, 36), and reduced inflammation (37)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Antidepressant prop- erties of physical activity might also be the result of increased levels of key growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and hippocampal neurogenesis (38-40)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A strength of the present study is the use of fatness mea- sures that are indicative of metabolic health (i.e., waist cir- cumference and percentage of body fat in addition to the standard BMI), because in a recent study, Hamer et al. ( 41) showed that poor metabolic health, rather than obesity, was associated with an increased risk of depression."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Other major strengths of the present study include its longitudinal design, large sample size, and use of maximal exercise testing to quantify CRF, which is a better marker of regular physical ac- tivity participation than are self-reported activity question- naires."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, this study followed participants for an extensive period of time (mean = 9.9 years)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A limitation of this study is its generalizability to other populations, given that the ACLS is composed largely of well-educated, white individuals with a middle-to-high socio- economic status."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, a large number of individuals who underwent examinations at the Cooper Clinic between 1979 and 1998 did not return any mail-back health surveys in 1990, 1995, or 1999 and were therefore excluded from analy- ses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although the nonresponse issue has been studied in the overall ACLS population (24), the fact that it might have af- fected our results remains a limitation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Importantly, the mag- nitude and direction of the associations between fitness, fatness, and depressive symptoms did not change when we used imputed data to account for missing CES-D responses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An additional limitation is the use of a self-reported, non- diagnostic measure of depression (i.e., the CES-D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, in a recent meta-analysis of studies that investigated the po- tential antidepressant effects of exercise, Rethorst et al. ( 42) showed that effect sizes did not differ between studies that conducted a clinical interview and those that did not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Addition- ally, depressive symptoms have been linked to poor health and impaired functioning regardless of whether clinical diagnostic criteria for depression are met (43)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Regardless, we did not use a structured clinical interview to diagnose depression, and in- terpretations should be made accordingly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It should be noted that physical symptoms of depression might overlap with symptoms related to low fitness levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, 2 items on the CES-D might be interpreted as reflecting physical fatigue (i.e., \"Did you feel that everything you did was an effort?\" and \"Did you feel you could not get 'going'?\") rather than apathy or low motivation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The relation- ship between low fitness and depressive symptoms, as as- sessed using the CES-D, could theoretically be driven by only the questions that reflect fitness itself; indeed, in a sen- sitivity analysis, the prevalence of elevated depressive symp- toms dropped substantially in our sample when these 2 items were omitted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Future research should investigate whether composite measures of depression, such as the CES-D, are most appropriate for studying the fitness-depression relation- ship."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because CES-D data were not available at baseline, only a standardized Cooper Clinic question regarding mental health history was used to exclude individuals with previous mental health concerns."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, it is possible that some individ- uals with high depressive symptoms at baseline might have been inadvertently included in analyses, and therefore reverse causation cannot be entirely ruled out."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Having a low CRF level might be more strongly associated with an increased risk of elevated depressive symptoms than is being overweight or obese; as such, promoting physical ac- tivity to improve CRF rather than weight loss, per se, might Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/181/5/311/195235 by McGill University School of Law user on 16 May 2024 be most effective for reducing the risk of developing elevated depressive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It will be important to determine whether gains in CRF are necessary or whether other physiological or psychosocial factors are actually more critical mediators of the antidepressant effects of physical activity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If improvements in CRF are not necessary, activities at lower intensities (which might be more comfortable for overweight and obese individ- uals) might lower the risk and/or reduce depressive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, results from a 2008 review suggested that relatively low levels of physical activity might protect against depres- sion (44)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fit/fat individuals might be less likely to develop elevated depressive symptoms than unfit/fat and even unfit/not fat individuals, which suggests that fitness might have antide- pressant effects strong enough to buffer against general de- pressive symptoms, as well as any prodepressive effects of being overweight or obese."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These findings contribute to the established fit versus fat literature (29, 30, 45) by demonstrat- ing that mental health, like physical health, might also be more greatly influenced by CRF than by adiposity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It should be emphasized that physical activity, the primary determinant of CRF, is firmly established as an essential feature of weight- maintenance and weight-loss strategies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, in addition to all the plausible pathways linking physical activity directly to improved mental health (irrespective of weight loss), maintaining a healthy body weight or losing weight through a physically active lifestyle might also improve mental health."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_186__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Parsing the relative contributions of fitness and fatness to various disease states has long interested investigators, despite their almost certainly intertwined causal relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this issue of the Journal, Becofsky et al. ( Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(5):311–320) examined these constructs in relation to depressive symptoms assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, a widely used and well-validated instrument that ascertains several domains related to depression."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors found stronger and more consistent associations of elevated depressive symptoms with objectively measured fitness than with any measure of fatness."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These analyses highlight a serious concern in analyses of risk factors for complex clinical constructs—the likelihood of differential misclassification with respect to the risk factors of interest in scales with multiple, wide-ranging domains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this interesting example, the multi-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, which validly captures the multiple domains of depression, contains measures of psychomotor retardation that could easily reflect fitness itself."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because an instrument’s validity is uncertain if selected items are removed and gold-standard measures of complex clinical constructs are rarely truly gold, options to remedy this problem in most epidemiologic studies are few."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nonetheless, their analysis illustrates the particular caution needed when examining exposures that plausibly relate to misclassification in multidimensional outcomes of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the average body mass index of Americans grows and the prevalence of obesity reaches legitimately epidemic levels, studies that relate obesity to chronic diseases have proliferated in both number and importance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although obesity is demonstrably multifactorial, with strong causal links to genetics, physical activity, and caloric intake among many others, particular interest has remained in questions related to the relative importance of physical activity and fitness compared with obesity per se."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the catchy jargon that undoubtedly fuels the topic, readers of the American Journal of Epidemiology have long had the opportunity to ponder the debate of “fit versus fat” [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To some degree, this debate is poorly suited to epidemiologic inquiry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because long-term physical activity level is measured with substantial misclassification by standard epidemiologic scales and is an upstream determinant of both fitness and fatness, its role is rarely possible to evaluate fully."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, activity and obesity are almost certainly causally related to each other, with activity leading to greater caloric expenditure (and weight loss) and obesity leading to a number of cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal changes that can interfere with activity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These types of complex interrelationships require appropriate methods that include repeated, accurate measurements in reasonably large samples [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Such a burden is particularly unlikely to be met for studies of fit versus fat, in which repeated standardized exercise tests or similar approaches would be required to measure fitness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As a result, the quantitative contributions of fitness and fatness are likely to be poorly estimated, and their strong interrelationships raise legitimate questions about the clinical utility of trying to parse their separate roles too finely."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Indeed, organizations like the American Heart Association appropriately consider both weight and activity as primary, separate targets in their population health goals [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The question of fit versus fat in mental health represents an intriguing problem that has received relatively little direct attention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In part, this question is particularly interesting because of the inconsistent nature of previous work on obesity, depression, and suicidality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cross-sectional and limited longitudinal studies have inconsistently found obesity to be associated with depressive symptoms [4-6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Paradoxically, obesity has been consistently associated with a lower risk of death from suicide, although this may reflect differences by body mass index in mechanism rather than in suicidal ideation [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a result of this inconsistency, clinicians and public health professionals have been left uncertain about the potential effects of the obesity epidemic on national mental health care needs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study of the Cooper Clinic represents a particularly well-suited setting in which to examine questions of fitness, as patients at this clinic undergo routine symptom-limited exercise testing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although this measure is not synonymous with cardiorespiratory fitness (classically defined as maximal oxygen uptake), it correlates well with other measures and requires much less specialized and intrusive equipment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As Becofsky et al. noted [8], non-invasive measures of body mass index, waist circumference, and proportion of body fat are also routinely assessed; although bioelectric impedance and other tools to estimate fat mass are not used, these measures of adiposity are clearly strongly correlated in typical ambulatory populations free of overt disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, in contrast to most cohort studies, this admittedly highly selected panel of patients has reasonable measures of both fitness and fatness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To evaluate depression, Becofsky et al. took advantage of repeated administrations of the original version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) [9], which has since been revised and remains freely available (http://cesd-r.com/) [10]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The CES-D is a remarkably widely used instrument, with strong psychometric properties and remarkable ease of use in even challenging settings and after translation [11-13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When compared with diagnostic interviews and when using a standard cutpoint of 16 on the 20-item version, it has generally been reported to have a sensitivity and specificity for depression of 0.7–0.8, although lower values have been published and concern has been raised about its ability to separate depression from anxiety [11, 14, 15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A number of shorter versions have been proposed, including the 10-item version administered by the Cooper Clinic, that generally appear to preserve much of the original scale’s reliability [16]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A quick examination of the scale itself is instructive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The original and revised versions both explicitly include several domains related to depression, all of which reflect symptoms of depression noted in serial iterations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because depression has no single diagnostic finding, its diagnosis is necessarily multidimensional, which the CES-D reasonably captures; the revision added 2 questions on suicidality not included originally."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For diagnostic purposes, the CES-D as a simple scale lacks accuracy because all of the domains are counted equally, and hence weighted scoring has been recommended by some experts [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In epidemiologic contexts, however, the CES-D has almost always been used in its simplest version, which totals scores from 0–3 on its 20 questions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The domains included on the CES-D—as with any scale used for a complex condition like depression that defies simple laboratory testing—represent complementary, interdependent depressive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These include depressed mood, feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and helplessness, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and sleep difficulties, all of which are plausibly associated with depression."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, these symptoms are neither diagnostic of nor specific for depression, and thus the CES-D, although internally consistent and reliable, necessarily estimates depression with error."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Methodologically, the notion that the CES-D estimates depression with error is not of unique concern; few outcomes in large-scale studies are apt to use truly gold-standard measures, and even these may be measured with error, as will be noted further below."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the error in, say, measurement of total cholesterol in studies of lipid-lowering agents is commonly nondifferential; we do not expect persons who receive a drug to have their values measured with a net error that differs from those who receive placebo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although the spread in error may indeed differ between groups (particularly if absolute error increases with true values and if exposed individuals have systematically higher or lower true values than do unexposed individuals), we routinely and reasonably expect it to remain nondifferential, with observed values distributed equally above and below their true counterparts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, the question of fitness versus fatness is apt to violate this assumption."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because the CES-D has multiple, wide-ranging items, a number of exposures—including fitness and fatness—could conceivably lead to differential error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this case, specific questions on the 10-item CES-D ask about inability to “get going” and the feeling that everything is an effort."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If these items are influenced by a lack of fitness, as would seem likely, then they lead to differential misclassification, in which fit individuals have systematically lower CES-D values independent of their true level of depression."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of note, the 20-item CES-D and its revision are unlikely to be any better in comparing fit versus fat, as the former includes both these questions and an item on appetite (i.e., one plausibly associated with obesity per se) and the latter substitutes a question on unintentional weight loss for appetite (an even greater obstacle)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "How great of a bias this induces depends on the degree to which those questions are answered affirmatively among apparently depressed and nondepressed fit and unfit individuals and where the threshold for positivity is set; at the extreme, if answered affirmatively only and always among unfit individuals who would have otherwise been classified as nondepressed, such bias could easily overshadow true effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Further frustrating these problems is the lack of a true gold standard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For depression, diagnostic interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (now version 5) conducted by expert psychiatrists are commonly considered the most rigorous form of confirmation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, even these could conceivably introduce differential error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If, for example, clinicians believe that morbid obesity ought to lead to depression because it produces social stigmatization, then they may interpret responses to a diagnostic interview in that light and, in borderline cases, err on the side of a positive diagnosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Blinding of diagnostic assessors trained to identify nonverbal cues is not possible for conditions like obesity, and hence some differential error may even exist in gold-standard assessment techniques."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A similar concern has been voiced as a potential explanation for the discrepancy in risk of myocardial infarction between the Women’s Health Initiative and earlier observational studies of postmenopausal estrogen administration [18]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Where does this leave us? One reasonable question, particularly given the changes in the CES-D over time, is whether a revised instrument that simply excluded questions conceivably related to fitness itself could be used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Becofsky et al. rightfully note [8] that the reliability and validity of abbreviated scales cannot be assumed, both because the coverage properties are necessarily diminished and because subtle cognitive biases related to the ordering of questions may be introduced [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "That is, an ad hoc version of the CES-D that removes questions related to psychomotor retardation cannot be assumed to have the same properties as the original CES-D itself, although concern about whether those questions relate well to the remainder of the CES-D has already been raised elsewhere [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fortunately, at least for the CES-D, efforts to validate shorter versions have been widespread and largely successful, including 4- and 8-item options that exclude those questions most plausibly related to fitness [21]; either of those options could have been used by the authors to address this concern with a reasonable assurance of validity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the CES-D is almost unique in the bewildering array of iterations to which it has been subjected, and this solution will rarely be available for other scales used to measure recalcitrantly complex constructs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the end, Becofsky et al found stronger and more consistent associations of fitness than fatness with depressive symptoms, regardless of the measure of fatness used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A number of difficulties limit the inferences that can be drawn, such as the substantial portion of missing outcome data and its implausibility of missingness at random, but the work by Becofsky et al. illustrates a larger problem likely to become increasingly common as we move to ever more challenging outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When more dimensions of an outcome exist, the possibility that an exposure is related to misclassification in one of its dimensions naturally grows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When possible, investigators can assess the consistency of observed relationships across the subscales of larger instruments and in more expansive and shorter versions of the same instrument; relationships limited to single subscales or unique versions should receive appropriate scrutiny, although they still might reflect true associations with just some symptoms of a complex disease (e.g., differences in the effects of antipsychotic drugs on the “positive” and “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "That solution will unfortunately not be readily available in most circumstances."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__critique__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ultimately, the analysis by Becofsky et al. illustrates the particular caution needed when, like with fit and fat, investigators compare exposures that predict misclassification in addition to (or, worse, instead of) conditions of truly widespread epidemiologic interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_186__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We appreciate Dr. Mukamal’s thoughtful commentary [1] on our paper [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We are in agreement with Dr. Mukamal on a number of points, but wish to re-affirm and clarify our stance on others."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In his commentary, Dr. Mukamal says, “To some degree, this [fit versus fat] debate is poorly suited to epidemiologic inquiry” [1, p. 321]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "He stresses that it is difficult to ascertain repeated, quality measurements of fitness in epidemiologic studies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This point speaks to the importance of our paper and others published on the topic using data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study cohort [3-6], from which “reasonable measures of both fitness and fatness” are available, as Dr. Mukamal notes [1, p. 322]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In speaking of fitness and fatness, Dr. Mukamal notes that “their strong interrelationships raise legitimate questions about the clinical utility of trying to parse their separate roles too finely” [1, p. 321]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Perhaps in terms of clinical utility, his statement is sound; if obese patients begin exercising and lose weight, it is unnecessary to pick apart which physiological adaptations are responsible for the numerous downstream health benefits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From a messaging perspective, though, we believe it is critical to understand which factor, low fitness or high fatness, is a stronger predictor of negative health outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As many persons struggling with weight management can attest, being active does not always translate to weight loss."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Alternatively, underactive persons in the “normal” range of body mass index should not be made to believe that “skinny” means “healthy” because of a cultural and clinical emphasis on weight loss."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If fitness is a better predictor of negative health outcomes than is fatness (as has been shown repeatedly [7]), clinicians and public health professionals alike have a responsibility to emphasize that leading an active lifestyle is more important than having a body mass index in the “normal” range."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also would like to stress that fatigue and loss of energy are core symptoms of depression and that it would be inappropriate to claim that “unfit” participants endorsing these items are doing so because of their fitness level rather than their mental health status."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, these questions could be interpreted by participants as referring to a lack of motivation or concentration, in other words, a psychological “inability to get going” and “feeling that everything is an effort” rather than physical fatigue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As Dr. Mukamal points out, depression is complex and multidimensional."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is also prevalent and debilitating."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We cannot shy away from studying modifiable risk factors, such as cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness, simply because they might overlap with a few of the many possible symptoms of depression."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dr. Mukamal mentions that, when possible, subscales of larger instruments might be helpful in studying relationships among specific aspects of complex diseases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree but recognize that many epidemiologists interested in the fitness-depression relationship might not have this option."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In these cases, the overlap between the exposure (fitness) and the composite outcome variable should always be acknowledged and considered (as in our article), but it should not be viewed as damning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "186", "paragraph_id": "triad_186__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_186__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These variables are clearly separate entities, and understanding their relationship has important implications for public health."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_186/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2107857010_W2008033259_W2147475768", "triad_name": "triad_186", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_186__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Good estimates of plant dispersal distances are required by ecologists in their attempts to understand and model processes such as local interactions (Bolker & Pacala 1997), species' ability to track climate change (Travis et al. 2013), population dynamics in fragmented landscapes (Gilbert et al. 2014), invasions (Hastings et al. 2005), metapopulation persistence (Ovaskainen & Cornell 2006), and evolutionary change (Hallatschek & Fisher 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, a recent systematic review concluded that limited dispersal knowledge often compromises conservation planning (Driscoll et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The holy grail for dispersal ecologists is to develop mechanistic models of dispersal, which represent the physical processes involved in seed movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These allow predictions of seed dispersal de novo and avoid the great effort required to measure dispersal directly (Bullock, Shea & Skarpaas 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mechanistic models and have been realised for wind dispersal (Nathan et al. 2011), and their predictions have been used in models of spatial population dynamics (Skarpaas & Shea 2007; Soons & Bullock 2008; Bullock et al. 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While there is some progress towards mechanistic representations of seed dispersal by certain other vectors, such as by vertebrates (Bullock et al. 2011; Cortes & Uriarte 2013) or water (Thompson et al. 2014), we remain a long way from mechanistic models applicable to every seed dispersal process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While work towards mechanistic models should continue, remarkably little use has been made of empirical plant dispersal kernels in elucidating general information for use by ecologists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Plant dispersal data, gathered for a wide range of species across a variety of habitats, are a rich source of information on dispersal patterns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Over 20 years ago, Willson (1993) presented an important analysis of seed dispersal kernels, showing how dispersal distances vary according to plant life form (i.e. herb, shrub, tree) and dispersal mode (i.e. ballistic, wind, vertebrate)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many more kernels have been published since 1993 and statistical methods have moved on (Willson analysed kernels using least squares linear regression)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Two recent papers have synthesised empirical plant dispersal data, relating mean or maximum dispersal distance to variables such as dispersal mode, plant growth form, seed release height, seed mass or terminal velocity (Thomson et al. 2011; Tamme et al. 2014)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These analyses are useful - for example Tamme et al. ( 2014) provided R code to predict the maximum dispersal distance from simple plant traits - they offer no information on the complete set of dispersal distances (i.e. the shape of the kernel), which is necessary for many models of spatial dynamics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, modelled population spread rates are greatly influenced by the form and extent of the tail of the dispersal kernel (Kot, Lewis & van den Driessche 1996; Caswell, Lensink & Neubert 2003)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There is great potential for synthesising published dispersal data, to provide ecologists with general dispersal kernels for different plant types and dispersal modes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is common to fit statistical functions to dispersal data, providing so-called phenomenological dispersal kernels, which are a useful summary of dispersal patterns for activities such as modelling population spread or linking demography to dispersal patterns (Bullock, Shea & Skarpaas 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A variety of functions have been implemented; Nathan et al. ( 2012) discuss 13 simple (i.e. one or two parameter) functions that have been used in different studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These functions have also been used in different ways, with inconsistency in what data are fitted and how the function is interpreted (Cousens, Dytham & Law 2008; Nathan et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A dispersal kernel is a probability density function of dispersal distances, and the formulation depends on whether it represents the distribution of distances dispersed (the dispersal distance kernel) or the distribution of the final locations of dispersers (the dispersal location kernel) (Nathan et al. 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The simplest functions used are the single-parameter Gaussian and Exponential."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Gaussian distribution represents seeds moving by Brownian motion for a fixed period of time, while the Exponential results from seeds moving randomly and having a certain probability of settling per unit of time."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because of these properties, these two functions are especially popular in mathematical developments of theory concerning spatial dynamics (O'Dwyer & Green 2010; Gilbert et al. 2014; Harsch et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many individual studies suggest, however, that the Gaussian and Exponential do not represent real dispersal kernels well (Clark 1998; Bullock & Clarke 2000), and other functions have been proposed to capture better the high leptokurtosis and long (or even fat, i.e., not exponentially bounded) tails seen in such data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These functions, in general, do not have a mechanistic basis, but they can provide a good description of the dispersal kernel."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While some studies have contrasted several functions in fitting to empirical data (Clark et al. 2005; Martinez & Gonzalez-Taboada 2009), generally only one or very few functions are fitted, with little justification for the specific function(s) chosen."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This suggests a lack of cohesion in approaches to modelling dispersal, which is likely to constrain progress."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary aim of this study is to combine and synthesise published empirical seed dispersal data, using literature review and statistical fitting of dispersal functions, to provide general dispersal kernels representing major plant types and dispersal modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These provide empirically-based information about dispersal distances and patterns for plant groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In doing so, we assess which of the simple functions used in the dispersal literature perform best in representing dispersal kernels across a wide range of species, ecosystems and study types."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We examined the literature for data describing seed dispersal kernels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our initial source was our analysis (Tamme et al. 2014) of maximum dispersal distances, which brought together previous studies that summarized published dispersal information, and also did a search on ISI Web of Science (WoS) using the keywords: \"seed\", \"dispersal\" and \"distance\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We repeated this WoS search between 31 st January 2012 (Tamme et al. 's end date) and 1 st November 2014."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All papers were examined for data describing seed distributions with distance from a source."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Published data were included in our analyses according to the following criteria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "i) The data described dispersal from a discrete source in 2-dimensional space, such as a single plant, a small group of plants, or a single depot (e.g. in vertebrate dispersal studies)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Linear sources or large patches were excluded as the resulting dispersal kernels could not reasonably be characterised as having a point source (different kernels could be fitted (Shaw et al. 2006), but comparison across datasets would be difficult)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "ii) The data covered at least four distance locations, to provide a reasonable description of the kernel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact of the datasets included none had only four points; one had five, the rest more. iii) The data comprised specific distances ('traps') or distance classes ('bins') and at each of these a measure of seed density (absolute or relative), number of seeds, or the proportion of dispersed (i.e. all seeds found) or all (i.e. those counted or placed at the discrete source) seeds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Lists of individual seed dispersal distances were included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "iv) If the data described seedlings/plants at distances rather than seeds, they were excluded as these are the outcome of spatial variation in recruitment and survival as well as dispersal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "v) Data generated by fitted kernels (e.g. by inverse modelling) or mechanistic modelling were excluded as these assume an underlying statistical function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0013__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "vi) Data projected by combining empirical information on vector movement and seed retention/deposition (e.g. bird movement and gut retention times) were included."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This last decision allowed us to include a large number of datasets for vertebrate dispersal: three for climbers, one for herbs, 11 for shrubs and 17 for trees."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, dispersal estimated by this method was significantly further than when estimated by other methods (e.g. following dispersers or genetic markers)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mean dispersal distances (estimated using the fitted Exponential Power parameters - see below) of trees were greater for datasets using seed retention methods (median of the means distances = 3106 m. n = 17) than for those using other methods (median = 168 m. n = 17) (Kruskal Wallis p=0.02)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There were too few datasets to carry out this test on other growth forms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nevertheless, we retained these datasets, and address this issue in the Discussion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Data were extracted from tables or, in the majority of cases, from figures, in which case we used the Datathief software (Tummers 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the data were presented in a variety of forms, we needed to represent all dispersal kernels in a common format for analysis and comparison."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The most robust approach was to convert all data into paired seed densities (i.e. m -2 ) and distances, representing the so-called dispersal location kernel (Nathan et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This accommodated spatial discontinuities (i.e. not all distances had associated data) and the common binning of data into distance classes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This gave us 107 papers presenting 168 dispersal kernels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some papers reported multiple dispersal datasets, and these were either for different plant species, for different vectors (in terms of the dispersal mode, e.g. wind vs vertebrate; or the vector species) of the same species, or for the same species in different environments (e.g. forest vs clearing)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Replicate kernels for a species in the same situation (i.e. vector and environment the same) were analysed together, accounting for replication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Occasionally different papers contained versions of the same dataset; for these we selected the most comprehensive dataset."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most datasets, 125, were given as 'bin' data such that numbers or proportions of seeds were reported for contiguous distance classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In these cases the distance was assumed to be at the mid-point of the bin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Forty one kernels were given as 'trap' data, with densities or seed numbers reported for discrete and non-contiguous distances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Only two datasets were given as individual seed distances."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We added supplementary data to each dispersal dataset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "i) The dispersal mode: ant, ballistic, rodent, vertebrates other than rodents (separated as rodents were a large class and other vertebrates are more mobile), vehicle (cars, etc), wind."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this paper, we use the term dispersal mode (e.g. Willson et al. 1993), which is synonymous with the term dispersal syndrome as used by Tamme et al (2014) and Thomson et al. ( 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Wind-dispersed species were separated into those with an appendage that facilitates wind dispersal such as samaras or plumes, vs those with simple seeds/fruits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Modes were taken from the original publications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Each dataset had a specific, stated mode, although different datasets for the same species sometimes represented different modes (reflecting that many species are dispersed by multiple vectors (Bullock, Shea & Skarpaas 2006))."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In the case of dispersal by vertebrates, some datasets represented dispersal by a single species (30), while others represented dispersal by multiple species (42)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "ii) The growth form: climber, graminoid, herb, shrub or tree."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Classifications were taken, and sometimes simplified (e.g. grasses and sedges into graminoids) to avoid too many classes, from the original publications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "iii) Seed mass (i.e. of the seed, not necessarily the dispersule) from Tamme et al. ( 2014), the original publication or online sources, especially the Seed Information Database (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2015)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "iv) Plant height from Tamme et al. ( 2014), the original publication or online sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "v) The plant family, the country and continent, and the vegetation type; taken from the original paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "vi) The maximum distance to which dispersal was measured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0018__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "This represented a wide range; of the maximum measurement distances, the median was 45m, the maximum 6,500m and the minimum 0.2m. But all these kernels showed clear distance patterns (i.e. none showed a few similar densities close to the source, representing a very partial description of the kernel)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We fitted 11 functions to each of the 168 empirical kernels (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These are 1- or 2-parameter functions commonly used in analysing dispersal data as summarised by Nathan et al. ( 2012), from whose list of functions we excluded only the General Mixture function (describing a mixture of two unspecified functions) and the undefined version of the Power Law."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mixtures of functions can indeed provide useful descriptions of dispersal (e.g. Bullock & Clarke 2000), but they comprise more than two parameters which can lead to over-fitting and a lack of generality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We used the forms of the functions as dispersal location kernels given by Nathan et al. ( 2012) and represent dispersal in two dimensions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the data were densities we multiplied these functions by a fitted parameter Q which is the number of seeds dispersed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In some cases Q was reported in the publication, being the number at the source."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But in many cases Q was not reported or known with any accuracy (the number of seeds found is a poor estimate of Q because it is likely that not all dispersed seeds were detected by the sampling method), so Q was fitted in each case."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These functions were fitted to each dataset using SAS Proc NLMIXED, which fits nonlinear mixed models by maximum likelihood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The shape parameter a, the scale parameter b and Q were fixed effects while replicates, if present, were added as a random effect to the Q parameter (i.e. with common a and b values as we assumed these to be fixed) - see eqn S1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used Poisson errors following examination of the data and residuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Zero densities were retained, except that data sets that ended with a series of zero densities (22 of the 168) at the furthest distances were truncated to the first zero density to avoid zero- inflation of the data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We assumed dispersal was isotropic in all cases, and indeed all studies apart from one did not split data according to direction (Bullock & Clarke 2000; we merged data among the directions in this case)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Fits of the functions were compared using AICc, a corrected AIC which relaxes the large sample assumption."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As with AIC, this penalises functions which have more parameters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0021__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The best fitting function for each dataset was that with lowest AICc, but following convention we included in this best-fit group those with an ΔAICc (i.e. difference from the lowest AICc) ≤4.The AICc only determines the best of the available functions, so goodness of fit was assessed by calculating Nakagawa & Schielzeth's (2013) general r 2 : r 2 = 1 ∑ ∑ eqn 1 where n is the number of observations, y i is the ith observed value, ŷ i is the ith predicted value, and is the mean value."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "AICc values showed that the Exponential power (ExP) and Log-sech (LogS) were by far the most frequent functions in the best fit group across the 168 datasets."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We concluded these would be the two most appropriate functions for a general description of dispersal kernels according to plant characteristics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using two functions allowed us check whether findings were independent of the exact function used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ExP and LogS functions did not describe all datasets well, so we applied an arbitrary threshold of r 2 ≥0.7 for inclusion of a case study in the further analyses using the ExP (144 of the 168 datasets) or LogS (142: this is not exactly the same group as that meeting this criterion for the ExP; 16 datasets were assigned uniquely to ExP or LogS)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean distance of the ExP is a function of both parameters: / / eqn 2 (Γ is the gamma function)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The LogS has an unspecified mean for b>1 (which was found for 60 datasets)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used the ExP mean to compare the datasets in terms of how plant characteristics affected the ExP kernel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We calculated the ExP mean dispersal distance for each of the 144 case studies with r 2 ≥0.7, and tested for differences in this mean according to four principal plant characteristics: growth form, dispersal mode, plant height and seed mass."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These were shown by Tamme et al. ( 2014) to be good predictors of measured maximum dispersal distance, and they represent straightforward classifications of plants into types that might be used in assigning dispersal kernels for modelling or other studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, null, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We fitted linear models using SAS Proc MIXED to the ExP means using all combinations of these four factors (seed mass and plant height were log 10 transformed)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interaction terms were not included as the data were unbalanced and collinear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The model with lowest AIC comprised Growth form + Dispersal Mode + Plant height (AIC= 405.8, r 2 =0.56), with one other within 4 AIC, i.e. Growth form + Dispersal Mode + Plant height + Seed mass (AIC = 405.9) (see Table S2 for the full analysis)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also ran the best performing linear model combining classes which might be expected to have similar dispersal kernels: graminoids and herbs (AIC = 410.1), climbers and trees (405.8), rodents and other vertebrates (426.4), and vehicles and vertebrates (406.7)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "None of these reduced the AIC so we kept the full set of growth forms and dispersal modes in further analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We therefore fitted general ExP and LogS dispersal functions to the r ≥0.7 case studies grouped according to growth form and dispersal mode."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For both ExP and LogS 10 form/mode primary combinations had a reasonable number (>3) of case studies to fit general functions (Table S3); we considered ≤3 cases to be too affected by the particularities of the individual case studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Preliminary analyses showed an alternative approach using plant height or seed mass as modifiers of the a and/or b parameters was not effective and led to poor model convergence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To use the information provided by these extra variables, where there were sufficient datasets we also fitted functions to subdivisions of the primary form/mode groups, using the variable most likely to be important for that group: seed mass for animal-dispersed groups and plant height for wind-dispersed groups (Table 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While seed mass rather than plant height would be expected to affect animal dispersal, both might be important for wind dispersal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thomson et al. ( 2014) found that plant height is a much more important predictor of dispersal distance than seed mass, so we chose this as the grouping criterion for wind-dispersed seeds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The number and bounds of the subdivisions were arbitrary, but based on the number of datasets and the distribution of values of these variables, using similar subdivisions across the groups for comparability (Table 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For both ExP & LogS we fitted Q, a and b to the density data, with each case and each replicate within a case was included as random factor that affected Q."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus we searched for common a and b values across all cases, in accordance with the hypothesis that all studies within a specific growth form/dispersal mode (+ seed mass or plant height class) combination followed the same underlying probability density function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We calculated percentiles of the dispersal distances for each fit of the ExP and LogS using the integrals of these functions formulated in terms of dispersal distances (i.e., the dispersal distance kernel rather than the location kernel given in Table 1 - see Nathan et al. ( 2012), whereby the distance kernel = the location kernel/2πd)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For long-tailed kernels such as these the median is a good measure of the average dispersal distance and the 95 th percentile summarises the tail (Tamme et al. 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 168 datasets covered 63 families, all the continents except Antarctica (30 countries), and the broad vegetation types of forest (100 datasets), grassland (46), shrubland (6), and more open habitats (16; e.g. desert, clearfell, urban)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The classification of datasets among dispersal modes and growth forms was uneven (Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While the distribution of dispersal modes in nature is not known in detail, Jordano (2000) estimated ca."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "40-90% of species in forests and 20-50% in shrublands are vertebrate-dispersed, while frugivory is uncommon in many other vegetation types."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This suggests a bias towards measurements of vertebrate dispersal (43% of datasets), as well as towards forest ecosystems (which account for only 31% of land cover worldwide (FAO 2010))."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the 11 functions, the Exponential Power, 2Dt, Logistic, Gamma & Log-sech converged for all datasets, but the other functions did not always converge (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This poor convergence was only substantial for the Gaussian (37 datasets), which also showed poorest fit with ΔAICc≤4 for only 30 datasets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The other one parameter function, the Exponential, had a much better performance, being in the best-fit group in 68 cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Lognormal and the Weibull also performed rather poorly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The other functions - Exponential power, 2Dt, Power law, WALD, Logistic, Log-sech and Gamma - all performed better, but all fell outside the best-fit group in many cases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, the WALD, although based on a mechanistic representation of dispersal by wind (Katul et al. 2005), was in the best-fit group of only 15 of the 55 wind dispersal datasets and by this metric performed better than only the Exponential, Gaussian and Lognormal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The r 2 values showed generally very good fit with high values (in terms of the median value and number of datasets for which r 2 ≥0.7; Table 1) for most functions except the Gaussian and Lognormal, and the patterns of r 2 values followed those of the AICc values."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig. 1 shows some example plots of data with the fitted functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Tables S4 and S5 present the fitted parameter values for all well-fitting functions for each of the 168 datasets and the supplementary data describing the species and study system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Exponential power (ExP; ΔAICc≤4 for 111 cases) and Log-sech (LogS; 119) clearly outperformed the other functions (but note these numbers are ≪168)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ExP can reduce to an Exponential (b=1) or Gaussian (b=2), and can fit a fat tail (b<1) or a thin tail (b>1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of the datasets selected as showing good general fit to the ExP (i.e. r ≥0.7), 117 had a b<1, and 27 had b>1, suggesting that a majority of kernels are fat-tailed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The LogS is always fat-tailed (power-law tail) and flattens (for b<1) or decreases (b>1) close to 0 distance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Of the 142 datasets with good general fit to the LogS, 90 had b<1 and 52 b>1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the case study composition of the best-fit group differed among the functions, there was no bias in comparison to the full set of case studies in terms of dispersal mode (χ 2 = 45.9, df = 40, p=0.24), growth form (χ 2 = 21.7, df = 20, p=0.36), plant height (Kruskal Wallis H = 9.6, df = 10, p=0.48) or seed mass (H = 12.5, df = 10, p=0.25)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also asked whether the study design affected the set of best-fit functions (e.g. was a function allowing a fatter tail less likely to fit kernels measured over shorter distances?), but the maximum distance over which dispersal was measured did not differ among the best-fit groups (H = 15.4, df = 10, p=0.12)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The fitting of the ExP and LogS functions across grouped datasets provided generalised dispersal kernels for a number of well-studied plant growth form/dispersal mode combinations (Table 3, Fig. 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Across the 10 combinations both the ExP and LogS gave similar and generally good fits, with r 2 ranging from 0.39-0.97 (median 0.73, r 2 <0.7 for 3 combinations) for the former and 0.32-0.97 (median 0.78, r 2 <0.7 for 3) for the latter; although the patterns of r 2 values across the form/mode combinations differed between ExP and LogS (note that it is not appropriate to compare the fits of the ExP and LogS using AIC as they were fitted to different sets of case studies)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similar results were seen for the sub-divisions according to seed mass or plant height classes, with r 2 <0.7 for 12 of 38 groups across the ExP and LogS functions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Median dispersal distances of the fitted functions were in the order Trees (ExP mean of the medians = 20.9 m) > Shrubs (3.05 m) > Herbs and Graminoids (0.38 m)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Vertebrates (excluding rodents; ExP mean of the medians = 22.5 m) dispersed seeds further than Rodents (5.45 m), which dispersed seeds similar distances to Wind for dispersules with an appendage (8.75 m), while dispersal by Ants (0.87 m), Ballistic (0.45 m) and Wind for dispersules with no appendage (0.20 m) resulted in the shortest median distances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same patterns were found for the 95 th percentile and for the LogS function (Table 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While these means are somewhat confounded as growth form and dispersal mode were not found in all possible combinations, more specific comparisons show the same patterns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For Trees, dispersal distances are of the order Vertebrate > Wind (with appendage) > Rodent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For Shrubs, Vertebrate > Ant"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": ". However, for Herbs, Wind-dispersal of dispersules with appendages did not result in longer dispersal distances than by Wind without appendages, Ant or Ballistic."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Taller Herbs, Graminoids or Trees had greater median and 95 th percentile distances than shorter plants within the same growth form/dispersal mode combination, and these differences were substantial (Table 3; Fig 2c,e,j; Fig S1c,e,j) and consistent between the ExP and LogS fits."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Seed mass did not show a consistent pattern of effects on animal-dispersed kernels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the ExP fits, lighter seeds were dispersed further for Ant-dispersed Herbs (Fig. 2a), Vertebrate-dispersed Shrubs (Fig. 2g) and Rodent-dispersed Trees (Fig. 2h), but the pattern was reversed for Vertebrate-dispersed Trees (Fig. 2i) and there was little difference between seed mass classes for Ant-dispersed Shrubs (Fig. 2f)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, the patterns changed to some degree when using the LogS function in that this indicated heavier seeds dispersed further in Ant-dispersed Herbs (Fig. S1a) and Ant-dispersed Shrubs (Fig. S1f) and no pattern for Rodent-dispersed Trees (Fig. S1h)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This indicates a strong pattern for plant height effects on wind dispersal, but an inconsistent pattern for seed mass effects on animal dispersal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The two functions ExP and LogS described similar dispersal kernels for each combination of datasets, as described above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, these functions have different intrinsic shapes (Nathan et al. 2012) and were fitted to slightly different datasets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The modelled median and 95 th percentile dispersal distances therefore differed between the ExP and LogS fitted to each combination of datasets (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This difference for the median (in terms of the absolute % difference of the LogS value from the ExP value) ranged from 3% to 476%, with a median of 48%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, one function did not give a consistently higher or lower median value than the other."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this paper we present standardised dispersal kernels for case studies representing a range of plant types across a wide geographic range, as well as generalised kernels for well-studied plant growth form/dispersal mode combinations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While it would be preferable to determine dispersal kernels directly in the system(s) one is studying, dispersal is notoriously difficult and resource-consuming to measure (Bullock, Shea & Skarpaas 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is indicative of this difficulty that in contrast to our collation of 168 dispersal datasets for 144 species, the COMPADRE database of plant demographic matrices currently includes 637 species and 6242 matrices (http://www.compadre-db.org/Data/Compadre; accessed 02/06/16) and has many more to be added."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Potential uses of our synthesis of empirical dispersal data include: 1) Choosing appropriate dispersal functions in generic modelling studies; 2) Selecting informative dispersal kernels for one's empirical study system; 3) Using representative dispersal kernels in cross-taxon comparative studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Below we expand on each of these uses and discuss points that arise, including those relating to data quality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many functions are used to describe empirical dispersal kernels and the choice for a particular study often seems to arise from personal preference or experience."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Gaussian and Exponential have statistically mechanistic basis, in that they describe a movement process (Petrovskii & Morozov 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some other functions have a similar philosophy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, the 2Dt is a continuous mixture of Gaussian kernels with variance parameters distributed as the inverse of a Gamma distribution (Clark et al. 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the functions used are often chosen as 2-parameter equations allowing high leptokurtosis and long (sometimes fat) tails, with little consideration of the underlying mechanism."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This suggests that no one function will be the best as they are generally simple (to allow fitting) statistical descriptions of a complex process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, few studies compare the fit of multiple functions to dispersal data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Martinez and Gonzalez-Taboada (2009) fitted Exponential, 2Dt, Log-normal and Weibull functions (as well as a Weibull-Exponential mixture) to a number of vertebrate and wind-dispersed trees and shrubs in a forest system and found different functions performed better for different species, with no relation between dispersal mode and best-fit function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clark et al. ( 2005) fitted Exponential, Gaussian, Inverse Power (i.e. a Power Law function) and 2Dt functions to dispersal data for different trees in a forest plot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They found Gaussian and 2Dt functions best fitted wind- dispersed seeds, while the Inverse Power best fitted the bird- and monkey-dispersed seeds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Greene et al. ( 2004), again considering trees from a variety of studies, found the Lognormal performed better than the 2Dt or Weibull."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For this study, we opted for an objective selection of dispersal functions, using 11 listed in a review by Nathan et al. ( 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This approach gave insights into the performance of different functions when fitted to a wide range of dispersal kernels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The Log-sech (LogS) and Exponential Power (ExP) showed the best fits to the datasets."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is difficult to pinpoint why these two functions perform best, but this finding suggests these might be useful general functions to use in models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, these functions have quite different properties and histories of use in dispersal studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The LogS has been used very rarely, just in one study of dispersal of birds (Van Houtan et al. 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The LogS becomes the Cauchy for b=1 (Nathan et al. 2012), which is occasionally used in seed dispersal studies (Seri, Maruvka & Shnerb 2012; Munoz et al. 2013)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The LogS also has unattractive properties, such as no mean value for b≥1, nor does it have moments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ExP has been widely used on a variety of taxa (Nathan et al. 2012) and on many seed dispersal data since Clark et al. ( 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It has useful properties such as a mean value (eqn 2), has moments and it reduces to the Exponential or Gaussian for certain values of b."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An interesting finding was that of the 144 datasets showing a good fit of the ExP (i.e. r 2 >0.7), 117 had b<1, which indicates a fat tail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly nine of the 10 ExP functions estimated for the major growth form/dispersal mode groupings had b<1, as did 17 of the 19 plant height/seed mass subdivisions of these groupings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As an illustration of the influence of the b parameter, 57 of the 168 datasets had both the ExP and the Exponential in the best-fit group and had b<1 for the ExP (10 had b>1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The median value of the ExP b in these 57 datasets was 0.445 and the 95 th percentile (as a measure of the tail) of the fitted function was a median of 234% more than that of the fitted Exponential."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Fat-tailed kernels are a popular concept in dispersal ecology (Klein, Lavigne & Gouyon 2006; Nathan et al. 2008), but this property of the ExP allows an explicit test whether empirical kernels are indeed fat-tailed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because of these properties, the ExP might be more generally useful than the LogS."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our suggestion that no one function would be expected to fit all datasets well is supported by the fact that no function was always in the best-fit group for each dataset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there was strong differentiation among the functions in how well they were represented in the best-fit groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Certain functions are very popular in the wider dispersal literature, such as: the Lognormal (Greene et al. 2004), which performed very badly here; or the 2Dt (Jones & Muller-Landau 2008) which performed fairly well. It is particularly interesting that the WALD performed poorly for wind-dispersed datasets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The WALD is an analytical formulation of a wind-dispersal model (Katul et al. 2005), and has been used widely as a mechanistic model to generate dispersal kernels (Skarpaas & Shea 2007; Bullock et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While its poor performance when used in this paper as a fitted function does not negate such uses, it does suggest that more validation is needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The WALD has a density mode at a distance >0 and the fact that many of the 55 wind-dispersed datasets showed monotonically declining density with distance may explain its poor performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It would be useful to revisit the WALD theory to analyse why it fails, such as the simplifying assumptions used upon the Langevin and the Fokker-Planck equations (Katul et al. 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our analysis suggests the Gaussian is a very poor representation of the dispersal process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This point has long been raised in the dispersal literature (Wallace 1966), but our analysis provides an objective affirmation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While its mathematical properties make the Gaussian popular in mathematical representations of dispersal, the low kurtosis and thin tail can lead to inaccurate predictions about dispersal distances and spatial dynamics (Clark et al. 1998; Klein, Lavigne & Gouyon 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second one-parameter function, the Exponential, has had a similarly negative press to the Gaussian (Bullock & Clarke 2000; Nathan et al. 2012), but it performed much better than the Gaussian. While it did not perform as well as almost all the 2- parameter functions (but better than the Lognormal - Table 1), our analyses suggest the Exponential has some credence as a simple function to use both as a comparator for more complex functions when fitting data, and as a straightforward function in mathematical modelling studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It might be argued that the good fit in many cases may reflect data quality or inadequate sampling at long distances, in that the tail of the kernel may not be well described."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This point is countered by our analysis showing that the distance over which dispersal was measured in a study did not differ among the best-fit groups for the set of functions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This does raise the issue that while the tail of the dispersal kernel is often discussed in the literature and has a clear meaning in mathematical formulations of the kernel (Klein, Lavigne & Gouyon 2006), it is not clear what exactly the tail is in empirical measures of dispersal, or what a sufficient measurement of this tail looks like."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Portnoy & Willson (1993) defined the tail as \"the set of distance categories beyond the last clear mode of the data\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0065__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "By this definition, visual examination of each dataset suggested each represented a kernel tail to some degree (e.g. Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As dispersal is intrinsic to plant life histories, governing local and regional population dynamics, genetic structuring, evolutionary processes and community dynamics to name a few, knowledge of dispersal kernels should be a key aim in many studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The relative scarcity of such information is therefore limiting in ecology."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The individual case studies and the generic dispersal kernels presented in this paper are therefore a resource to help address this limitation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A researcher might choose one or more case studies that match to some extent the characteristics of their study system and/or a generalised dispersal kernel which does the same."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While we provide generalised kernels for 10 growth form/dispersal mode combinations, there are a small number of case studies representing 13 other combinations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The potential uses of such kernels are multiple."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0066__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If one has the luxury of choice among multiple case studies, selection could follow alternative criteria, such as fine-scale measures of short-distance dispersal when studying competition or the Janzen- Connell effect vs less detail, but measures over long distances, to assess ability to spread or persist in fragmented landscapes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, the ExP and LogS functions gave somewhat different generalised kernels, as illustrated by variation in the predicted medians and 95 th percentiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This partially reflects the intrinsic differences in the functions - the LogS has a power-law tail and a weak effect of distance close to the source, whereas the ExP represents a smoother decline with distance (Nathan et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But the differences also reflect uncertainty in our analyses due to variation among the datasets within each group in terms of the ecology of each system and the data-gathering approach."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our parametrisation of both functions will allow researchers to use them in combination and represent this uncertainty in the kernel."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Each individual case study, and thus each generalised kernel, relates to a single dispersal mode."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Multiple dispersal agents may be involved in the dispersal of seeds from a plant or of an individual seed."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus the 'total dispersal kernel' (Nathan et al. 2008) of a plant or population may require combining kernels for multiple dispersal modes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To do so one should convolve (Neubert & Parker 2004) the relevant dispersal distance probability density functions (pdf) - i.e. the dispersal location pdf/2πd."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Surprisingly, only three of the 107 studies considered dispersal by multiple modes: ballistic dispersal followed by ant dispersal (Beaumont, Mackay & Whalen 2009); and dispersal by vehicles vs that by wind (Arnold 1981; Bullock et al. 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The same approach could be used if, say, different animal species disperse the seed and one has individual kernels for each animal vector (Lehouck et al. 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Empirical dispersal kernels are useful for multi-species studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These might involve modelling how fast species may spread, or potential distributions, under a changing climate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Current approaches use a small number of empirical datasets (Bullock 2012) or simple, pre-determined dispersal functions, such as the Exponential (Engler & Guisan 2009; Bocedi et al. 2014)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A broader range of empirically-determined kernels, applicable to a wide range of species, should allow more realistic and representative forecasts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another use would be to represent dispersal in comparative studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While plant demographic data has been used in comparative life history analyses (Salguero-Gomez et al. 2016), dispersal information has not been included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Other comparative analyses use traits related to dispersal ability, such as plant height, seed mass and dispersal mode (Baeten et al. 2015)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The use of information on the kernel itself should help better integrate a more rounded understanding of dispersal into such studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This potential raises the issue of the how dispersal kernels vary according to plant and vector characteristics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It should be noted that analysis of the differences among classifications are not the main focus of this paper, and the classifications are used more to give ecologists well-defined groups from which to draw dispersal kernels relevant to their needs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We fitted generalised ExP and LogS functions for growth form and dispersal syndrome combinations and were able to sub-divide these further according to plant height (wind dispersal) or seed mass (animal dispersal) classes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These functions were fitted to groupings of datasets each of which encompassed a wide range of systems, a diversity of data-gathering methods and variety in the plants and dispersal vectors studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, of the 30 papers (59 datasets) assessing non-rodent vertebrate dispersal, the majority studied dispersal by small to medium sized birds (15 papers, some papers studied more than one group), such as thrushes, tanagers or mockingbirds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Larger birds such as toucans or cassowaries were covered in six papers, primates such as tamarins or spider monkeys in four and medium-sized omnivorous mammals such as possums and martens in three."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bears, deer, fruit bats, iguanas and a large freshwater fish were studied in one paper each, and two papers studied a broad, unspecified group of vertebrate dispersers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, there is inherent variation among the datasets within each group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite this, the functions fitted to each group had generally high r 2 values, being >0.7 in the great majority of cases and being significant at p<0.05 in all."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus we have confidence in the value of these generalised functions for wider use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The collecting of further dispersal datasets would allow further subdivision of datasets according to key variables such as vertebrate type, local wind speed, size of wind- dispersal appendage, or vegetation type."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because the datasets varied in terms of distance classes, maximum distance, seed densities and sampling methods, fitting functions across all the data with a and b varying according to group would not have been sensible or feasible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, comparisons of the fitted curves and the dispersal quantiles allowed tentative conclusions about differences among these groups."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our data suggested average dispersal distances vary among growth forms in the order Trees > Shrubs > Herbs, Graminoids, and among dispersal modes in the order Vertebrates (excluding rodents) > Rodents, Wind (with appendage) > Wind (without appendage), Ant, Ballistic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Taller plants within groups disperse seeds further by wind, but seed mass has an inconsistent relationship with dispersal distance (see also Thomson et al. ( 2011))."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Variation in whether or not lighter-seeded species disperse further than heavier-seeded species may arise if larger seeds are dispersed by larger, more mobile animals (Nathan et al. 2008) and also where a varying number of seeds are dispersed together in a fruit (Jordano 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our findings build on the analysis by Willson (1993), who carried out log-linear regression analysis of collated dispersal kernels (i.e. fitting an Exponential function)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interestingly, she concluded wind- dispersed herbs with seed appendages dispersed further than herbs using ballistic or ant dispersal, and wind-dispersed trees and shrubs dispersed further than those dispersed by vertebrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These findings contradict ours and probably reflect the current availability of more data (60 papers compared to our 107) as well as the more sophisticated analytical methods that are now available."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, this does demonstrate the need to continue gathering dispersal data directly as it is likely conclusions will develop as more case studies become available."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Any statistical synthesis of multiple datasets is bound by the number and quality of the studies used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The 168 datasets represent a great effort by the researchers involved and we hope this synthesis does them justice by using these studies to provide general information for the wider use of dispersal kernels in ecological research."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the findings of this paper, especially the generalised dispersal kernels, are likely to be much improved upon if further dispersal data are gathered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The fitted kernels provided here can also be used to inform direct seed dispersal studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Skarpaas, Shea and Bullock (2005) detailed a Monte Carlo approach to designing seed dispersal studies efficiently using information on the likely dispersal kernel, which could be provided by case studies and generalised kernels given in this paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the relatively small number of studies is generally limiting, we can identify three particular areas of research that require focussed activity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One is to use methods that allow better characterisation of the tail, such as molecular markers or tracking animal dispersers (Bullock, Shea & Skarpaas 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The variety of methods used to gather data is likely to lead to uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While we could not analyse this formally due to the fact that methods used are strongly linked to the characteristics of the system studied, analysis of biases due to methods would be useful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We did find that estimates of tree seed dispersal by vertebrates were affected by the methods used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A number of studies combined measures of seed retention, such as gut passage time, with data on movement by the animal vector."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Dispersal distances estimated by this method were in general further than dispersal measured by other methods, such as following vertebrate vectors, seed trapping or using molecular markers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is unclear however, whether this represents a bias in the data as methods are usually chosen to match the researcher's understanding of the system, such as knowledge that seeds are being carried a long way by vertebrate dispersers (see Cortes & Uriarte 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0080__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "While biases according to method are possible, they do not undermine the aim of this paper, which is to synthesise existing information of empirical dispersal kernels."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second research area concerns our finding that dispersal of trees and by vertebrates are favourite study systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Studies on other dispersal modes and growth forms would provide much needed data for relatively understudied dispersal systems; two in particular are dispersal of seeds by humans or by water."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, little is known about how dispersal varies among habitats."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Fig. S2 we examine the seven species in our analysis for which kernels were measured in different habitat types (usually in different studies, but through the same dispersal mode)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The study methods and habitat contrasts were too inconsistent to allow patterns to be discerned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is likely that habitat type and structure will affect the dispersal process (Westcott et al. 2005; Trakhtenbrot et al. 2014) and so more formal contrasts of kernels among habitat types would allow characterisation of intraspecific variation in dispersal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__original__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, synthesis of such data would be aided by more complete presentation of the gathered data in papers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many papers we used presented data in graphs or other summary forms (e.g. summing across replicates)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__original__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analyses would have more power if data are published in their raw form, and we would encourage researchers to do so."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_944__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their recent meta-analysis of seed dispersal data, Bullock et al. ( 2017) observed that the inverse Gaussian probability density function (pdf) does not fit real dispersal kernel data (empirical seed shadows) for wind-dispersed species very well, despite it being related to the WALD model for dispersal by wind (Katul et al. 2005) [1][2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because of this they suggest that the theory behind the WALD model needs to be revisited."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We explain why, regardless of whether or not the WALD itself is a good model, this deduction is not logical. But first it is necessary to review some important definitions, since inconsistency in nomenclature has, unfortunately, resulted in some confusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The WALD model (Katul et al. 2005) was derived as a simplification of a highly complex mechanistic model of movement of unattached propagules from a point source by wind [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Katul et al. ( 2005) showed that it was reasonable at predicting frequency distributions of controlled-release dispersal distance data, using parameter estimates based only on plant traits and extant weather conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Since their model has the same functional form as the inverse Gaussian distribution (often also called the Wald, although strictly the latter is only a special case of the inverse Gaussian: Seshadri 1993, 1999) they named their model the Wald Analytical Long-Distance (WALD) model [2][3][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The inverse Gaussian (or the Wald) and the WALD are not synonymous even though the derivation of both involves the first passage time problem for Brownian motion with drift (Schrödinger 1915) [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The WALD is only “analytical” in its original context of the movement of particles under specified wind conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "An inverse Gaussian can be fit to natural seed shadow data, without wind dispersal being implied at all, as just another phenomenological model that may happen to describe the data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0085__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Using the original formulation of the WALD and assuming that it is reasonable to expect a real seed shadow to be approximated by propagules behaving as they do from experimental releases, it is then possible to obtain “quasi-mechanistic” (Jongejans et al. 2008) estimates of the WALD parameters [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_944__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We consider that there are two main reasons why it is illogical to argue that the WALD should be reconsidered simply because an inverse Gaussian does not fit seed shadow data for wind dispersed propagules."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The standard so-called “mechanistic” pdfs used to describe dispersal are derived from quite restricted assumptions about the motion of populations of objects: all individuals start from a single point source, travel under narrowly-defined environmental conditions and are identical in the properties that determine their movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is the case for the various pdfs derived from Brownian motion, random walks and from wind dispersal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "But we know that these assumptions are inappropriate for the population of seeds dispersing from a plant over its lifetime, which is what we require for making inferences about spatial population dynamics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We should distinguish between (i) models merely intended to summarise positions of naturally dispersed seeds from (ii) those intended to improve our understanding of movement processes – which we may test using artificial releases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "One model may not be sufficient for both purposes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Even though we may, for simplicity, base simulations of a mechanistic movement model on mean parameter values justified by arguments that levels of variation are low or of little consequence (e.g. Nathan et al. 2002), this does not necessarily mean that we expect these assumptions to be valid for every real seed in a real location under a real set of environmental conditions [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Every model is simplistic to some extent, and this is certainly the case for current dispersal pdfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "A mechanistic model of post-release movement, such as the WALD, describes just one component of a system that may be highly complex (Cousens et al. 2008) [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We give two illustrations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Even if our mechanistic model is perfectly fitted to the particular aspect of the dispersal process that the model is based on, the final dispersed position of a seed may be the sum of a number of sequential random displacement processes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "For example, a fruit may burst explosively, producing randomly distributed seed landing points in still air conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Any wind present at the time of liberation, strong winds subsequent to landing depending where the seed falls, and rain can all provide additional displacement components."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "The pdfs of sums of several independent random variables do not typically belong to the same family as any of the constituent random variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "This issue has been extensively explored in the probability literature (Feller 1971, Gnedenko & Kolmogorov 1968, Hughes 1995, Zolotarev 1986) [9][10][11][12]. If we consider a class of random variables for which the densities of each differ only in terms of a centering parameter and a horizontal scale parameter, the class is called “stable” if the sum of two independent random variables from the class also belongs to the class."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "Although the classes of stable heavy-tailed random variables with infinite variance have also been definitively determined, it has been established that the normal (or Gaussian) pdf is the unique stable class with finite variance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Adding two independent normal variables produces a normal variable (its mean being the sum of the means of the constituents, and its variance the sum of the variances of the constituents)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0086__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "In contrast, for example, it is easily demonstrated by integration that the sum of two independent random variables with identical one-dimensional Laplace densities (k/2)exp(–k|x|) produces a random variable with density (k/4)(1+k|x|)exp(–k|x|), which looks very different to a Laplace density."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_944__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Instead of seed displacements reflecting a number of concatenated individual displacement events for each seed, there may be displacements by multiple vectors, leading to a superposition of dispersals by each vector."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Significant dispersal by a second vector not well modelled by the preferred mechanistic model for the first vector also compromises the ability of the mechanistic model to describe the full dispersal process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clark et al. ( 1998) showed that the combination of two exponentially-dispersed sub-populations, representing long- and short-distance dispersal units, produced spatial population dynamics resembling those of a fat-tailed distribution rather than an exponential [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In short, then, the value of a mechanistic model in fitting field data rests not only on the aptness of the model for the dispersal process that it captures, but on the absence of significant contribution from other sequential and/or concurrent dispersal mechanisms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "So it is hardly surprising that a real seed shadow may be totally different in shape from a highly simplistic model of one component (e.g. Neubert & Parker 2004) [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is worth noting that the WALD “mechanistically based” density fitted Aleppo Pine dispersal data much better when it was combined with other functions describing the local environment (Schurr et al. 2008) [15]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Moreover, we do not expect some of the modelled mechanisms to be appropriate in a particular circumstance, so in itself the fact that a pdf is “mechanistically-based” does not necessarily give it some sort of higher status than a purely empirical pdf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "For example, we do not expect most animals dispersing seeds to follow a random walk or wind-dispersed seeds to be under Brownian motion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__critique__p0087__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Ergo, it does not add any additional validity to (say) a multi-generational spatial population dynamics model or to a simulation model used to determine optimal sampling strategies (Skarpaas & Shea 2007), for the dispersal function to be a “mechanistic” pdf [16]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_944__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To address the lack of information about the shape and extent of real dispersal kernels, Bullock et al. ( 2017) synthesized empirical information on seed dispersal distances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Testing the fit of a variety of probability density functions, they found no function was the best-fitting for all datasets but some outperformed others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) focus on their specific finding of the generally poor fit of the WALD function to wind dispersal data and use this to argue that mechanistically derived functions would not be expected to fit data particularly well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We agree in part with this argument and discuss the issues that may lead to poor fit, including the simplifying assumptions of the WALD and the complexity of the dispersal process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We explain the fundamental linkage between the mechanistic form of the WALD and the derived function used for fitting to data."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We demonstrate however, that the logic that a mechanistically based function could fit to data is valid, under the hypothesis that it encompasses the key processes determining the dispersal kernel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0089__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This argument is supported by the facts that: a) our analyses and others have shown the WALD performs well in a number of cases; and b) the WALD is the best fitting function for an example in which we simulate dispersal data using a realistic representation of variability in the wind dispersal process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While there are reasons that mechanistically derived functions may not fit well to empirical data, they do in some empirical and simulated cases and this suggests they can capture the dispersal behaviour of real systems."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mechanistic functions should be explored along with other more general functions when describing empirical data to investigate their simplifying assumptions and to add to our arsenal of functions for analysing dispersal data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analyses using these functions are critical if we are to move from simply describing the system in which the data were gathered to gaining more general insights into dispersal and predicting its consequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our synthesis of plant dispersal studies (Bullock et al. 2017) analysed the rich empirical information on seed dispersal distances from studies on a wide variety of plants across many ecosystems worldwide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A major aspect of our study was the fitting of a number of widely used probability density functions to these data sets, and a comparison of their performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We found that many of these straightforward functions described the empirical data well, but the performance of alternative functions varied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No single function fitted all data sets well, but certain functions – the exponential power and log-sech – were the best performing on average."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We then fitted these two functions to data sets that represented combinations of dispersal mode and plant growth form."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These functions fit the combined data sets well despite variation among studies in empirical methods, local conditions, vegetation type and the exact dispersal process."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The analysis of alternative dispersal kernels and presentation of generalized kernels for growth form/dispersal mode groups provides a rich resource for ecologists, and we described ways by which this improved information might enrich spatial ecology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0091__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We take this opportunity to correct typographical errors in our paper in the equations for: the 2Dt, which should be 𝑏−1/𝜋𝑎2 (1 + −𝑏/𝑑2/𝑎2); the gamma, which should be 1/2𝜋𝑎2Γ(𝑏) 𝑏−2/𝑑/𝑎 exp (−𝑑/𝑎); and the Weibull, which should be 𝑏/2𝜋𝑎2 𝑑𝑏−2exp (−𝑑𝑏/𝑎𝑏)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Among other probability density functions, our analysis included the WALD, which is based on a mechanistic description of seed dispersal by wind (Katul et al. 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We noted the fact that when fitted to datasets describing seed dispersal by wind, the WALD performed poorly compared with many other functions, in that it was among the best-fitting functions in relatively few cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0092__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) focus on this specific aspect of our paper and suggest one would not expect the WALD to fit empirical data particularly well. They give two closely interlinked reasons for this, which can be summarised as an argument that the simplifications of the WALD make it unlikely to fit the complexity of real data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0092__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The WALD is based on an assumption of a single seed release height and unvarying environmental conditions (including wind speed) during the dispersal period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0092__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We do not disagree with this argument in general – in fact we made a similar argument in our paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0092__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "But, we show below how Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) over-simplify the issues and therefore unnecessarily downplay the utility of mechanistically based functions in describing empirical data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The WALD function is based upon simplifications to an idealised three-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic dispersal model for the trajectories of air particles having no mass in turbulent flows, where the drift and diffusion terms are determined by assuming a high Reynolds number and well-mixed conditions, modelled by a generalised Fokker-Planck equation (Thomson 1987; Katul et al. 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The final function form for the WALD is derived to make further simplifying assumptions, which we discuss below."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These simplifications result in an inverse Gaussian distribution, which is considerably more useful to ecologists than some cumbersome stochastic differential equation which retains the full complexity of dispersal by wind."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The equation given in our paper (see also Nathan et al. ( 2012)) is the re-parameterised WALD suitable for fitting to dispersal data by finding solutions for the parameters a and b, whereby the probability density of seeds at distance d =  √𝑏/√8𝜋3𝑑5 exp (−𝑏(𝑑−𝑎)2/2𝑎2𝑑), which in this form is the 2-dimensional dispersal location kernel (see Bullock et al. 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is derived by Katul et al. ( 2005)) from the mechanistic model, which allows calculation of a dispersal kernel from measures of plants and the environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Specifically, 𝑎 = 𝐻𝑈̅/𝐹 and 𝑏 = 2/ (𝐻/𝜎̅), where H is the seed release height, F is the seed terminal velocity, 𝑈̅ is the mean wind speed at the height of seed release and 𝜎̅ is a turbulent flow parameter (Katul et al. 2005; Bullock et al. 2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Since the WALD is mechanistically derived and parameterised by plant traits and environmental variables, one may use these readily available data to predict dispersal and spread without a priori obtained dispersal data (Bullock et al. 2012; Hemrová et al. 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0093__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This means the fitted function is fundamentally linked to the theory of the mechanistic model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As is clear in our paper, we agree that there are good reasons why the WALD may not fit empirical data well, but these are several."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) give one suggestion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our paper we suggested two additional and equally valid mechanisms by which the model might not fit to empirical data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Considering the underlying theory, simplifying assumptions in the WALD include (Katul et al. 2005): flow is vertically homogeneous; seed terminal velocity is achieved instantly after seed release; the seed settling time is assumed to be much longer than the vertical velocity integral timescale; and the simplifications to the Thomson (1987) model, including Gaussian fluctuations and the use of Kolmogorov scaling within the inertial subrange to arrive at the diffusion coefficient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Many of the coefficients in the WALD are averaged, which allows the full equations to be simplified from the underlying equations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "One such coefficient is the mean wind speed, given by 𝑈̅ in Katul et al. ( 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There is variation over a season in the wind speed a falling seed might experience, as Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) state, but it will also vary over the time that the seed takes to fall and hence 𝑈̅ could be modelled as a function of time, which would result in an intractable non-closed-form equation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Another example is the seed release height, as this will vary naturally. As Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) suggest, one could sum up all the possible release heights of individual seeds and the corresponding WALDs to get a new kernel, which is hard to work with. Or one might convolve some distribution of seed release heights (e.g. a Gaussian) with a WALD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0094__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This might fit better, but there are now extra parameters and one could go on like this with a large number of possible combinations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite these issues, there are good reasons for fitting the WALD to data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The logic that a mechanistically based function might fit well to data is valid, as it is hoped that it encompasses the relevant processes determining the dispersal kernel and so captures the dispersal kernel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, clear hypotheses are set up about the determinants of the realised kernel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, the WALD has been used by others when fitting functions to data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the original paper proposing the WALD, Katul et al. ( 2005) proposed and implemented fitting it to measured dispersal kernels, while also introducing the assumptions in doing so which are being discussed here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The WALD has been tested in some studies in which alternative functions are compared."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Studying a wind-dispersed tree, Norghauer, Nock and Grogan (2011) found the WALD and Weibull functions gave comparable and better fits to dispersal data than the lognormal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0095__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Lara-Romero et al. ( 2014) fitted functions to seedling data for two herbs using inverse modelling and found the WALD was at least as good a fit to the data as the 2Dt, exponential power and lognormal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It should also be clarified that in our study the WALD was by no means a poor fit to wind dispersal data in all cases, belying the implication that it will never fit empirical data well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of the 55 wind dispersal data sets, the WALD was in the best-fit group for 15, and had an r2>0.9 for 25."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One way to examine the ability of the WALD to describe dispersal data from a varying environment is to draw dispersal distances from WALD functions representing variation in parameter values, and then assess how well a single WALD fits these data in turn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017) do this, but their example is unrealistic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They make draws from a WALD with the parameters a and b varying independently each time “according to a uniform distribution of several orders of magnitude”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In reality, these parameters are unlikely to vary either uniformly or over such wide ranges as they are based on plant and environmental variables (e.g. seed release height, wind speed), which are likely to be more tightly distributed and closer to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Furthermore the parameters are correlated, i.e. both reflect wind conditions and plant height, and so do not vary independently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In Fig. 1 we develop a more realistic example, using data from Bullock et al. ( 2012) in which we showed that variation in horizontal wind speed over a season follows a Weibull distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Generating a dispersal data set using a WALD sampled over a Weibull distribution of wind speeds, we find that the WALD is a better fit (Fig. 1) than the log-sech or the other functions that we investigated in Bullock et al. ( 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "This shows that it is sensible to ask the question whether a WALD fits wind dispersal data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0096__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We would note however, that if multiple parameters of the WALD (e.g. H, F, U) were allowed to vary over realistic distributions and convolved with the WALD, then the resulting distribution might take on a number of forms, and not necessarily the WALD."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "944", "paragraph_id": "triad_944__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Bullock et al. ( 2017) we showed that it is possible to summarise the complex and variable dispersal process using simple functions over a large number of empirical data sets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found none of the functions we used gave best fit overall, suggesting no single function captures the dispersal process intrinsically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mechanistically based functions may fail to describe such data for reasons set out by us in the original paper, by Cousens, Hughes and Mesgaran (2017), and expanded upon here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We advocate however that these functions are explored along with other more general functions when describing empirical data both to assess whether their simplifying assumptions are valid when tested in the real world and to add to our arsenal of possible functions for analysing data."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Parametric summaries of dispersal data are critical if we are to use the past and ongoing work of ecologists in gathering dispersal data for more than simply describing the system in which the data were gathered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Prediction in ecology aims both to explain systems and to forecast, or anticipate, future changes (Mouquet et al. 2015)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In line with both aims, our paper synthesized dispersal information and provided general dispersal functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "These are of use to researchers who may either not have the necessary data to model their system or may not be interested in case specific kernels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_944__response__p0097__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "These general and better validated kernel functions would be useful, for example, in species distribution modelling (Miller & Holloway 2015), analysing spatial networks (Marleau, Guichard & Loreau 2014) and predicting responses to climate change (Santini et al. 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_944/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2563267325_W2770363520_W2767578207", "triad_name": "triad_944", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_944__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Survey data were derived from the Study of Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD), a US national probability sample of noninstitutionalized persons born in 1923 or earlier (i.e., those aged 70 years or older in 1993) (22)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects were selected by using a multi- stage area probability design and a dual-frame sample of Medicare recipients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Within sampled households, one age- eligible person was sampled; when that person had a spouse, he or she was also included in the sample irrespective of age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The overall response rate of 80 percent yielded an inter- viewed sample of 8,222 persons from 6,047 households."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For these analyses, the following were dropped from the sample: 775 age-ineligible spouses to limit the analysis to those aged 70 years or older; 791 proxy interviews, which are inappropriate for measuring the dependent variable; and 532 persons for whom data were missing or invalid, princi- pally US Census tract identifier or the dependent variable, cognitive status."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The problem of missing cognitive data is discussed in more depth in the Results section."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To eliminate the household level of clustering, we randomly sampled one person per household, which eliminated 1,009 persons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consistent with most neighborhood theories that assume an urban setting (23, 24), we limited the sample to persons living in US Census tracts that are at least 75 percent urban."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Census tracts in urban areas encompass a smaller physical area than those in rural settings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Additionally, the concept of neighborhood carries a different substantive meaning in many rural areas, where residences may be very sparsely dis- tributed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The final analytic sample size was 3,442 persons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Weights (provided in the AHEAD data) were used to adjust for variation in the probabilities of selection, including the oversampling of African Americans, Hispanics, and resi- dents of Florida."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Weights were further adjusted for our an- alytic selection of one person per household."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consequently, the analytic sample was nationally representative of persons aged 70 years or older living in the community in urban areas in 1993."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "AHEAD utilized a multidimensional measure of cogni- tion based on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (25)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most AHEAD studies have used a total score rather than establishing a cutoff point to designate cognitive im- pairment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We followed suit, given that our goal was not to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment but rather to explore multiple levels of influence on overall cognitive performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The reliability and validity of the AHEAD cog- nitive measure has been established previously (26-28)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, memory was assessed with immediate and delayed word recall tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The interviewer read a list of 10 nouns and asked the respondent to recall as many as possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After 5 minutes of asking other cognitive questions, the re- spondent was again asked to recall the nouns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Scores represent the number of words correctly recalled."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, working memory was assessed by using the Serial 7's subtraction test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Respondents were asked to subtract 7 from 100 and to continue subtracting 7 from each subsequent number for a total of five trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Scores represent the number of correct subtractions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, mental status was measured by tasks assessing knowledge, language, and orientation: 1) counting backward for 10 continuous numbers beginning with 20, as quickly as possible; 2) reporting the correct date; 3) naming objects; and 4) naming the president and vice-president."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Scores represent the number of correct responses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cognitive function is the sum of component scores (i.e., all correct responses), ranging from 0 to 35."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Individual-level risk factors encompassed several domains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Educational attainment was assessed as the highest grade of school or year of college completed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Other socioeconomic- related measures included household wealth and household income, both logged."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Standard sociodemographic informa- tion included gender, age, marital status (married, widowed, separated/divorced, never married), and ethnicity (non- Hispanic White, African American, Hispanic, other)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the health domain, activities of daily living represent a count (0-6) of the respondent's self-reported difficulties with personal-care tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Depressive symptoms were measured with a count of eight items from the Center for Epidemio- logic Studies Depression Scale (29), scored yes (1) or no (0) for being experienced during ''much of the time in the past week'' (a ¼ 0.78)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Eight physician-identified major health conditions included heart problems, stroke, psychiatric prob- lems, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, and arthritis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Neighborhood-level constructs were operationalized with 1990 US Census tract data (STF3A data), which were linked with geocodes to the individual-level data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "US Census tracts are designed to be relatively homogeneous units with re- spect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions at the time they are established."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ideally, they contain between 1,000 and 8,000 people, with an opti- mum size of 4,000, although there is wide variation because of population shifts between the decennial US Census data collections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Geographic size varies, depending on popula- tion density."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "US Census tracts are particularly suitable rep- resentations of neighborhoods in urban areas because of the dense concentration of persons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In this paper, we treat ''neighborhood'' and ''Census tract'' as equivalent terms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 3,442 participants in our analytic sample resided in 1,217 US Census tracts, with the number of participants per tract ranging from 1 to 31."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These tracts consist of 5,344 residents on average (median, 4,678), ranging from 342 to 71,872."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Neighborhood education was assessed as the proportion of residents aged 25 years or older without a high school de- gree."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our analysis of education also controlled for the com- peting effect of median household income (logged) at the US Census tract level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among the potential neighborhood- level economic controls, median household income was chosen because it had the lowest zero-order correlation with proportion of residents without a high school degree (r ¼ -0.699), reducing potential multicollinearity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all analyses, normalized grand sample weights were applied so that findings could be generalized to the urban population of older US adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Descriptive statistics were calculated with the SVY procedure in the Stata software package, which takes into account the complex sample de- sign in estimating standard errors (30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Hierarchical linear models were estimated with HLM software, version 6.01 (31)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Contextual-level variables were grand mean centered to facilitate interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Tests of statistical significance for random-effects models were one sided (31)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The gross variance in cognition associated with neighbor- hood context was first estimated with a null, or unconditional, model that contained only a random intercept."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Second, the impact of individual-level sociodemographic and health risk factors was tested."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Third, the main effect of neighborhood- level educational attainment on the average level of cogni- tion was assessed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fourth, median household income at the neighborhood level was controlled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Fifth, the cross-level interaction between individual-level educational attainment and neighborhood-level educational attainment was assessed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Deviance statistics assessed model fit, and sequential differ- ences between models were considered with the likelihood ratio test."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Individual-level characteristics (weighted) of the sample are shown in table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Females outnumbered males, the av- erage respondent was in his or her late seventies, most were non-Hispanic White, nearly half were widowed, average education approximated high school graduation, and both income and wealth were variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In terms of health, levels of assistance with activities of daily living requirements and number of depressive symptoms were relatively low, and most participants had not experienced serious health prob- lems, although nearly half reported high blood pressure and a substantial minority had arthritis or heart problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Par- ticipants responded correctly to nearly 60 percent of the cognitive items, on average."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the neighborhood level, wide variation in US Census tract characteristics was evident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The average US Census tract consisted of one quarter of residents aged 25 years or older without a high school degree, but some areas had a high density of such persons (maximum, 86.32 percent) whereas others virtually lacked such persons (minimum, 0.94 percent)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On average, median household income was slightly higher than the $30,056 reported in the 1990 US Census for the population as a whole (32)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table 2 presents the hierarchical linear models of cogni- tion (level 1 is the individual, level 2 is the US Census tract)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As shown at the bottom of the table, models 2, 3, 4, and 6 represent significant improvements in fit over previous mod- els (i.e., the deviance statistic significantly decreases), but model 5 does not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition, statistically significant ran- dom variation (s) in cognition across US Census tracts was sustained with each sequential model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in model 1 (the null model), there was signif- icant variation in cognition across the US Census tracts (s ¼ 6.22, p < 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The intraclass correlation (q; between- group variation/[between þ within-group] variation) was sizable (0.20) and indicated that 20 percent of the variation in cognition in this sample could be attributed to living in different US Census tracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Model 2 added individual-level sociodemographic variables, which accounted for 22 per- cent of the level 1 within-group variance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consistent with Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/163/12/1071/97210 by Institut Armand-Frappier user on 16 May 2024 previous research (20), low educational attainment, being older, being an ethnic minority, and living in a household with low income were significant risk factors for poor cognitive function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Model 3 added individual-level health variables, which accounted for an additional 2 percent of the level 1 variance in cognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As shown, high levels of diffi- culties with activities of daily living, high levels of depres- sive symptomatology, and having suffered a stroke were negatively associated with cognition, whereas cancer and ar- thritis were positively associated with cognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Additionally, female gender was positively and significantly associated with cognition, although it was of borderline significance in the previous model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0018__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The coefficients for the remaining individual- level sociodemographic variables were virtually unchanged by controlling for health status."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Model 4 introduced level 2 neighborhood educational at- tainment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Living in a low-education area was associated with low cognitive function, net of individual-level educa- tion and covariates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Neighborhood-level educational level significantly improved the fit of the model, but, in compar- ison to model 3, it did not affect the amount of intercept variance at level 2 accounted for by the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The coef- ficients for the individual-level variables were largely un- altered, with the exception of that for Hispanic ethnicity, which decreased noticeably, meaning that neighborhood ed- ucation accounted for some of the effect on cognition of being Hispanic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As shown in model 5, inclusion of median household income did not significantly improve the fit of the model, and its coefficient was not significant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The main ef- fect of neighborhood education remained significant, and it actually increased by about 68 percent, indicating that its effect may have been suppressed by not controlling for me- dian household income."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0019__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Median household income ac- counted for nearly negligible additional intercept variance at level 2, and the coefficient for Hispanic ethnicity became nonsignificant"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The interaction between individual- and neighborhood- level education was examined next."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we tested whether the slope for individual-level education (from model 5) varied significantly across neighborhoods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This variation was nearly significant (s 11 ¼ 0.03, v 2 (df ¼ 640) ¼ 699.31, p ¼ 0.06; based on 643 US Census tracts with sufficient variation)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We then modeled the random neighborhood variability in the level 1 education slope as a function of neighborhood-level education (refer to model 6), finding a significant cross-level interaction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The between-group variation increased because the education variable was now conditional."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 1 illustrates the conditional impact of level 1 ed- ucation on the association between neighborhood education and cognition among these older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For neighborhood education, two values-the minimum and maximum-were substituted into the regression equation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For individual-level education, three values (the mean plus and minus one stan- dard deviation) were substituted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Mean values were used for significant continuous variables, and 0 was the value for other variables."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in figure 1, as the proportion of neighborhood residents without a high school degree in- creased, cognition decreased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, this decrease was not commensurate across the population: The decline was steepest among those with the least education."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cognitive differentials between persons with low educational attainment and high educational attainment were larger in low-education neighborhoods than in high-education neighborhoods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To further investigate contingencies between individual- and neighborhood-level education, we estimated model 3 from table 2 separately for tertiles of neighborhood education: high (1-16 percent without a high school degree), medium (17-29 percent without a high school degree), and low (30- 86 percent without a high school degree)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Individual-level educational attainment significantly affected cognition within each neighborhood type, but the coefficient was significantly smaller for those living in high-education areas (b ¼ 0.31;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our findings provide compelling evidence that cognitive functioning in late life does not manifest in isolation from social context, and this study is the first of its kind known to identify particular aspects of neighborhoods that are associated with cognition among older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we found that cog- nition varied significantly across urban US Census tracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, cognition was associated with educational profiles of the neighborhood, in that older adults living in concen- trated low-education areas were worse off cognitively, on average, than those living in areas where most residents had attained at least a high school education."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Importantly, the main effect of contextual-level education occurred net of personal characteristics of the individual, most notably his or her own educational attainment level, meaning that the contextual effect was not merely the manifestation of com- positional differences across neighborhoods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Third, the cog- nitive impact of neighborhood education was sustained when controlling for median household income at the contextual level, demonstrating that education is uniquely important."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Fourth, the cognitive impact of one's own educational attain- ment was contingent on neighborhood education, with low educational attainment being somewhat more consequential in low-education areas than in high-education areas."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Thus, cognition in late life is a product of the personal charac- teristics of the individual in interaction with his or her environment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "High school graduation was the modal level of educa- tional attainment for this sample of older persons, but, for the most part, these older persons live surrounded by younger cohorts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For these subsequent cohorts, educational attain- ment has risen considerably generation by generation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, it could reasonably be expected that older persons might be surrounded, on average, by younger neighbors with higher levels of educational attainment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Since education is associ- ated with cognition, this general environmental advantage may offset individual deficits in education."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, low educational attainment of one's neighbors, as evidenced by low rates of high school graduation, is not normative for the general population but evidence of the type of limited achievement that often goes with socioeconomic disadvan- tage."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In this situation, older persons whose cognition is compromised by their own limited education may find little compensation in their surroundings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Applying a taxonomy developed by Catalano and Pickett (33), we suggest that the specific etiologic connection be- tween neighborhood education and cognition in late life may be generated in three ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, persons living in low- education areas may be disproportionately exposed to chronic, stressful life conditions that create multiple hazards such as reduced employment opportunities, marginal occupations, and truncated incomes, which lead to a concomitant dearth of safe physical resources (e.g., well-lit walkways, bicycle paths, parks, gyms) and social resources (e.g., well-kept shopping areas, social clubs, neighborhood organizations), thereby hindering engagement in both physical and social activities, which have been linked to better cognitive func- tioning (11, 34, 35)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, there is an unequal distribution of cognitively stimulating coping resources in low-education neighborhoods (e.g., medical screening facilities, health clinics, bookstores, libraries), which have been linked to better cognitive function (36-39), and are scarce or absent because of the lack of an educated consumer demand or monetary tax base for such resources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, low-education neighborhoods may be characterized by a high tolerance for illness, which stems from untreated chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes), elevated exposure to hazards, and limited coping strategies, generating widespread cognitive deficits, which are viewed as normative or socially acceptable, es- pecially for older persons who may already have other forms of impairment such as those that limit their mobility (40, 41)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We focused on education as the single most relevant neighborhood socioeconomic characteristic in terms of cog- nition among these older adults because education is con- ceptualized as being the catalyst for various other forms of neighborhood disadvantage, as described above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These other neighborhood-level characteristics (e.g., proportion of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/163/12/1071/97210 by Institut Armand-Frappier user on 16 May 2024 residents living below the poverty level, proportion of households receiving public assistance, proportion of un- employed adults) are highly correlated with neighborhood education (average r ¼ 0.757) and each other (average r ¼ 0.802) and, in additional analysis, were found to form a sin- gle principal component."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We replicated the neighborhood main-effects model by using this principal component in- stead of neighborhood education, and we found that the principal component approached significance (b ¼ ÿ0.24; standard error, 0.13; p ¼ 0.066)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, we prefer the results with neighborhood education because they suggest two types of influence on older persons' cognition: 1) a gen- eral impact of socioeconomic disadvantage (shared in com- mon with the other socioeconomic indicators) and 2) a specific impact of educational disadvantage."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The finding that cognitive deficits associated with being Hispanic became nonsignificant once the neighborhood characteristics were controlled deserves mention."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It appears that neighborhood context may be of special cognitive im- portance for these persons and that contextual-level education and income may account for the observed individual-level association between Hispanic background and cognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This finding should be interpreted with caution, however, because of the small proportion of Hispanics in the sample (4 percent)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ethnic variation in cognition was not the focus of our analysis, and ethnicity was included primarily as a control variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Targeted studies are needed to fully inves- tigate how neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics may be uniquely consequential to older Hispanics, especially given previous findings of neighborhood effects among older Mexican Americans (2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study has several strengths."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the data were de- rived from a large, national probability sample of older adults, enhancing external validity and generalizability of the findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, the measure of cognition was multi- faceted, and it tapped into both memory capabilities and the mental status of participants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, linkage of the individual- level data with US Census tract data provided a unique opportunity to assess the impact of neighborhood-level ed- ucation on cognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Fourth, controlling for a comprehen- sive list of individual-level risk factors enabled us to largely eliminate their potentially confounding impact on the results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are also limitations to acknowledge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, as dis- cussed in other analyses of the AHEAD data (27), results are somewhat biased toward a cognitively well-functioning population because we excluded institutionalized persons, proxy-assisted interviews, and persons for whom a large portion of cognitive data was missing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our analysis of the impact of missing cognitive data on our findings supports this possibility, in that those missing cognitive data do differ in several ways from participants in our analytic sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Importantly, however, missing cognitive data is not a system- atic function of neighborhood clustering, and we are confident in the basic nature of the relation between neighborhood edu- cation and cognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Second, selection effects (endogeneity) related to unique characteristics of persons who reside in certain residential areas may have affected the findings, and social selection remains an alternative explanation for our results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Third, the study was cross-sectional; thus, causal pathways cannot be definitively determined."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overall, however, by showing that cognition varied across urban neighborhoods and that the neighborhood-level edu- cation accounted for some of this variation, controlling for neighborhood-level income, individual-level education, and other risk factors, we conclude that social context is indeed consequential to cognitive function among older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fur- thermore, it is apparent that education-related neighbor- hood risk factors for poor cognition may be offset by one's own educational attainment, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This finding suggests that context-specific health assessments may facilitate the early identification and treatment of cognitive health problems, and targeting older persons with limited education in disadvantaged neigh- borhoods may prove especially beneficial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, pro- moting educational attainment in the general population in disadvantaged neighborhoods may prove cognitively benefi- cial to its aging residents because it may lead to meliorations in stressful life conditions and coping deficiencies in the neighborhood."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_102__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 12, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of multilevel modeling in epidemiologic analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were 10 times as many papers in Index Medicus identified by the terms 'multilevel' and 'epidemiology' in 2005 than there were in 1995."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In recent years, the American Journal of Epidemiology has published papers that use multilevel analyses to consider the associations between group-level characteristics and a range of health indicators [1-7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Accompanying these content-specific contributions have been several discussions of the strengths and limitations of multilevel modeling techniques [8, 9] and the rationale for applying these methods to public health [10, 11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this issue of the Journal, Wight et al. [ 12] examine whether neighborhood context influences the cognitive function of older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This paper contributes to the literature that considers the role of group-level education as a determinant of individual health [13, 14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The authors show that older adults living in areas characterized by low aggregate education have lower cognitive function than do older adults living in areas characterized by high aggregate education, independent of the participants’ own education."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In many ways, this analysis is representative of the growing multilevel analysis literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This study makes use of a large, nationally representative cross-sectional sample in the United States."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Participants were geocoded to their census tract of residence, and US Census data were used to characterize census tracts (equated here with 'neighborhoods') and to test for an association between neighborhood educational level and individual-level cognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "However, this paper is especially successful on several fronts and provides us with an opportunity to reflect on directions that might fruitfully move the field forward."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0032__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "It is the purpose of this commentary to offer thoughts about 1) specificity of association, 2) multilevel causal pathways, and 3) heterogeneity of associations, motivated by the work of Wight et al. and building on the extant literature on multilevel epidemiologic analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One key challenge facing studies of the macrolevel context and health is the relative paucity of theoretical development compared with the rapid progress of methodological development [9, 15, 16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This limitation places epidemiology in sharp contrast with other disciplines, such as sociology, where substantial theoretical work has developed strong frameworks that provide the basis for posing and testing hypotheses on the relations between macrolevel exposures and individual outcomes [17-19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The principal danger of having underdeveloped theoretical frameworks is that multilevel analyses run the risk of becoming another form of 'black box epidemiology' [20], where the associations between 'exposures' and 'outcomes' are explored, and statistically significant associations are reported, without a theoretical basis for why such associations should exist and why specific factors would cause particular diseases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although atheoretical epidemiologic explorations can reveal associations that then generate mechanistic hypotheses that can guide future research [21], they risk unearthing statistically significant relations that represent only the play of chance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Multilevel analysis in all aspects of health would do well to focus on evaluating specific theoretically driven hypotheses, transcending black box approaches in order to fruitfully identify macrolevel domains that may influence particular health outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Where no such theoretical or mechanistic work has been conducted for a particular macrolevel determinant, it would be productive for the field if we focused our energy on developing it."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wight et al. [ 12] present an analysis predicated on a specific neighborhood characteristic (aggregate area-level education) with the theoretical potential to predict a specific outcome (cognitive function)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors build their hypothesis on two observations: that educational attainment at the individual level predicts a range of other factors that may be salutary, or deleterious, for health; and that high levels of education are cognitively protective for individuals [22-25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, the authors admirably bring together the evidence from previous work, present plausible theoretical reasons as to why the macrolevel determinant of interest may matter for this particular outcome, and use multilevel analysis to assess their hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Wight et al. [ 12] also show results from an analysis in which they calculated a composite measure of neighborhood 'disadvantage' and were able to replicate the central neighborhood main effects that are the focus of this paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The authors note that they prefer treating neighborhood education as the exposure because the analysis illustrates a specific impact of educational disadvantage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We suggest that the choice of neighborhood educational attainment as the central independent variable in this analysis is not only preferable but also the only meaningful choice based on the articulated mechanistic pathways, and it is a core strength of this analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, this discussion also highlights the challenges of discerning the association of one potential macrolevel exposure with an outcome when it is highly collinear with other macrolevel exposures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "There may be causal relations among macrolevel characteristics that need to be better understood before we can untangle their separate and combined influences on health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Multilevel analyses can move further from atheoretical approaches by explicitly discussing the pathways that may link macrolevel exposures with individual outcomes and, more ambitiously, through attempts at testing these various pathways."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0034__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The paper by Wight et al. [ 12] is perhaps more successful than most papers on the first of these counts but, as is often the case in multilevel analyses, is limited on the second."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 15, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 15, 15], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wight et al. suggest three plausible mechanisms for explaining the observed association between low neighborhood educational attainment and poor individual cognitive function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These mechanisms include potential decreased individual activity due to neighborhood stressors, more limited availability of cognitively stimulating material resources such as libraries, and a greater social tolerance for illness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, similar to many multilevel analyses, this paper does not explore which of the potential mechanisms might actually explain the observed main-effects association."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In many ways, this shortcoming lays bare an essential tension in epidemiologic analysis more broadly, and one that is particularly germane to multilevel analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The predominant regression modeling techniques are designed to control for potential confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Regression approaches are not designed to consider mediation and are even more ill-suited to differentiating between confounding and mediation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This issue clearly is relevant to all epidemiologic analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, it is particularly challenging in the multilevel context, where exposures may be quite distal from the outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The pressure to demonstrate multilevel associations in models with extensive covariate control is substantial and, to some extent, understandable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The relative newness of examining distal exposures places an extra onus on investigators to demonstrate that their work is not simply a reflection of unmeasured confounding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Therefore, it is commonplace in papers that present multilevel analyses to adjust for the individual-level variables that may either confound, but could also plausibly mediate, the observed association between the macrolevel determinant and individual health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Insofar as macrolevel factors influence individual-level risk factors as well as individual-level outcomes, adjusting for individual-level factors will ultimately render all multilevel associations statistically insignificant [15, 26, 27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The decision about which variables to include in multilevel models then is a particular challenge faced by analyses interested in explicating the pathways that link macrolevel exposures with individual outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "The analysis by Wight et al. [ 12] is commendable for its judicious use of individual-level controls to reassure us that the findings are not simply a reflection of confounding by well-recognized risks for poor cognitive function without overadjustment for covariates that likely mediate the association of interest."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0035__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "However, in the interest of testing hypothesized pathways between macrolevel exposures and individual outcomes, methodological development that provides tools to isolate the role of specific mediators of multilevel associations would go a long way toward furthering the contribution of multilevel analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One additional note about this issue is in order."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Suppose that this analysis had included adjustment for limited physical activity, a variable that can plausibly be considered a confounder of the relation of interest but could also plausibly be considered a mediator (as suggested by the authors [12])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Suppose further that the final model then did not show a statistically significant association between neighborhood education and individual cognitive function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To what extent would such a model suggest that neighborhood educational attainment is not an 'important' contextual determinant of health?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This question gets at the heart of causal determination and the extent to which, in epidemiology, we are interested in causes distal from the individual."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If a compositional characteristic of a neighborhood—the general level of education—causes less individual activity, and if that lower level of individual activity causes residents in that neighborhood to have lower cognitive function, are we interested only in limited physical activity as a cause, or are we also interested in what might be considered 'causes of causes' [28]? Ultimately, this is not an empiric question as much as a reflection of the values of the epidemiologic research community that influence our analyses and the relevance of our work to the broader public health community."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "To some extent, it is self-evident that features of social context influence health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We epidemiologists must then choose whether we want to contribute to the body of empiric evidence that demonstrates what aspects of social context may matter for what."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0036__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We suggest that epidemiology, as the science of public health, might do well to consider causes at multiple levels regardless of their proximity to disease outcomes, providing a broader understanding of the processes that produce health and disease in populations and a wider array of potential points of intervention in the disease process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Much of our energy in epidemiologic analysis is focused on optimizing our explanatory models, explaining to the extent possible the risk of individual disease as a function of individual 'independent' covariates (exposures), and treating residual variation as random error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, as we broaden the epidemiologic lens of inquiry to include determinants at different levels of aggregation, we are beginning to understand that much of the residual variability from individual-level models is not random variability but rather a reflection of a web of interrelations among covariates at multiple levels of influence [10, 29, 30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Multilevel modeling expands on the individual-level regression approach by including explanatory variables at different levels of aggregation and provides one opportunity to better explore a more comprehensive range of factors that might explain variability in individual health and disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fundamentally, however, multilevel approaches remain concerned with the same goal of optimizing model-based explanation of the likelihood of individual disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Regression model-based approaches explicitly endeavor to explain dependent variables (health outcomes) as a function of a fixed set of variables in the hope of providing generalizable explanations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Relations between covariates at multiple levels of aggregation in nature are unlikely to be unidirectional or simple."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Several authors have called for the broader use of more flexible analytic tools that can take into account mediation, multidirectional causation, and nonlinear relations in epidemiologic research [31-35]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0037__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Unfortunately, at this time, most of these methods remain largely inaccessible because of both limitations of most readily available data and challenges in implementing more sophisticated analytic strategies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wight et al. [ 12] demonstrate an interaction between neighborhood education and individual education in explaining individual cognitive function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They surmise that this modification of the neighborhood education–individual cognition effect by individual education might reflect the greater import of social context for those who are already vulnerable, in this case, persons with low levels of education."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors suggest that this might guide context-specific health interventions informed by this work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While this approach is indeed instructive, this demonstration of heterogeneity of association by Wight et al. only scratches the surface of the potential dynamic processes that shape individual cognition in older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Insights from some epidemiologic disciplines such as infectious disease epidemiology [36-39] and, to some extent, the emerging epidemiologic study of frailty among the elderly [40] might lend themselves to broader adoption of epidemiologic methods that account for the complexity of nature across multiple levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Broad acceptance of multilevel techniques in the epidemiologic literature presents epidemiologists with a way to consider exposures that extend beyond typical individual exposures or risk behaviors and that may encompass more distal variables that are causes of these more proximal causes of disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, introduction of these methods has also brought challenges for epidemiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Methodologically, multilevel analytic techniques force us to consider the analytic difficulties of differentiating between confounders and mediators and of assessing indirect, reciprocal relations as part of a more comprehensive causal framework."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Conceptually, these techniques force us to rethink, yet again, what we might mean by 'cause' and to reconsider the uneasy alliance between the most widely used sufficient-cause frameworks in epidemiology that focus on proximate exposures [41] and the notion of causes of causes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Through clear exploration of specific associations, and potential heterogeneity within these associations, papers such as the one in this issue of the Journal by Wight et al. [ 12] are a small step in the right direction."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__critique__p0038__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Future epidemiologic theoretical and methodological work will be needed to take bigger steps to satisfactorily address the challenges faced in multilevel analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_102__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Galea and Ahern [1] have provided an insightful commentary on our article [2], raising several noteworthy observations pertaining to the current state of and future directions for multilevel epidemiologic research."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We concur that theory-driven multilevel studies are needed, along with explication of the mechanisms that link levels of influence on health, particularly since these mechanisms may be more readily amenable to intervention than structural determinants of health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, in our analyses of the association between neighborhood education and late-life cognition [2], we recommend promoting educational attainment in the general population in disadvantaged neighborhoods because it may prove cognitively beneficial to aging residents of these neighborhoods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An argument could be made instead for promoting alteration to the hypothesized mechanisms by which we believe educational attainment would benefit aging residents, such as engaging in physical and social activities or increasing access to cognitively stimulating material resources, because these mechanisms are less wieldy from a policy standpoint and are more proximal to the target population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, without longitudinal data to test the impact of these mechanisms, this possibility is purely speculative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "By specifying causal mechanisms, theory-based investigations are well poised to distinguish mediators from confounders or analytic noise."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_102__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As Galea and Ahern [1] note, a drawback to implementing theory-based multilevel investigations concerns the current lack of appropriate data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With growing evidence for apparent area-level effects, there will hopefully be greater impetus to develop data sets that specify the potential mechanisms linking levels of influence and that account for the inherent nesting of individuals within contexts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To date, many multilevel studies have been undertaken with data not originally designed to assess multiple levels of causality (as was the case with data from the Study of Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) analyzed in our study [2]), thereby hindering examinations of heterogeneous associations or limiting the set of variables available for inclusion in multivariate models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, the power to detect cross-level interactions is limited when there are too few cases per macro-level unit to provide sufficient variability in variables of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although there are approaches for solving the problem of \"data sparseness\" (e.g., cluster analysis, sample stratification), the problem would best be addressed by designing projects, a priori, to contain ample data points per contextual unit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Similarly, testing causal mechanisms between levels can occur only if these pathways are operationalized as variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0040__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Analysis of data sets specifically developed to test such pathways would represent a sizable improvement over secondary analysis of data sets developed for other purposes, which leave the investigator with the option of making use of only those constructs that happen to be available."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_102__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "102", "paragraph_id": "triad_102__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_102__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "By deriving theory-driven research models and applying them to appropriate data sets, future multilevel epidemiologic studies stand to make substantial contributions to our understanding of not only why but how contexts matter to health."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_102/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2118142668_W2118122727_W2167250153", "triad_name": "triad_102", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_102__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In 1977, Professors Paul Horowicz and Paul De Weer (my Washington University colleague), the founding editor and associate editor, respectively, of AJP Cell Physiology, invited me to write a review article for their new journal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Paul De Weer, an Na ϩ pump expert, and I had discussed my ideas about the role of Na ϩ pumps and a postulated Na ϩ pump inhibitor/ natriuretic hormone in the pathogenesis of hypertension."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present article is a personal account of the origin of those ideas and the developments in the field since my hypothesis was published in the journal's first volume (29); Table 1 provides a timeline."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two key early influences were my experiences treating heart failure (HF) patients with cardiotonic steroids (CTSs, e.g., digoxin) as a medical student and intern, and my 18 months in Daniel Tosteson's laboratory studying the Na ϩ pump, where I routinely used inhibition by the CTS ouabain (pronounced, \"wä=ba n\") (255) to measure pump activity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1958 I first met Tosteson who told me that \"the Na-K-ATPase (NKA, or Na ϩ pump) has just been discovered (264)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "You'd better hurry up and work on it before everything about the pump is found out and there's nothing left to do\"--so I went to work in his laboratory on a stipend from an NIH training grant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I'm still working on the pump 60 years later (43)!"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "My research and clinical experience with ouabain led me to ponder the question of how a pump inhibitor could enhance cardiac contraction (the positive inotropic effect) and thereby benefit patients with HF."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The story of how I fortuitously found the answer by discovering the Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) (14), the \"missing link,\" while studying squid axon Na ϩ pumps as an NIH Special Fellow in Cambridge and Plymouth, England, is described elsewhere (28, 35)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When we discovered the NCX, our 1973 paper (245) we postulated a \"privileged communication\" between the extracellular fluid and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), involving the PM NCX (and, presumably, PM Na ϩ pumps and the tiny intervening space between the PM and SR)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A similar idea, the ASM \"superficial buffer-barrier\", was later proposed by Van Breemen (285)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These views were bolstered by evidence for local Na ϩ gradients in heart (298) and ASM (235) and by discoveries about the subcellular localization of Na ϩ pumps and NCX in PM microdomains (see The Plot Thickens-A Lot, below)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This concept differs from the more widely distributed \"fuzzy space\" (165) that has recently been questioned (90, 187)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0003__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "1"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "␣2 NKA ouabain binding sites modulate basal BP* Table 3 regulation and, thus, a link to arterial contraction, TPR, and BP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While scouring the literature for relevant clinical data, I found a number of reports that raised the possibility that a natriuretic hormone, or \"third factor,\" might be involved (37, 45, 54)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some studies even suggested that this factor was an \"active sodium transport\" (i.e., Na ϩ pump) inhibitor (72, 80) [the senior author, Neal Bricker, had taught me renal patho- physiology and clinical nephrology when I was a medical student!]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I leaped at the idea and wove a seemingly logical (but rather naïve) story about how salt retention, by an un- known mechanism, triggers the secretion of an endogenous Na ϩ pump inhibitor (i.e., a ouabain-like compound or \"OLC\")."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I was unaware that Szent-Gyorgi had postulated an endogenous CTS 24 years earlier (274), and that Dahl had already shown that a \"humoral agent\" was instrumental in \"salt\" hypertension in rats (50)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The OLC would be expected to: 1) inhibit Na ϩ pumps in the kidneys, thereby promoting natriuresis to com- pensate for the salt retention; and 2) inhibit Na ϩ pumps in arterial myocytes, thereby promoting Ca 2ϩ entry via NCX [see Fig. 1, taken from the original article (29)]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The myocyte Ca 2ϩ retention should, of course, increase arterial tone, TPR and BP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact Mason and Braunwald had shown that local ouabain infusion increases forearm vascular resistance in humans (198)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Numerous novel findings have demonstrated that the model in Fig. 1 is overly simplistic."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nevertheless, the concepts of functional Na ϩ pump-NCX coupling and an OLC with vasotonic (and cardiotonic) actions have now been verified, and many of the details have been filled in."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 4, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "My 1977 paper (29) was published while I was abroad."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Upon my return, my laboratory colleagues (at Washington University Medical School in St. Louis, MO) all stopped what they were doing to watch me enter my office at the back of the laboratory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They wanted to see my astonishment when I opened the door and found my desk buried under a mound of several thousand reprint request cards (the article has been cited Ͼ1,700 times)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Interest in those ideas was soon reflected in de Wardener and MacGregor's review, \"Dahl's hypothesis that a saluretic substance (plays a) role in essential hyperten- sion\" (55), and in Kaplan's reference to my \"biochemical hypothesis\" (147)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While my AJP Cell article was in press, Haddy and Over- beck (113) also proposed that an OLC is a critical player in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They, however, suggested that the critical effects of pump inhibition were reduced electrogenic Na ϩ pump current and consequent myo- cyte depolarization (112), but this mechanism cannot work in the steady state."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Partial pump block will cause a transient decline in Na ϩ transport (and pump current), but when [Na ϩ ] CYT rises, pumped Na ϩ efflux must recover and must equal Na ϩ influx in the steady state to avoid continued net gain of Na ϩ (24)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In other words, chronically, partially inhibited pumps operate with a higher [Na ϩ ] CYT but unchanged pump current."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These proposals about the role of an OLC in hypertension spurred interest in purifying and identifying this compound."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One consequence was that a postdoctoral applicant, John Hamlyn, arrived at my office in 1981, shortly after I moved to the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore. He told me he wanted to purify this new hormone. I thought to myself, \"Sure, you and who else?\" Nevertheless, he had some good ideas so I agreed to take him on and let him try, perhaps swayed a bit by the fact that he grew up in the '60s in Plymouth, UK, the site of our NCX discovery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Little did I- or any of us-realize how terribly difficult this quest for the holy spirit would be."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most opportunely, shortly after John's arrival I was intro- duced to Avinoam Kowarski and Bruce Hamilton, two clinical endocrinology colleagues who were studying hypertension and had collected plasmas from a number of patients and controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They agreed to collaborate and provided us with de-identified plasmas, and John devised a direct but complex biochemical assay to measure Na ϩ -K ϩ -ATPase (NKA) inhibitory activity in the plasmas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On several occasions I hovered over John's shoulder as he performed the assay, and I marveled at his skill; it left me with no doubt about the quality of his data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "My mentors, Howard Schneiderman, Dan Tosteson, David Gold- man and Alan Hodgkin (26) had imbued me with the need to"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the next decade, Upjohn funded and participated in our research as follows: I was tasked with procuring, literally, tons of plasma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A good source was blood banks at our univer- sity and other nearby large medical institutions that performed plasmapheresis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "John worked out the initial steps of extraction and purification on large, normal phase chromatographic col- umns, but the latter proved unsatisfactory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Accordingly, sub- sequent work was done on smaller, reverse-phase HPLC (high- pressure liquid chromatography) columns that gave far supe- rior resolution and reliability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "At every step, the eluates were carefully screened for NKA inhibitory activity, and the most promising, high-activity samples were saved for further anal- ysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Once false-positive had been excluded and the location of relevant biological activities was understood, the isolation steps worked out in Baltimore were refined and scaled up for batch processing at Upjohn."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In 1987 I attended a meeting in Switzerland and stopped off to visit Reuter in Bern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Harald asked me if I had seen the latest issue of Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communica- tions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I hadn't, so he escorted me to the library, retrieved the issue from the rack, and opened it to an article by Tamura and Inagami (278)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I skimmed through the report in which they claimed to have purified an endogenous NKA inhibitor of molecular mass 336 Da, with \"striking similarity toѧ ouabain,\" and was alarmed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "I immediately phoned Hamlyn in Baltimore."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "He hadn't seen the article either, so I started to read it to him."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Before I'd gotten very far, he interrupted me: \"They missed it!\" John, who has an exceptional understanding of steroid chem- istry, recognized that they, too, had seen what appeared to be the same bioactive polar material eluting from their columns, but that they had been led astray by a co-eluting contaminant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "When I returned to Baltimore, I sought John out."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "He wasn't in his office, but an 8½ ϫ 11 inch photocopy of an Inagami portrait was hanging from each of his bookcases-and from each of the eye-level shelves in his laboratory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0019__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "As John ex- plained, \"I want to know who my competition is.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact, there was no shortage of competition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1988, a prominent Tokyo group, Goto and Yamada, described a bio- active material in dog plasma that \"closely resembles ouabain\" (103)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Their extracts, while impure, almost certainly contained OLC, but they, too, were thrown off the scent by a contaminant that had an estimated mass of only 343 Da; ouabain's mass is 585 Da."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The following year, another very active group, Hallaq and Haupert in Boston, described the ouabain-like positive inotropic effects of a partially purified material from bovine hypothalamus (116)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Clearly, the key to winning the \"race\" was to put sufficient pure material in the hands of an analytical chemist who made a living by identifying small molecules."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 12, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "By 1989 we had 0.8 g of a very highly enriched OLC with an inhibitory action on NKA indistinguishable from that of plant ouabain (120)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At this point we were close, but not yet there."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The OLC was purified by a factor of~10 billion but wasn't completely pure, and the 0.8 g were insufficient for the best mass spectrometers (MS) at the time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We needed several micrograms of pure material to be sure not to get caught with a contaminant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Fred Mandel at Upjohn suggested employing the NKA, itself, as an affinity ligand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A slurry of NKA was used to bind up the OLC; after washing to remove unbound contaminants, the OLC was eluted from the NKA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Two more rounds of HPLC were sufficient to obtain pure OLC, Don Ducharme phoned a couple of weeks later to tell me that they had identified the structure: \"Are you sitting down? You'd better sit down."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "You won't believe this."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "It's ouabain!\" It took him some time to convince me that he wasn't joking (\"Okay, Don, now really, what's the structure?\")."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "I immedi- ately went to John's office to inform him (he was then an assistant professor)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "John was just as incredulous; he phoned Don back for confirmation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "The chemistry and mechanism of action had indicated that the endogenous molecule was very \"ouabain-like\"; nevertheless, we were all stunned that it was \"indistinguishable from ouabain\" (Fig. 3A) (118)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "This manu- script, too, had a rough time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "It was submitted to Nature, and although one referee offered to write a \"News and Views\" commentary, another had \"a gut feeling that (endogenous ouabain, EO) is an artifact.\" Nature therefore rejected the manuscript so I consulted Professor Joseph Hoffman, a re- spected leader in the Na ϩ pump field, who communicated it to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS; 118)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Our report merited an editorial, \"Welcome to ouabain,\" in The Lancet (68); the original presentation to the American Heart Association High Blood Pressure Council was reported in The New York Times (7)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "John and our Upjohn colleagues also published full details of the EO purification and mass spectroscopy (119, 188, 199)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "The PNAS article and the earlier Nature (123) and AJP Cell (29) publications were all included among \"The Top 100 Cited Scientific Reportsѧ on Hyperten- sion Research\" published in the past century (221)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Regretta- bly, a change in leadership at Upjohn led the company to abandon our project shortly after the discovery of EO."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0021__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Our Upjohn collaborators, Don DuCharme, Jim Ludens, Fred Man- del, and Rod Mathews, were dismayed because they described the EO study as \"the most exciting project\" in their careers at the company."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The skepticism voiced by some colleagues when we an- nounced the result was understandable (a few thought I'd gone off the deep end)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After all, ouabain had been used in Africa as an arrow poison for hunting and warfare since the 3rd century (215)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Why would anyone have expected ouabain to be a normal human hormone?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It seems weird, but doesn't this simply reflect our prejudice because we learned that ouabain is a poison more than a century before discovering that it is a hormone?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Within a decade six groups on three continents had verified by MS and NMR spectroscopy that human, bovine, and rodent materials (plasma, urine, adrenals, and hypothalamic tissue) contain EO (Table 2A); the highest concentrations were found in the adrenals (118)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A few outspoken investigators were unable to detect EO in human plasma and claimed that EO did not exist [Table 2C; (172)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Regrettably, this distracted many researchers and clinicians outside the immediate field who could not evaluate or, more often, were unaware of the actual data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the face of so much positive analytical data, including published MS and NMR spectra of EO (Table 2A), very rigorous experiments are needed to prove its absence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Could so many fine investigators have found the same artifact in speci- mens from different species?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A more likely explanation is that the authors listed in Table 2C may have not detected EO because they did not replicate the original protocols; e.g., one used homogenized placenta (126) rather than plasma, and the others (12, 59, 173) relied on immunoassays."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In contrast, many of those in Table 2A used the native receptor: i.e., they bioassayed eluates for NKA binding and/or inhibitory activity at each stage of HPLC separation (e.g., refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0023__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "118, 120, 188, 232, 256, 276)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ouabain, also called \"g-strophanthin,\" is an unusual steroid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is highly polar and therefore can be challenging to separate by column chromatography, especially when it is present in a complex matrix such as plasma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Hamlyn recently identified two ouabain isomers in rodent plasma that are absent from commercial (plant) ouabain, one even more polar than ouabain [Table 2B; (121, 138)]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is additional evidence that EO is of animal origin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In fact, one group that was unable to detect EO in human plasma (12) did observe an ion currrent peak in their MS-MS product ion spectra that eluted shortly ahead of ouabain ((289) and see footnote to Table 2 line C4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "That ion current peak contained a product ion with the same mass/ charge ratio as ouabain, and we have therefore suggested that it might correspond to the more polar of two ouabain isomers (27, 117) previously observed in rat plasma by multistage MS (121, 138)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The OLC has also been called a \"digitalis-like compound\" (CTSs obtain from plants of the genus, Digitalis) or DLC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As discussed in the next section, however, digitalis-like, very hydrophobic compounds (e.g., digoxin; Fig. 3B) do not mimic the unusually polar ouabain-like CTSs (from flora of the genera Strophanthus and Acokanthera) in some of their key actions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To date, there is negligible evidence that DLCs are endogenous in mammals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Plant ouabain comes from the bark of the Somali \"ouabaio\" tree, Acokanthera ouabaio (alt., A. schimperi), hence the name (\"waabaayo\" is \"arrow poison\" in Somali), and from the seeds of the flowering woody vines, Strophanthus gratus and Strophanthus kombé."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The cardiotonic, pulse- slowing effect of juice from S. kombé seeds, which contains ouabain, was discovered by the British botanist, John Kirk, in 1861 (182, 204)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ouabain was first identified chemically and named by the French chemist, Arnaud, in 1888 (8, 139)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another related CTS, marinobufagenin (MBG; Fig. 3C), a bufadienolide first identified in amphibia (15), has also been linked to hypertension (73, 74), and elevated levels of MBG and another bufadienolide, telocinobufagin, have been found in patients in renal failure (154)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The linkage to hypertension is based mainly on immunologic (versus analytic) identification and on immuno-neutralization by \"Digibind\" or \"DigiFab,\" commercial anti-digoxin Fab fragments with much higher affinity for ouabain and digoxin than for MBG (239, 240)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, MBG binds preferentially to ␣1 Na ϩ pumps (74, 75, 295)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Here I focus on ␣2 Na ϩ pumps and EO (see The Plot Thickens - a Lot for a discussion of Na ϩ pump ␣-subunit isoforms)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Many of the immuno-neutralization studies men- tioned below indicate that the main endogenous CTS binding site ligand is an OLC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, there are likely to be other related endogenous Na ϩ pump ligands such as the two ouabain isomers mentioned above (121, 138)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An oft-stated concern about EO is that the biosynthetic pathway is unknown (172), but this is not entirely correct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The adrenals are an important source of EO because they have high concentrations (118, 256, 277)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Adrenalectomy markedly re- duces plasma EO in rats (118), and patients with adrenal insufficiency have very low circulating EO levels (268)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, prolonged immuno-neutralization of EO with custom anti- ouabain antibodies increases adrenal cortical, but not medul- lary, weight by about 40%, suggesting feedback enhancement of EO production (213)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are several reports of hyperten- sive patients with adrenocortical tumors associated with exces- sive production of EO or endogenous \"DLC\" (190, 252, 258)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Further, plasma aldosterone and EO are co-elevated in patients with essential hypertension (279)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Also, excision of the adre- nocortical tumors (some may even be \"ouabainomas\"; e.g., Ref. 190) markedly reduced plasma EO or DLC and attenuated the hypertension (190, 252, 258)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "( In this case, as in many other reports, \"DLC\" is simply used as the generic term for an endogenous substance that binds with high affinity to anti- digoxin fab fragments, rather than a reference to an entity chemically identified as \"digitalis-like.\"]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Primary cultured bovine adrenocortical cells exhibit net synthesis of EO (162, 232), as do the adrenals of awake dogs (36)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Perrin and colleagues (232) showed that the biosynthesis of ouabain, like aldosterone, begins with cholesterol side chain cleavage to form pregnenolone, which is then converted to progesterone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The more distal steps where the pathway di- verges from that of aldosterone synthesis, including the addi- tion of the unsaturated five-member lactone ring and the hexose, L-rhamnose (ouabain is a rhamnoside; Fig. 3A), still"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If EO is the Na ϩ pump endogenous ligand, and if it does promote the elevation of BP, as Haddy and Overbeck (113) and I (29) had postulated, there is a direct test: infuse ouabain into animals to elevate the plasma level and determine if it raises BP."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Accordingly, Hamlyn, Haddy, and their colleagues showed that simply administering ouabain to normal outbred rats for 6 - 8 weeks causes hypertension (314)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This landmark obser- vation has now been replicated in numerous laboratories (re- viewed in Refs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "92, 117)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because ouabain does not always raise BP in outbred rats, a few investigators have mistakenly concluded that the ouabain-hypertension link is unimportant (92)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This view ignores the evidence that the susceptibility to ouabain-induced hypertension is genetically determined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As Hamlyn and colleagues showed, by inbreeding the least and the most ouabain-sensitive rats, one can generate a highly ouabain- resistant strain and one that is exquisitely ouabain-sensitive within just three generations (6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on the knowledge that all CTSs are pump inhibitors (255) with a cardiotonic action (291), one might have anticipated that the influence of ouabain on BP depends exclusively on its inhibition of Na ϩ pumps and consequent NCX-mediated eleva- tion of cytosolic Ca 2ϩ [as postulated (29) and see Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "14]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this case, all CTSs, which are also vasotonic (198, 283), would be expected to have a similar hypertensinogenic effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 9, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When Ham- lyn and his post-doc, Paolo Manunta, infused digoxin and related compounds into rats for 5 weeks, however, the BP did not rise (193, 196), even though these compounds, too, are vasotonic (267, 283)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, when digoxin was infused into ouabain-hypertensive rats, the BP fell; i.e., digoxin behaved like an ouabain antagonist (193, 196)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite these novel findings, the original report (193) was initially rejected for publication as a full-length article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It was only published 7 years later, after another report had verified the antagonistic effect of digoxin on ouabain-induced and salt-depen- dent hypertension (131)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subsequently, Lichtstein and colleagues corroborated the ouabain-digoxin antagonism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They showed that in anesthetized guinea pigs given a toxic dose of digoxin, and in isolated cardiac muscle treated with toxic concentrations of digoxin or bufalin, low-dose ouabain attenuated the cardiotoxicity (214)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Also, we later observed ouabain-digoxin antagonism in isolated arteries and in primary cultured neurons (267)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In retro- spect, these results should have been anticipated because digoxin has been used clinically for more than two centuries (301) without any evidence that it is hypertensinogenic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0032__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Some of the clinically beneficial effects of Digitalis steroids might even be explained by (unrecognized) ouabain-digoxin antagonism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The implications of these straightforward observations are profound!"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, because both digoxin and ouabain similarly inhibit the Na ϩ pump (267, 310), this inhibition alone cannot account for ouabain's hypertensinogenic effect, but an explanation wasn't recognized until a decade later (see The NKA Is More Than a Cation Pump, below)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, these data demonstrate that the CTS-Na ϩ pump interactions for digoxin and ouabain are not identical; they support the view that the endogenous ligand is very \"ouabain-like\" and not \"digoxin-like.\" Third, the results suggest that digoxin or a digoxin-like molecule might be a therapeutically useful antihypertensive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, digoxin has been used to treat hypertension (1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "( During a luncheon following a seminar I gave at Johns Hopkins University three years ago, a post- doc from India told me that his mother, who had hyperten- sion, had been treated with digoxin. \" What happened?\" I asked. \" Her blood pressure came down\" was his reply.) This concept was quickly recognized by others and led Bianchi and colleagues to develop rostafuroxin (PST2238; Fig. 3D), a deriv- ative of digitoxigenin (241) that displaces [ 3 H]ouabain from NKA at concentrations that don't inhibit the ATPase (79)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Rostafuroxin antagonizes ouabain-induced hypertension in rats (79) but may have too low an affinity for the pump (267) to be useful in unselected patients with essential hyperten- sion (269)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This drug, however, effectively lowers BP in hypertensive patients who carry specific isomorphisms (161)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Nevertheless, a more effective EO antagonist is obviously needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a prescient article, Manunta, Hamilton, and Hamlyn (192) identified some of the structural features of ouabain that are required for its hypertensinogenic effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They showed that the aglycone ouabagenin is as effective as ouabain in inducing hypertension in the rat."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surprisingly, modifications of the normally unsaturated lactone ring-i.e., saturation, conforma- tional constraint, or opening of the ring-strengthen the hy- pertensinogenic effect even though these alterations greatly weaken the ATPase inhibitory activity by increasing the EC 50 almost 100-fold."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This, too, indicates that the hypertensinogenic effect is not tightly linked to the Na ϩ pump inhibitory activity but instead suggests that the effect is more closely related to EO-activated signaling mechanisms (see The NKA Is More Than a Cation Pump)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An alternative test of the EO-hypertension hypothesis is to neutralize the circulating EO in hypertensive models (or humans)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, immuno-neutralization of EO with Digibind significantly lowers BP in rats with DOCA-salt (156) or reduced renal mass (146) hypertension and prevents ACTH-induced BP elevation in mice (60)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By the late 1990s the link between ouabain/EO and hypertension was already well documented in humans (195, 233, 252) and rodents- despite a few awkward and as yet unexplained observations such as why only about half of essential hyperten- sives and patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas have substantially elevated EO levels (252)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nonetheless, plasma EO correlates directly with BP in essential hypertensives and their offspring (194, 233)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In 1985 Lingrel and Shull cloned the Na ϩ pump catalytic (␣) subunit which contains the transport machinery and ouabain binding site (259)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By the early '90s they had cloned all 4 ␣-subunit isoforms (␣1-␣4) and the small, glycosylated mam- C10 THE PUMP, THE EXCHANGER, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT AJP-Cell Physiol • doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2017 • www.ajpcell.org Downloaded from journals.physiology.org/journal/ajpcell at McGill Univ (132.216.240.244) on May 18, 2024."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "malian ␤-subunit isoforms (␤1 and ␤2) (23, 180)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The pumps are ␣␤ dimers, and ␤ is a chaperone that is required for maturation, intracellular routing, and activity of the pump, including ouabain binding (124)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The pump complex may also include a small regulatory \"FXYD family\" protein, sometimes called the ␥-subunit (91)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, all cells express pumps with an ␣1-subunit, usually the predominant pumps [80 -90% of total pumps in the heart (19, 299)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most cells also express pumps with an ␣2- or ␣3-subunit [the remainder (19, 141, 299)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition to ␣1 pumps, for example, all types of muscle (cardiac, skeletal, and smooth), glial cells, and hip- pocampal neurons also express ␣2 Na ϩ pumps, while most neurons express ␣3 pumps (179, 203)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ␣1 pumps are \"housekeepers\" that maintain the low [Na ϩ ] CYT in bulk cytosol and mediate net Na ϩ transport across epithelia (201)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "So what do the ␣2 and ␣3 Na ϩ pumps do?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While studying ␣-subunit distribution in ASM cells and neurons, we serendipitously discovered that the pumps with ␣2- or ␣3-subunits were confined to PM microdomains that were closely apposed to \"junctional\" SR or endoplasmic retic- ulum (S/ER) (144, 145)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The NCX colocalized with ␣2 or ␣3 in these microdomains at PM-S/ER junctions, which we have called \"PLasmERosomes\" (33)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, ␣1 pumps were more ubiquitously distributed in the PM (144)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This was the first experimental support for our conjecture that there is preferential communication between the PM and S/ER at the PLasmERosomes (245)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further, the unusually low affinity of rodent ␣1 for CTSs (218) implicated ␣2 and/or ␣3 pumps and NCX in the cellular action of low-dose CTSs (9, 33)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Crucially, Lingrel's Na ϩ pump-cloning studies opened the door to genetic alteration of the pumps to facilitate the study of ␣ isoform function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mutations included the generation of mice with ouabain-resistant (R) ␣2 pumps [␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice (48, 61)] and R-␣2 mice with ouabain-sensitive (S) ␣1 pumps (␣1 S/S ␣2 R/R , or \"SWAP\" mice (63)), to determine the role of the ouabain binding site (179)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice, with two amino acids normally found only in ouabain-resistant rodent ␣1 substituted into the ␣2 ouabain binding site (48), apparently have normal Na ϩ -K ϩ -ATPase activity (61), but they exhibit a baseline cardiovascular phenotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Telemetry studies show that baseline mean BP (MBP) is 4 -10 mm Hg higher in awake ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R than wild-type (WT) ␣1 R/R ␣2 S/S mice (Table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Also, pregnant ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R dams have about 10 mm Hg lower systolic BP than do pregnant WT controls (228)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, the ␣2 ouabain binding site and, presumably, its endogenous ligand play a role in normal basal BP regulation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice are resistant to hypertension induced by ouabain, ACTH, elevated intracerebroventricular (icv) NaCl, and high dietary NaCl (60, 62, 168, 185, 286)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even angiotensin (Ang) II-high salt hypertension, a common hyper- tension model, apparently requires S-␣2 pumps for full expres- sion (25, 187a)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Trans-aortic constriction (TAC)-induced car- diac hypertrophy also is delayed/attenuated in these mice despite the TAC-induced BP elevation (296)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conversely, SWAP (␣1 S/S ␣2 R/R ) mice, which have 5-10 times as many S-pumps as WT mice, exhibit a smaller BP rise but accelerated TAC-induced hypertrophy and HF (25, 296)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, ACTH-induced and salt-induced hypertension and TAC-in- duced cardiac hypertrophy, but not TAC-induced pressure overload, are all markedly attenuated by immuno-neutraliza- tion of EO (60, 168, 176, 286, 296)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Also, active anti-ouabain immunization with an ouabain conjugate attenuates hyperten- sion in salt-sensitive Dahl rats (101)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Collectively, these sem- inal studies demonstrate that EO and its receptor site partici- pate in the pathogenesis of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and HF."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0043__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Moreover, the SWAP mouse data may be relevant to humans and other non-rodent mammals that have a ␣1 S/S ␣2 S/S Na ϩ pump genotype."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I first learned of the ACTH-hypertension results when Jerry Lingrel presented them in a symposium in 2004 honoring Joe Hoffman on his retirement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Joe, who was sitting in the front row, turned around and gave me a \"thumbs-up\" when Jerry finished speaking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It was welcome support for the EO-Na ϩ pump-hypertension hypothesis, when many had anticipated a negative result."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is a fly in the ointment, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice apparently can develop DOCA-salt hypertension despite the ouabain resistance (186)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The discrepancy between this result and the attenuation of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats by immuno-neutralization of EO with Digibind (156) needs to be resolved."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, the apparent paradox that ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice have elevated basal BP (Table 3) yet are unable to develop several forms of hypertension requires an explanation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several other unexpected and astonishing observations that revolutionized our conception of the CTS-Na ϩ pump endo- crine mechanism were made in the 1990s."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One is the discovery by Xie and Askari and colleagues that ouabain binding to Na ϩ pumps activates protein kinase (PK) cascades and cell signal- ing apparently independent of active cation transport (110, 135, 153, 181, 231, 305)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The two pathways that have been identi- fied, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Src/MEK/ ERK1/2 and PI3K1A/PDK/Akt (87, 111, 175, 303), are acti- vated by ouabain in a variety of cell types, including cardio- myocytes, ASM cells, and kidney tubule cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ouabain signaling also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) (307)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "X-ray crys- tallography shows that it lies within the cation transport chan- nel (163, 308)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Another possibility is that Na ϩ pumps function as tetramers of the ␣␤ protomer, i.e. (␣␤) 4 (267)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At first I was quite skeptical that the pump did anything other than pump cations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After all, I had lived with that classical concept for about 40 years, and it's hard to teach on old dog a new trick (30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonetheless, the discovery that prolonged ouabain, but not digoxin, treatment triggers PK- mediated ion transporter reprogramming, including upregula- tion of NCX1 both in vivo and in vitro in ASM cells (237, 238, 323) and cardiomyocytes (32) was the clincher."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our initial report was rejected by Journal of Physiology with the claim that EO doesn't exist (yes, it's getting monotonous!), but was published in AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology (238) with an accompanying \"Editorial Focus\" (94)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Importantly, here was a possible explanation for the fact that digoxin inhibits NKA and is vasotonic but does not raise BP: The PK-mediated upregulation of NCX1 and enhancement of ouabain-induced, NCX-mediated Ca 2ϩ entry at PLasmERosomes may be crucial for BP elevation (see Ref. 31)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a striking turnabout, Journal of Physiology recently invited and published our review of the evidence that ␣2 and its ouabain binding site are pivotal in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology (31)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another unanticipated development in the mid-90s was Frans Leenen's discovery of the role of \"brain ouabain\" in the pathogenesis of hypertension (129, 130, 132)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This followed earlier reports of an OLC in the hypothalamus (275, 282). But why was brain EO necessary, as Leenen's experiments clearly suggested (130), if most of the circulating EO comes from the adrenal cortex (36, 118, 268) where it is synthesized (162), and if circulating EO/ouabain has a direct vasotonic effect (9, 238, 317, 318)? How did brain ouabain fit into the \"big picture\" if circulating EO directly augments Ca 2ϩ signaling and activates the arterial (and cardiac) PK-dependent Ca 2ϩ transporter re- programming?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite these key, unresolved questions, Leenen, and Hamlyn and I, proceeded on our separate ways for more than a decade without trying to reconcile our different viewpoints."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Then, in 2010 Leenen invited me to participate in a satellite conference he organized in conjunction with the International Society on Hypertension's Vancouver meeting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Following our divergent presentations he asked me if there wasn't some way to reconcile our differing views."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the first time this got me to think seriously about the dilemma (30)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I invited Frans to Baltimore, and John and I initiated a collab- oration with him."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This led to a jointly authored review in which we postulated that Leenen's novel hypothalamic pathway, involving \"brain EO\" (88), helps regulate adrenal secretion of EO and circulating EO levels (34)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We then embarked on a collaborative study that tested this hypothesis (121)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Specifi- cally, we found that icv infusion of low-dose Ang II elevated BP and plasma EO and upregulated arterial expression of NCX1 and SERCA type 2 (SERCA2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All these effects were blocked by icv infusion of an aldosterone synthase inhibitor or a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker (121)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Yet despite all this evidence for a novel EO-Na ϩ pump endocrine mech- anism, grant applications, including the renewal of our Pro- gram Project Grant (which generated much of these data) and a new collaborative program with Leenen, were rejected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, despite two enthusiastic reviews of one application, the primary reviewer stated (Summary Statement) that \"It is intuitive that these... (central nervous system, CNS) pathways likely existѧ Hence, the innovation is modest at best.\" Any- thing is obvious when you're given the answer [in this case, the preliminary data that supported a novel explanation for the paradoxical finding that high salt and salt restriction both elevate plasma EO (191)]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In his 1953 monograph, Szent-Gyorgi suggested that in HF there might be a \"missing screw\" that exogenous CTSs are able to replace (274)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, following the discovery of EO, Hamlyn, Manunta, and Stephen Gottlieb, a University of Maryland cardiologist, measured EO levels in HF patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The results were clear: EO was elevated, not reduced (as implied by Szent-Gyorgi), in HF patients, and the level correlated in- versely with cardiac index (104)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Was this already a hint of EO-digoxin antagonism?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A later corroborative study from Milan demonstrated that EO correlates directly with the extent of cardiac hypertrophy in patients with end stage renal disease (270)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In these patients and in patients undergoing cardiopul- monary bypass surgery (22) the highest EO levels were asso- ciated with the most severe cardiac disease and the worst clinical outcomes (263)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The NIH (NHLBI) funded the Digitalis Investigative Group (DIG) clinical trial (1990 to 1998), a randomized digoxin/ placebo test on 7,788 HF patients, to investigate the effective- ness of digoxin therapy [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (58)]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The presence of EO and occurrence of ouabain-digoxin antagonism surely raise fundamental questions about the interpretation and significance of this trial's outcome (93, 229)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the past 15 years it has become apparent that the pathogenesis of hypertension and HF involves renin-Ang- aldosterone system (RAAS)-mediated activation of the same central pathways that drive sympathetic input to the arteries and heart (Fig. 4) (57, 226, 227, 300, 313, 321)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, in retrospect it is not surprising that Leenen found that \"brain ouabain\" participates in the same CNS mechanisms that en- hance sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in HF (169) and hypertension (129, 130, 132)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After all, similar agents, includ- ing Ang-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Ang receptor blockers (ARBs), and MR blockers, are all effective therapies for both hypertension and HF (42, 140, 157, 170)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further- more, the progression from uncontrolled hypertension to car- diac hypertrophy and then HF is well documented (46, 128, 290, 316)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Additionally, as noted above (The Plot Thickens), the cardiac hypertrophy that results from TAC-induced pres- sure overload in mice also depends in part on the ␣2 Na ϩ pump ouabain binding site and on EO (25, 296)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, in SWAP mice with S-␣1 Na ϩ pumps the progression to HF is acceler- ated (296)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This is a further manifestation of the EO-ouabain- sensitive Na ϩ pump-hypertension-HF relationship."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Initially, I questioned the EO-HF link, so John Hamlyn and I explored the effects of coronary occlusion in mice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We found C12 THE PUMP, THE EXCHANGER, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT AJP-Cell Physiol • doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2017 • www.ajpcell.org Downloaded from journals.physiology.org/journal/ajpcell at McGill Univ (132.216.240.244) on May 18, 2024. 32) as others have observed in human and experi- mental HF (219, 271)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Not surprisingly, the signaling mecha- nisms appear to be cell type-specific."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The preceding discussion about the cardiovascular conse- quences of interfering with the EO-Na ϩ pump mechanism raises critical questions about how this system works."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In other endocrine systems, either absence or excess of the hormone can have pathophysiological consequences as in, for example, hypo- and hyperthyroidism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is also the case for the EO-Na ϩ pump system; furthermore, the pathophysiological consequences are not always \"all-or-none.\" For example, ouabain resistance in mice delays/attenuates TAC-induced car- diac hypertrophy but does not prevent it (296; see also Ref. 25)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, transient or modest elevation of EO may be beneficial (e.g., the cardiotonic effect), but greater and more sustained elevation may have pathological consequences (hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and HF)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "How can we explain these seeming contradictions?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The key role of the sympathetics in cardiovascular control is widely accepted, but it seems logical that other mechanisms also contribute to these functions that are so vital for survival."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this regard the EO-Na ϩ pump system operates in conjunc- tion with and in parallel to other mechanisms, especially the sympathetic nervous system (Fig. 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whereas ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice have only a modest baseline BP phenotype (Table 3; see The Plot Thickens), ␣-adrenoceptor blockade markedly re- duces arterial tone (302, 315) and lowers BP (105, 220)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Enhanced sympathetic drive in hypertension and HF is main- tained at least in part by activation of a novel, slow neuro- modulatory pathway in the hypothalamus (Fig. 4, top right corner), one component of which is locally secreted (paracrine) \"brain EO\" (88, 121, 300)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interruption of this pathway by lesioning the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) could ex- plain why AV3V lesions prevent the maintenance of estab- lished hypertension (39)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The neuromodulatory pathway feeds forward via Ang II onto the brainstem sympathetic system that drives both the heart and arteries (171)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition to modu- lating SNA, the slow pathway regulates plasma EO, perhaps via SNA to the adrenals and Ang II (31, 121)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This endocrine mechanism serves as a parallel pathway to the sympathetics in influencing cardiac and vascular signaling (Fig. 4; see also Ref. 31)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Block of the neuromodulatory pathway therefore attenu- ates hypertension and HF by both central and peripheral mechanisms (121, 134) and has obvious implications for hy- pertension and HF therapy (166)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Circulating EO acts directly on the heart and arteries in two ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, by inhibiting ␣2 Na ϩ pumps, EO exerts acute cardiotonic and vasotonic actions [Fig. 4, bottom half); (31)]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, by activating PK cascades, EO triggers reprogram- ming of Ca 2ϩ transporter protein expression exemplified by increased NCX1 in both the heart and arteries, and increased arterial but decreased cardiac SERCA2 (see \"chronic\" path- ways in Fig. 4, bottom)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In arteries with tone, because NCX1 normally mediates net Ca 2ϩ entry, the upregulation of both NCX1 and SERCA2 contributes to enhanced Ca 2ϩ signaling and increased tone and fosters hypertension."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the heart, however, although NCX1 normally mediates Ca 2ϩ extrusion, primarily, the combination of Na ϩ pump inhibition and in- creased NCX1 expression tends to promote net Ca 2ϩ gain, and thereby increases ventricular \"stiffness\" and reduces diastolic dilation (Fig. 4; bottom right) (86, 95, 200, 236)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Also, the decreased SERCA2 expression reduces Ca 2ϩ storage and sig- naling (20, 21, 273, 280)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0058__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Thus the elevated plasma EO initially contributes to enhanced Ca 2ϩ signaling and cardiac workload, and to hypertrophy by a sustained cardiotonic effect as well as the protein reprogramming."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "But, if EO elevation is greatly prolonged, and especially if the EO level continues to rise, this will eventually increase cardiac stiffness, reduce Ca 2ϩ signal- ing, and cause HF (additional details in Ref. 31)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The key role of EO and ␣2 Na ϩ pumps is indicated by the results of studies on TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Contrary to the dogma that cardiac stretch directly induces the hypertrophy (223, 297, 309), pressure overload-induced hypertrophy is attenuated/ delayed when EO is immuno-neutralized, or its receptor is knocked out or mutated to an ouabain-resistant form (248, 296)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ouabain-sensitive Na ϩ pumps are expressed in all tissues."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore it is appropriate to ask whether ouabain-resistant mutants and EO immuno-neutralization induce dysfunction in organ systems other than the cardiovascular system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An affir- mative answer would help validate the EO-Na ϩ pump endo- crine concept."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The CNS might, however, be protected from circulating EO by the blood-brain barrier, which polar EO does not permeate- except at the circumventricular organs, which lack the barrier."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nevertheless, as discussed next, several groups explored the idea that brain neurons and/or astrocytes might express an EO-dependent phenotype."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Following up on their earlier studies demonstrating learning and behavior alterations in heterozygous mice with a single null mutation in ␣2 (or ␣3) Na ϩ pumps (210), Lingrel and coworkers discovered that ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice have a behavioral phenotype: They exhibit decreased locomotion in a novel environment, a blunted acous- tic startle reflex, enhanced response to methamphetamine (an indirect sympathomimetic), and impaired egocentric learning (254)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, these specific behavioral and memory def- icits, which are likely related to ␣2 Na ϩ pump expression in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and/or brain astrocytes, differ from those in heterozygous ␣2 mice (␣2 S/Ϫ ) (254)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ␣2 S/Ϫ mice, which have a null mutation in one ␣2 allele and express only half the normal complement of S-␣2 pumps, exhibit increased anxiety, decreased locomotor activity, and impaired spatial learning (137, 210)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, a difference would be expected because ␣2 S/Ϫ is equivalent to elevation of the EO level (i.e., greater inhibition of ␣2) but reduction of EO- activated signaling, while ␣2 R/R is equivalent to elimination of EO."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus the ␣2 ouabain binding site and, presumably, EO are associated with specific brain functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Low-dose icv ouabain infusion induces mania-like behavior in rats (69, 70)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Also, immuno-neutralization of EO with icv anti-ouabain antibodies attenuates amphetamine-induced hy- peractivity (another mania model) and is antidepressive in the Flinders Sensitive Line of genetically depressed rats (97, 127)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An important caveat to these experiments, however, is that most neurons express (S) ␣3 Na ϩ pumps which have a differ- ent behavioral phenotype from ␣2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, ␣3 heterozy- gotes (␣3 S/Ϫ ) have spatial learning and memory deficits, and increased locomotor activity and locomotor response to meth- amphetamine (210)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Heterozygous Mishkin mice, with an in- activating point mutation in one ␣3 gene (44), also display mania-like behavior resembling that of bipolar patients in the manic phase, with enhanced exploratory locomotion in a novel environment and increased sensitivity to amphetamine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These symptoms are treatable with mood-stabilizing drugs such as lithium and valproic acid, and with rostafuroxin (151)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because ouabain infusion and EO immuno-neutralization should affect both ␣2 and ␣3 pumps, the results of those tests support the view that both EO and its binding sites are important for behavior and learning, but they do not distinguish between the roles of the ␣2 and ␣3 Na ϩ pumps. [ Regrettably, no ␣3 R/R mouse has yet been generated.]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In skeletal muscle, ␣2, not ␣1, Na ϩ pumps are the most prevalent, and the ␣1:␣2 ratio is approximately 1:6 (125), but this can vary depending on fiber type and conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most skeletal muscle ␣2 pumps are, however, located in intracellular membranes, and exercise training and insulin promote the trafficking of ␣2 pumps to the PM (89, 136, 272)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "EO and the ␣2 ouabain binding site modulate exercise endurance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice have fewer exercise failures on a treadmill than do WT mice (243)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conversely, mice with targeted knockout of skeletal muscle ␣2 Na ϩ pumps (SkM- ␣2 Ϫ/Ϫ mice) fatigue faster, i.e., they have more treadmill failures than do WT mice (244)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further, the increased fatiga- bility of isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle from SkM- ␣2 Ϫ/Ϫ mice is mimicked by treating WT extensor digitorum longus muscle with ouabain (244)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0065__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, reduction of EO binding enhances, and inhibition or knockout of ␣2 pumps curtails exercise endurance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Numerous reports demonstrate that EO is a stress hormone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Plasma EO is elevated not only in hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy and failure, but following cardiac surgery (263), in renal failure (122), in ectopic corticotropin syndrome (102), in normal human and rodent pregnancy and even more so in preeclampsia (56, 138), following intense exercise (17), and during salt depletion as well as dietary salt excess (191)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many reports indicate that low dose ouabain/EO is a neu- roprotective and antiapoptotic agent whose effects appear to be mediated by the Ca 2ϩ -dependent nuclear transcription factor, NF-B (4, 53, 148, 175, 261)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Several in vivo and in vitro studies also show that ouabain/EO has an anti-inflammatory action (53, 160, 224)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "On the other hand, some in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that ouabain/EO can activate proinflam- matory responses (148, 150, 152)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For example, in primary cultured glia, knockout of ␣2 Na ϩ pumps by siRNA prevents activation of the NF-kB-mediated inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharides (150)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This is clearly a \"hot area\", and new studies are needed to elucidate how EO can elicit both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0066__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Is this simply a concentration- dependent effect (as seems unlikely) or are other factors involved?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The preceding observations demonstrate that the actions of EO are wide- spread."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additionally, several groups have shown that low nanomolar ouabain/EO is a growth factor in a variety of tissues (10, 11, 66, 98, 217, 257)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, ouabain promotes cyst growth and cystic fluid secretion in renal tissue from patients with an autosomal dominant polycystic disease mutation, ap- parently via the EGFR/Src/MEK/ERK signaling pathway (142, 216)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 8, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has been suggested that activation of signaling cascades by low-dose (nanomolar) ouabain in rodents is mediated by ␣1 pumps (174, 304), but this is at odds with the finding that ouabain-induced hypertension, which apparently depends on this signaling (31), is averted in ␣1 R/R ␣2 R/R mice (62)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the low-dose (nanomolar) ouabain/EO-induced effects on ro- dent kidneys needs to be reconciled with reports that R-␣1 is the only Na ϩ pump ␣ isoform detected in this tissue (71, 202)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Others, however, suggest that very low levels of ␣2 and/or ␣3 are also expressed in some rat renal tubule segments (5, 76); also, ␣3 has been observed in rabbit kidneys in which S-␣1 is the predominant isoform (16)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This issue may be settled by the aforementioned report that in mouse glial cells, which express R-␣1 (80 -90% of pumps) and S-␣2 Na ϩ pumps (99), silencing ␣2 with siRNA prevents ouabain from activating PK signaling and the neuroinflammatory pathway (150)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, as in rodent hearts (25, 31) and glial cells, a tiny minority of pumps (the S-␣2 or S-␣3) might mediate the signaling actions of EO in rodent kidneys."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, given these examples of EO acting as a growth factor in the kidneys and liver, and in view of the broad distribution of ouabain-sensitive Na ϩ pumps, it seems that additional examples of this action are likely to be C15 THE PUMP, THE EXCHANGER, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT AJP-Cell Physiol • doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2017 • www.ajpcell.org Downloaded from journals.physiology.org/journal/ajpcell at McGill Univ (132.216.240.244) on May 18, 2024."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "identified in other tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0069__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Clearly, we have much to learn about this aspect of EO function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If the ouabain/EO level is too high, however, the hormone can stimulate generation of ROS and trigger apoptosis (66, 158, 284, 306, 307)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Manunta and colleagues found that acute kidney injury, which may occur (e.g.) as a serious complication of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (250, 251), is associated with high levels of circulating EO (22, 262)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In rats with ouabain-induced hypertension or renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, renal podocyte nephrin, a key component of the glo- merular filtration barrier, and creatinine clearance are reduced and proteinuria is increased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All these signs of impaired barrier function are prevented or reversed by treating the rats with rostafuroxin (78, 288)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In 1977 I suggested that the endogenous Na ϩ pump inhibitor should be a natriuretic as well as a hypertensinogenic agent (29)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "But, is there evidence that the low concentrations in the circulation directly inhibit Na ϩ reabsorption by the kidneys? During intravenous (iv) infusion of anti-ouabain antibodies (passive immunization) in normal rats, a transient anti-natriuresis (i.e., salt retention) was ob- served a day after starting the EO immuno-neutralization while BP remained normal (213)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This suggests that EO may be a natriuretic agent, although the mechanism is unclear because virtually all the Na ϩ pumps responsible for Na ϩ reabsorption in the rodent renal tubule epithelium are R-␣1 (202)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The transience of the effect is expected with constant dietary salt because, following a brief net gain of Na ϩ and attendant anions, a new steady state should soon be achieved so that Na ϩ intake is once again balanced by output."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In an isolated case report, an 11-year-old patient who devel- oped hyponatremia due to salt wasting following the removal of a large brain tumor was treated with iv Digibind; this reduced the natriuresis and corrected the hyponatremia (205)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here, too, the mechanism for the anti-natriuresis was not resolved but, in this case, could have been due to immuno- neutralization of nanomolar EO that normally binds to ␣1 Na ϩ pumps in the human kidney tubule epithelium."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, saline loading enhances natriuresis in SWAP mice, and the fact that this effect is attenuated by infusion of Digibind (184), indicates that EO is natriuretic."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In sum, the data from mutant mice and from EO immuno- neutralization studies are powerful evidence that EO, and ␣2 and ␣3 Na ϩ pumps, are components of a major endocrine/ paracrine system with critical cardiovascular, renal, and CNS influences (31, 179)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This endocrine system has been largely overlooked, perhaps in part because of the insistence by some that \"endogenous ouabain is not ouabain\" (Ref. 172; see Confirmation-Despite a Few Vocal Naysayers)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In practice, however, the exact structure of EO seems secondary to vali- dating the concept of an EO-Na ϩ pump endocrine system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Circulating EO, like most hormones, is expected to have a normal physiological concentration range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Plasma levels that are too high or too low are pathophysiological as summarized in this review: e.g., elevated EO leads to reduced cardiac index (104) and increased left ventricular hypertrophy (234), and low EO impairs fetal development (65, 174)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the latter case, ouabain would appear to be the ideal replacement therapy [recall Szent-Gyorgi's \"missing screw\" (274)] provided that the normal plasma level and the appropriate dosage are known."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While they are equipotent (64, 267, 311, 312), ouabain acts much more rapidly than digoxin (81) and the absorption (only Ϸ2-2.5% vs. Ϸ70 - 80% for digoxin) and bioavailability of orally administered ouabain (106) are far less than for digoxin (247)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The latter difference is reflected in the recommended oral (or sublingual) dosage (6 -12 mg for ouabain vs. 0.375- 0.5 mg for digoxin) (84, 106, 107)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ouabain was therefore recommended primarily for acute iv administration in heart failure emergencies with an oral digitalis preparation then used to maintain the cardiotonic effect (84)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0075__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ever since 1885 when Fraser popularized it as a cardiotonic agent (82, 204) some physicians have advocated use of oral ouabain (85)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0075__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Digitalis preparations are, however, far more widely prescribed, and ouabain is no longer approved for clinical use in the US, perhaps because iv EO may cause sudden death (3). [ After all, ouabain has been used as an arrow poison for centuries because of its proven efficacy (215)!]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ouabain's apparently narrow therapeutic window and its low and variable absorption rate are fundamental concerns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, there has been no controlled clinical trial of oral ouabain efficacy; all evidence is anecdotal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To address these concerns we need: 1) a convenient EO assay; 2) solid information about the normal plasma EO level under a variety of conditions (as noted, EO is normally elevated during intense exercise and during pregnancy); and 3) a well-con- trolled clinical trial including plasma EO measurements before and during therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This article summarizes the origins and development of ideas and accrual of knowledge about a newly recognized endocrine system that has been hidden in plain sight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During the past 25 years numerous ground-breaking discoveries about Na ϩ pumps and CTSs, and their influences on cardiovascular, renal, and brain physiology and pathophysiology have helped to elucidate the EO-Na ϩ pump endocrine system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mam- malian Na ϩ pump is a most unusual hormone receptor because it functions both as a cation transporter that does not require the hormone for activity (although some isoforms can be modu- lated by EO), and as an EO-activated signal transducer that appears to function independently of the cation transport."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ␣-subunit is actually an ancient protein: it is found in Archea and bacteria as well as eukaryotes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, hydra, nematode, and fruit fly NKA ␣-subunits have substantial sequence ho- mology and tertiary structure similarity to the human NKA ␣ (208, 222, 281)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The invertebrate ␤- and human ␤-subunit sequences are, however, more distinct (222)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nevertheless, ouabain also inhibits the hydra and nematode NKAs (41, 51, 52)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, CTS binding activity has been conserved through evolution despite the occasional appearance of ouabain resis- tant pumps, as in rodents and insects (51), but the significance of CTS binding in invertebrates and lower vertebrates is unknown."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It should be very instructive to learn when and how the endogenous CTS-Na ϩ pump couple evolved into a hor- mone-receptor complex."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When, during evolution, did EO first appear? And when did EO-activated cell signaling evolve?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The functional consequences of interfering with the EO-Na ϩ pump (hormone-receptor) interaction, either by mutation of the C16 THE PUMP, THE EXCHANGER, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT AJP-Cell Physiol • doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2017 • www.ajpcell.org Downloaded from journals.physiology.org/journal/ajpcell at McGill Univ (132.216.240.244) on May 18, 2024."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ligand binding site to an ouabain-resistant form or by immuno- neutralization of EO, demonstrate that EO and Na ϩ pumps are an endocrine/paracrine system with very broad impact."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The idea that an endogenous Na ϩ pump inhibitor/CTS is a vaso- tonic agent that plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension has been validated (31), but the mechanism is far more com- plicated than originally envisioned (29)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is exemplified by the multitude of unexpected, dogma-defying findings (see Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These include: cloning of the Na ϩ pump ␣ and ␤ subunit isoforms; discovery that hormone ouabain (EO) is synthesized in the brain as well as the adrenals, and that circulating EO is regulated by a novel neurohumoral pathway in the hypothalamus; discovery that EO and brain Na ϩ pumps modulate behavior and learning; identification of the ouabain- Na ϩ pump interaction as an activator of PK cascades and cell signaling; recognition that the actions of ouabain-like and digoxin-like CTSs are not identical, and that DLCs do not activate PK cascades; discovery that ouabain/EO can be both pro- and anti-inflammatory; and recognition that EO is a stress hormone and a growth factor and is essential for normal fetal development."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0081__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is difficult to grasp the full scope of this novel humoral system with all of its complexity and myriad actions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The past 40 years have been an exciting roller coaster ride, but our odyssey is far from complete."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We undoubtedly will learn much more about EO as a hormone when a specific antagonist becomes available, as happened with the RAAS when ARBs like losartan were developed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also need a convenient commercial assay for EO."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There are still numerous questions to answer and controversies to resolve, starting with elucidation of the steps in the synthesis of EO from progester- one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A major concern is whether funds will be available for the requisite studies that utilize standard methods and are not very \"glitzy.\" Because of a research funding squeeze the US is starting to lose its leadership in the EO-Na ϩ pump field despite its obvious clinical relevance, just as research on this novel endocrine system is picking up in Canada, Israel, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the UK."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The EO-Na ϩ pump system influences the physiology of most, if not all, organs in the body."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The complexity of this system is illustrated by the role of EO and Na ϩ pumps in hypertension (Fig. 4), from whence I began with a far more simplistic view (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Too often we lose sight of Page's prescient insight that hypertension is a mosaic (230)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Multiple factors (genetic, environmental, immunologic, renal, neural, endocrine, cardiac, and vascular) are essential contributors to the BP elevation- even when a single cause such as a mono- genic defect in salt transport (177) can be identified as the initiating element."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A plethora of components and interacting pathways that influence BP have been elucidated, but they are generally studied one bit at a time, and they can't all be \"essential.\" Which ones are really important? It appears that we need a new, more quantitative approach, a new way to juxtapose all the pieces to determine how these elements all work together to regulate BP."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It's time for the engineer- biologists: we need to learn how to \"fix a radio\" (164)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here is the essence and future of (integrative) physiology!"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__original__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__original__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The history of progress with the EO-Na ϩ pump endocrine system calls to mind T. H. Huxley's admonition (letter to C. Kingsley, 1860): \"Sit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature leads, or you shall learn nothing.\"- but be sure of the \"facts.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2631__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "TO THE EDITOR: In a recent article [2], Dr. Blaustein reiterates his hypothesis that a compound found in some plants—ouabain—is identically present also in human circulation, originating from putative endogenous sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Table 2A of his article, Dr. Blaustein cites previous articles on several spectroscopic studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In these studies, various mammalian materials were submitted to complex sample preparation procedures, in part including chemical derivatization to obtain mass or NMR spectra."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These spectra were reported compatible with the presence of ouabain in the sample materials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While acceptable for generating hypotheses, these data are far from unequivocal identification of a compound."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The main hypothesis generated from this previous work was that ouabain circulates in human blood in concentrations that make a biological function likely."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0088__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "At this point, a hypothesis generated based on qualitative spectroscopic data had to be confirmed by highly accurate and thoroughly validated quantitative spectrometric data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Atmospheric pressure ionization coupled to triple-stage mass spectrometry (API-MS/MS) is for more than two decades now the technology of choice for the sensitive and specific quantification of well-defined target analytes in complex biological matrices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The technology is widely available in research institutions worldwide now and state-of-the-art in quantitative biomedical analytics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0089__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ouabain pure compound preparation is commercially available."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0089__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is an ideal target for API-MS/MS analyses with good ionization properties."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on the reports by Blaustein and others, we decided in 2013 to develop a stable-isotope dilution API-MS/MS method for the quantification of ouabain in human plasma."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We were able to develop a method of extremely high sensitivity detecting spiked ouabain in human plasma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The method was fully validated according to FDA guidelines and published in the official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry after peer review [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0090__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Using this method, we did not detect ouabain within the calibration range of the method (1.7–172 pmol/l) in any of the analyzed unspiked human plasma samples."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In his recent review, Dr. Blaustein now declares [2] a very minor region of increased background noise in a MS/MS-chromatogram from our work [4] with a clearly distinct retention time compared with ouabain to represent a putative isomer of ouabain (footnote to Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From an analytical perspective this idea is abstruse."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0091__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is beyond all standards of biomedical method validation and scientific work to declare that noise in a published graph of a chromatogram, which is below any reasonable peak detection level, represents a putative compound."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dr. Blaustein bases his assumption on the existence of an ouabain isomer with profoundly different chromatographic properties eluting as a putative peak mainly on a report by Jacobs et al. [ 3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this report no human material was investigated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0092__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An MS spectrum of a fraction extracted from rat plasma sharing some signals with those found in ouabain pure compound is displayed (Fig. 4 of Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0092__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "[ 3])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0092__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No potential conformational structure of that compound is suggested or discussed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is claimed that applying “massive averaging” quantification was achieved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there is absolutely no data reported documenting critical state-of-the-art biomedical method validation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Essential information on how these experiments could be repeated in independent laboratories is not given."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__critique__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As long as the presence of ouabain from endogenous sources in human blood is not verified by using quantitative state-of-the-art MS technologies [i.e., API-triple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)] with reproducible quantification, applying rigorous method validation by independent bioanalytical laboratories, the hypothesis that “ouabain immunoassays” actually detect endogenous ouabain in human blood cannot be assumed correct."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2631__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In his Letter to the editor (LTE) of AJP-Cell Physiology, Dr. Vogeser [13] raises questions about the identification of endogenous ouabain (EO) in human plasma by mass spectroscopy (MS) and NMR spectroscopy from multiple laboratories including ours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "His laboratory reported that they were unable to detect EO in human plasma [1], but serious concerns were raised in my Letter to the Editor of that journal [3] and in a subsequent article [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The basis for the discrepant (negative) results reported in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 is unclear; however, the only data are contained in Fig. 2 of Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1, which shows a plasma sample spiked with authentic ouabain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, any endogenous ouabain would have been obscured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, while Vogeser and colleagues reportedly tested “30 human plasma samples” [1], no data are presented for any of the other 29 samples and only one other sample is shown in their subsequent LTE [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0096__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Below I address the technical issues raised by Vogeser."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding the spectroscopic evidence for EO cited in my Table 2A [4], Vogeser criticizes the fact that “various mammalian materials (plasma, adrenal cortex, adrenal cells and conditioned media, hypothalamus, and urine) were submitted to complex sample preparation procedures including chemical derivatization to obtain mass or NMR spectra."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "” This statement confuses several issues and is misleading."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, chemical derivatization was used in only a few instances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, in most cases, multiple separation steps were required to isolate EO in the purity and amounts sufficient for outright identification."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The fact that these isolates, from human, bovine, and rodent sources, treated in so many different ways, and analyzed by both MS and NMR (e.g., see Refs. 10, 11), were all found to contain the same compound (EO) is remarkable and belies Vogeser’s concerns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In several studies, three-dimensional MS (MS-MS-MS) collision-induced dissociation revealed ion spectra identical to those of authentic ouabain before and after dissociation of the sugar and, more significantly, after fragmentation of the steroid moiety [7-9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0097__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Also, in several of the reports in Table 2A [4], as well as in other studies of human plasma and adrenal cell-conditioned media lacking spectral confirmation and therefore not included in Table 2A (e.g., Refs. 2, 5, 6), ouabain-like compounds (OLC) were detected by bioassay (e.g., Na+-K+-ATPase inhibition) both before and after the separation steps."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The OLC in all these studies co-eluted with authentic ouabain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Finally, bovine adrenocortical cell secretion of the OLC (identified by bioassay, NMR, and MS), but not cortisol, was increased by incubating the cells with rhamnose, suggesting that the OLC, like authentic ouabain, was a rhamnoside [10]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Together, these multifarious studies provide compelling evidence that the endogenous compound is, in fact, ouabain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In his LTE, Vogeser’s disparagement of “massive averaging” [9] of the MS-MS and MS-MS-MS spectra reflects a misunderstanding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Baecher et al. [ 1] interrogated the output of their ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) directly with online MS-MS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0099__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this type of liquid chromatography (LC)-MS-MS, the LC runs are so rapid that the mass analyzer only has time (~6 s) to target one or two product ions and generate a single spectrum."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0099__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The primary target in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0099__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "1 was a single dominant product ion whose m/z (mass/charge) ratio was equivalent to ouabagenin’s."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, Jacobs et al. [ 9] collected high-pressure LC (HPLC) fractions, and used radioreceptor and radio-immunoassays to identify the fractions that were “ouabain-reactive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "” Those fractions were then interrogated, offline, by MS-MS and MS-MS-MS."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The offline approach allows the mass analyzer long periods of time (up to several minutes) to generate and average a very large number of replicate spectra from each sample (i.e., “massive averaging”)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This not only yields high-quality spectra with minimal noise but, in the case of MS-MS-MS, gives detailed information about multiple prominent fragments of the steroid moiety (e.g., Fig. 4C in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "9 and Supplementary Information in Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0100__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "8) that cannot be readily obtained by LC-MS-MS instruments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Vogeser’s implication that the “hypothesis based on (these) qualitative spectroscopic data” is invalid without precise quantitation of the ouabain level is unjustified and misleading."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ion current peaks from the offline MS-MS-MS can be quantitatively compared with ouabain and, when required [8], compared directly with an internal standard (dihydroouabain)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Contrast nearly all the OLC studies referenced above [2, 4-11], in which bioassay (Na+-K+-ATPase binding or inhibition) was used to verify the presence of OLC, with that of Vogeser [1]: There is no indication of an effort to determine whether their native plasmas contained any bioassay- or immunoassay-positive OLC; their only measurement was MS [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their sample treatment included [1]: dilution with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, centrifugation, solid phase extraction and evaporation to dryness of the supernate, reconstitution in 5% methanol, and UPLC with online MS-MS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Calibration consisted of MS analysis of “a pool of EDTA plasma from leftover samples (spiked) with a solution of (plant) ouabain in methanol 20%” [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No original recordings of the calibration or unaltered sample spectra were shown in Ref."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1. Their “method was fully validated” [1], presumably for other steroids, but not optimized for OLC even though ouabain is an unusual, polar steroid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, why reconstitute samples in 5% methanol, the solvent used to elute ouabain, when ouabain is water soluble and should stick to the LC column better when dissolved in water than in 5% methanol (Ref."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "7 data supplement)?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All the “spiked plasmas” and calibration samples involved a step that was different from the native plasma alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Could the reconstituted samples have contained an OLC that did not stick to the UPLC column, and was washed through before applying the very steep UPLC water-methanol gradient, starting at 5% methanol?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Note that the spectrum in Fig. 2 [1] begins at 3.0 min—close to 35% methanol in the gradient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0103__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Because of the very rapid (~6 min), steep LC gradient runs, it would be surprising if everything stuck to the column and there was no ion current or even “noise” before 3.0 min."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2631", "paragraph_id": "triad_2631__response__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, Vogeser’s attempt to use a more sensitive MS-MS system to quantify EO levels is commendable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0104__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, while his MS system may be “state-of-the-art,” if the endogenous compound is lost before the MS analysis, the most sensitive MS system will not detect it."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2631__response__p0104__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The shortcomings of the Baecher et al. study [1] should not detract from the numerous reports that EO is ouabain, that it circulates in human plasma, and that it is a mammalian hormone."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2631/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2757077043_W2801706004_W2801451067", "triad_name": "triad_2631", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2631__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The aim of this review is to provide current knowledge on fertility preservation for non-medical reasons in women willing to postpone childbearing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The topic is highly debatable, starting from disagreement about its terminology, the number of eggs necessary to predict chances of success, and the safety and socio/ethical point of view."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cost analysis and discrepancies among countries' recommendations and regu- lations are described to confirm the controversies and unsolved issues around this very interesting topic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Finally, an overview on the returning rate of women among \"egg bankers\" and reasons behind their decisions are illustrated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In early 2012, ESHRE embraced the idea of oocyte cryopreservation for age-related fertility loss, recommending the need of adequate information for women interested in postponing childbearing with- out creating false hopes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12 One year later, instead, both ASRM and Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) argued that oocyte cryopreservation should not be recommended in order to bypass the age-related fertility decline due to the absence of data supporting safety, efficacy, ethics, emotional risks and cost-effec- tiveness of egg freezing for that indication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "11 Subsequently, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) en- dorsed the guideline of ASRM-SART."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "18 The Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society (CFAS) produced guidelines to manage this type of patient, highlighting the need to counsel women about their chances of success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "19 Recently, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) suggested caution in the case of women who wish to cryopreserve their oocytes for social reasons, because cryopreserved oocytes do not guarantee a child in future."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Moreover, in the UK, the length of cryostorage of oocytes for non-medical rea- sons is currently limited to 10 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "20"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is well known that the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle using cryopreserved oocytes declines rapidly as the age of a woman increases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "21 A retrospective observational multicen- tric study evaluated 1468 women undergoing elective oocyte cryopreservation due to age-related fertility decline (n = 1382) or medical conditions other than cancer (n = 86)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In women aged ≤35 years, the cumulative live birth rate (CLBR), considering the total number of oocytes used in consecutive procedures, was sig- nificantly higher compared with those aged >36 years, despite the same number of oocytes being utilized."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22 Moreover, stratifying by age, that study showed an appreciable decrease in live birth rate from the youngest category of women aged ≤29 years (100%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 100-100) to the oldest group of women aged 40-44 years (3.7%; 95% CI −3.4 to 10.8)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22 Other studies reached a similar conclusion, showing that the highest probability of live birth from cryopreserved oocytes is obtained before the age of 36-38."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "23,24 Another study based on a decision analysis model cor- roborated that at the age of 37 there is the largest benefit in terms of probability of live birth compared with no action."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "25 Despite that, Tsafrir et al 26 recommended that the optimal age for oocyte cryo- preservation should be, preferably, before 35 years of age."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These data indicate the lack of agreement regarding the optimal timing of oocyte cryopreservation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, most women undergo treatment after a significant decline in fertility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, many stud- ies based on surveys, showed that average ages to cryopreserve oocytes are between 36 and 38 years."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "14,15,27,28 Therefore, proper counseling must ensure that women are aware of the fact that their frozen oocytes do not represent an insurance policy against age-re- lated infertility, but rather the payment for an extra opportunity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "29"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is worth mentioning that, among all factors influences the probabil- ity of achieving a live birth using cryopreserved oocytes, the num- ber of retrieved mature oocytes is of the highest importance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, freezing 8 or 10 oocytes gave a 40.8% or 60.5% probability of a live birth per warmed oocyte, respectively, for women under the age of 35."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "22 In women older than 35 years who used 8 or 10 oocytes, the CLBR decreased to 19.9% and 29.7%, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "22 In women aged ≤35 years, the increase of CLBR appears slightly slower from 10 to 15 oocytes, obtaining a maximum CLBR of 85.2%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Instead, in older women, the CLBR plateau of 35.6% is reached with 11 frozen oocytes, indicating that success was not increased notwithstanding the in- crease in the number of oocytes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "22 Regardless of the suggestion from Cobo et al of a minimum of 8-10 cryopreserved oocytes to obtain a realistic chance to achieve a pregnancy, another study estimated that women between 35 and 38 years of age with 20 cryopreserved oo- cytes would have live birth rates of 80% and 60%, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "24 Recently, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the probability of live birth based on the number of cryopreserved oocytes taking into consideration female age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "30 According to this model, women at 34, 37 or 42 years would need to cryopreserve 10, 20 and 61 oocytes, respectively, to obtain a 75% likelihood of having at least one live birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "30 Although this model could represent an interesting counseling tool, the limitation of this study is the sole inclusion of women with normal ovarian reserve undergoing intra- cytoplasmic sperm injection due to male factor or tubal factor in- fertility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0007__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "It is important to explain to these women that, to obtain an adequate number of oocytes, multiple cycles of controlled ovarian stimulation might be needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The most important medical risks associated with oocyte cryo- preservation are associated with ovarian stimulation and oocyte"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Oocyte cryopreservation is an established and widely used treatment for women who are willing to postpone child- bearing."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Women must be counseled about realistic success rate and on the fact that preserving oocytes do not repre- sent an insurance policy against age-related fertility decline."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "31-33"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, a most common consequence of ovarian stimulation is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Clinically, OHSS can be mild, moderate or severe/critical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mild and moderate OHSS are equally common, with an incidence between 3% and 6%, and is characterized by abdominal pain, enlarged ovaries and weight gain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These adverse effects can be well managed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "34"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conversely, severe/critical OHSS occurring in 1%-3% of IVF cycles involves as- cites, pleural effusion, massive ovarian enlargement, oliguria, hemo- concentration and thromboembolic phenomena up to deep venous thrombosis and embolism."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Severe/critical OHSS is potentially life- threatening and most worrisome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "35,36"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Luckily, due to the implemen- tation of ovarian stimulation protocols using antagonist with agonist trigger, the risk of developing OHSS is very reduced, although not yet eliminated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is relevant to consider that elective oocyte cryopreservation for non-medical reasons does not prevent maternal morbidity in women who become pregnant at an older age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, the pregnancy in older women is associated with a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy and other complications such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm delivery and low birthweight."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "37 For this reason, appropriate counseling of women cryopreserving oocytes, regarding the poten- tial risks of pregnancy at an advanced age should be mandatory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is reassuring that, so far, no relevant obstetric and perinatal risks were found in pregnancies achieved with frozen oocytes, confirming that oocyte cryopreservation does not seem to be a harmful proce- dure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "38-40 Moreover, long-term cryopreservation of oocytes in liquid nitrogen does not affect the IVF success outcomes or the euploidy rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "41,42 No studies as yet have reported long-term follow up of chil- dren born following oocyte cryopreservation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are few data about the percentage of women who return to use their frozen oocytes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This parameter is called the \"usage rate\", and represents a critical issue for egg freezing for non-medical in- dications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Four studies based on surveys have analyzed follow-up data of \"bankers\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "14,15,27,28 One of these demonstrated that only 50.8% of women who cryopreserved oocytes thought they would use their eggs in the future."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "28"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Three years down the line, 29.2% of those women considered the use of cryopreserved oocytes less likely than at the freezing time, due to an overoptimistic assessment on the chances of pregnancy through natural conception during advanced maternal age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "28 In the survey of Hodes-Wertz et al 14 , only 11 women of the 183 responders (6%) eventually used their oocytes, with a range age of 33-41 years at the time of vitrification and with 6-20 re- trieved oocytes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of these, only three women successfully conceived a child."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "14 Another survey of 23 women indicated that, at the time of the interview, only two women had used their frozen eggs and one reportedly achieved a live birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "15"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interesting data from these surveys include the willingness to donate unwanted oocytes to research or to other women for use in infertility treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "14,15 It is important to consider that that was the position at the moment of their oocyte cryopreservation, but attitudes to donation may change over time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hammarberg and coworkers investigated the reasons for an el- evated rate of non-used stored oocytes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The most common reasons included (1) not wanting to be a single parent, (2) preferring to con- ceive naturally and (3) not wanting to use a sperm donor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "27 In a retrospective observational study, Cobo et al 22 showed that only 9.3% of women returned to use their oocytes (95% CI 7.8-10.8) at a mean age of 39.2 years, waiting a mean of 2.1 years to return."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Recently, a large multicenter retrospective study from the same re- search group found that the usage rate has become 12.1%, with a mean age at vitrification of 37.6 ± 3.5 and a return of 39.9 ± .7, con- firming a mean storage time of 2.1, as previously described."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "43 The likelihood of cryopreserved oocytes to remain in the bank without further use represents one of the aspects to consider when assess- ing cost-effectiveness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The evaluation of cost-effectiveness in a healthcare environment represents a crucial aspect to define procedure-related benefits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One of the advantages of fertility preservation for non-medical in- dications is based on the possibility to improve the chances of child- birth using own gametes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The process could potentially reduce costs associated with infertility treatments by hypothetically raising pro- cedure success rate (by freezing gametes at an early reproductive age)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The main controversy surrounding this hypothesis is the lack of confidence in estimating effective usage of egg banking in future years."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on theoretical models, four cost-effectiveness studies have tried to define efficacy of egg freezing in terms of costs sim- ulating several scenarios considering different age and number of treatments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Van Loendersloot et al 44 compared the cost of IVF cycle between three strategies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first strategy included women with oocyte freezing at the age of 35 who used them in an IVF cycle at the age of 40."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second strategy included IVF cycles of women at an age of 40 years using fresh oocytes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The third strat- egy considered women at the age of 40 attempting to conceive without treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Oocyte cryopreservation seemed to be more cost-effective only if at least 61% of women who cryopreserved oocytes at the age of 35 returned for IVF and if there was a will- ingness to pay €19,560 extra per additional live birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0019__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "44 Another study showed that oocyte freezing was most cost-effective if per- formed within 37 years of age at a cost of $28,759 per additional live birth. 25 Conversely, Devine et al 45 concluded that oocyte freezing was more cost-effective if the cryopreservation occurred before the age of 38 and if more than 49% of those women, who did not achieve a spontaneous pregnancy, returned to use their cryopreserved oocytes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, a model by Hirschfeld-Cytron et al 46 found that oocyte cryopreservation at the age of 25 and 16000412, 2019, 5, Downloaded from https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aogs.13573 by Mcgill University, Wiley Online Library on [19/05/2024]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License achieving a pregnancy at the age of 40 should be less cost-effec- tive compared with a \"no action\" strategy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since the costs of IVF differ between countries, the costs should be compared as multiples of the cost of single IVF cycle for each country."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "47 Moreover, as described before, it is critical to know the re- alistic usage rate in order to have a more accurate prediction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, Ben-Rafael used data from a Danish register-based study 48 deduced whether the threshold of approximately 50% as maximal usage rate, defined by Devine et al, 45 was realistic and achievable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Analyzing different age-groups and corresponding cumulative delivery rate achieved within 5 years for each group, Ben-Rafael calculated the maximal possible usage rate expected if an entire age- group froze their oocytes and opted to use the banked eggs after treatment failure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "47 Considering women older than 40, characterized by the highest infertility rate (60%), only 27% were expected to be successful (16.2%), with 43.8% remaining infertile."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From this result, the theoretical rate to be cost-effective is not achieved even in the last age-group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "47 The lack of real indications for egg banking, which are the basis of social freezing, is probably the huge limitation for cost-effectiveness, reflected in a high societal cost."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As previously discussed, the use of terms such as \"social\" describes the social aspect linked to the medical strategy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "7 To contrast declin- ing fertility and giving hope to families in the future, egg freezing reflects the fulfillment of a natural reproductive instinct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In recogni- tion of this accomplishment, technology companies such as Apple, Facebook and Google decided to offer female employees social freezing as a benefit, sparking an intense social debate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Supporters of this initiative consider social freezing an opportunity to im- prove gender equality by giving women reproductive autonomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "49 Moreover, the strategy represents an emancipation from biological reproduction restrictions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, oocyte cryopreservation could guarantee a biological child in the future, reducing negative feel- ings of uncertainty such as anxiety and stress, and providing women with options to choose and increasing a sense of freedom, where any decision they make remains suitable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "29 For many women, oocyte cryopreservation is perceived as an option for a need that is not in the present but could be in the future, 50 after they have established a stable household with a reliable, trustworthy partner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0024__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "51 Critics, by contrast, argue that this kind of policy encourages women to prior- itize career over family."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both of these positions reveal a different relational approach to autonomy, in one case by supporting social egg freezing as an ap- propriate response to the wider social context, and in the other by hinting at a loss of decisional power."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In other terms, the discussion is related to relational autonomy in the aspect of decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Human beings are relational beings, therefore never fully indepen- dent, which is interpreted by critics as a loss of individual decisional power."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The social context, in broad political and cultural sense, can steer choices in direction or the other."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is evident that most of the countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in the period from 1970 to 2015 saw an increase of 2-5 years in the average age of women at childbirth, which is now around 30 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "52 The socioeco- nomic evolution is identified as the main reason behind this trend."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "53 Whereas social politics should work toward a framework that is fi- nancially and structurally supportive of young families, they seem, in this case to press women to defer and delay childbearing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Egg freez- ing in this context could be seen as a technological fix for what is a biological and sociological problem, but the debate is still open."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nowadays, there is no agreement on the terminology to define oo- cyte cryopreservation for women willing to delay childbearing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is necessary to take into account that there is an age-related effect on the number of mature oocytes available for banking and it is impor- tant to explain to women that in order to obtain an adequate number of oocytes, multiple cycles of controlled ovarian stimulation might be needed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The procedure seems to be safe in terms of reduction of OHSS due to new patient-friendly protocols."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is also reassuring that so far no relevant obstetric or perinatal risks have been found in pregnancies achieved with frozen oocytes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, it is known that the likelihood of cryopreserved oocytes remaining in the bank and not being used is quite high, and requires consideration when assessing cost-effectiveness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The lack of real indications for egg banking, which constitute the basis of social freezing, is probably the huge limitations in terms of cost-effectiveness."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "On the other hand, the assessment of cost-effectiveness should take into account not only the economic point of view but also the psychological and so- ciological aspects, because freedom of choice has an intrinsic value that it is hard to estimate from a monetary standpoint."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this context, alternative strategies should be considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One possibility could be to offer free individual counseling to women and men, in order to improve the knowledge on fertility status and repro- ductive lifespan and to provide pro-fertility advices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "54 Other pro-fer- tility activities can be focused on improving the fertility awareness as shown by the study by Stern et al 55 addressing the reproductive life-plan-based information in contraceptive counseling that has suc- ceeded in increasing knowledge of the reproduction process among young women."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The risk of the technological improvement might be to reduce human responsibility for the reproductive event."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These pro-fertility activities, much more than oocyte freezing, should avoid this risk."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The increased possibilities provided by technology should rather be perceived as an increased moral responsibility."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "56 Nevertheless, the advantages of elective egg freezing without medical indications re- main debatable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_29__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sir, in women who seek non‐medical fertility preservation, as age has a direct impact on the probability of favorable fertility."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is a shared belief that women considering fertility preservation should be advised of the exponential decline in their ovarian reserve coupled with a diminished response to ovarian stimulation as they age."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_29__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read the review by Alteri et al. [ 1] with great interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors stretch out the current knowledge on fertility preservation for non‐medical indications in women willing to postpone motherhood."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While the authors are to be congratulated for their comprehensive overview, a distinct point regarding the optimal timing to freeze oocyte should be clarified."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_29__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their review, the authors state that there is a lack of agreement regarding the optimal timing of oocyte cryopreservation in light of the data they reviewed, as most studies they cited advise cryopreservation of oocytes before the age of 36‐38 years in contrast to one study demonstrating the age of 37 years as the optimal cutoff [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their conclusion might leave the readers uneasy, as the largest study by Cobo et al. [ 3] demonstrated a continuous decline in live birth rate as women age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, a meta‐analysis has shown a substantial decline in live birth rates after the age of 36 years [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_29__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly enough, the study mentioning the age of 38 as the cutoff [5], based this value on receiver operating characteristic analysis, although the predicted probability of live birth rate declined with age after 30‐34 years."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is important to underline that the aforementioned study stating the age of 37 years as the optimal cutoff [2] is based on a hypothetical decision analysis model and therefore its clinical relevance is uncertain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_29__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Furthermore, the method used for asserting the age carrying the “largest benefit” for cryopreservation was the difference in probability of live birth between theoretical women utilizing cryopreservation of oocyte and those who do not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, one should not overlook an important finding of that study, that the highest probability of live birth was seen when oocyte cryopreservation was performed at <34 years of age."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, we continue to emphasize that oocyte cryopreservation should be carried out as early as possible (the sooner the better) elective egg freezing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_29__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with interest the correspondence commenting on our review on fertility preservation without medical indications [1] by Levin and Rottenstreich [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The purpose of our manuscript was to summarize the highlights of social freezing regarding chances of success, safety, costs, and socio/ethical issues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors claimed limits of studies that deal with the issue on optimal timing of oocyte cryopreservation, concluding that egg freezing should be performed as early as possible [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We agree with them that the maternal age has a straight influence on the reproductive chances of women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It has been known that the “time” factor is crucial not only to cryopreserve oocytes to postpone childbearing but also in general for in vitro fertilization treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Nevertheless, some issues should be considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_29__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__response__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, data from surveys showed that women cryopreserve their oocytes at around 36‐38 years [3][4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This indicates that these women are undergoing fertility preservation at a later‐than‐intended time but many of them could obtain acceptable successes in terms of clinical outcomes within this age range."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, in the reproductive age range 25‐30 years, the chances of spontaneous conception in the following years are higher, so little benefit is obtained for oocyte cryopreservation compared with no action."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_29__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, as already mentioned by Jones et al [5], there are countries, for example, the UK, where the storage of oocytes is permitted for a specific period."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, storing oocytes earlier could lead to the need to discard them."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_29__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "29", "paragraph_id": "triad_29__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, rather than cryopreserving oocytes at age 25 years, it is more cost‐effective for women who want to conceive at the age of 40 to attempt spontaneous conception and, if unsuccessful, to use assisted reproductive technology with fresh oocytes [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_29__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In conclusion, women need precise counseling considering the physiological, psychological, economic, and social aspects of egg freezing to make a fully informed decision."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_29/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2911435370_W2919384242_W2937112424", "triad_name": "triad_29", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_29__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The principal biases pertain to the use of random digit dialing and to selecting controls \"nonconcurrently,\" i.e., after the cases were diagnosed (9)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both studies in this issue (1,2) used random digit dialing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The problem with this control-selection method is primarily one of analytic control of variables such as parental income, education, and occupational class, since control groups selected in this way are suspected to be of spuriously high socioeconomic level (9-11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The magnitude and even the direction of any uncontrolled bias might vary from one study to another (9)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Review of studies using random digit dialing should include careful assessment of the adequacy with which indicators of socioeconomic status are measured and controlled."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bias due to nonconcurrent control selection is a somewhat more complicated matter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Los Angeles study (1) was partially nonconcurrent; the cases were diagnosed in 1984-1991, but enrollment of controls did not begin until 1989."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To the authors, this design feature explains the elevated relative risk estimate in the underground wire code category."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unfortunately, the report of the Washington State study (2) does not provide the basic information on the time lag, if any, between case diagnosis and control selection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two clarifying points may be helpful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first is that bias would arise from nonconcurrent control selection only because potential controls in one or more wire code categories, e.g., the underground category in the Los Angeles study (1), died or moved away from the study area in greater proportions than did those in the other categories between the time of case diagnosis and the time of control selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In-migration, e.g., of Latinos into Los Angeles County (1), during this interval is not of concern if children arriving after the diagnosis date are properly excluded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second point is that this hypothetical bias is empirically testable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Far from being an all-or-none phenomenon, nonconcurrent control selection has degrees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The more time that elapses between case diagnosis and control selection, the greater the bias will be."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, for the partially nonconcurrent Los Angeles study (1), the authors' bias hypothesis predicts a specific shape for the time trend in relative risk estimates for the underground wire code category: a distinct ramp downward in 1984-1988 to the vicinity of the null value, followed by a relatively flat surface in 1989-1991."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Flexible trend analysis methods (12) can be used, even with a limited number of subjects, to see how closely the results conform to this prediction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A simpler but similar analysis (13) firmly refuted, in my opinion, the hypothesis (7, 9, 14) that nonconcurrent control selection in a previous study (7) produced an upward gradient of leukemia relative risk estimates that closely tracked the median magnetic flux densities in the wire code categories (8)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because of their efficiencies of cost and time, random digit dialing and nonconcurrent control selection are very popular methods in modern case-control research."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With creditable candor, Preston-Martin et al. relate their original view that nonconcurrent control selection would be \"justified in order to include a sufficient number of cases\" (1, p. 111)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The investigators' subsequent experience should make others think twice about purchasing data quantity at the price of nettlesome concerns about data quality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Not long ago, a consensus seemed to be forming that, among children, brain cancer was the most likely cancer to be related to magnetic field exposure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1992, a panel called the epidemiologic evidence \"less weak for brain cancer than for leukaemia\" (15, p. 130)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the same year, another reviewer concluded that \"[a] single finding in this extensive group of studies points to a possible causal association, namely, the increase in risk of central nervous system cancer in childhood...The leukemias may not be a fruitful area of study\" (16, p. A-21)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Times have changed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The two studies in this issue (1,2) and, in the aggregate (17), three recent Nordic studies (18-20) are liable to be pigeonholed as \"negative\" for brain cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With appeal to the ancestral criterion of specificity of effect, some observers might see the literature as beginning to point more specifically toward leukemia."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, by the peculiar logic of this causal criterion, \"negative\" evidence for brain cancer may become transmuted into \"positive\" evidence for leukemia."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem with this interpretation is that two key studies, by Wertheimer and Leeper (21) and by Savitz et al. ( 7), without which the case for a leukemia effect would not be much of a case at all, were \"positive\" for leukemia and for brain cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If one were to accept the null hypothesis for brain cancer on the basis of the more recent results, one would be obliged to conclude that both of these earlier studies were \"false positives\" for brain cancer but \"true positives\" for leukemia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many possible explanations for \"false-positive\" results, e.g., certain biases or random control-sampling error, would have been nonspecific and thus would have affected the results for both diseases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a consequence, without a tenable hypothesis of upward bias specific to brain cancer in the This fact of scientific life is not peculiar to research on childhood cancers and magnetic fields, nor even to epidemiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Unfortunately, like other facts of life, it tends to be denied."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Who treats publication as the end of peer review?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The usual suspects include journalists (22), of course, and their symbiotically codependent flacks at journals, funding sources, and universities (23), who all conspire to bestow Warhol's predicted 15 minutes of fame onto newly published reports."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The antijunk science movement (24) may be partly to blame for promoting peer-review publication as an imprimatur of quality, entitling one to defend scientific work not only on its merits but on its mere appearance in such a forum (25, 26)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As authors, however, we must shoulder much of the responsibility ourselves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Standing up to take part in the critical discussion of our published work is seldom pleasurable and seems like inefficient careerism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We all have new proposals to write, new data to collect, new papers to publish."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, many of us seem to have a great deal of difficulty just saying \"no comment\" or something ambivalent to the sensationalizing press, when \"no comment\" or something ambivalent would be the most constructive or accurate thing to say."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, we too often fail to anticipate or resist the varied pressures toward taking a defensive stance about our published work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In reality, the postpublication phase is the most important phase of peer review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Publication merely signifies that one's work is deemed worthy of widespread critical scrutiny."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Society would be far better served if it were persuaded to view publication not as a claim to knowledge, but simply as an open invitation to inspect one's results and to consider one's preliminary interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Funding sources would do a great service by providing financial support for investigators to participate fully in the postpublication peer review of their own work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The process is aided greatly when conscientious and self-critical authors like Preston-Martin et al. ( 1) leave relatively few important questions about methods and results unanswered in crafting their initial published reports."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, the history of science, distant and near, reveals the wisdom in Bartley's wistful plea that \"it could only do good if every published manuscript were prominently marked 'Damaged Goods'\" (27, p. 450)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Until today, only the authors themselves and a small group of privileged observers have had the opportunity to develop preliminary ideas about the ultimate contributions these two newest studies (1,2) will make to the epidemiology of magnetic fields and brain cancer in children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Today, the number of peer reviewers increases by orders of magnitude."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As the most crucial phase of peer review gets under way, we shall learn more about, and from, these important investigations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_89__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The initial reports in this issue of two new studies of childhood brain cancer and 60-Hz magnetic fields [1,2] illustrate a few general observations on evolving research in this area."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Epidemiologic assessment of magnetic field exposures is still primitive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Magnetic field exposures come from many different sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We should not be proud that we still study them one by one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Appliance-specific relative risks (one for blow dryers, one for curling irons, etc.) are the most glaring example."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Time-activity data and magnetic flux density measurements are needed to quantify exposures from individual appliances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At a minimum, this information could be used to stabilize ensembles of appliance-specific relative risk estimates [3-6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ideally, appliance exposures would be consolidated and combined with measures of exposure from power lines and other sources."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Developing a program of combined-source magnetic field exposure assessment tailored for use in epidemiologic studies would be a challenging, but technically feasible, task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No methodological need is greater in this area of research."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Responding to a private exhortation to work toward a multiappliance exposure measure, an epidemiologist once expressed to me a reluctance to \"combine apples and oranges.\" The simile was ironic."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Combining fruits is exactly what is done in the more mature field of nutritional epidemiology to measure consumption of fructose and other nutrients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For power-line exposures, it has become clear that \"wire codes,\" i.e., magnetic field exposure measures based on characteristics of lines and their distances from residences, have substantial advantages over short-term flux density measurements in homes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The measurements, often made years after the case or control actually lived in the residence, are obviously limited by their temporal variability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Independently severe is the problem of missing data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Whether by design [1] or because of nonresponse [7], it is not uncommon for magnetic field measurements to be obtained for fewer than 50 percent of cases and controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Relative risk estimates based on such small numbers of subjects are of highly limited value, whether viewed in isolation or in contrast to estimates based on wire codes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The in-home measurements should not be abandoned entirely, however. They have considerable value when used in conjunction with wire codes rather than as alternatives to them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifically, the measurements can provide exposure scores for wire code categories in dose-response analyses [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conducting such an analysis forces one to confront the fact that not all wire code categories appear to differ in exposure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If any principle of dose-response analysis is beyond dispute, it is that response should not vary when dose does not vary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is therefore necessary to combine some of the wire code categories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The categories to combine may change from locale to locale and over time within a locale."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the report of their Los Angeles County study, Preston-Martin et al. [ 1] laudably focus on this issue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors present the case and control counts in each of the five wire code categories, but combine the second and third categories (\"very low\" and \"ordinary low\") for data analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Only an anomalistically elevated relative risk estimate in the lowest (\"underground\") category prevented them from combining the first three categories."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alternative analytic approaches could be defended, however."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the extreme, some of the more exposure-relevant measurements, e.g., median 24-hour child's bedroom values of 0.5, 0.6, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.1 mG, might have supported a decision to combine all categories but the highest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, the paper by Gurney et al. [ 2] does not provide quantitative information on magnetic flux density levels within wire code categories in western Washington State. Without such information, one cannot tell how strongly to interpret the resolutely null results the authors report for childhood brain cancer across the five wire code categories in that study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Control-selection biases are still potentially important, but are still poorly understood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The principal biases pertain to the use of random digit dialing and to selecting controls \"nonconcurrently,\" i.e., after the cases were diagnosed [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both studies in this issue [1,2] used random digit dialing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The problem with this control-selection method is primarily one of analytic control of variables such as parental income, education, and occupational class, since control groups selected in this way are suspected to be of spuriously high socioeconomic level [9-11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The magnitude and even the direction of any uncontrolled bias might vary from one study to another [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Review of studies using random digit dialing should include careful assessment of the adequacy with which indicators of socioeconomic status are measured and controlled."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bias due to nonconcurrent control selection is a somewhat more complicated matter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Los Angeles study [1] was partially nonconcurrent; the cases were diagnosed in 1984-1991, but enrollment of controls did not begin until 1989."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To the authors, this design feature explains the elevated relative risk estimate in the underground wire code category."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unfortunately, the report of the Washington State study [2] does not provide the basic information on the time lag, if any, between case diagnosis and control selection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two clarifying points may be helpful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first is that bias would arise from nonconcurrent control selection only because potential controls in one or more wire code categories, e.g., the underground category in the Los Angeles study [1], died or moved away from the study area in greater proportions than did those in the other categories between the time of case diagnosis and the time of control selection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In-migration, e.g., of Latinos into Los Angeles County [1], during this interval is not of concern if children arriving after the diagnosis date are properly excluded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 6, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second point is that this hypothetical bias is empirically testable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Far from being an all-or-none phenomenon, nonconcurrent control selection has degrees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The more time that elapses between case diagnosis and control selection, the greater the bias will be."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, for the partially nonconcurrent Los Angeles study [1], the authors' bias hypothesis predicts a specific shape for the time trend in relative risk estimates for the underground wire code category: a distinct ramp downward in 1984-1988 to the vicinity of the null value, followed by a relatively flat surface in 1989-1991."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Flexible trend analysis methods [12] can be used, even with a limited number of subjects, to see how closely the results conform to this prediction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A simpler but similar analysis [13] firmly refuted, in my opinion, the hypothesis [7, 9, 14] that nonconcurrent control selection in a previous study [7] produced an upward gradient of leukemia relative risk estimates that closely tracked the median magnetic flux densities in the wire code categories [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because of their efficiencies of cost and time, random digit dialing and nonconcurrent control selection are very popular methods in modern case-control research."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With creditable candor, Preston-Martin et al. relate their original view that nonconcurrent control selection would be \"justified in order to include a sufficient number of cases\" [1, p. 111]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The investigators' subsequent experience should make others think twice about purchasing data quantity at the price of nettlesome concerns about data quality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Acceptance of the null hypothesis for magnetic fields and childhood brain cancer would not strengthen the causal hypothesis for childhood leukemia and might weaken it."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Not long ago, a consensus seemed to be forming that, among children, brain cancer was the most likely cancer to be related to magnetic field exposure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1992, a panel called the epidemiologic evidence \"less weak for brain cancer than for leukaemia\" [15, p. 130]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the same year, another reviewer concluded that \"[a] single finding in this extensive group of studies points to a possible causal association, namely, the increase in risk of central nervous system cancer in childhood...The leukemias may not be a fruitful area of study\" [16, p. A-21]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Times have changed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The two studies in this issue [1,2] and, in the aggregate [17], three recent Nordic studies [18-20] are liable to be pigeonholed as \"negative\" for brain cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With appeal to the ancestral criterion of specificity of effect, some observers might see the literature as beginning to point more specifically toward leukemia."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, by the peculiar logic of this causal criterion, \"negative\" evidence for brain cancer may become transmuted into \"positive\" evidence for leukemia."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem with this interpretation is that two key studies, by Wertheimer and Leeper [21] and by Savitz et al. [ 7], without which the case for a leukemia effect would not be much of a case at all, were \"positive\" for leukemia and for brain cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If one were to accept the null hypothesis for brain cancer on the basis of the more recent results, one would be obliged to conclude that both of these earlier studies were \"false positives\" for brain cancer but \"true positives\" for leukemia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Many possible explanations for \"false-positive\" results, e.g., certain biases or random control-sampling error, would have been nonspecific and thus would have affected the results for both diseases."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a consequence, without a tenable hypothesis of upward bias specific to brain cancer in the earlier studies, the recent \"negative\" results for brain cancer actually weaken the overall case for a leukemia effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Publication lies much closer to the beginning than to the end of peer review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This fact of scientific life is not peculiar to research on childhood cancers and magnetic fields, nor even to epidemiology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unfortunately, like other facts of life, it tends to be denied."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Who treats publication as the end of peer review?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The usual suspects include journalists [22], of course, and their symbiotically codependent flacks at journals, funding sources, and universities [23], who all conspire to bestow Warhol's predicted 15 minutes of fame onto newly published reports."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The antijunk science movement [24] may be partly to blame for promoting peer-review publication as an imprimatur of quality, entitling one to defend scientific work not only on its merits but on its mere appearance in such a forum [25, 26]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As authors, however, we must shoulder much of the responsibility ourselves."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Standing up to take part in the critical discussion of our published work is seldom pleasurable and seems like inefficient careerism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We all have new proposals to write, new data to collect, new papers to publish."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, many of us seem to have a great deal of difficulty just saying \"no comment\" or something ambivalent to the sensationalizing press, when \"no comment\" or something ambivalent would be the most constructive or accurate thing to say."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, we too often fail to anticipate or resist the varied pressures toward taking a defensive stance about our published work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In reality, the postpublication phase is the most important phase of peer review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Publication merely signifies that one's work is deemed worthy of widespread critical scrutiny."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Society would be far better served if it were persuaded to view publication not as a claim to knowledge, but simply as an open invitation to inspect one's results and to consider one's preliminary interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Funding sources would do a great service by providing financial support for investigators to participate fully in the postpublication peer review of their own work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The process is aided greatly when conscientious and self-critical authors like Preston-Martin et al. [ 1] leave relatively few important questions about methods and results unanswered in crafting their initial published reports."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, the history of science, distant and near, reveals the wisdom in Bartley's wistful plea that \"it could only do good if every published manuscript were prominently marked 'Damaged Goods'\" [27, p. 450]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Until today, only the authors themselves and a small group of privileged observers have had the opportunity to develop preliminary ideas about the ultimate contributions these two newest studies [1,2] will make to the epidemiology of magnetic fields and brain cancer in children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Today, the number of peer reviewers increases by orders of magnitude."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As the most crucial phase of peer review gets under way, we shall learn more about, and from, these important investigations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_89__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dr. Poole has made a number of useful points about the interpretation of studies of the association of childhood cancers with extremely low frequency magnetic fields [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We wish to comment on only two of his points."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_89__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "89", "paragraph_id": "triad_89__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, we agree that the best use of household magnetic field measurements is not as a direct cancer risk factor, but in building exposure models from wiring configuration data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Where Dr. Poole uses the measured fields simply to combine categories of the Wertheimer-Leeper wire code [5], we feel that a more powerful application is predicting long-term residential exposures to a variety of magnetic field metrics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, we recently developed a regression model for predicting the mean magnetic field from measurements, wire configurations, and physical principles [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When applied to the data from the Los Angeles childhood leukemia study [3], this model predicted household magnetic fields far better than did the Wertheimer-Leeper code and was significantly associated with leukemia risk, providing new evidence for magnetic field carcinogenicity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the predicted fields did not improve upon the Wertheimer-Leeper code in a multivariate risk model, suggesting that the mean magnetic field may not be the appropriate exposure metric [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Such wire configuration models could be used to evaluate other plausible exposure metrics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Metrics correlated with the Wertheimer-Leeper categories would more likely be associated with cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We have identified two such candidates: the field's autocorrelation over time [7] and frequency components that create ionic resonances with the earth's magnetic field [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We are looking forward to the postpublication phase of the peer-review process that Dr. Poole describes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_89__response__p0039__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We hope Dr. Poole's commentary [1] and the responses by Gurney et al. [ 9] and ourselves to this debate will stimulate further thinking about some of these methodological issues, as well as our substantive conclusions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_89/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2075130897_W2057515272_W2157707419", "triad_name": "triad_89", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_89__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1,2 However, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood, and most com- monly available treatments for this disorder are associated with good outcomes in self-reported sleep quality but have no effect in objective sleep duration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "3 Previous research has attempted to define subgroups within insomnia based on eti- ology (ie, primary vs secondary), age of onset (ie, childhood vs adult), and objective sleep findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "4 However, these subtypes have shown poor reliability and validity and have not shown utility for guiding insomnia treatment decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "5 Therefore, current diagnoses of insomnia are based solely on self- reported complaints."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "4 Previous research on the association of insomnia with objective short sleep duration (ISS) with the stress system, 6-8 the autonomic system, 9 and medical morbidity 10-13 and mortality 14 led the authors to suggest 2 phenotypes of chronic insomnia."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first phenotype, ISS, is associated with physiological hyperarousal (ie, short sleep duration and activation of the stress system 6-8 ) and significant medical sequelae (eg, hypertension, 12 type 2 diabetes, 13 cardiovascular disease, 15,16 increased mortality, 14 and a persistent natural course 17 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The second phenotype, in- somnia with normal sleep duration (INS), is not associated with physiological hyperarousal (ie, normal sleep duration, normal activity of the stress system, 8 and lack of significant medical sequelae 10-14 ) but instead with sleep misperception, an anxious- ruminative profile with poor coping skills, 18 and an intermittent natural course."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "17 Based on these findings, we have previously proposed that the ISS phenotype may respond better to treat- ments that primarily aim at decreasing physiological hyper- arousal (eg, hypercortisolemia) and increasing sleep duration, such as medication or other biological treatments, 17 and the INS phenotype may respond better to treatments that primarily aim at decreasing cognitive-emotional hyperarousal (eg, rumination) and altering sleep misperception, such as psychological treatment (ie, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia [CBT-I])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 6, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CBT-I is recommended as first-line treatment, with insomnia remission rates of 50%-60% and significant symptom reduction in 75%-80% of patients."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "32-34 We have hypothesized that pa- tients with the INS phenotype, which is associated with normal activity of the HPA axis, and lack of significant medical morbidity may respond better to psychological treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In support of this hypothesis, several studies on CBT-I effec- tiveness have included patients with insomnia with an average objective sleep duration of 6 hours or more and have reported improved sleep efficiency but no significant lengthening of sleep duration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "33,35,36 Furthermore, recent investigators have shown that patients with the ISS phenotype have a blunted treatment response to CBT-I relative to those with the INS phenotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "10,37,38 Whether the ISS phenotype responds better to pharmaco- logical treatment than to psychological treatment has not yet been examined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Therefore, the goal of the current preliminary, open-label, randomized study was to assess the effect of tra- zodone compared to CBT-I in patients with the ISS phenotype on the primary outcome, objective total sleep time, and on the secondary outcomes of salivary cortisol levels and self-reported insomnia severity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of 24 patients were recruited through advertisements in the local community, were screened according to research protocols by the Sleep Research and Treatment Center at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center (Hershey, PA), and were randomized to either the CBT-I or the trazodone group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of the 24 patients who were randomized, 3 discontinued partici- pation after randomization had occurred but before initiation of treatment because of the time commitment required for the study, unwillingness to discontinue morphine use, and disin- terest in taking trazodone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The remaining patients' diagnoses of insomnia and other sleep disorders were established with a clinical sleep history and semistructured interview conducted by a clinical psychologist who practices sleep medicine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Chronic insomnia disorder was defined as difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep, waking up too early, and being unable to return to sleep despite adequate sleep opportunity, concurrent with daytime impairment, all of which had persisted for the duration of at least 1 year."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Other inclusion criteria included an age range of 30-60 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Patients with a current diagnosis of a major mental disorder (ie, schizophrenia, major depression), sleep disorder (ie, OSA, periodic limb movement disorder, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disorders), morbid obesity (body mass index > 39), current use of hypnotics or sleep-inducing sedative antidepressants, a diagnosis of substance abuse or de- pendence, treatment for diabetes, chronic renal failure, hepatic in- sufficiency, or chronic heart failure were excluded from the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "During the pretreatment phase, an AHI ≥ 5 events/h was used to define the presence of OSA and a periodic limb movement index ≥ 15 was used to define the presence of periodic limb movement disorder, so none of the participants that entered the trial had either elevated AHI or elevated periodic limb movement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0005__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "A total of 21 patients completed the clinical trial (Figure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Objective \"short sleep\" was defined based on the closest clinically meaningful cutoff (total sleep time [TST] < 7 hours) to the median value (TST < 6.8 hours) measured with actigraphy at pretreatment (mean value for 2 consecutive weeks)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous research has used a 6-hour criterion to identify the ISS phe- notype measured with polysomnography (PSG), for which 6 hours was the median of the previously studied samples (ie, primarily a general random population sample)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "8,12,17 In the current study, the primary objective method to assess TST was actigraphy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Given that the median value for TST in the current sample of patients measured with actigraphy was 6.8 hours, we chose a TST cutoff of 7 hours to define clinically meaningful objective short sleep duration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is to be expected that the median value of TST will differ based on the method used (ie, actigraphy vs PSG), population studied (ie, general random population sample vs clinical or volunteer sample), and demographics (ie, age range of the sample)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Based on this criterion, 15 out of the 21 patients were categorized as having the ISS phenotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Patients were randomly assigned to either a trazodone or a CBT-I group by a statistician so that the investigators remained blind to the randomization process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Data were collected at the following phases of the study: pretreatment (before initiation of treatment), posttreatment (3 months after initiation of treat- ment), and follow-up (6 months after termination of treatment)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Patients were compensated upon completion of the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0006__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The study and all procedures were approved by the Penn State College of Medicine institutional review board (IRB 35933) and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01348542)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "stimulus control, sleep restriction, and cognitive therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "39-41 The CBT-I protocol was implemented by a clinical psychologist who practices behavioral sleep medicine (coauthor JFM) for a total of 9 months, consisting of 3 months of weekly/biweekly sessions (total of 9 consultation/therapy sessions each lasting approximately 50 minutes) plus 6 months of self-implementation of learned CBT-I techniques."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Sessions 1 through 4 were held on a weekly basis, sessions 5 through 8 were held on a biweekly basis, and session 9 was held 6 months after the initiation of treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The treatment program utilized in the current study was based on validated protocols according to specific parameters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "39-41 Stimulus control was implemented based on standard instructions using the 15-minute rule for time awake in bed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "39-41 Sleep restriction was implemented based on sleep diary data provided by par- ticipants at each session, as follows 39 : (1) in the case of positive clinical gains (sleep efficiency ≥ 90% or sleep efficiency 85%- 89% with increased sleepiness), upwardly titrate sleep oppor- tunity by 15 minutes; (2) in the case of marginal gains (sleep efficiency 85%-89% without increased sleepiness), maintain sleep opportunity at prescribed times; and (3) in the case of negative gains (sleep efficiency < 85%), downwardly titrate sleep opportunity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Cognitive therapy was implemented in the fifth session until the end of treatment and included decatastrophizing, 39 constructive worry, 40 and cognitive restructuring 40,41 techniques."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Participants in the CBT-I group were recommended to continue following the recommendations made at their last face-to-face ses- sion, through posttreatment and all follow-up data collection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The trazodone group received a standard handout on sleep hygiene instructions and had a total of 9 sessions to check treatment effectiveness, adherence, and possible adverse effects and review sleep hygiene practices (eg, avoiding naps, trying to keep a consistent wake time, cutting down on all caffeine products, ensuring a comfortable and quiet bedroom)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All patients in the trazodone group received a standard dose of trazodone (50 mg) in their first session and took trazodone for a total of 9 months, including 3 months of weekly/biweekly sessions (total of 9 sessions) plus 6 months of follow-up."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants were followed up with 2 additional biweekly sessions (during sessions 2 through 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "During these biweekly sessions, dosages were adjusted according to drug effectiveness and possible adverse effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The maximum dose used was 100 mg of trazodone, which was taken by 2 participants; 3 participants increased their dosages to 75 mg."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sessions 4 through 5 were scheduled monthly and focused on assessing treatment effectiveness, adherence, possible adverse effects, and the need to adjust medication doses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Session 6 was held 6 months after the initiation of treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants in the tra- zodone group were recommended to continue taking trazodone as needed until the final follow-up actigraphy was returned."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All patients continued to take trazodone until the end of the final actigraphy assessment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants were monitored until their last pill remained and then were recommended to follow-up with their primary care provider for any further care."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Each participant completed a medical history and physical examination using a semi-structured format and a battery of clinical tests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Blood pressure was measured in the morning and in the evening using a pneumoelectric microprocessor- controlled instrument."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The recorded blood pressure was the average of 3 consecutive readings during a 5-minute period after 10 minutes of rest in the supine position."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Anthropometric measures included height, weight, neck size, and waist and hip measurements according to standard procedures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Specifi- cally, neck size was measured at the superior border of the cricothyroid membrane with the patient in the upright posi- tion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The waist was measured at or 1 cm above the umbilical midline, and the hip was measured at the widest area around the buttocks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Each patient was monitored continuously for 8 hours for 3 consecutive nights (1 adaptation night and 2 consecutive nights) according to standard techniques at each phase of the study (ie, pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For analytic purposes, we excluded the adaption night and used the mean of TST for the 2 consecutive nights."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Respiration was moni- tored throughout the night by thermocouples at the nose and mouth (Salter Labs, Lake Forest, IL), nasal cannula/pressure, and thoracic strain gauges."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An actigraphy monitor (ActiGraph GT3×; ActiGraph, Pensa- cola FL) was placed on the wrist of patients' nondominant hand during the second night in the laboratory and worn for a 2-week period at each time point (pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients were asked to keep an actigraphy log for a 2-week period in which they noted daily time to bed, time out of bed, and times when the device was removed (eg, taking a bath, swimming)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "ActiLife Software (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) was used to calculate the estimated sleep variables (ie, TST, time in bed [TIB], sleep efficiency)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Actigraphy logs were used to enter participant-reported bedtimes and wake-up times."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Average TST values were calculated from the 2-week recording period for each phase of the study (pretreatment, posttreatment, and fol- low-up)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__original__p0019__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "TST measured with actigraphy was chosen as the main outcome in the current analyses because the ad libitum actig- raphy design allowed patients in the CBT-I group to practice sleep restriction (as per recommendations from the psycholo- gist) if necessary, compared to the fixed TIB protocol during the PSG recording, for which patients were not able to practice their sleep restriction techniques."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4377__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I read with interest the article by Vgontzas et al, entitled “Effects of trazodone versus cognitive behavioral therapy in the insomnia with short sleep duration phenotype: a preliminary study” [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, suggesting that “trazodone, but not CBT-I (Cognitive Behavior Therapy-Internet), significantly improves objective sleep duration and reduces hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation” based on the small sample size of 7 patients on trazodone may not be appropriate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4377__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is surprising that the authors state that they wanted to study trazodone despite American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommendations not to use trazodone in the guidelines for treatment of insomnia disorder."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite the popularity of trazodone, American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines state that “We suggest that clinicians not use trazodone as a treatment for sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia (versus no treatment) in adults.”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4377__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is based on the investigations on efficacy of trazodone 50 mg vs zolpidem 10 mg and placebo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The final sample for the trazodone and placebo groups included 187 adults with sleep-onset insomnia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Participants were administered either trazodone or placebo in a double-blind fashion for 14 consecutive nights."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4377__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their study, the trazodone group experienced significantly more side effects than the placebo group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Chief among these were headache (trazodone, 30%; placebo, 19%) and somnolence (trazodone, 23%; placebo, 8%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In all, 75% of trazodone participants reported adverse events [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4377__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although trazodone was more effective at improving self-reported sleep quality, there were no differences in sleep-onset latency, total sleep time, or wake after sleep onset and was the reason the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines also do not recommend “use of trazodone for treatment of chronic insomnia disorder” [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4377__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors have used “short sleep” based on the closest clinically meaningful cutoff (total sleep time < 7 hours) to the median value (total sleep time < 6.8 hours) measured with actigraphy at pretreatment (mean value for 2 consecutive weeks)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This seems to be too liberal in terms of enrollment criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors had used the short sleep duration definition of less than 5 hours in their earlier studies, as this was associated with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Mortality risk was significantly increased only in people with insomnia who slept fewer than 6 hours (odds ratio = 4.33; 95% confidence interval: 1.25–15.04) in their earlier study [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__critique__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The stricter definition of total sleep time of less than 5 hours might be more meaningful to evaluate the differential effect of an intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4377__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Dr. Hunasikatti for his commentary [1] on our study titled “Effects of trazodone versus cognitive behavioral therapy in the insomnia with short sleep duration phenotype: a preliminary study.” [ 2] Trazodone, a heterocyclic antidepressant in low doses of 25 to 150 mg, has been the second most widely prescribed medication for sleep for the last 20 years in the United States [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, a recent study showed that trazodone has been prescribed in increasing trends in the last 10 years [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Only in 2018, there were 24,000,000 prescriptions for low-dose trazodone in U.S. adults [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hence, the following question arises: Why do so many physicians and patients use this medication although it is not approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, not recommended by scientific organizations, and not promoted by industry?"}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A critical issue is that trazodone, despite its widespread use by the U.S. public as prescribed off-label by their physicians, has remained grossly understudied in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for insomnia; thus, trazodone lacks evidence from RCTs [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This concern was one of our motives to initiate this small pilot study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The lack of evidence and guideline indication for trazodone did not stop Morin and colleagues [6] from investigating its therapeutic effect as a second-stage agent in a sequential RCT with hundreds of patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Interestingly, their large RCT showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia was most effective in reducing sleep latency and wake time after sleep onset and in increasing sleep efficiency, whereas medications had their strongest effect on increasing total sleep time, particularly when patients were switched from zolpidem to trazodone [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The investigators concluded that “[G]iven the emerging literature on insomnia phenotypes and the higher risk for cardiovascular morbidity among individuals with insomnia and short sleep duration, such findings could guide the development of personalized therapies for insomnia management."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "” [ 6]"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, we would agree with Dr. Hunasikatti’s concern [1] about the use of trazodone in our small pilot study if our sample had comprised at-risk individuals for whom trazodone contraindications existed; with this not being the case, “lack of evidence” arising from multiple reasons and sources, including physicians’ preferences or industry interest, should never stop scientific inquiry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Leaving trazodone underinvestigated, despite promising results, and grossly prescribed should be a matter of public health concern for the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Food & Drug Administration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Insomnia with objective short sleep duration was proposed by our group as a novel phenotype associated with activation of the stress system, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, significant cardiometabolic and neurocognitive morbidity, and, possibly, better response to biologic treatments [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Comparing the effectiveness of a pharmacologic agent that seemed to decrease the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increase total sleep time with that of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, the first-line recommended treatment, was one of the goals of our preliminary study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our results are interesting but far from conclusive, as indicated in the title of our report."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Notably, 4 studies consisting of retrospective secondary analyses of previously published RCTs have found lower insomnia remission rates after cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in the insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype than in the insomnia with normal sleep duration phenotype [8-11], and 3 other studies have found equivalent insomnia remission rates in these 2 phenotypes [12-14]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly, despite this preliminary evidence, the issue of the relative efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in our proposed insomnia phenotypes remains inconclusive but should fuel scientific inquiry for well-designed, adequately powered, prospective RCTs using a personalized medicine, phenotype-matching approach."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dr. Hunasikatti [1] also noted our choice of measure and cutoff point for total sleep time when classifying the insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The answer is clearly indicated in the “Methods” section of the article and discussed in the following manner:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this study, we used the cut-off of less than 7 hours via actigraphy, which was the closest meaningful cut-off to the median of 6.8 hours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is higher than the cut-off of 6 hours, which was the median PSG sleep duration in physiological studies and in large random general population samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is to be expected that the median value of TST will differ based on the method used (i.e., actigraphy tends to overestimate TST when compared to PSG), population studied (i.e., general random sample versus clinical or volunteer), and age of the sample."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We have emphasized that the previously suggested cut-off of 6 hours for the ISS phenotype has been used as an internally valid marker of the severity of insomnia and not as a recommended optimal sleep duration for the general population [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These statements and approach should have resolved any concerns and is consistent with our early proposal that an important research agenda for insomnia phenotyping was to “replace the expensive, inconvenient, and impractical in-lab sleep measures with easy-to-use, inexpensive, home-based objective sleep measures."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "” [ 7] Future studies should validate actigraphy and other wearable technology, not just to accurately estimate specific polysomnography parameters as has been traditionally done but also to provide reliability and validity for specific cutoff points needed to identify individuals who are short sleepers despite adequate opportunity for sleep and, thus, individuals with the insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4377", "paragraph_id": "triad_4377__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results of our small pilot study are interesting, obviously stimulating, but far from conclusive."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4377__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We cannot agree more with the final statement by Wong and colleagues [4] in their Journal of the American Medical Association article that “[M]ore studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of trazodone for insomnia are warranted” and with the conclusive statements by Morin and colleagues [6] in their Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry article: “Additional studies are needed to validate best treatment algorithms for insomnia disorder, and rather than randomizing patients to treatment options, perhaps a more effective strategy would involve a personalized approach matching patients with their preferred treatment, while also taking into account their insomnia phenotypes (ie, presence of hyperarousal and TST).”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4377/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3048796113_W3126512864_W3129125951", "triad_name": "triad_4377", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4377__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sustainable development goals (SDGs) have helped retrain the spotlight on one of the most critical issues of our time - reducing inequality [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The call to 'leave no one behind' is an apt reminder of the cen- trality and importance of the task before us."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A number of SDGs, including Goals 1 (on poverty alleviation), 5 (on gender equality) and 10 (on reducing inequalities within and among countries), directly aim to tackle inequality, while the third goal on health, in placing emphasis on universal health coverage, builds a strong agenda for reducing inequalities in health and ensur- ing health and wellbeing for all [1,2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, SDG 17, dealing with strengthening the means of imple- mentation and revitalising global partnerships, makes specific mention of the importance of capacity build- ing to increase the availability of disaggregated data [1], which in turn enables continuous monitoring of health inequalities within countries."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As a key step in advancing these goals, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has placed emphasis on building capacity for measuring and monitoring health inequalities [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Capacity building activities have com- prised facilitating training workshops in WHO regions and member states as well as developing a number of resources on health inequality monitoring, including the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) [3,4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HEAT is a software application that facilitates the assessment of within-country health inequalities using the built-in WHO Health Equity Monitor data- base [4,5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Last updated in February 2018, HEAT allows users to explore and compare inequalities using disaggregated data and summary measures of inequality, visualised in a variety of customised tables and graphs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The software was developed in tandem with capacity building efforts in countries and regions, and benefited from the feedback of workshop partici- pants and technical experts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The process of developing HEAT is described in detail elsewhere [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 3, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While HEAT was very well received by countries and programmes, demand emerged for greater customisation of the data used in HEAT."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition to using the built- in database, users also expressed interest in using their own data, including national- and subnational-level data (e.g. province-, district- and municipality-level data)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In response to this demand, the Upload Database Edition of HEAT, HEAT Plus, was developed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Launched in July 2017, HEAT Plus allows users to upload their own data- bases and assess inequalities at the global, national or subnational level for a range of (health) indicators and dimensions of inequality."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The purpose of this article is to introduce HEAT Plus and provide empirical examples of its application in different settings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Like HEAT [4], HEAT Plus was developed using the free and open source statistical software R (https://www.r- project.org) and the R package shiny (https://cran.r- project.org/package=shiny)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It uses R packages that were used in the first version of HEAT (dplyr, ggplot2, grid, gridExtra and RColorBrewer [6-10]) as well as data.table, DT, readxl, and tidyr [11-14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "HEAT Plus source code has been published under the GNU General Public License version 2 or later (https://www.gnu.org/ licenses/gpl-2.0) and is freely available through GitHub (https://github.com/WHOequity/HEATPlus-1.0)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HEAT Plus is available as a standalone version for download from the WHO website (http://www. who.int/gho/health_equity/assessment_toolkit/en/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Standalone packages can be downloaded as .zip files that also include portable versions of R and Mozilla Firefox, which are required to run HEAT Plus, but do not require any installation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Separate packages are available for Windows and Macintosh operating systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once setup, HEAT Plus can be used to assess health inequalities in a variety of different settings and for a range of health indicators and inequality dimensions - depending on the data uploaded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Databases of disaggre- gated data have to be in a specified format and must be stored as comma-separated values (.csv) or Microsoft Excel (.xls or .xlsx) files in order to be uploaded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The HEAT Plus template illustrates the required content and structure; the user manual provides detailed information on how to prepare disaggregated data according to the HEAT Plus template (both available at http://www.who. int/gho/health_equity/assessment_toolkit/en/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table 1 provides an overview of the variables included in the HEAT Plus template, including man- datory, recommended and optional variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Mandatory variables are essential for the full func- tionality of HEAT Plus; databases cannot be uploaded if information for these variables is missing for any observation in the dataset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This includes basic information, such as the setting name, as well as additional variables required for the correct calcu- lation of summary measures, including: (1) whether the indicator is favourable or not (variable 'favoura- ble_indicator' in the template), (2) the indicator scale (variable 'indicator_scale'), (3) whether the inequal- ity dimension is ordered or not ('ordered_dimen- sion'), (4) the subgroup order of the inequality dimension ('subgroup_order'), and (5) the reference subgroup of the inequality dimension ('reference_- subgroup')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Recommended variables are required for certain calculations or features in HEAT Plus, but databases can be uploaded if information for these variables is missing for some or for all observations in the dataset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "For example, users are encouraged to enter the number of people affected or at risk within each population subgroup (variable 'population' in the template) as this information is required for the calculation of weighted summary measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "However, if this information is not available to the user, then databases can still be uploaded, but HEAT Plus will only be able to calculate unweighted sum- mary measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Finally, optional variables may be included to provide additional information, but need not be included in order to upload databases to HEAT Plus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0007__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "For instance, users may want to enter the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of subgroup esti- mates in order to display this information in tables and graphs, although this is not essential for the functionality of HEAT Plus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Provided databases have been prepared in the correct format, HEAT Plus will be able to upload the disaggre- gated data and calculate up to 15 summary measures of inequality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 2 provides an overview of which sum- mary measures can be calculated for which dimension of inequality, depending on the data included in the uploaded database."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Disaggregated data and summary measures will be stored in HEAT Plus under a user- specified name."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Stored databases can be opened when returning to HEAT Plus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Like HEAT [4], HEAT Plus is organised around four main tabs: Home, Explore Inequality, Compare Inequality and About."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Home is the starting point for any assessment in HEAT Plus, where users can upload new databases or open existing databases (see Figure A1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Under About, users can access further information about HEAT Plus, including the user manual and technical notes as well as software, version, licence and feedback information, and the acknowledgements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The two key tabs, Explore Inequality and Compare Inequality, allow users to undertake health equity assessments using disaggregated data and summary measures (see Figures A2 and A3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Both tabs comprise a number of subtabs, each displaying the data in a graph or table that can be customised using a selection menu on the left."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The subtabs are identical in HEAT and HEAT Plus; details of the subtabs included in HEAT version 1.0 have been described elsewhere [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0009__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, a number of improvements have been made since the first release of HEAT, which are highlighted in the following section."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, a new subtab has been added under Explore Inequality, named Disaggregated data (detailed bar graphs)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The tab features horizontal bar graphs showing data for population subgroups in a selected setting of interest and is the preferred option for assessing dimensions with a large num- ber of subgroups, such as data by districts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Graph Options in the left panel allow users to modify the graphs: bars can be sorted by subgroup name or subgroup estimate (in ascending or descending order); the median and/or setting average can be shown as vertical lines in the graph; one or more subgroups may be highlighted in the graph; the graph height and width and the axis range can be modified; graph and axis titles can be added."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As in HEAT, the graph and the data represented in the graph may be downloaded as .pdf/.png/.jpg and ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "csv/.tsv files, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Second, graph and table options in all subtabs now make use of accordion- style menus, allowing users to hide or show these options at their convenience."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Third, the order of subtabs under Explore Inequality has been chan- ged and graphs are now listed before tables (this was done in response to users' preference)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HEAT Plus can be used for monitoring health inequalities at global and national levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Preparing data for upload to HEAT Plus requires good data management skills and familiarity with Excel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Once prepared and uploaded, data can be used for health inequality assessments in HEAT Plus by anyone with data interpretation competence, such as technical staff (for example, in ministries of health), public health professionals, policy makers, researchers, stu- dents and others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The following examples illustrate prior applications of HEAT Plus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the global level, HEAT Plus has been used to assess the state of inequality in access to improved drinking water in WHO Member States."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data disaggregated by place of residence (urban/rural) for 192 countries were taken from the WHO Global Health Observatory data repository [15], prepared according to the HEAT Plus template and uploaded to HEAT Plus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The Explore Inequality tab was then used to explore the latest situa- tion of inequality and the change in inequality over time within a selected country of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Compare Inequality tab was used to compare the situation in that country with the situation in other countries from the same or different country income groups and/or WHO regions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Looking at Indonesia, for example, ana- lyses in HEAT Plus showed that access in both urban and rural areas increased between 1990 and 2015 and that the absolute difference between the two areas was halved during this period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, a considerable gap between urban and rural areas remained in 2015 (see Figures 1 and 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "When comparing Indonesia with other low- and middle-income countries from the WHO South-East Asia region, it was found that some countries, such as Bhutan and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, achieved almost universal coverage, while other countries reported even larger inequalities than Indonesia (see Figure 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 5, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HEAT Plus has also been used to assess the state of health inequality at the national level in Indonesia, as part of efforts to build capacity for health inequality monitoring in the country [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data from different national sources, including health facility surveys and household surveys, were used to assess inequalities in selected indicators by rele- vant dimensions of inequality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, data from the 2015 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) were used to assess inequalities in access to improved drinking water between districts [17]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Overall, it was found that there were large variations between districts within each pro- vince (see Figure 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Looking simultaneously at the province average and the level of absolute within- province inequality, Papua was identified as one of the provinces with the lowest overall access and the highest absolute inequality (Figure 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Looking closer at the situation in Papua, it was observed that, over- all, about half of the population in Papua had access to improved drinking water, yet in some districts, such as Jayapura, nearly every household had access, while in others, no one had access (Figure 6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using HEAT Plus as part of the capacity building process in Indonesia not only facilitated the assessment of the state of health inequality in the country, but also helped to improve the software."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, users expressed the need to be able to analyse subnational- level data in more detail, which led to the development of the Disaggregated data (detailed bar graphs) tab."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, feedback from users helped to improve the template as well as the warning messages that appear in HEAT Plus if data have not been entered correctly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The results from the capacity building process have been presented in the national report State of health inequal- ity: Indonesia, published in November 2017, as well as in this special issue [17,18]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While many countries routinely monitor health at the national level, national averages may mask underlying inequalities and population subgroups being left out of health programmes and services."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many countries have disaggregated data available, but lack the tools and capacity to routinely assess health inequalities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "HEAT Plus is one of several tools and resources WHO has developed to support global and national health inequality monitoring, such as the Health Equity Monitor theme page and data repository, the Handbook on health inequality monitoring: with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries, the Health inequality monitoring eLearning module, the National health inequality monitoring: a step-by-step manual and the WHO Innov8 approach for reviewing national health programmes [19-24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The hope is that with HEAT Plus and related tools and resources, coun- tries will be able to incorporate health inequality monitoring as part of their routine health reporting and planning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, HEAT Plus shows promise for the adapta- tion, expansion, and deepening of health inequality monitoring at various administrative levels within countries as the software is highly flexible and adap- table."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, once data is prepared following the HEAT Plus template, over time, data may be added for additional periods of time, indicators, dimensions of inequality, sources of data, levels of programming and so on, allowing the analysis and reporting of equity to be richer, more nuanced and constructive for policymaking and/or programme design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This in turn can help institutionalise consid- eration of equity in the process, which then must be addressed through programme redesign and refine- ment [24]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Flexibility and adaptability are perhaps the greatest strengths of this software."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, HEAT Plus allows users to upload and work with their own databases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Health equity assessments can be done at different levels, e.g. at global, national or subnational levels, depending on the data uploaded to HEAT Plus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Assessments can also be done for a variety of indicators, not just in the domain of health (e.g. HEAT Plus can work with health indicators preva- lence of a disease, coverage of treatment, services or human resources, as well as non-health indicators like adolescent school attendance, voter turnout, etc.)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Similarly, typical dimensions of inequality such as age, sex, education or economic status, but also country- or context-specific dimensions, such as eth- nicity, disability or migratory status can be used for the equity assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Data used for an assessment in HEAT Plus may come from various types of data sources, such as household surveys, administrative/ facility data, census, or civil registration/vital statistics databases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact, data from different sources may be linked using individual or small-area unique identi- fiers and analysed simultaneously [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Datasets may be saved securely on the user's machine and analyses generated and downloaded based on user conveni- ence."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, once the software is downloaded, inter- net access is not required to run analyses, making this a useful tool for analyses 'in the field' where internet access may be scarce."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The software has incorporated features in response to the requests and requirements of users carrying out health inequality monitoring at the national level, particularly in Indonesia [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An email address is provided (heat@who.int), where users may provide feedback to improve the software."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HEAT Plus is in the process of incorporating addi- tional features to enhance its capabilities for equity assessments and to make the software more user friendly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, interactive features will be added to the graphs, allowing users to engage with the data and obtain additional information (e.g. through tooltips that appear when hovering over a data point)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A feature is also being added that, should shape files be available, will engage a map function, showing estimates using chloropleth maps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Finally, to ensure wide use and application, HEAT Plus is envi- sioned to be translated into other languages, with an initial emphasis on languages of the United Nations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "HEAT Plus, the Upload Database Edition of the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit is a software appli- cation that allows users to undertake health equity assessments using their own data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ability of HEAT Plus to work with uploaded data makes it a suitable tool for both global and national inequality assessments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In particular, the software has direct application for use at the subnational level, enabling customised equity assessment that may be of particu- lar use and relevance for local use and planning."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To conclude, HEAT Plus represents a concrete and tan- gible contribution to the realisation of the SDG vision of leaving no one behind."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4472__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The world is united on the path to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – in which, specifically in the realm of health, Universal Health Coverage is the central strategy for ‘leaving no-one behind.’ Fulfilling this commitment requires vigilance and political will on the part of each country through health inequality monitoring [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As this Special Issue demonstrates, Indonesia is a model of how the health-related SDGs may be achieved by individual countries, in a truly collaborative fashion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Technical support from the World Health Organization (WHO) – from its Geneva headquarters through its regional office to the country office in Jakarta – working in close partnership with the Indonesian Ministry of Health as well as critical stakeholders in the country, has led to this watershed exercise and serious reflection and action on health inequalities in Indonesia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The process was mutually beneficial, in that Indonesia was able to carry out analyses related to inequality while supporting and implementing the development of health inequality monitoring tools under the aegis of WHO."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The path for other WHO Member States may look slightly different, but it is already paved by Indonesia’s commitment and example."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4472__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work calls for strategically disaggregating data when they are collected, analysed and reported across data sources, identifying health inequalities and their drivers to improve programme delivery, and acknowledging the centrality of health information systems for monitoring health inequalities [2]. WHO is committed to extending such support to additional equity-oriented activities that Indonesia may wish to undertake as well as other nations on this path."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A range of tools and processes have been put in place in support of this."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This includes publications such as the Handbook on health inequality monitoring with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries [3], a detailed manual for national health inequality monitoring [4], and a variety of reports that outline the process and demonstrate the output of monitoring the state of inequality at the global and national levels, and in relation to specific domains [5–7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, tools and resources such as the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit [8,9] and the Health Equity Monitor [10] can provide further guidance and facilitate monitoring."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4472__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Achieving the SDGs requires repeated, iterative efforts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This Special Issue demonstrates that health inequality monitoring can be a model for the content and process of such efforts by promoting continuous, mutual learning, and an explicit, operational commitment to equity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4472__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sekali merengkuh dayung, dua tiga pulau terlampaui."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With one stroke of the paddle, two – three islands have passed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is a common saying in Indonesia, suggesting that in one action, multiple goals may be achieved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is perhaps a fitting metaphor for those who see the sweeping breadth and scope of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) not as a challenge, but as an opportunity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our experience shows that the SDGs are indivisible, intersectional and synergistic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For instance, the health goal SDG 3 puts at its heart the notion of universal health coverage, which is premised on the idea of ensuring equity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This is enabled by SDG Target 17.18 which calls for data disaggregation as a means of both monitoring and tackling inequality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0025__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Further, SDG 10 on reducing inequalities is also served by the purposes of improved data systems, and efforts to achieve universal health coverage."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One such stroke of the paddle in Indonesia, as it were, began in 2016, resulting in the country’s first comprehensive assessment of health inequality, published in December 2017 [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Over 50 indicators across 11 health topics were disaggregated by dimensions of inequality, such as household economic status, education level, place of residence, age or sex."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Apart from this process of collaboration, capacity-building, analysis and advocacy at the national level, those involved with the process were also committed to dissemination in the academic community, manifest as nine distinct contributions in this special issue on health inequality monitoring in Indonesia."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Health inequality monitoring – in Indonesia or in any other setting (at global, regional, national or subnational level) – adds an equity dimension to standard health monitoring."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is done by ensuring the availability and use of disaggregated data on population subgroups of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The process of health inequality monitoring is a continuous cycle comprising five steps: the selection of health indicators and dimensions of inequality; the sourcing of this data; its analysis using both disaggregated data estimates and summary measures of inequality; reporting of results; and the implementation of policy and/or programme changes in light of findings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first paper in this special issue highlights the 20-month capacity-building process of health inequality monitoring in Indonesia, which led to the development of myriad products including a national state of health inequality report and several publications [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It outlines the capacities required for health inequality monitoring and then details the content and duration of the process in Indonesia, describing stakeholders (including the lead agency and contributors), outcomes, successes, challenges and lessons learned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It also takes a view on the adaptation and implementation of analogous processes of health inequality monitoring in other countries."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A critical initial step towards creating a system for health inequality monitoring, which includes collecting, analysing and reporting health inequality data, is mapping available data sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A short communication outlines the process by which data source mapping was undertaken in Indonesia, presenting in detail the template used for this purpose, as well as various data sources identified through its use (e.g. the Census, the Basic Health Research Survey, and various topic- and disease-specific surveys, as well as the sample registration system and health facility data) [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Availability of disaggregated data on particular health topics was mapped across 16 of these sources in order to determine which source would be best suited for use in the creation of Indonesia’s national state of health inequality report."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another essential ingredient for health inequality monitoring, one that allows customisation and visualisation of inequality analyses, is HEAT Plus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "HEAT Plus is a software application developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to facilitate analysis and reporting of health inequality data [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "HEAT Plus is the upload database edition of the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit [5]; it allows users to upload data on any indicator disaggregated by any dimension of inequality following a simple template."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In Indonesia, HEAT Plus was used for the analysis of inequality across 11 health topics, some of which are included in this special issue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "One of the papers employing HEAT Plus examines data from the National Socioeconomic Survey on access to improved drinking water and sanitation, disaggregated by district within Indonesia’s provinces using both absolute and relative inequality measures (i.e. mean difference from mean and weighted index of disparity) [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Large variation in inequality was observed within provinces with the same numbers of districts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The province of Papua, for instance, stood out in that it had among the lowest levels of coverage in the country (only 28% of the population reporting access to improved sanitation), as well as the highest levels of inequality (a value of 92.3% for its weighted index of disparity as compared to 3.1% in DKI Jakarta), clearly indicating domains and locations of priority."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A unique contribution to this special issue is one describing analysis of subnational regional inequality in the form of Indonesia’s Public Health Development Index (PHDI), a composite of 30 indicators across several health topics with 7 sub-indices (for reproductive and maternal health, infectious diseases, newborn and child health, non-communicable diseases, environmental health, health risk behaviours and health service provision) [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This index was developed for use in priority-setting, planning and resource allocation across districts in the country."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this special issue, both average levels of PHDI and within-province inequalities were reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Provinces in western Indonesia tended to report higher overall PHDI scores than those in the east."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Cases were also identified where within-province inequality in PHDI and its sub-indices were higher in provinces with the same average scores, especially in the case of the environmental health index, again suggesting domains of priority for addressing inequality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the course of using HEAT Plus, there was discussion about Indonesia’s high rates of adolescent tobacco use, relative to other countries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This topic was delved into more deeply using logistic regression methods on data from the 2013 Basic Health Research Survey [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It was found that the odds of current smoking were higher among males and older adolescents, and among those in the poorest quintile."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Prevalence also tended to be significantly higher in the western provinces as compared to those in the east, controlling for individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The article discusses how prevalence may be shaped by historical factors and the broader policy context related to tobacco, pointing towards areas for programme and policy action."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moving from analysis to action, a methods article in this special issue lays out the process to increase the equity-orientation of health programme and policy workflows in Indonesia [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The WHO’s Innov8 approach comprised eight steps that sought to understand the design and programme theory of these plans, develop consensus around who is being left out by these plans and why, and develop a redesign proposal that foregrounds intersectoral action and social participation, while also ensuring monitoring and evaluation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first review of the Maternal Health Action plan led to the generation of various recommendations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To bring focus, a training session for district health authorities was developed in order to inform their annual planning cycles in 10 provinces."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Concurrent demand for capacity to analyse, report and visualise data on inequalities was met with the introduction of HEAT Plus for health inequality monitoring, described at length in this special issue [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many of the processes followed, as well as challenges and opportunities observed in Indonesia, are applicable to other countries and settings, even as they may be at different stages of development in terms of their national health information systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The debate article on health inequality monitoring highlights common challenges across countries in the domain of data collection, analysis, reporting and effective communication, as well as the development of strategies to address inequalities identified [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It also describes shared opportunities, including broad-ranging global initiatives that aim to standardise data collection, its analysis and/or also to improve the quality and level of customisation of communication, as well as guidance on how equity-oriented policymaking can occur."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The WHO in particular has developed tools and resources to support these elements of health inequality monitoring [4,11–15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The second debate article showcases WHO’s broad strategy for Gender, Equity and Human Rights to which health inequality monitoring is a major contributor [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It presents definitions of key concepts and principles in this domain – equity, gender and the right to health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It also briefly describes other components of WHO’s work, including: barrier analysis in Nigeria using qualitative approaches; human rights monitoring in coordination with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; guidance provided to Member States through WHO country offices under the National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans (NHPSPs), citing the case of Mongolia in particular; and programme reviews using the Innov8 approach, with application to Nepal’s Adolescent Health strategy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The broader goal for WHO has been and will continue to be to ensure country adaptation, moving away from single-method, siloed and exclusively technocratic approaches that may have been relied upon in the past."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4472", "paragraph_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Findings across papers converged, perhaps indicative of the demographic and epidemiologic transition underway within Indonesia, requiring prioritisation of provinces and districts for particular health issues and dimensions of inequality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The province of Papua, for instance, appears to have the greatest within-province inequalities in terms of sanitation as well as the PHDI, while adolescent smoking is not a priority area in this province."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Prevalence rates of smoking were significantly higher in western provinces, and among poorer adolescent males."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, in making the effort to understand health inequalities in Indonesia, the country has used one paddle to pass many islands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The process brought certain issues to the fore (like adolescent smoking), showcased unique analytics, and highlighted indicators related to health as well as its determinants (like water and sanitation)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More broadly, the process of capacity-building for health inequality monitoring in Indonesia documented here is a rough template for adaptation and customisation to improve the use and equity-orientation of other national health information systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This can be facilitated by a growing armamentarium of tools the WHO has developed to support health inequality monitoring at the global level and in countries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4472__response__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "There are clear synergies with policy-making and lessons for other members states wishing to make great strides – or in this case strokes! – on the path to leaving no one behind."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4472/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2813010704_W2903139154_W2902961801", "triad_name": "triad_4472", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4472__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After obtaining approval from the research ethics commit- tee of Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a prospective, randomized study was con- ducted on 34 women who underwent breast augmentation between June 2011 and March 2013."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients were included who were between 20 and 40 years of age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Exclusion criteria were mammary hypoplasia; ptotic, asymmetric, or tuberous breasts; significant comorbidities; obesity or overweight (body mass index [BMI] >25 kg/m 2 ); a family history of breast cancer; prescribed medication other than birth control; previous breast interventions; and pregnancy or breastfeed- ing at time of study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients received full disclosure regard- ing the study, including a description of the protocol, possible complications, and postoperative precautions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients were randomly assigned to endoscopic or non- endoscopic surgical groups with Research Randomizer (version 4.0)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "12 The endoscopic group (n = 17) underwent transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty with video-assisted endoscopy, whereas the nonendoscopic group (n = 17) underwent the same procedure without endoscopy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All pa- tients received high-profile rounded and textured silicone im- plants (Silimed, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) in the subglandular plane."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Implant sizes ranged from 205 to 305 cc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All proce- dures were performed by the main author (A.C.W.R.)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With the patient seated or standing, preoperative markings of the submammary fold, anterior axillary line, midline in the anterior thoracic region, and proposed incision line were made (Figure 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After induction of locoregional an- esthesia with sedation, the patient was positioned supine with the arms abducted 90 degrees and the back raised ap- proximately 15 degrees such that the sternal notch was hor- izontal to facilitate dissection and manipulation of the instruments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A first-generation cephalosporin was adminis- tered intravenously as prophylaxis, and the breasts were in- filtrated with a solution of lidocaine and adrenaline (1:200.000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A 3.5- to 4-cm incision was made in the anterior axillary fold immediately behind the pectoralis major (Figure 1B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In patients without a well-delineated axillary fold, the inci- sion was made approximately 1 cm from the lateral crest of the pectoralis major, as high as possible on the apex of the axilla."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This ensured maximum concealment of the scar with the arm lowered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Subcutaneous dissection then was performed to the lateral border of the pectoralis major as superficially as possible for maintenance of the lymphatic structures (Figure 1C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A subcutaneous tunnel was made to enable access to the mammary pocket through the incision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This tunnel was large enough to allow passage of the implant but was not overly dissected to avoid cranial migra- tion of the implant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0004__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "After the lateral crest of the pectoralis major was identified, undermining of the mammary pocket was performed in the suprafascial plane."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the nonendoscopic surgical group, dissection was vi- sualized directly by means of an optical fiber and electrocau- tery forceps (a 20 cm forceps) (Figure 1D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All instruments were sufficiently long for dissection of the lower internal and external quadrants below the nipple-areola complex (NAC)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These areas are distal to the incision and can be difficult to access."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the surgical group in which video-assisted endosco- py was included, the monitor was positioned at the foot of the bed so the surgeon could move freely around the oper- ating table."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instrumentation for the endoscopic procedure included a retractor, a 30-degree lens, an aspirator, and dis- sectors (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Under endo- scopic visualization, sharp dissection and cautery were performed (Figure 1E)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The surgeon manually inserted the implant through the incision without a Keller Funnel (Keller Medical, Inc, Stuart, FL)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Povidone-iodine ointment was not applied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After implant insertion, the subcutaneous tunnel was closed with 3-0 nylon sutures to prevent migration of the implant toward the surgical wound."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The surgical wound was closed with 3-0 nylon subcutaneous sutures and 4-0 monocryl subdermal and intradermal sutures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No suction drains were inserted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Postoperative dressings included gauze, sterile micropore tape, and adhesive skin closures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients were discharged 24 hours postoperatively after 1 dressing change and placement of a surgical bra and an elastic band with Velcro closure above the breast to prevent upward migration of the implant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients were instructed to wear the elastic band for 30 days and the surgical bra (Yoga, Rio de janeiro, Brazil) for 45 days."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the early postoperative period, patients were asked to rate their level of pain on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 representing no pain and 5 representing pain that precluded routine activities (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Six months postoperatively, patients privately completed an anonymous questionnaire to rate their satisfaction with the aesthetic appearance of their breasts and scars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patient satisfaction was scored on a visual analog scale of 1 (unsatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied, with no complaints; Table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To assess symmetry of the"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Between-group differences in postoperative pain, patient sat- isfaction, and fold symmetry were ascertained by the non- parametric Mann-Whitney test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The parametric t test was applied to assess between-group differences in age, BMI, and operating time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Statistical significance was defined as P < .05."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mean ages of patients in the endoscopic (n = 17) and nonendoscopic (n = 17) surgical groups were 28 years (range, 20-32 years) and 26 years (range, 20-30 years), respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were no significant between-group dif- ferences in age or BMI (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mean operating times were 120 minutes for the endoscopic group and 70 minutes for the nonendoscopic group (P = .032)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Mean follow-up for all patients was 25 months (range, 12-34 months)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No patients were lost to follow-up."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There were no cases of seroma, infection, or capsular contracture in either group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One patient in the nonendo- scopic surgical group had wound dehiscence (0.5 cm) with spontaneous closure and no major repercussions on scar quality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One patient in the endoscopic group developed a hematoma of the surgical wound without extension to the mammary pocket."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The hematoma was drained in an outpa- tient procedure and had no major repercussions on scar quality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "See Table 2 for rating descriptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "for rating descriptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "See Table 1 for rating descriptions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There was no significant difference between groups in reported level of postoperative pain (P = .70), and all patients reported improvement in pain level after 1 week (Table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Between-group differences in satisfaction with- breast shape/volume and with scars at 6 months posto- peratively were not statistically significant (P = .14 and P = .67, respectively), and no patients indicated that they were unsatisfied or poorly satisfied with the shape/ volume of their breasts (Table 4) or with their scars (Table 5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the nonendoscopic surgical group, 14 of 17 patients (82%) had symmetric submammary folds, as determined by the senior surgeon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The remaining 3 patients (18%) had folds considered asymmetric."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There were no cases of NAC Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/35/3/265/201054 by McGill University user on 16 May 2024 malposition in the nonendoscopic group (Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the endoscopic group, 15 of 17 patients (88%) had folds that were considered symmetric, and 2 patients (12%) had asymmetric folds (Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The surgeon noted that the NAC was too low in 1 patient in the endoscopic group (6%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There were no significant between-group differences in symmetry of the submammary fold (P = .65; Table 6) or in position of the NAC (P = .33; Table 7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The transaxillary technique was developed as an alterna- tive to traditional breast augmentation for patients who wish to avoid incision scars on their breasts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By concealing the scars in the axillae, this approach avoids the stigma associated with a visible incision scar indicating breast surgery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, this technique retains the integrity of the mammary gland and the lactiferous ducts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The results of nu- merous studies have demonstrated that adequate knowledge of the axillary structures and superficial dissection of this area improve the success rate of transaxillary breast augmentation while preserving normal lymphatic drainage."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "13-16 However, concerns about performing this procedure without endo- scopic assistance persist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Theoretically, the nonendoscopic operation may be associated with an increased risk of edema and hematoma caused by undermining and with poorer aes- thetic results due to less precise dissection of the lower pole of the breast."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty with video-assisted endoscopy has been suggested as a safer alternative offering better control of dissection and bleeding, and consequently, more predictable results, fewer compli- cations, and better aesthetic outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "17,18 Some authors also have noted that the endoscopic operation yields smaller scars, less postoperative pain, and a shorter recovery period."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "19 Although the endoscopy-assisted transaxillary technique initially was intended for submuscular implants, it has also been adapted for implantation in the subglandular plane."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In comparative studies of mammaplasty, authors have assessed various types of incisions and planes for implant insertion and have investigated operating times, satisfac- tion with aesthetic results, and complication rates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "19-21 In the present study, we sought to determine whether im- plantation in the subglandular plane with video-assisted endoscopy resulted in a safer operation with superior aesthetic outcomes compared with the nonendoscopic operation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our study addressed surgical outcomes in women of childbearing age, which is consistent with the age range of patients who typically undergo augmentation mamma- plasty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22 Although our study groups were relatively small, we applied rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure group homogeneity and minimize sampling bias."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the exclusion of women with obesity, mammary ptosis, or previous breast alterations may have limited the applicability of the results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Enrollment of a more heteroge- neous population would have required inclusion of more patients and possibly stratification into additional groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This process would have increased the duration of the study and likely would have introduced unavoidable bias."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although established and popular, the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire 18 was not employed in this study because pa- tients reported difficulty in completing this questionnaire, possibly due to the large number of questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We substituted a shorter and more direct questionnaire that included a 5-point analog scale for evaluation of the aesthetic appear- ance of the breasts and scars at 6 months postoperatively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients rated their pain as 1 of 5 levels according to their need for analgesics and their ability to execute routine ac- tivities; this rating system was well understood by respon- dents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To avoid partiality, the aesthetic results of all patients in the study were analyzed by a surgeon who did not perform the operations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This surgeon's analyses of sub- mammary fold symmetry and NAC position were per- formed and recorded in strict confidentiality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No major postoperative complications, such as seroma or capsular contracture, were observed, and only 1 patient in each group (6% per group) reported a minor complica- tion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a 20-year review of reoperation rates associated with transaxillary breast augmentation, Huang et al 23 noted a very low rate of complications (eg, seroma and hemato- ma), consistent with the present study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, our follow-up period was much shorter than that of Huang et al 23 and was insufficient to identify reoperations due to capsular contracture."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Operating time was the only variable that was signifi- cantly different in endoscopic and nonendoscopic surgical groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Inclusion of endoscopy increased operating time by at least 1 hour."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "According to Munhoz et al, 9 endoscopy also increases the demand for surgical materials and staff train- ing."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The results of our study indicate that the additional time, materials, and training did not translate to a de- creased complication rate or improved aesthetic outcomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Careful execution of transaxillary augmentation mamma- plasty by a surgeon who is knowledgeable about axillary and breast anatomy and who ensures appropriate positioning"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results of the present study indicate that inclusion of video-assisted endoscopy in transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty has no impact on the safety or predictability of the procedure or on aesthetic outcomes compared with the nonendoscopic approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, the endoscopic surgery is associated with a significantly longer operating time and involves greater cost and a longer learning curve than the nonendoscopic approach."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3806__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another article appears, this time with “level 3” evidence, again professing endoscopic-assisted transaxillary breast augmentation isn’t a good procedure [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this study it is purported to have increased operating time, on average, by nearly an hour per procedure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors appear to have limited experience with the procedure (17 cases between June 2011 and March 2013, or less than one per month)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a surgeon with more than 18 years of experience with this operation, I would ask, “What were they doing?”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3806__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Similarly, a study we have seen and heard quoted with some frequency (level 4 evidence) concludes “The risk of CC [capsular contracture] is significantly higher with transaxillary incisions than with periareolar or inframammary incisions” [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The transaxillary approach again gets a “black eye” from authors who have what appears to be little experience (47 breasts over six years)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3806__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our personal experience, without any hint of rushing, the operation routinely takes between 35 and 40 minutes, from skin to skin (and not occasionally, less)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "With smooth-shelled, gel-filled implants, this is facilitated with an insertion funnel."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( We have no experience with placement of textured devices via the transaxillary approach.) The operation is gentle, nearly bloodless, and complications are rare; in over 2500 cases since 1997 there have been seven hematomas and only one peri-prosthetic infection requiring explantation (16 years ago)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Contracture rates are also very low, in the range of 1% long term."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3806__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The power of statistics today is such that a higher level of evidence will accord a paper longevity, citations, and eventually canonization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The adage “Lies, damned lies, and statistics” [3] can be negated in this environment by evidence-based medicine. But clinical experience will hopefully allow us to see the flaws and for reason to prevail."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3806__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First of all, the authors would like to thank Dr. Gelfant for his Letter to the Editor [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ours was a level 3 of evidence article [2], based on the method utilized in evidence-based medicine to determine the clinical value of a study, but there is some misunderstanding about the aim of the paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unlike you described in your letter, the objective of the study was not to evaluate if the endoscopic-assisted transaxillary breast augmentation is a good technique, but to compare both procedures (endoscopic-assisted and without endoscopic technique) when performing an axillary breast augmentation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We cannot claim that the endoscopic-assisted technique is not a successful procedure, but the technique can be done without the use of the endoscopic device with the same results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Endoscopic-assisted transaxillary breast augmentation has been an established method for breast augmentation for a long time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Proving the contrary would have taken much more patients than proposed on the text."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, this really was not the aim of this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Neither was showing the authors skills on performing a fast procedure (as we know that operative time has no correlation with good or bad aesthetic results)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The objective of this paper was to compare two established techniques and to do that we had to point out some parameters to evaluate and compare [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "One of the parameters we used was operative time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0028__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We know there are others authors with a faster operative time than ours [3], thank you for your observation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3806__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although we have no capsular contracture cases, you have mentioned another article that states transaxillary breast augmentation is a higher risk surgery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite the fact that there are not many articles correlating transaxillary breast augmentation with capsular contracture, there are many articles correlating that the use of textured implants reduces the incidence of postoperative capsular contracture [4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We have not used smooth implants for a long time in our University or private practice to reduce the incidence of postoperative capsular contracture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Capsular contracture is a low incidence rate event and when planning the study we already knew that capsular contracture rates were not the main reason for the paper based on the small sample."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "You have a very low number of capsular contracture with the use of smooth gel implants, so this is not a concern in your practice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3806__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3806", "paragraph_id": "triad_3806__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At last, despite being a former surgeon, my experience with this technique is not restricted to 17 patients, but when planning a prospective study we must determine the sample number and this was the number we found to be statistically acceptable to accomplish the study."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3806__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I agree that statistics should not be more powerful than a surgeon’s experience, but we cannot totally deny evidence-based medicine."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3806/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2085561978_W2316608377_W2325303411", "triad_name": "triad_3806", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3806__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Up to the submission date, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respira- tory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2], previously called 2019- nCoV) initially reported in Wuhan, China has been diagnosed in more than 200 000 people from 166 countries worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "SARS-CoV-2 is currently the world's most pressing public health threat and has a significant im- pact on the lives of people around the world."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, positively charged, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the beta coronavirus genus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "SARS-CoV-2 en- ters cells via the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and is highly homologous to SARS-CoV. 1 Zhang et al 2 reported that ACE2 was highly expressed in oesophageal epithelial cells and the absorptive enterocytes from ileum and colon, suggesting possible faecal transmission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea have been reported in SARS patients 3 and in COVID- 19 patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Currently, there are few data on the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The clinical case analyses on digestive manifestations and pathological findings of patients with COVID-19 published in China were reviewed in this paper with a view to pro- viding reference for prevention and control, as well as diagnosis and treatment of the disease."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We included data on COVID-19 patients who have confirmed in case reports and retrospective clinical studies relating to the digestive system that were published in English or Chinese from the end of December 2019 to the end of February 2020."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Studies that did not mention digestive symptoms were excluded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most of the patients were from China, including Wuhan city and areas outside Wuhan."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The review was based on PubMed and China National Knowledge Internet information sources including reports, publications and data collected by the WHO and National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, and 'grey' literature information sources including Baidu Scholar and Google Scholar."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We performed exten- sive hand searching of reference lists of papers and reports."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The search terms used were '2019-nCoV', 'SARS-CoV-2' or 'COVID-19' combined with 'gastrointestinal', 'clinical feature', 'digestive', or 'pathological' and 'faeces' or 'stool'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We reviewed eligible studies and extracted data on province or city, study time period, patient age group range, study size, severity of illness, symptom categories and the incidence of symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We also extracted sensitivity of faecal PCR test and time window be- tween faecal and respiratory PCR test, if mentioned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When extract- ing information from the studies, pairs of researchers conferred to compare findings and reach consensus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Where consensus was not reached, an independent researcher was consulted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We identified data from 2023 patients where presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms had been reported."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among COVID-19 patients, gastrointestinal symptoms reported during disease pro- gression varied widely."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The latest data 4 from Wuhan showed that up to 79% of the patients presented such gastrointestinal symptoms as diarrhoea, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding during the onset and subsequent hos- pitalisation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the recent symptom proportion in Wuhan was high, the first clinical article about clinical characteristics of COVID- 19 mentioned that only 3% patients had diarrhoea."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "5 Table 1 shows the current literature related to gastrointestinal features."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Anorexia was the most frequent digestive symptom in adults (39.9%-50.2%), while diarrhoea was the most common symptom both in adults and children (2%-49.5%), and vomiting was more common in children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "About 3.6%-15.9% of adult patients presented vomiting and 6.5%- 66.7% in children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0006__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Nausea accounted for 1%-29.4%, and gastrointes- tinal bleeding was 4%-13.7%; abdominal pain (2.2%-6.0%) was more frequent in severely ill patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are a few reports indicating that small number of patients only presented with diarrhoea and vomiting without fever and cough."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ping et al 10 reported only nine adult patients with digestive symptoms and no other symptoms at onset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "During hospitalisation, four of nine patients never had respiratory symptoms or fever."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The other five patients developed a fever 2-4 days after onset."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Six of nine patients went to the gastroenterology clinic, and the other three patients went to other department clinics."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "No one visited the Conclusions: Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in patients with COVID-19, and had an increased prevalence in the later stage of the recent epidemic in China."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "SARS- CoV-2 enters gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and the faeces of COVID-19 patients are potentially infectious."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "-CoV-2-infected patients and were confirmed by the throat swab test after screening."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "One adult patient mentioned in another article presented with abdominal symptoms and was ad- mitted to the surgical department, and was presumed to infect more than 10 health care workers in this department and four hospitalised patients in the same ward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "One of the patients in the same ward was diagnosed as having SARS-CoV-2 infection after the appearance of fever, and found the initially hospitalised patient was infected with SARS-CoV-2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "All of the four patients in the same ward presented with abdominal symptoms and fever."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "9 An article with 31 children mentioned that three children had diarrhoea as the first symptom and one had vomiting without fever and cough."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0007__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "17 No mention was made of respiratory symptoms during subsequent hospitalisations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 1, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Diarrhoea might be the first symptom before diagnosis, while some appeared after confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fang et al 4 found that diarrhoea occurred in 49.5% (146/295) patients, 55.2% of which occurred after admission and anti-virus therapy, and estimated 22.2% of patients presented diarrhoea before diagnosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Diarrhoea occurred from 1 to 8 days after the onset, with a median time of 3.3 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The mean duration of symptoms was 4.1 ± 2.5 days, and varied between 1 and 14 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The frequency of diarrhoea was 3.3 ± 1.6 per day, and up to nine times per day in some patients; 34.3% had yellow-watery stools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "4 Wang et al 17 found similar results; three of 31 children with diarrhoea had thin yellow stools, two to six times per day, and all had diarrhoea as the first symptom."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Laboratory faecal test results showed that 6.9% of the patients had faecal ab- normalities, with 5.2% positive for leukocytes and 1.7% for occult blood but no red blood cells, which is consistent with the charac- teristics of viral diarrhoea."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "4 The relevant treatment strategy for di- arrhoea is usually symptomatic, and drugs used in the clinic mainly included dioctahedral montmorillonite powder and loperamide as appropriate to relieve the symptoms, probiotics mitigating intesti- nal microflora dysbiosis and antispasmodics if accompanied by ab- dominal pain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Properly rehydration therapy as necessary to maintain electrolyte balance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0008__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "19"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Contradictory results about digestive symptoms in severe and nonsevere patients have been reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fang et al 4 found that 46 of the 305 patients were critically ill, accounting for 15.1%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "About 85% (17/20) critical cases had digestive symptoms and 44.7% (17/38) had diarrhoea."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The results were not statistically different from those of noncritical cases, where digestive symptoms in nonsevere patients accounted for 78.5% (142/181), of which 50.2% (129/257) had diar- rhoea."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A similar result was observed in the study by Guan et al 13 They reported a severe and critical rate of about 15.7% (173/1099)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There was no difference in these rates when compared with the propor- tion of gastrointestinal symptoms between severe and nonsevere cases (nausea and vomiting 6.9% vs 4.6%; diarrhoea 5.8% vs 3.5%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, opposite results were found in another study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0009__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Wang et al 9 reported that the proportion of gastrointestinal symptoms, espe- cially anorexia and abdominal pain, was higher in ICU patients than in non-ICU patients (anorexia 66.7% vs 30.4%; abdominal pain 8.3% vs 0%), and there were statistical differences in the proportions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We noticed that the proportion of severe cases (36/138, 26.1%) was much higher than that in the two studies mentioned above, and were even higher than the severe and critical rate (18.5%) in the Chinese Centres for Disease Control (CDC) report of 72 314 cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "20 As mentioned in the CDC of China report, the epidemic curve of the onset of symptoms peaked between 23 January and 26 January 2020."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "20 Noticeably, at the early stage of the epidemic be- fore 26 January, the proportions of patients with diarrhoea reported in Wuhan and other regions outside Wuhan were similar at around 2%-10%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, in the later stage of the epidemic, the propor- tion of patients with diarrhoea in Wuhan and areas outside Wuhan increased compared with the pre-epidemic stage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The increase was even more pronounced in Wuhan which had 49.5% of patients with diarrhoea, 4 compared with 35.6% in Guangdong."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "18 Children had a similar rate of diarrhoea (9.6%-15%) as adults but had a higher rate of vomiting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "One study reported up to 66.7% of children with vomiting, but only included six cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "7 There were only two studies describing gastrointestinal bleeding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Yang et al 6 observed two cases (2/52, 4%) of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in critically ill patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0010__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Xiao et al 18 reported 10 cases out of 73 (13.7%) but did not discuss severity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first autopsy report was of an 85-year-old man with COVID-19."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This showed segmental dilatation and stenosis of the small intes- tine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "21 Degeneration, necrosis and shedding of the gastrointestinal mucosa of varying degrees were found histologically in another pa- tient who died of severe COVID-19."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "19 Later, Xiao et al 18 reported no apparent mucosal epithelial damage in the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and colorectum with H&E staining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Histology indicated occasional lymphocytic infiltration in the oesophageal squamous epithelium, and abundant infiltrating plasma cells and lymphocytes with interstitial oedema in stomach, duodenum and rectum lamina propria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "ACE2 staining of pathological specimens showed that the positive areas were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of gastric and intestinal epithelial cells and the cilia of glandular epithelial cells, but rarely observed in oesophageal squamous epithelial cells."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Viral nucleocapsid protein was detected in the cytoplasm of gastric, duodenal and rectal glandular epithelial cells, but not in oesophageal epithelium, suggesting that the gastrointestinal symptoms of SARS- CoV-2 infection might be caused by the direct viral attack as well as tissue and organ damage due to the immune response."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Substantial evidence from previous studies of SARS supported the gastrointestinal tract tropism of SARS-CoV, which was verified by viral detection in biopsy specimens and stool."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "22 Similarly, SARS- CoV-2 was first reported in stool samples of the first case in the United States. 23 Yang et al 24 found that the stool specimens of three out of seven patients remained positive after a negative throat swab test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The results were subsequently confirmed by other studies (Table 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proportion of patients in whom stool samples tested positive was between 36% and 53% of all confirmed cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Zhang et al 26 reported high accuracy of nucleic acid detection in stool sam- ples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The comparison of stool test results to clinical manifestations as well as disease severity suggested that the positive rate of the faecal test was not differentially related to disease activity or di- gestive symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The age of the patients with positive stool tests ranged between 10 months and 78 years, and the test lasted posi- tive for approximately 1-16 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "25,26 Available studies also demon- strated a time window in positive tests of specimens from different tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "24,25 The faecal nucleic acid was often positive 2-5 days after the respiratory specimens were found to be positive, and 23%-82% patients continued to have positive faecal tests while their res- piratory specimens were negative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "24,25 The faecal test for patients treated with corticosteroids remained positive longer."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0013__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "25 Recently, the isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 viruses from stool samples of COVID-19 patients 18 has directly proven that SARS-CoV-2 could be spread via faeces."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found that anorexia was the commonest gastrointestinal symp- tom; this might be explained by the inflammatory state, hypoxia, liver function injury, depression or adverse reactions to therapeutic We noticed that the number of patients with diarrhoea in- creased in the later period of epidemic, which might indicate the reduced virulence of the virus in the process of transmission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We lacked sufficient knowledge of the virus at the beginning of the epidemic when the primary findings were dyspnoea and hypox- aemia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, with an improved understanding of COVID-19, the digestive manifestations of the disease received much more attention; it is possible that drug-induced diarrhoea increased in the later stages."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This paper has a number of limitations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, most of the articles involved were necessarily single-centre, retrospective studies, and no large-scale clinical statistics report was included."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, as the epidemic developed, the continuously updated and improved diag- nostic criteria for COVID-19 resulted in differences among the cases enrolled between the early and later stages of the epidemic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The ini- tial diagnostic criteria included epidemiologic history, fever, changes in COVID-19 imaging and lymphopenia, and ineffective antibiotic treatment in combination of virus gene sequencing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the latest guidelines regarded patients having clinical manifestations but without epidemiologic history as suspected cases, and added RT-PCR detection and IgM/IgG antibody testing, so the diagnostic range for confirmed cases was expanded compared with the early stage of epidemic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Third, the lack of medical staff and resultant in- complete medical history and clinical data at the early stages of the epidemic might have caused some selection bias."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Latest study of 204 cases by Pan et al 27 showed that 99 pa- tients (48.5%) had digestive symptoms, and 41 patients (20%) had a specific symptom (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain) ex- cluding anorexia, and it is consistent with the results of our anal- ysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "They noticed seven cases (3%) manifesting only digestive symptoms without respiratory symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients with atypical primary symptoms or atypical first symptoms had also been re- ported in previous literature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It was an indicator that could help us to identify COVID-19 early and prompt the gastroenterologists to strengthen self-protection to reduce the potential risk of infection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, they pointed out that patients with digestive symp- toms were inclined to have a worse prognosis than those without digestive symptoms (34.3% discharged vs 60% discharged)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We no- ticed that there were 74 (36%) critically ill patients in this paper and the severe and critical rate was much higher than the large-scale statistics rate in CDC report, which was 18.5%. 20 The results sup- ported our finding that critical patients with high severe rate were more likely to manifest digestive symptoms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We may speculate that the high rate of severe cases indicated a high density and virulence of virus, which damaged the digestive system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The reason for the phenomenon is unclear, and should be verified by a larger clinical data in future research."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The proportion of children with vomiting was higher than that of adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The vast majority of children with gastrointestinal symptoms were noncritically ill, only one of 57 children in the literature we re- viewed was critically ill."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "7,11,17 Gastrointestinal symptoms were also present in critically ill children, 28 but no specific data on gastroin- testinal performance in severe children are currently available in the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It was reported that 10% (3/31) of the children showed only gastrointestinal symptoms instead of respiratory symptoms at onset, 17 which was higher than 3% (7/204) of adults."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "27 It can be speculated that children might be more prone to gastrointestinal symptoms than respiratory symptoms compared with adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "One possibility is that the immature immune system in children might weaken the immune response in the respiratory system, leading to fewer respiratory symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, due to the limited number of children cases reported in the literature to date, drawing definite conclusion is difficult and needs to be confirmed by more clinical data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It was difficult to assess whether the digestive symptoms were primary or secondary outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in critically ill patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Due to long-term hypoxemia, cell necrosis from tissue hypoxia may produce gastrointestinal mucosal cell injury, resulting in ulceration and bleeding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In view of the extremely high risk of virus transmission through aerosol during endoscopy, only one published study discussed endoscopic manifestations, and contained no de- tails regarding mucosal damage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, treatments including corticosteroids and NSAIDs, and the physiological stress in patients with severe illness could have affected the mucosa of the digestive tract, making it challenging to trace the cause."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The time window noticed between faecal and respiratory spec- imen PCR tests suggested that virus particles survived longer in the gastrointestinal tract than in the respiratory tract."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When the viral load in the stool is high or in a virus-friendly environment, SARS- CoV-2 might spread easily via faeces."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ong et al 29 offered a typical example of faecal transmission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They collected samples from the bathroom of a patient with confirmed faecal positivity by RT-PCR and no diarrhoea."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Samples from the surface of the toilet bowl, inside bowl of the sink and the door handle were positive results, while post-cleaning samples were negative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "More details were given by von Doremalen et al 30 that viable virus existed for at least 3 hours in aerosols after their formation, and for up to 2 or 3 days on plastic and stainless steel surfaces."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on the high viral infectivity of SARS- CoV-2, we believe that exposure to a faecal-contaminated environ- ment, such as public toilets or areas with poor sanitation, may cause 'faecal-mucosal transmission' when individuals touch their mouth, nose or eyes with contaminated hands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Alternatively, the virus may infect patients' healthy family members through the faecal-aero- sol-respiratory pathway by sharing toilets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More clinical and experi- mental data about virus viability in faeces and varying environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity are needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Early studies indicated that individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 might shed and spread the virus while they were pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "31-33 Considering that viral shedding might last for more than a month, 34 we should pay attention to minimise the risk of faecal transmission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The latest treatment protocol in China stipulates that two RT-PCR tests of respiratory specimens carried out more than 24 h apart should be negative before a patient is discharged from the hospital, and that the patient should be isolated for 14 days after discharge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "19 In view of the possibility that stool samples of the discharged patient could still be positive, we suggest that the patient should implement a more thorough protocol for hand hygiene during isolation, thoroughly disinfect toilets and sinks, and try to avoid sharing toilets with family members."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Meanwhile, we recommend a test for faecal nucleic acid before a patient is released from isolation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Medical staff who perform gastrointestinal endoscopy for isolated convalescent patients should consider all patients to be confirmed cases and take strict protective measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__original__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Proper disinfection of toi- lets is crucial in endemic regions; otherwise, sanitation facilities can turn into 'virus traps'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2329__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with interest the article by Yuan et al reviewing gastrointestinal features in COVID-19 and the possibility of faecal transmission [1]. They reported that gastrointestinal symptoms are common in patients with COVID-19."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may be due to SARS-CoV-2 combining with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the host cell during invasion [2], and, since human intestinal epithelium is rich in ACE2 expression, virus directly invading the digestive tract might cause diarrhoea and vomiting [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Currently, the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms caused by viruses and clinical outcomes of patients remains controversial [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Recently, we studied a large sample of consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospital to assess the association between gastrointestinal symptoms pre-admission and clinical outcomes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2329__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1406 COVID-19 patients were included in the final analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of these, 138 (9.82%) presented with at least one gastrointestinal symptom; 86 had only diarrhoea, 34 had vomiting and/or nausea and 18 had diarrhoea and vomiting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Comorbidities, including chronic liver disease (10.87% vs 5.6%, P = 0.014) and diabetes (13.04% vs 6.94%, P = 0.01), were significantly more frequent than among those without gastrointestinal symptoms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among patients with pre-admission gastrointestinal symptoms, 15.94% and 13.04% developed severe and critical COVID-19, respectively, compared to 10.88% and 5.44% among those without gastrointestinal symptoms (Figure 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were more likely to experience water and sodium electrolyte disturbances [4], with a significantly higher proportion exhibiting a low serum sodium level than in those without gastrointestinal symptoms (26.81% vs 17.82%, P = 0.01)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2329__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We further assessed the association between gastrointestinal symptoms pre-admission and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The primary outcome was defined as a composite endpoint consisting of mechanical ventilation, ICU admission or death [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The crude hazard ratio (HR) for the composite endpoint was 2.51 (95% CI, 1.49-4.22) for patients with gastrointestinal symptoms compared to patients without (Figure 1B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Inverse probability weighting via a propensity score model was used to adjust for imbalances between the two groups [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, our data show that gastrointestinal symptoms pre-admission were associated with increased severity of COVID-19."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2329__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results are consistent with other recent studies [4, 7, 8], but mostly these had not considered other potential confounding factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There have been some contradictory reports [9, 10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This may in some instances be due to inclusion of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms caused by medical treatment during hospitalisation [9], which could have skewed the overall results."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__critique__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms are more likely to have serious adverse consequences of COVID-19 and should be given careful attention and appropriate intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2329__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Editors,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have read with great interest the article by Yu et al on the correlation between pre-admission gastrointestinal symptoms and the severity of COVID-19 [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree that some GI symptoms may indicate a more serious disease course and the associated pathophysiological reasons are probably multifactorial."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, SARS-CoV-2 may directly invade gastrointestinal cells, given the presence of ACE2 receptors, as proven by endoscopic biopsies from COVID-19 patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lin et al reported that the virus was detected at various GI locations in 3 of 6 patients with GI symptoms, and that the virus was present throughout the GI tract in two patients with severe disease [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, hypercoagulability induced by inflammation and diffuse endotheliitis may lead to mesenteric vascular thrombosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Bhayana et al. reported that pneumatosis or portal venous gas in 4 of 20 CT scans performed on ICU patients [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Pathological analysis revealed bowel necrosis with small vessel thrombosis involving submucosal arterioles [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, the systemic inflammatory state and hyperinflammation seen during the cytokine storm in critically ill patients also play an essential role."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A study including 186 patients of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 reported that the digestive system was the most commonly involved organ system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Specifically, 92% (171/186) of the patients developed GI symptoms, and 80% (148/186) of them received intensive care [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "GI symptoms can occur at any point in the disease process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some patients showed GI symptoms at the onset of illness, and some developed symptoms as the disease progressed [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, whether GI symptoms persist after a patient recovers has rarely been reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One study reported that fatigue, dyspnoea, joint pain and chest pain persisted in 87% of patients two months after recovery [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We noticed that an elderly woman confirmed with COVID-19 developed diarrhoea during the course of her illness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The diarrhoea improved after recovery, but abdominal distension and constipation later developed and persisted for more than three months after recovery."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We speculated that the patient might develop IBS after infection possibly due to autonomic dysfunction."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, we surmised that another potential pathophysiological mechanism for GI symptoms may be injury to the nervous system involved in digestion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Structures responsible for food intake and control of nausea and vomiting belong to the dorsal vagal complex located within the lowest region of the brainstem, which also controls several autonomic activities, including the heart and breathing [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic and neurologic symptoms are more prevalent in patients with severe disease [9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our understanding of the virus is still limited; assessments of the long-term effects of COVID-19, particularly in patients with severe disease, are needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2329", "paragraph_id": "triad_2329__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2329__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors' declarations of personal and financial interests are unchanged from those in the original article [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2329/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3013328465_W3086007353_W3084746982", "triad_name": "triad_2329", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2329__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As part of my training experience, I kept detailed written notes for every single session, notes of my meetings with my supervisor, and additional jottings and diagrams to organize the database and develop my conceptualization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the first 8 months, I saw the client in a training setting where clients were selected for suitability for psychodynamic therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sessions were twice weekly, and the fee was based on a sliding scale."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When we terminated at the end of my program, I gave the client information to contact me. She did so, and we resumed therapy in a private practice office, with the same fee."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I have changed and omitted many facts and details to conceal the identity of the client and assure that her confidentiality is not breached."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The changes I made do not compromise the accuracy of the description of the therapy process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q was an extremely attractive, fashionably dressed, dark-haired, slender 36 year old woman of mixed Asian and Hispanic ethnicity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She had been married for 12 years to a very successful economics professor, who was about 10 years her senior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Her 8 year old son was attending a selective private school, and she had not worked outside the home since her marriage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For the past three years she had been enrolled in creative writing courses, and had just had a short story accepted by a prestigious publication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q was self-referred because of uncertainty over whether she wanted to stay married or live independently, and fear that she would succumb to her tendency to \"flee\" without reflecting on consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her stated goal was to make a decision \"that feels solid, not impulsive.\" She wanted to devote more time and energy to writing, moving from short stories to a novel, and saw \"family responsibilities\" as an obstacle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She described her husband as a very reserved, intellectual man who \"withdraws when he is angry and doesn't communicate about feelings,\" and complained that he treats her writing with condescension and objects to her aspirations to be more than a wife and mother."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She talked rapidly, in dramatic story-telling fashion, with vivid details."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although I did not know this initially, she had applied for a six-month writing program in another state and was hoping that therapy would allow her to make a guilt-free decision to leave her son and husband to attend."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I have always resisted pressure to \"choose an orientation\" and believe that every client deserves a unique, personalized treatment plan."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rather than facing a new client with a treatment strategy in mind, the therapist should learn about the unique client and develop a case formulation that draws from ideas from the entire range of available models of human functioning and change."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The development of my clinical thinking stems from a clinical placement at a VA hospital in the second year of my Ph.D. program."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Distressed by my incompetence in facing new clients, and frustrated with the lackadaisical humanistic approach to supervision of the staff psychologist I was assigned to meet with, I sought help from the director of the psychiatry education program, George Saslow, who had co-authored an influential article on \"behavioral diagnosis\" (Kanfer and Saslow, 1965)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I was thrilled to be invited to participate in the training program provided to the psychiatry residents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I learned about the application of the \"problem- oriented method\" (POM) to psychiatry (Weed, 1971), which included the \"SOAP\" acronym that was used for notes in patient charts: \"S\" and \"O\" stand for two kinds of data, subjective (what the client says) and objective (what the clinician observes or accesses through charts, tests, and professional reports); \"A\" stands for assessment, which in this context means conceptualization and formulation; and \"P\" stands for plan for intervention."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This method assures accountability (plans must focus on resolving problems, progress towards goals must be documented) and incorporates both scientific principles (e.g., data separate from theorizing) and practical problem Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] solving skills."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "At the same time, I learned about the use of \"core clinical hypotheses\" in an article by Aaron Lazare (Lazare, 1976): \"A core clinical hypothesis\" is a single explanatory idea that helps to structure data about a given client in a way that leads to better understanding, decision- making, and treatment choice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0009__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Based on these educational experiences, the foundation of my future clinical work was the development of a case formulation for each client that involved clear specification of \"problem titles,\" and the selection of clinical hypotheses that best fit the data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When I began my career 30 years ago as a faculty member in a clinically-oriented Master's program, I was determined to teach students the skills of creating case formulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I developed a list of \"core clinical hypotheses\" and a set of instructions for defining problems, specifying outcome goals, developing a coherent integrative conceptualization for each problem, and selecting interventions that followed logically from the conceptualization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The result of my teaching and constant revision of my training manual was the publication in 2006 of a book explaining my approach to case formulation, with detailed step-by-step instructions for developing formulation skills and writing case formulation reports."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the book I explained each of 28 hypotheses, providing for each of them a set of treatment recommendations, suggestions for integrating other hypotheses, and lists of recommended readings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Table 1 presents the list of hypotheses with definitions and Figure 1 gives an overview of the steps of the formulation process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this section, I will highlight the processes, which will be described in detail in the following sections on assessment and formulation, as they apply specifically to the client."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It takes several sessions to gather enough data to begin creating a formulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the first session it is important to check to see if there is an emergency issue (e.g., suicidality, symptoms of organicity, an acute stress reaction) and if not, the unfolding of information should occur by allowing the client to tell stories in her own way, while the therapist \"tracks,\" and shows empathic understanding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The visual tools of a timeline and a genogram are helpful for organizing data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The therapist can gather data through experiential activities, homework assignments, and written assessment tools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is important to distinguish data from theorizing, and to solicit multiple concrete examples when the client uses abstract language."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For instance, if the client says \"my husband abuses me,\" the therapist must ask for examples and definitions to get a clear sense of the specific interactions and behaviors that she labels \"abuse.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Problems are the targets of therapy-- impairments, symptoms, syndromes, difficulties, dysfunctions, and emotional suffering."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The book Change (Watzlawick, Weakland & Fisch, 1974) made brilliantly clear how important it is to correctly define the problem and to recognize that clients will bring problems that are the results of their faulty attempted solutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For instance, the frustrated parent of an adolescent takes a normal developmental change (increased independence of the child) and has attempted to \"fix it\" with increased restrictions and attempts to maintain power."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The parent sees the problem as \"my inability to control my rebellious Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] teenager\" whereas the therapist needs to identify the problem as \"difficulty adjusting to developmental changes, and ineffective methods of responding to normal adolescent behaviors.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem list needs to be complete and comprehensive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The process of problem identification begins with a comprehensive list of problems that were either reported by the client and or recognized by the therapist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Formal problems are defined by combining certain problems into a cluster with a specific title (\"lumping\") and by recognizing subproblems within a single item on the list (\"splitting.\") As the client develops trust, and as the therapist asks questions to elicit more data, it is common for new problems to be identified, and for the initial problem definition to be supplanted with a more refined one."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Good problem titles meet the following standards:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Problems are defined so that they are solvable targets of treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Titles refer to client's current, \"real world\" functioning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Titles are descriptive, designed for a specific client, and are justified by the data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Problem titles do not contain theoretical, explanatory concepts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The therapist is not imposing cultural or personal values in problem definitions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• \"Lumping\" and \"splitting\" decisions are justified in that they lead to good treatment planning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The outcome goal is directly related to the problem title, and describes how things will be in the future when the problem is sufficiently resolved for the client to function without the help of the therapist. \" Process goals,\" which are the in-therapy achievements that stem from the therapist's formulation, is part of the plan."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The process goals are part of a roadmap for achieving outcome goals, and at the time the outcome goal is written, the therapist is not ready to formulate that roadmap."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By keeping process goals and outcome goals separate, the therapist (and supervisors and consultants) can discover diverse routes to the desired end point of therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The evaluation of therapy requires the specification of outcome goals: Without an outcome goal, the term \"effectiveness\" is meaningless, and there is no way to know when termination is appropriate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Good outcome goals meet the following standards:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• They are consistent with the client's values."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• They refer to \"real world\" functioning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• They do not contain formulation ideas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• They are realistic and are not \"utopian.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• They do not contain the \"how\" of the treatment plan (process goals or strategies)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the initial sessions with a client, the starting place may be setting outcome goals rather than creating problem titles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, the client may state \"I need to make a decision,\" or \"I want to be able to …\" As the plan is implemented, the therapist gathers data about changes in the Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] client's life to see whether the therapeutic strategy is leading toward the desired outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This description should not convey the idea that the outcome goal is rigidly set in the beginning; in the course of therapy, clients can change their minds about what they truly want and events outside of the client's control may lead to modification of outcome goals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As explained previously, I developed a list of 28 core clinical hypotheses to be used as building blocks in designing formulations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This list is presented with definitions in Table 1 and as a blank form for use with clients in the Appendix. ( All tables, figures, and the appendix can be found at the end of this paper.)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are several skills for using hypotheses:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Listening to the client talk and recognizing the goodness-of-fit of each hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This means ruling out those that do not match, and retaining those that are consistent with data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Using various strategies to gather more data to either confirm the fit of a specific hypothesis, or to rule it out. ( In Figure 1 the bidirectional arrow with \"data gathering\" indicates that hypothesis-generation guides the gathering of data, and data determine the relevance of hypotheses)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Brainstorming hypotheses, using the chart in the Appendix, as demonstrated in Table 2."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Before closing in on one or more preferred hypotheses, it is useful to systematically examine each one."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Selecting one or more hypotheses for the preliminary formulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Formulations can be formally expressed in essay form, or informally captured in bullet- point notes for the private use of the therapist."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In training settings, I believe that students benefit most from being required to write a formal assessment discussion, using their highest level of writing skills, because the process of writing forces them to improve their thinking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If they use theoretical jargon, they need to be sure that it enhances rather than detracts from understanding and does not contribute to tautological explanations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As preparation for such a formal presentation, and as a useful tool for experienced formulators, I recommend the use of a three column worksheet, as illustrated in Tables 3-5."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Standards for a good assessment include the following:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It integrates hypotheses that are consistent with the prior database."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It does not introduce new data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The focus is on the specific problems, rather than being a discussion of the client's personality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It does not include all possible hypotheses, just the ones that are useful in developing intervention plans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sole purpose of the case formulation process is the development of good plans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The plan addresses the format and treatment modality (e.g., individual, group, couple, family), the setting, the frequency, and the expected duration (e.g., short-term, time-limited, open-ended.) Standards for a good plan include the following:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It focuses on resolving the identified problem and achieving outcome goals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It follows logically from the assessment discussion and does not introduce new data or hypotheses"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It provides clarity regarding process goals, intermediate objectives, strategies, specific techniques, relationship issues, and sequencing of interventions"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It is tailor-made for the specific client."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such factors as gender, ethnicity, and personal values are considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It is appropriate for the treatment setting, contractual agreements, and financial constraints."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• When there are multiple problems, it addresses issues of priorities, sequencing, and integration of plans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It recommends community resources and referrals, if appropriate"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• It addresses legal and ethical issues, if relevant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The overall treatment plan is like an itinerary on a proposed trip."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "You can make statements about priorities, sequences, and contingencies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, once the journey begins, you will be faced with frequent decision points: do I continue on the path I started or is this an opportunity to move in a different direction?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As plans are implemented, the therapist gathers data from in-session responses by the client as well as the client's reports of out-of-session progress (or lack thereof)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The therapist needs to be flexible and be able to create a variety of plans for a given hypothesis, realizing that the ineffectiveness of a technique does not invalidate the usefulness of the hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Sometimes new data are presented or there are changes in the client's life situation that will lead the therapist to switch to different hypotheses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The processes of assessment leading to a complete formulation include: (a) identifying problems and setting outcome goals; (b) recognizing strengths; (c) organizing the life history, including the recent history leading to the entry into therapy; and (d) brainstorming hypotheses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q identified her ideas of her problems in the first sessions:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(1) I am not able to engage in creative pursuits as much as I desire;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) I have a tendency to leave difficult situations in an impulsive way;"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(3) I neglect my own needs and show over-sensitivity to needs of others; and (4) I am not sure if leaving my marriage is the best decision."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After gathering data and separating conceptualizations from problem statements, three formal problems were defined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Following my general model, I assigned each problem an official title (written as a phrase rather than a complete sentence) that is free of theoretical jargon, followed by explanatory sentences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For each problem, an outcome goal is specified in a few sentences, as shown below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q described that there were several times between the ages of 17 and her marriage when she chose to \"flee\" difficult situations instead of using a reflective approach to decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her main reason for therapy was to avoid this pattern."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The outcome goal for Problem 1 is for Ms. Q to engage in ongoing deciding about her career and family based on emotional self- awareness, rational thinking processes, a sense of personal responsibility for her choices, and consideration of values and morals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This goal includes Ms. Q making a good decision about how to pursue creativity without hurting anyone."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Problem #2: Lack of confidence in her ability to succeed in her chosen creative career and frustration over obligations that impede full time dedication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The client believes that her marriage is an obstacle to devoting herself to writing, and that she will not be able to succeed unless she completely isolates herself, yet she is very devoted to her son. ( This problem includes her view of her husband as an obstacle; other marital issues are addressed in Problem #3)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Outcome goal: The outcome goal for Problem 2 is for Ms. Q to develop the ability to pursue creative activities to the fullest extent without sacrificing competing goals and interests, and to engage in effective problem solving when faced with obstacles."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She reports being frustrated for a long time with her husband's lack of emotional connection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "( The view of her husband as an obstacle to her writing is addressed in Problem 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It was important to keep the two issues separate.)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Outcome goal: The outcome goal for Problem 3 is for Ms. Q to make decisions based on an understanding of her needs and feelings, an examination of data about her husband and marriage, and a consideration of the needs of her child."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Throughout the time that I worked with Ms. Q, she experienced depressed moods and episodes of high anxiety."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These could have been treated as problem titles, but instead were viewed as natural emotions for someone struggling to make major life decisions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q's strengths included the following:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• She was highly intelligent, very verbal, quick to learn, and eager to apply new concepts to understanding herself."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Except in sessions when she was highly emotional and needed to \"vent\" without interruption, she was genuinely interested in hearing a new perspective."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• She formed a good, collaborative relationship with the therapist and her stories indicated emotional connection in many friendships."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• She had a good sense of humor."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Her aspirations were realistic: she had the necessary talent and commitment to succeed at her career goal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• She was a good mother who genuinely cared about the wellbeing of her child."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• She gave feedback about what was helpful in our sessions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• She understood the importance of experiencing her emotions without trying to numb or medicate them away."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The timeline diagram in Figure 2 shows highlights of Ms. Q's history."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her father was born in Malaysia, came to the US with a relative as a teenager, completed his education, and worked as an engineer in an aerospace company."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "He never talked about his past and she never knew any of his relatives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Her maternal grandparents met and married in a Latin American country and came to the US prior to having children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ms. Q's mother was the third of five children, and was very close to her extended family until she got married."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Her parents disapproved of her marrying an Asian man, despite the fact that he shared her Catholic religion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When Ms. Q was born her two older brothers were 10 and 12 and her mother, who had wanted a daughter, formed a very close bond to her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the first six years of her life she was inseparable from her mother, who spent time reading to her, helping her develop a passion for reading."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0075__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This happy period of her life ended when a brother was born who had multiple disabilities, and her mother shifted her focus to meeting his needs, which Ms. Q experienced as a \"huge betrayal.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During her elementary school years she tried to get her mother's approval by doing well in school and being helpful around the house, but her mother never verbalized any affection or praise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She described her mother as emotional, dramatic, controlling and critical, and her father as quiet, undemonstrative, hardworking, and patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Her father died when she was 14 after a year-long battle with cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Her mother dealt with the loss of her husband by focusing more attention on her young son and targeting the client with anger and criticism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During high school, Ms. Q studied sporadically but still got good grades, and began to develop an interest in creative writing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She was very popular but found her classmates too immature, and at 16 started secretly dating a 24 year old musician."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Right before her 18 th birthday, after completing high school, she moved in with him."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Her mother and brothers called her a whore and refused to talk to her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She spent two years in this relationship, and then when her boyfriend's alcoholism and verbal abuse became intolerable, she ended it abruptly by leaving a note, packing up, and moving in with a girlfriend."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0077__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "She refused to talk to him, and then, 2 months later, heard that he had died in a car accident while driving in a heavily intoxicated state."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She went to therapy at that time, dealing with grief and guilt, but was not able to let go of the belief that he would be alive if she hadn't broken up with him. When asked what she learned from that therapy, she spoke about how she discovered that she was emotionally strong and that she had focused so much on her boyfriend's needs that she hadn't set any personal goals for herself."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This therapy helped her decide to enter college."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In her second year of college, she took a job as a research assistant, and began an intense romantic relationship with her future husband."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Six months later he asked her to join him on a sabbatical in a different state, so she discontinued school after only 3 semesters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They got married after living together for a year, and she focused on being \"a perfect wife.\" She felt that her husband adored her and they lived a very comfortable lifestyle."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When her son was born after four years of marriage, he became the \"center of my life,\" and she wanted to make him feel loved and secure. When he started school she began to use her free time to take courses in literature and creative writing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She received encouragement from teachers and began to form the ambition to be a writer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She won a short story competition and then another story was published in a prestigious journal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0080__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Her husband at first was very patronizing about her goals and didn't take her ambitions seriously; then when her story was published he was embarrassed because he felt that the husband in her work of fiction was based on him, and was not a very flattering portrayal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She began to experience the desire to \"flee\" her marriage about six months prior to coming to the counseling center."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She identified with Virginia Woolf's idea of a \"room of my own,\" and was frustrated that she couldn't put aside all her family responsibilities and write full time."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Now that her son was in third grade, she felt that he no longer needed her - and that now is The following diagnosis reflects my view of this client as a high functioning individual whose intermittent symptoms of anxiety and dysphoria were related to her self-imposed pressure to make major life decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "She was in therapy for \"growth needs\" rather than \"maintenance needs,\" using the terms of Maslow."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In my conceptual model, a transitional step between assessment and formal case formulation is the brainstorming of hypotheses based on the data gathered by the clinician."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Table 2 I illustrate the use of the chart that can be found in the Appendix: thoughts about the relevance of each hypothesis to the client's problems and goals are presented in the right column."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The following conceptualizations are based on hypotheses that not only fit the data but also were compatible with the client's values, preferences, and interpersonal style."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The primary focus on the existential/spiritual issue of finding her own path, making choices and accepting responsibility, accepting her commitments as chosen and not imposed, and pursuing the meaning and creativity she found in creative writing (ES1, ES2, ES3)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The need to explore and resolve inner conflict among conflicting \"parts\" (P1)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The necessity of emotional reliving of past experiences of her ex-boyfriend's death and her mother's rejection of her, both of which are both consciously and unconsciously related to her fear of separating herself, literally and emotionally, from her husband (P2, P4)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The relevance of the concept of the \"self\" as it relates both to the development of creativity and to the ability to stand alone and pursue her needs, while maintaining connections to others (P3, SCE1) • The influence of core schemas about the fragility of men and her responsibility for their happiness;"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "the faulty belief that marriage and creativity are incompatible; and the faulty conclusion that she was responsible for her boyfriend's death, leading to the faulty belief that if she left her husband, he would die (C2)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Emotional conditioning and defense mechanisms kept her from experiencing painful emotions and revisiting the events in which she formed her faulty beliefs (BL2, P4)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Difficulties asserting independence based in part on her sex role socialization, which was influenced by the Hispanic and Asian cultures of her parents (SCE2)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The need to develop new skills in decision making, management of emotions, and communication with her husband as an equal instead of as a rebellious child (BL3)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The need for a work environment where she can shut out reminders of family responsibilities and focus on her writing (SCE7)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The basic principles for formulating each problem separately are these:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• To assure accountability of therapy, each problem must be addressed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• The formulation is for the problem, not for the person."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Each hypothesis is consistent with the data, helps explain the problem, and provides a foundation for a treatment plan."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Plans focus on achievement of goals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Tables 3-5 present, for each separate problem, treatment ideas that follow logically from the relevant hypothesis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For this particular case, to illustrate the logic of the overall model, these charts were designed retrospectively, based on notes that were written during various phases of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In usual practice, the formulation of each problem would be done based upon assessment data collected at the beginning of therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These formulations might then be modified by new data that emerge in ongoing therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I am presenting the details of the course of therapy with as much accuracy as possible, given that I have eliminated information that would identify the client or would cause her discomfort in the extremely unlikely event that she should read this article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Core clinical hypotheses are put in boldface."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q was seen for 75 sessions over a period of two years and four months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The initial phase of treatment was in an outpatient clinic as part of postdoctoral training in psychoanalytic therapy, for five months for a total of 28 sessions, with weekly supervision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At the time I was a licensed psychologist with several years of clinical practice, as well as an associate professor in a graduate clinical psychology program, but in the eyes of the client when she first met me, I was a postdoctoral fellow in a training institute, receiving supervision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0098__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this initial phase, I met her in In the second phase of treatment, which consisted of 8 weekly sessions over 3 months, Ms. Q met with me in a private practice suite, where I rented a room that was decorated by another therapist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0098__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This office arrangement continued through the last phase of therapy, which lasted 38 sessions over 14 months."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ms. Q entered therapy with presenting problems, in her words, of being \"pressured by family responsibilities,\" \"fear of not being able to develop her own creativity,\" and \"need to make a decision about whether to separate from her husband.\" I asked her to consider the pros and cons of individual versus couple's therapy, and she was adamant about wanting individual sessions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her choice of a psychoanalytic setting was deliberate and based on knowledge of therapeutic alternatives; she wanted insight as well as protection against her tendency to act impulsively, stating that she \"has a history of fleeing situations\" when she feels pressured to make a decision."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0099__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our preliminary goal was \"to focus on sorting things through so she can make a decision that feels solid rather than impulsive; to stay and talk, not run away, and to increase her understanding.\" We agreed to initially meet two times per week so that we could fit 7 more sessions in before I left for a two-week vacation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first 5 sessions were used for history gathering, where I learned about her difficulties separating from her mother in adolescence, her first boyfriend's death, and the story of her marriage."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0100__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her stories focused on her relationships, family and romantic, and there was little sense of her as a separate person exercising volition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0100__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She claimed that her husband was \"stifling her development\" and that he \"refused to respect her as a separate person\" with creative talent and ambitions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The relationship between us was warm and \"in tune\": We spoke with similar tempo and intonation, and sat with casual postures, both leaning forward with similar facial expressions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She talked at great length, filling in circumstantial details, and I was careful to stay empathically attuned and let her know that I wanted to hear everything she had to tell me."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I offered a few interpretive comments about her inner parts in conflict (P1) - her \"strong side\" which doesn't want to dwell on feelings and the voice of her \"fear of craziness\"- both of which served to keep her talking rapidly and not wanting to get close to feelings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "She confirmed that she believed \"the whole thing will topple if she lets feelings [from ex-boyfriend's death] out, again.\" I was silently hypothesizing about her schemas (C2) about men's fragility, and speculated about unconscious dynamics (P4) in the possibility of schemas out of her awareness, such as \"If I leave him, he will die\" and \"I don't deserve happiness and fulfillment because I am responsible for killing my boyfriend.\" My earliest intervention was to try to get her to express her needs and feelings, and to explore why it was so hard for her to do this, explaining that it was impossible to make a good choice without considering them (E2 freedom and responsibility)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "responses by the therapist that were not perfectly attuned and in agreement with her point of view."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0101__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Such a person would not be able to take the point of view of others, soothe her own emotional distress, or tolerate challenges by the therapist to take a critical view of her own behaviors and choices."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a key incident in our 8 th session, Ms. Q demonstrated some of her more mature capacities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When she said \"I think the 'true me' wants to leave my marriage,\" I invited her to check in with other parts, and asked \"which part would feel guilty if you left?\" She accused me of meaning \"you should be happy with what you have.\" Without any intervention on my part, she quickly recognized that she had distorted my words, mistakenly assuming that I would give her the response she gets from family and friends when she expresses emotional torment about her life."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The fact that she recognized her own incipient negative transference disconfirmed the hypothesis that she functioned on the narcissistic level in her relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0102__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, when she told anecdotes of relationships with friends, she seemed very capable of empathy and able to handle minor ruptures in the relationships in an effective way. When we heard from her \"thinking parts,\" it was easy to identify faulty thinking (C2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0102__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "With her all-or-nothing thinking, she wanted to embrace the male role, and accused me of using cultural stereotypes when I assumed that she would have guilt feelings if she left her child."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I attempted to challenge all-or-nothing beliefs such as \"it is impossible for a woman to develop her creativity and at the same time, be a good wife and mother.\" I pointed to the evidence that she had just received a very positive response from a publisher for a story she had submitted, and that she had achieved this success without neglecting her obligations to her family."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0103__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While recognizing the cognitive distortions, I also saw these thoughts through the lens of the cultural hypothesis, SCE2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0103__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She was expressing gender disparities as well as describing the role that her Latina mother had enacted in her family of origin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0103__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In one session she brought in a book about gender differences and we had a conversation about society, socialization, and social change that would be indistinguishable from an academic classroom or a reading group."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the next few sessions, we focused on her relationship with her husband."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0104__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She described him as unresponsive to her needs, appreciative only of the functions she served for him, and belittling of her creative ambitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0104__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "My goal was to move her from describing her thoughts about him to expressing her feelings about his treatment of her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0104__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "She began to express anger that had been building for a long time, and I attempted to maintain the focus on feelings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0104__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "After a period of intense emotions, she admitted that she knew that her anger towards her husband was excessive, and that, as difficult as it was, she had to talk about the death of her ex-boyfriend."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0105", "paragraph_index": 105, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0105__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For several very emotional sessions I tried to just stay with her and let her describe and relive the period after the death."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0105__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I had been influenced by Eugene Gendlin and wanted to stay with her moment-to- moment experiencing, and trusted that if she stopped avoiding the painful feelings, she would experience a positive transformation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0105__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The premises I was operating on are very similar to those of Leslie Greenberg's Emotion-Focused Therapy (Elliott & Greenberg, 2007; Greenberg & Paivio, 1997), derived from Rogerian, Gestalt, and existential frameworks, but at the time I did not have the benefit of Greenberg's clearly articulated theoretical framework."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0105__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As I reflect on the process of this stage of therapy, I can see the relevance of the conditioned emotional response (BL2) hypothesis: \"exposure\" to her painful feelings was accompanied by my acceptance, warmth, and understanding, and she gradually reduced her fear of her own feelings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0106", "paragraph_index": 106, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0106__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The emotion of guilt was a focus of a few sessions, and I asked questions that gently challenged her cognitive map (C2) - that she was the only support he had (his parents were aware of his problems), that a person's drinking can be caused by another person's decision to break up, and that it was her duty to subjugate her feelings to make him happy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0106__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A significant cognitive change occurred that could be classified as a \"redecision\" (Goulding & Goulding, 1979)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0106__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whereas after the death she made the implicit decision that she was responsible and Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp. 1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] deserved to suffer guilt, she was now able to believe, \"I was not really responsible for his death - my leaving a man does not automatically kill him, and I have the right to make that choice.\" After these sessions she no longer needed to make her husband the bad guy to justify her leaving him."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0107", "paragraph_index": 107, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0107__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In session 18 she reported that she had received a fellowship to attend a prestigious 6 month creative writing program in another state, which would begin in September. She had not previously mentioned applying for this fellowship, and admitted that she had done it as an impulsive gesture when she was in her \"I must run away\" state, and hadn't talked about it because she hadn't expected a positive response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0107__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She felt that she would benefit from not being in the shadow of her husband."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0107__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To her amazement, her husband supported the plan of her going on her own, leaving him in charge of her son."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0107__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "At this point, she realistically could no longer view him as an obstacle to her creativity, and was motivated to look at her internal barriers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0108", "paragraph_index": 108, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0108__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For several sessions we focused on her fear of \"being trapped\" and losing artistic momentum."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0109", "paragraph_index": 109, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0109__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using the conceptualization of the \"grandiose self\" from Kohut's self psychology (P3) combined with the methods of inner parts work (P1), I helped her to experience her \"grandiose, creative self\" by inviting her to talk from that part, in the present tense."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0110", "paragraph_index": 110, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0110__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She experienced the \"scary excitement\" of her \"creative strength.\" She accepted the interpretation that she looked to external restraints (her husband, Motherhood) to keep this part in check."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0111", "paragraph_index": 111, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0111__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the artistic self emerged in the session, or the vulnerable part that wanted its own true needs to be honored, I was \"mirroring\" in the sense of listening, accepting, putting words to inarticulate feelings and needs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0112", "paragraph_index": 112, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0112__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She remembered as a little child that the family would clap for the achievements of the children; it was only in school, when she was teased by her classmates for being praised by the teacher, that she learned not to boast and to feel afraid of her joy in her creations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0113", "paragraph_index": 113, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0113__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As her \"inner artist\" began to feel powerful, she applied the magical thinking of a two- year-old child to her decision-making process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0114", "paragraph_index": 114, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0114__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She stated \"I know I can have it all,\" and went on to detail how her husband will change, she will get whatever she wants, and there will be no negative consequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0115", "paragraph_index": 115, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0115__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Then a more rational inner voice asserted itself, reminding her that her husband very rigid in his approach to life, and her fears and qualms emerged again."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0116", "paragraph_index": 116, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0116__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A key incident occurred when she confessed in a halting, shaky voice that she had engaged in impulsive behavior which she was very ashamed of, and appeared to be expecting my moral disapproval, or an analytic approach to expose deep psychological defects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0116__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a spontaneous move on my part, I made a psychoeducational intervention, and said, \"that sounds like 'acting out' behavior,\" and I gave a didactic explanation of how people often behave impulsively when it is hard to deal with the emotional internal conflict."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0116__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She seemed appreciative of this information, and we went back to the prior topic."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0116__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I was quite embarrassed about what I had done since it was unplanned and seemed too academic and lecture-like in its execution, but from the fact that, in future sessions, she used the word \"acting out\" and her desire to avoid it, I realized that this cognitive label (C2) was very useful, not only because it normalized behavior she was disgusted with, but because it gave her a framework for developing better skills (BL3) for coping with intense emotions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117", "paragraph_index": 117, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Continuing the cognitive focus, I invited her to explore her beliefs. \" What do you fear would happen if you became extremely successful without leaving your family?\" \" My husband would fall apart,\" was her immediate answer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She firmly believed that her husband's mental health depended on her downplaying her own talents and abilities, and that if she surpassed him in any respect (not just professionally and creatively) she would have to feel guilty about inflicting great harm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When I repeated back her words to her, she immediately recognized that her feelings of responsibility for her boyfriend's death were fueling her belief."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I asked if there was evidence that her husband developed symptoms as she became more successful, based on the family systems hypothesis, SCE1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She admitted that he could very well tolerate her success, and laughed as she concluded that he would probably give her more appreciation than her mother had."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0117__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Here it can be seen that I was implementing cognitive therapy in the style of Aaron Beck, helping her to become a better \"personal scientist.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0118", "paragraph_index": 118, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0118__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In an important session she recognized an internal part that opposed the creative part (P1) - she identified a \"need to nest.\" Speaking from this part, she expressed how much she loved puttering around the house, baking, relaxing on the couch in front of the TV, and noted that this part resented the demand to lock herself in a lonely room and engage in the painful process of writing."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0118__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This awareness helped her understand why she felt she needed to get away to be creative - she found this \"homebody\" part too easily overpowered the \"writer.\" Significant progress also occurred when we recognized that the part that had been treated as the \"creative\" voice was actually an alliance between two different parts - the \"Creative Artist\" and \"Glorified Impulsivity.\" I pointed out that although she had come to therapy to reflect and avoid fleeing, she was expressing her glorification of a lifestyle guided by \"pursuit of impulse\" and a disdain for one guided by \"devotion to duty.\" The concept of \"duty\" triggered a discussion of \"good wife\" and \"good mother\" in our society, and introduced issues of gender, cultural history, and her intercultural background (SCE2)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119", "paragraph_index": 119, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "My termination from the clinic would occur at the middle of July, so we agreed to use our final sessions there to focus on the decision - to go or not to go? She wrote a letter to accept a place in the writing program, and felt that she had until the end of August to make a final decision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She saw that she didn't \"have to escape\" to pursue writing, but she was presented with a valuable opportunity and wanted to make a good choice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This statement of goal invited a strategy based on the existential and spiritual hypotheses (ES2 and ES3): She had the freedom to make choices, but she also had to accept responsibility and live with the consequences of her choice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "She wanted to minimize the negative effects on her son of leaving him for six months, and I repeatedly challenged what I viewed as faulty thinking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For instance, when she said \"Being a good mother comes naturally to me, I know there's no danger of my hurting my son,\" I asked \"How do you imagine he will feel at night when you're not there to tuck him in?\" In one session she accused me (accurately, I admit) of trying to make her feel guilty, and I responded by explaining the difference between \"neurotic guilt\" and guilt that stemmed from her own, freely chosen moral values."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "I believe these interventions ultimately benefited her, but I was aware that my motivation could be classified as countertransference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0119__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As a child of 5 (3 years younger than her son) I had been sent to summer camp for two months, and, based on the intensity of my Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp. 1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] suffering, I believed that 6 months away from his mother would be equivalent to torture."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0120", "paragraph_index": 120, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0120__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the next session, I chose to self-disclose about that experience, in the framework of explaining why I was focusing on her son's feelings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0120__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To my surprise (and gratification), my disclosure caused her to recollect how she felt when her brother was born (she was 6), which led to much greater empathy for her son."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0121", "paragraph_index": 121, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0121__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our last session, she had not reached a decision, but I felt that she had an understanding of all the pros and cons of either choice, and was relatively free of self-deceptive rationalizations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0121__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She understood that she was welcome to see me in my private practice, and we agreed that we would have a follow-up meeting in the beginning of September."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0123", "paragraph_index": 123, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0123__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This was the first time she had ever lived alone, and she had upsurges of strong feelings - panic, euphoria, desperate loneliness, and excitement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0123__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We focused on inner parts work - and identified the \"Super-competent Caretaker\" who holds everything together and the \"Desperate Little Girl\" who feels she is falling apart."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0123__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She admitted that our sessions together were dominated by the first personality \"I come in here and I sound so confident, then I go out and nothing is clear.\" She decided to bring in her journal and read from it so I can see the \"Basket Case\" side of her."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0124", "paragraph_index": 124, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0124__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We discovered another part, \"Inner Peace,\" who she felt was at the center, and who \"doesn't have to respond and rush back and forth like a gypsy to pacify, placate, control and manage.\" In learning to access this part when she was feeling confused and overwhelmed, she was finding spiritual resources (ES3) to manage her emotions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0124__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In these sessions, I applied Kohut's concept of \"selfobject\" (P3) to explain that she was experiencing for the first time her disconnection from people who served the functions of maintaining her inner calm, and was facing the deficiencies in her ability to sooth herself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0124__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She announced in a session that she suddenly recognized that she had been emphasizing how men need her and she becomes responsible for them, but the truth was that it is she who needs the man to help her \"keep it together.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0125", "paragraph_index": 125, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0125__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I used this new awareness as an invitation to teach her about Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, She lit up and began describing how this concept made sense of many things in her relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0125__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She recognized how her episodes of chaotic emotions occurred when she was deprived of connection to her \"selfobject.\" We discussed how in the first 7 years of their marriage, she was meeting her husband's needs and serving as his selfobject - he would ignore her when he didn't need her and expect her to be available when he wanted her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0125__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She saw the connection of the selfobject concept to her perception that her husband had used her as his trophy and ego-booster, rather than being aware of her as a separate person. She also realized how her ex-boyfriend had needed her as a selfobject."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0125__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Something clicked for her then: it was not her responsibility to serve that role, and if he had lived a little longer he would have found somebody else to fill the same functions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0125__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She recognized that it now made sense that she wanted to hold on to her husband because of the security he provided."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0126", "paragraph_index": 126, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0126__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the next two sessions she talked about her experience of losing her special relationship with her mother as a little girl, when her brother was born."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0126__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She narrated how she had been forced to suppress her true feelings and felt responsible for \"keeping my mother glued together.\" She got emotionally in touch with the \"hungry starving child\" and had a very tearful session, over \"being 35 and never having experienced that someone would actually want to give to me without my having to work for it.\" In discussing her childhood I used concepts from Alice Miller's The Drama of the Gifted Child (Miller, 1981), describing for Ms. Q how she had been exquisitely empathic to her mother's pain because of her natural gifts, and that this was the same sensitivity and awareness that she was now channeling into writing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0126__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She had a moment of recognition when she started laughing - \"It's my sensitivity to others' pain that causes problems, and I keep blaming them for trapping me.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0127", "paragraph_index": 127, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0127__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For several sessions, we focused on her writing and how productive she was, living in her own home/studio."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0127__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She felt that she had found an environment (SCE7) where her true self was expressed, and she described the spirituality of her creative process (ES3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0127__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She announced that she wanted to take a break from therapy to put all her energy and creativity into writing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0127__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I suggested we meet for two more sessions, and used these to review her progress."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0128", "paragraph_index": 128, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0128__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After six months, she called and expressed an urgent need to resume therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0128__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We decided to meet twice a week."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0129", "paragraph_index": 129, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0129__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Her husband had entered individual therapy in order to work on the faults she had accused him of (e.g., inability to connect with her emotionally)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0129__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She was angry that he wanted her to commit to their marriage and return to living together, and said that he was threatening to fall apart if she doesn't stay with him."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0129__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Her mother and brother were taking her husband's side Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0129__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] and she felt \"they think I'm doing the wrong thing, and they will never forgive me.\" Although her stated goal was to \"settle the conflict I have over what to do with this marriage,\" I believed her goal was to strengthen her courage and resolve to leave the marriage without fear or guilt, and she wanted my seal of approval."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0129__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She was proud of her increase in confidence and self- sufficiency: \"When we met he was my strength and stability, I used to be so dependent I thought that if he would die I would be nothing, and now I think I can survive alone.\" She claimed that her only reasons for staying in the marriage were \"not wanting to destroy him,\" and \"not wanting my son to lose a father.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0130", "paragraph_index": 130, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0130__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this phase of therapy, I chose a cognitive focus, and challenged her beliefs about the obstacles to divorce."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0130__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She realized that her son would not lose a father, and that in fact the more likely scenario would be that her husband would want custody (which was essentially what their current living situation was like.) She needed to remind herself again and again that her fear of destroying her husband was based on the faulty beliefs (C2) formed when her ex-boyfriend died."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0131", "paragraph_index": 131, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0131__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I also wanted her to test the beliefs that her husband could never meet her needs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0131__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She agreed to keep a daily journal and write at least a sentence a day to address what she defined as key questions for her decision: \"Is he capable of the kind of intimacy I need? Can he ever understand me? Can he ever touch my emotional core?\" In session #39 she proposed to revisit the period after the death of her boyfriend, saying \"no matter how I try to avoid it, we always seem to go back there.\" Later in the session she went back to the pain for her childhood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0131__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She stated that she didn't see why she should be so afraid of being alone, because \"I have always been alone, I have always covered my pain and presented a good show to others.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132", "paragraph_index": 132, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She began to review events in the marriage that she had brushed aside."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, her husband had problems with alcohol and had neglected many responsibilities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She expressed her desire for an unrealistic solution: to keep the marriage, live separately, have total freedom, and share parenting."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "( This falls into the category of utopian thinking, C1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "My goal was to listen, ask questions, let her bring out her feelings and thoughts, and to keep the focus on her and her inner conflict, instead of letting her drift off to talk about other people."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Her greatest pain seemed to be over her family siding with her husband."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0132__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "She reported that her son asked her about divorce, and that was the first time that word entered our sessions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0134", "paragraph_index": 134, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0134__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When she told her husband she wanted to move back home, instead of embracing this chance to restore their family, he expressed relief that now she could care for their son and he could accept a visiting professor opportunity at a prestigious east coast university."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0134__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That response shocked her and triggered feelings of rejection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0134__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then she learned from a friend that her husband had started a relationship with a woman who was affiliated with that university, and that he was intending to live with her during his leave of absence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0134__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ms. Q's outpouring of rage was mingled with laughter and relief."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0134__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Her husband's infidelity made it easy for her to view him as having made the decision for her."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0135", "paragraph_index": 135, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0135__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She announced to her husband that she wanted to divorce."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0135__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She spent several sessions becoming comfortable with her decision and feeling the joy and fear of standing on her own and choosing her own direction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0135__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She expressed gratitude for the growth that allowed her to realize how stifled and unhappy she had been."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0135__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "She decided to take her son on a trip to Europe for the two months in summer, and to resume therapy when she came back."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0136", "paragraph_index": 136, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0136__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the session after her return from vacation, she announced that she had accepted that her husband had changed and described her lethargy and grief over the finality of the split."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0136__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She was insightful and introspective about her failure to grieve her first ex-boyfriend's death, and accepted responsibility for many of the problems in her marriage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0136__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She identified her goal of working out details of child custody and division of property in a calm, businesslike way."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137", "paragraph_index": 137, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the eight months until her divorce was final, we met at a frequency that was very flexible - sometimes twice a week, sometimes twice a month."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We identified the need for better communication and emotional management skills (BL3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Through role playing, she practiced how she could ask him questions to get him to express his thoughts and use \"I messages\" to express what she wanted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We did some parts work to find a self-soothing part, a voice that would calm her emotional reactions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When she tried to speak from this part, she recognized that she was hearing the \"Be quiet\" messages she got as a child."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This was a significant breakthrough, and we talked about it for several sessions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "She realized that she had bundled together \"creativity,\" \"freedom,\" and \"out-of-control emotional tantrums,\" and felt that a message to suppress the latter was an attack on the other two."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We discussed alternate ways for her to express a self- soothing message that would not be experienced as an attack, but as a helpful voice that would help her function more effectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0137__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "She made the connection to the need to \"flee\" and the lack of an inner \"voice of calm.\" She also recognized that whenever her husband said \"calm down,\" she became enraged as if she were fighting for survival."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138", "paragraph_index": 138, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As part of the divorce agreement, they sold their house and she received a substantial financial settlement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She decided to move to a coastal town about three hours away, and we set the termination date of therapy at the end of July, two weeks prior to her departure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This made the total course of therapy 23 ½ months, spread over 2 years and 4 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the second to last session she reported going to visit her mother and siblings and being able to stay calm and not respond to behaviors that would have triggered outbursts in the past."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She was pleased that they were furious at her husband for his \"deceit and betrayal,\" and were now saying that she should have divorced him years ago."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0138__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This validation seemed to relieve her of a burden of guilt and regret."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0140", "paragraph_index": 140, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0140__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In general, I view the monitoring process as ongoing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0140__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The client's response gives immediate feedback to the appropriateness of an intervention or the quality of the therapist-client bond, and the client's report of out-of-therapy experiences provides data of positive change, deterioration, or maintenance of the status quo."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0141", "paragraph_index": 141, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0141__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From the very beginning, I realized from Ms. Q's feedback to me that she would respond better if I refrained from an analytic style and instead became more engaged, sharing my opinions and a few relevant experiences, judiciously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0141__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She told me point blank that she did not want to be treated like a \"case\" but like a \"real human being\" and complained about the prior therapist who had listened and allowed long periods of silence, without ever offering an opinion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0141__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "My style with her was also influenced by her use of metaphors and humor, which I happily integrated into our sessions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0141__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For instance, she used imagery of \"valves\" to help her integrate her roles of mother and creative artist, she mimicked the voices of other people when she described conversations, and she dramatized the voices of some of her inner parts in a playful, dramatic way."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0141__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consistent with the \"common factors\" literature, I think that the strength of the relationship was a major therapeutic factor, and I monitored it closely."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0142", "paragraph_index": 142, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0142__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I received direct feedback from Ms. Q that the \"inner parts\" way of viewing inner conflict and my cognitive approach during the first phase of therapy were both effective approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0142__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She reported that she had had coped successfully by using these new tools when a very close friend Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0142__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] had been unavailable to her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0142__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Whereas previously \"it would have put me in bed for days with a breakdown,\" she was instead able to immerse herself in her creative work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0142__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She used language from our parts work to explain this improvement: \"My needy part was not going to take over just because I didn't get the comfort I wanted.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0143", "paragraph_index": 143, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0143__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In another session, she described a \"breakthrough\" and showed that something I had suggested 5 sessions previously had borne fruit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0143__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She was willing to talk about her ex-boyfriend's death and became very tearful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0143__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this session, as I wrote in my notes \"she is letting me see the scared, trembling, overwhelmed kid inside, instead of presenting me with the smiling, articulate, poised, and in-control woman.\" Her belief that \"I've already dealt with it\" had yielded to \"I need to stay with this in order to get unstuck.\" She said \"I know this will make you happy\" in a collaborative, cheerful way, indicating that she was not depriving me of that experience, as she would do with her mother."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0143__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, after this session, she paid some visits to her mother and their relationship was more comfortable and equal, and she was able to test reality and learn that her mother was proud of her and thought she was a good parent."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0143__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These events gave me feedback regarding her maturation and differentiation from her mother - she no longer was stuck at age 17, when her mother had been an obstacle to her happiness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144", "paragraph_index": 144, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In session #22 a bit of unintended psychoeducation had surprising benefit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "She confessed to me something she was very ashamed to have done, and I gave her a technical-sounding definition of the term \"acting out\": \"It must be so hard for you to contain the overwhelming feelings that you're letting yourself experience, you used a common mechanism to deal with or avoid them.\" I was reframing her impulsive behavior from \"something bad and shameful\" to \"a not-so-effective way of avoiding emotions.\" At the end of therapy, Ms. Q said that this was one of the most helpful moments because it motivated her to learn to tolerate her feelings and not push them away."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, my didactic explanations about the \"selfobject\" concept were beneficial in giving her an explanation for painful feelings as well as a conceptual framework for the weaknesses in both of her relationships."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "At the time of my psychoeducational interventions, I had felt embarrassed over switching to the role of teacher and, in fact, had felt guilty about reporting these incidents to my supervisor."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "I learned from this experience that the quality of an intervention must be judged by how it impacts the client and whether it produces positive change in her life."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0144__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, since the client used the intervention in a way that exceeded my expectations, it underlines the importance of therapists listening carefully to our clients to discover the impact of our words."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0145", "paragraph_index": 145, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0145__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I was fortunate that Ms. Q was quite direct in telling me her occasional doubts about the benefits of therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0145__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, in one session she asked \"what's the use of therapy, is this really helping?\" I asked her to think about it, and then a couple sessions later asked for her response."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0145__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "She said \"It's my time, I get to focus on myself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0145__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Otherwise I'm fragmented and confused."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0145__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "I feel confirmed.\" This feedback confirmed for me that she was experiencing benefits predicted by Kohut's theory, by developing capacities of a more mature self."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0146", "paragraph_index": 146, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0146__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On three occasions, she brought in books and read passages related to gender roles and conflicts."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0146__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I noticed that the content and tone of her chosen excerpts had progressed from strident feminist male-bashing to an appreciation of the struggles of both men and women to develop Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0146__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] their fullest capacities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0146__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These changes corresponded with a more internal focus, less blaming of her husband as an \"obstacle,\" and the ability to tolerate her own painful emotions instead of focusing on externals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0147", "paragraph_index": 147, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0147__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The case formulation is an essential framework for therapy, but rather than being an architectural blueprint it is an ever-evolving itinerary on an unpredictable journey."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0147__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is modified through various influences and obstacles: the client's preferences, the therapist's interpersonal style, the real human relationship that develops between the two, and the impingement of real life events and reactions of other people outside the office."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0148", "paragraph_index": 148, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0148__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Instead of being short-term/time-limited, or long-term/open-ended, the course of therapy was actually three separate episodes, with breaks in between resulting from vacations, what Cummings and Sayama (1995) might call \"intermittent.\" The client's outcomes at the time of our last contact included satisfaction with her decision to terminate the marriage, pride in having not neglected her responsibilities as a mother, greater personal confidence and maturity, and success in engaging for longer periods of time in creative writing, her chosen career."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0148__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I believe that therapy contributed substantially to these successes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0148__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, major credit for positive change goes to factors out of our control: her husband found another girlfriend and didn't wait around for her to overcome ambivalence; this led to her mother and sister turning against him and becoming very supportive rather than blaming; and she gained external validation for her writing talents from the acceptance of her stories in magazines and the praise of other writers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149", "paragraph_index": 149, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I began working with this client in a psychoanalytic institute that provided instruction and supervision in therapy based on Kohut's self psychology, emphasizing the development of transference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I initially expected a selfobject (narcissistic) transference to unfold, in which I would be viewed by Ms. Q as someone serving functions to shore up her self, rather than as someone who is a separate individual with a separate point of view."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some of the markers of that type of transference is the need for \"mirroring\" (uncritical acceptance), a rejection of ideas from the therapist that offer a new perspective, and an overreaction of rage to minor \"empathic failures.\" Such is the pressure of training settings with a firm orientation that it would be easy for trainees to ignore the data from the client and make assumptions about the client's dynamics from the preferred theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Determined to resist that pressure, I attended to the client's reactions to me, and to the development of our relationship, and found that she was open to new ideas, very tolerant of my mistakes, and eager to change her perspective."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The pleasure of working with this client stemmed from the fact that she was intelligent, motivated, and, most important, viewed me as a \"real\" person and valued my contributions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0149__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Since that time, I have always emphasized the importance of \"developmental diagnosis\" for understanding the client, creating the best relationship, and making appropriate treatment decisions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0150", "paragraph_index": 150, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0150__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Kohut's theory not only helped me evaluate her level of maturity in relationships, but also was an invaluable lens for understanding her difficulty separating from her husband as well as how her healthy, creative, \"grandiose self\" had been squelched and now needed support to Guided by \"Core Clinical Hypotheses\" B.L. Ingram Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu Volume 5, Module 1, Article 1, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0150__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1-42, 04-06-09 [copyright by author] find its power and voice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0150__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus the therapy process was enriched by my integration of Kohut's concepts, without my embracing his treatment methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0150__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Instead of functioning like an analytic therapist, I engaged in a more equal, collaborative, \"real\" relationship, often similar to what Kopp (1978) described as a \"fellow pilgrim.\" I also took the expert consultant role when I implemented cognitive strategies, directed experiential inner parts activities, and offered psychoeduation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0151", "paragraph_index": 151, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0151__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I was aware of how my personal values were involved in the process of therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0151__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When she talked about leaving her 8-year-old son with her husband, I had judgmental thoughts about her being a bad mother, and, trying not to sound judgmental, confronted her on her rationalizations (\"my son doesn't need me any more\"), and tried to strengthen the part of her that felt guilty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0151__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For instance, when she said \"Being a good mother comes naturally to me, I know there's no danger of my hurting my son.\" I said \"How do you imagine he feels at night when you're not there to tuck him in?\" In my view, in these sessions I was the advocate for her child, although I suspect that my approach would be labeled \"countertransference\" by others at the institute."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0152", "paragraph_index": 152, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0152__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It was an enormously valuable experience for me to write this case report and re-evaluate the course of therapy from my current perspective."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0152__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At the time, I was trying to learn a psychodynamic orientation and frequently felt embarrassed and annoyed at myself for violating the rules: I spoke too often, I \"broke the frame\" by giving opinions and validation of the client's strengths, and I destroyed opportunities for transference to develop by being too spontaneous, self-disclosing, and genuine."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0152__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In hindsight, I see that I created a positive relationship, showed respect for Ms. Q's autonomy and maturity instead of emphasizing pathology, and exhibited flexibility and creativity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0152__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This case report illustrates how \"core clinical hypotheses\" influenced my therapeutic decisions, and how diverse ideas can be integrated coherently when the focus is on resolving problems and achieving desired outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0152__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "B2: There are MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS (e.g., medication, surgery, or prosthetics) that should be considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0153", "paragraph_index": 153, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0153__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "B3: A holistic understanding of MIND-BODY CONNECTIONS leads to treatment for psychological problems that focus on the body and treatment for physical problems that focus on the mind."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0154", "paragraph_index": 154, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0154__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CS1: The client's symptoms constitute an EMERGENCY: Immediate action is necessary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0155", "paragraph_index": 155, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0155__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CS2: The client's symptoms result from identifiable recent SITUATIONAL STRESSORS, or from a past traumatic experience."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0156", "paragraph_index": 156, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0156__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CS3: The client is at a DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITION, dealing with issues related to moving to the next stage of life."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0157", "paragraph_index": 157, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0157__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CS4: The client has suffered a LOSS AND needs help during BEREAVEMENT or for loss-related problems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0158", "paragraph_index": 158, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0158__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "BL1: A behavioral analysis of both problem behaviors and desired behaviors should yield information about ANTECEDENTS (triggers) AND CONSEQUENCES (reinforcers) that will be helpful in constructing an intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0159", "paragraph_index": 159, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0159__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "BL2: A CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE (e.g., anxiety, fear, anger, or depression) is at the root of excessive emotion, avoidant behaviors, or maladaptive mechanisms for avoiding painful emotions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0160", "paragraph_index": 160, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0160__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "BL3: The problem stems from SKILL DEFICITS - the absence of needed skills -- OR the LACK OF COMPETENCE in applying skills, abilities and knowledge to achieve goals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0161", "paragraph_index": 161, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0161__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "C1: The client is suffering from the ordinary \"miseries of everyday life\" and has unrealistic UTOPIAN EXPECTATIONS of what life should be like."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0162", "paragraph_index": 162, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0162__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "C2: Limiting and outdated elements in the FAULTY COGNITIVE MAP (e.g., maladaptive schemas, assumptions, rules, beliefs, and narratives) are causing the problem or preventing solutions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0163", "paragraph_index": 163, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0163__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "C3: The client demonstrates FAULTY INFORMATION PROCESSING (e.g., overgeneralization, all- or-nothing thinking, and mindreading, or is limited by an inflexible cognitive style."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0164", "paragraph_index": 164, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0164__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "C4: The problem is triggered and/or maintained by DYSFUNCTIONAL SELF-TALK and internal dialogue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0165", "paragraph_index": 165, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0165__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ES1: The client is struggling with EXISTENTIAL ISSUES, including the fundamental philosophical search for the purpose and meaning of life."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0166", "paragraph_index": 166, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0166__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ES2: The client is AVOIDING (or needing to utilize) the FREEDOM and autonomy that come with adulthood AND/or does not accept RESPONSIBILITY for present and past choices."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
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{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0168", "paragraph_index": 168, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0168__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "P1: The problem is explained in terms of INTERNAL PARTS AND SUBPERSONALITIES that need to be heard, understood, and coordinated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0169", "paragraph_index": 169, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0169__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "P2: The problem is a REENACTMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES: Feelings and needs from early childhood are being reactivated and patterns from the family of origin are being repeated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0170", "paragraph_index": 170, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0170__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "P3: Difficulties stem from the client's failure to progress beyond the IMMATURE SENSE OF SELF AND CONCEPTION OF OTHERS that is normal for very young children."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0171", "paragraph_index": 171, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0171__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "P4: The symptom or problem is explained in terms of UNCONSCIOUS DYNAMICS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0171__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Defense mechanisms keep thoughts and emotions out of awareness."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0172", "paragraph_index": 172, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0172__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SCE1: The problem must be understood in the context of the entire FAMILY SYSTEM."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0173", "paragraph_index": 173, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0173__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SCE2: Knowledge of the CULTURAL CONTEXT is necessary to understand the problem and/or to create a treatment plan that shows sensitivity to the norms, rules, and values of the client's cultural group."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0174", "paragraph_index": 174, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0174__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SCE3: The problem is either caused or maintained by deficiencies in SOCIAL SUPPORT."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0175", "paragraph_index": 175, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0175__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SCE4: Difficulty meeting demands for SOCIAL ROLE PERFORMANCE contributes to the client's distress and dysfunction."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0176", "paragraph_index": 176, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0176__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SCE5: A SOCIAL PROBLEM (e.g., poverty, discrimination, or social oppression) IS A CAUSE of the problem."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0176__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Social problems can also exacerbate difficulties stemming from other causes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0176__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "You must avoid blaming the victim."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0177", "paragraph_index": 177, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0177__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SCE6: The problem is causally related to disadvantages or advantages to the SOCIAL ROLE OF MENTAL PATIENT."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178", "paragraph_index": 178, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Kohut's concept of \"grandiose self\" was important for understanding the creative drive; the fact that it was inadequately \"mirrored\" in childhood contributed to her need to protect it, and her assumption that it would be attacked and stifled by her husband."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a child in her family she was initially in a very close relationship with her mother, where the normal roles were reversed, and she had to be sensitive to her mother's emotional needs, instead of getting the empathic attunement and calm, loving acceptance for her true self that she needed (Alice Miller's (1981) Drama of the Gifted Child is a good fit with this client's history) Her maturation over the 12 years of her marriage was an important factor in understanding the marital dynamics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Initially, she had been immature and was satisfied with serving her husband's needs, deriving a sense of safety and worth by being his wife."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, at the time of therapy she wanted to assert her own needs and fulfill her own talents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "She was having difficulty finding inner sources of self-affirmation, and wanted to separate in the way an adolescent wants to break away."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0178__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Her empathy for others was variable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
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{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__original__p0182", "paragraph_index": 182, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0182__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "She had a good support system in her friends."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__original__p0182__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her mother and siblings sided with her husband and pressured her to put family ahead of \"selfish\" goals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4383__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0183", "paragraph_index": 183, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0183__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ingram (2009) presents a case study conducted within her model of psychotherapy integration, a systematic approach that takes several factors into account."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0183__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Within the integration field, Ingram’s model can be classified within the bounds of “Technical Eclecticism,” and is more encompassing than other similar approaches."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0183__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The approach can be improved by greater attention to cyclical factors among her categories, but it remains an important contribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0183__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Her interesting case study demonstrates how her system can be applied."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0184", "paragraph_index": 184, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0184__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ingram (2009) has described the interesting case of Ms. Q using her particular integrative approach, which I will hereafter refer to as the “Integrative Psychotherapy” model (see Ingram's [2006] detailed book on the model)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0184__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I am pleased to be able to comment on this presentation and, in doing so, will divide my remarks into two sections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0184__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first will place Ingram’s contributions within the general corpus of psychotherapy integration, and the second will be reserved for specific comments about the case."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0185", "paragraph_index": 185, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0185__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Within the field of psychotherapy integration, there are four general types of models (e.g., Castonguay et al., 2004; Stricker & Gold, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0185__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These include Theoretical Integration, which strives to encompass previously quite different theoretical perspectives within a single, coordinated theory; Assimilative Integration, which maintains a single orientation but incorporates techniques from other orientations; Common Factors Integration, which strives to find and develop common elements from across different theoretical points of view; and Technical Eclecticism (also referred to as Technical Integration), which focuses on a combination of techniques drawn from different therapeutic systems without regard for any specific theoretical approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0185__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ingram’s Integrative Psychotherapy can be classified within this last category."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0186", "paragraph_index": 186, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0186__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ingram’s model is far more specific in its details than a Common Factors approach, and her model’s lack of a guiding theoretical formulation rules out Theoretical or Assimilative Integration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0186__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Technical Eclecticism, therapeutic procedures are not attached to treatment methods or models, and this is clearly true of Ingram’s Integrative Psychotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0186__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is comparable in approach to Prescriptive Psychotherapy (Beutler, Consoli, & Lane, 2005) and Multimodal Therapy (Lazarus, 2005a, 2005b)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0186__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In comparison to these two, Ingram’s model is much closer in style to that of Lazarus and Multimodal Therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0187", "paragraph_index": 187, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0187__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ingram and Lazarus both begin with a careful assessment of the client and are guided by a comprehensive set of categories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0187__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For Lazarus there are seven modalities of human experience and functioning that include the dimensions of Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal, and Drugs/Biological—which as a whole Lazarus refers to with the acronym “BASIC-I.D.” For Ingram it is a combination of four treatment models (Behavioral and Learning; Cognitive, Existential and Spiritual; and Psychodynamic) as well as three other areas that also generate hypotheses about causation (Biological; Crisis, Stressful Situations, and Transitions; and Social, Cultural, and Environmental)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0187__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I prefer Ingram’s list to that of Lazarus because of her willingness to acknowledge the potential contribution of Psychodynamic concerns and the explicit attention to Existential and Spiritual issues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0188", "paragraph_index": 188, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0188__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I also note the similarity of her approach to the three-tier approach that Gold and I have developed (Gold & Stricker, 1993; Stricker & Gold, 1988; Stricker & Gold, 2005) within our assimilative psychodynamic integration approach (Gold & Stricker, 2001; Stricker & Gold, 2002; Stricker & Gold, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0188__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the three-tier approach, we divide our concerns into behavior, conscious experience (perception and cognition), and unconscious dynamic factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0188__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ingram has anticipated a clear difficulty in our approach by acknowledging the important role of Social, Cultural, and Environmental factors, and we will include these in future works. I also applaud her explicit concern for Existential and Spiritual issues, which might fit within our tier concerning conscious experience, but deserves the specific attention that she gives to them."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0189", "paragraph_index": 189, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0189__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One area with which Ingram (and Lazarus) does less well with is an acknowledgment of the interrelated nature of all of these areas of concern."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0189__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is important to recognize that Ingram’s seven categories are not seven independent areas to be explored, but rather that each one impacts the other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0189__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a result, we become clear that it is of little concern where our initial intervention occurs because of the synergistic effect that each area has on the other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0189__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Without the concepts of interrelatedness and cyclical impact (Wachtel, Kruk, & McKinney, 2005), a more mechanical pattern of interventions arises."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190", "paragraph_index": 190, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is interesting to note Ingram’s experience in choosing her integrative theoretical approach in treating Ms. Q: Prior to this client, I had effectively integrated ideas and treatment methods from cognitive and existential approaches in my work as a staff member and part-time independent contractor for university and community clinics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After taking a course in the [Self Psychology] work of Heinz Kohut at a psychoanalytic institute, I decided to enroll in a postdoctoral training program to learn more about this theoretical model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When I started seeing the client, my intention was to put aside my prior methods and techniques, and wholeheartedly embrace the psychoanalytic approach that I was studying."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Instead, I discovered that I was constitutionally incapable of not being integrative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Fortunately, I had a supervisor for this client who saw me in his private practice office and who accepted that I was seeking to integrate what I was learning rather than to convert to a new orientation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "( pp. 1-2) This description precisely reflects the experience of many people who identify with psychotherapy integration, in that they recognize the value of orientations other than their own, but want to work in a variety of ways that best serve the client rather than to convert to a new set of narrow convictions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0190__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Ingram thus clearly belongs in the tradition of psychotherapy integration, as she recognizes, and it is now time to turn to the application of this imaginative system to the particular case that she presented (Ingram, 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0191", "paragraph_index": 191, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0191__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Before beginning a review of the case of Ms. Q (Miscue?), there are several important issues to cover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0191__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, Ingram notes that she has changed several details to protect the anonymity of Ms. Q, “in the extremely unlikely event that she should read this article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0191__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” The changing of names and of inconsequential details is common practice and raises no concerns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0191__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, this ordinarily is done to protect the client from being revealed to others who may read it, a less unlikely scenario."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0191__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As for protecting the client herself, in my view the much better action is to ask the client, if available, for permission to use her data for a case report, allowing her to read it if she wishes, and abiding by whatever her wishes might be. I have done that several times, have always received permission (a question may be raised about whether there is implicit transferential coercion, although I always try to minimize it), and usually there is a positive benefit from this obviously mutually respectful and collaborative intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192", "paragraph_index": 192, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The structure of the sessions with Ms. Q varied over time and setting."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Treatment followed the increasingly common pattern of extended sequential therapy rather than a single continuous episode."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As such, this may be viewed as two or three therapy episodes rather than a single one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is some value in this emerging pattern, for it allows the client time to consolidate therapeutic gains and focus on new issues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Usually, as in this case, this pattern is brought about by external factors, such as payment policies and changes in living arrangements, but it rarely is destructive to the flow of treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The point I want to note is that Ingram continued the treatment at the same fee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "I applaud her for this decision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "All too often, I have seen candidates in psychodynamic training settings, such as Ingram in this case, or young therapists moving from clinic settings to private practice, who agree to continue with their patients but only at an increased fee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0192__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Given the powerful nature of the therapeutic relationship, there is the potential for exploitation in this offer, and it is noteworthy that Ingram resisted the temptation to do so. I also have some concern (about typical candidates, not Ingram) when the patients, who are being treated at a reduced fee, are made to feel in a second-class status by the juggling of their appointment times in favor of more privileged full-fee patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0193", "paragraph_index": 193, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0193__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ingram notes that her sources of data, besides what the client told her, included external information about Ms. Q’s writing and about her husband."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0193__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are no ethical issues raised by this as long as Ingram did not seek out information from others about the husband (and there is no indication that she did), but there is a very interesting therapeutic point that it raises."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0193__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "How important is such external confirmation? As long as Ms. Q is committed to a career in writing, must we (can we) judge how talented she is? As long as she sees her husband as stifling her growth, does it matter whether he really is doing so? I certainly can see arguments that claim that such information is important because they would help to introduce reality into the treatment planning, but there also is a point of view that suggests that the only reality that matters is that of the patient."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0193__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "My position is somewhat intermediate, but it matters less what I think; what is most important is to raise awareness and encourage discussion of this issue within the psychotherapy community."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194", "paragraph_index": 194, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, at least for these pre-treatment comments, it must be noted that a case study inevitably leaves out data and changes some things that are included to protect anonymity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a result, any of my comments may turn out to be incorrect because of a lack of sufficient information, and Ingram may have done exactly what is suggested but failed to record it for reasons of space or privacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For Ingram, psychotherapy begins with a thorough assessment and the establishment of outcome goals that are directly related to the identified problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No specific mention is made of necessary attention to the establishment of a therapeutic alliance, but the goals and tasks that are mentioned are two of the necessary components of an alliance (Bordin, 1979)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The third component, the bond, although not specifically mentioned, almost surely was established given the description of the case."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0194__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is critical to establish mutually determined goals that can be altered in the course of therapy, as this strengthens the bond, provides the basis for a treatment plan and subsequent interventions, and allows for feedback about progress."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196", "paragraph_index": 196, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In terms of Ms. Q’s treatment goals, it isn’t clear how the attainment of subjective goals such as making good decisions can be evaluated without a judgmental dimension entering into the treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Other problems, such as Ms. Q’s lack of confidence and frustration, are better divided into two so that they can be worked on and evaluated separately."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In regard to the judgmental dimension, this is particularly apparent in the instance when Ingram asked Ms. Q about her child’s feelings when she failed to tuck him in at night."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "She appropriately referred to as an example of countertransference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This occurs again when Ms. Q decided not to enroll in the writing program, but instead to rent an apartment and live on her own while pursuing her writing career."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ms. Q was very proud of this choice, and it seems as though Ingram agreed as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, was this a good choice? Who can say? I would be inclined to support the patient’s choices whether or not they agreed with my preferences, as long as they weren’t obviously destructive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, here again, the threshold for perceived destructiveness will vary as a function of the attitudes of the therapist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0196__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The acceptance of the approach of the client is consistent with Client-Directed Therapy, a new and interesting common factors approach to integration (Duncan, Sparks, & Miller, 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197", "paragraph_index": 197, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One obstacle to blending cognitive and psychodynamic approaches is that the former is more directive and the latter more expressive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Providing direction, such as with Ingram’s regard for the welfare of Ms. Q’s son, may serve to compromise a stance that encourages free expression."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is an inescapable concomitant of an integrative approach, and it is necessary to recognize that techniques that mean one thing within a home approach may mean something entirely different within a different or more integrated approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I applaud Ingram’s focus on strengths, as this too is often overlooked."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is the patient’s strengths that can be the basis of constructive developments within treatment, and also the recognition of strengths is helpful in promoting the therapeutic bond and increasing the patient’s hope of success, which often is integral to therapeutic gains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The strengths that are listed include both internal strengths, such as Ms. Q’s intelligence, and intra-therapeutic strengths, such as her ability to provide feedback within the treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0197__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It is important to keep both in mind, as they both contribute to success in the treatment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0198", "paragraph_index": 198, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0198__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the first session Ingram asked Ms. Q to consider both individual and couple therapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0198__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is an often overlooked aspect of treatment that should be required as part of informing the patient about the risks of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0198__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ms. Q clearly preferred individual treatment and valued her growth more than her marriage, but that is a choice each patient should be allowed to exercise, and the only correct answer is the one that is consistent with the patient’s goals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0198__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Problems arise when the patient is not alerted to the difference between the two modalities, and to the likely effect of the choice on the patient’s individual growth and relationships."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 7, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200", "paragraph_index": 200, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ingram does use the technique of asking for examples when Ms. Q thought her husband would become symptomatic if she were to become more successful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was very effective in correcting a misperception of the consequence of success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Interestingly, Ingram refers to this as cognitive therapy, and it is, but it also is an intervention that would be very comfortable for a psychodynamic therapist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, in discussing Ms. Q’s feelings toward her husband, Ingram used techniques that she accurately sees as consistent with Greenberg’s Emotion-Focused Therapy (Elliott & Greenberg, 2007), which, in turn, is a derivative of Rogerian thought."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is interesting to note that the work of Kohut (1977), which also influenced Ingram, is very similar to that of Rogers (Kahn, 1985)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They agree on the central role of empathy in the therapeutic relationship, a point also emphasized by Ingram in her description of the treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Very often techniques from entirely different theoretical orientations are similar to each other, and this makes the task of integration a good deal easier if one is not caught up in the rigidity of any single system."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0200__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, the previous caution about the changing meaning of similar techniques when placed in different theoretical systems is particularly appropriate here."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201", "paragraph_index": 201, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The use of chair work, a technique familiar to humanistic therapists and often integrated in the work of therapists with other approaches, was resisted by Ms. Q, but the patient’s idea of accomplishing the goals of chair work without changing seats was accepted by the therapist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a good example of flexibility, as the goal of the technique is more important than the actual execution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The goals were consistent with Ingram’s “inner parts” hypothesis, and often chair work is used whenever ambivalence is an issue."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ingram uses a technique of cognitive labeling that I find very useful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It helps to normalize some behavior, as it did in the case of Ms. Q, and also to help her to develop better skills."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "I also have found that labeling serves many other purposes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "By identifying and naming an emotion, it conveys empathy and thereby strengthens the therapeutic alliance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It also gives the patient a sense of mastery, as a named emotion is also an acknowledged and thus owned one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0201__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Normalization takes the feeling out of the realm of the mysterious, which tends to reduce the helplessness that accompanies the unknown."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0202", "paragraph_index": 202, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0202__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the second phase of treatment, Ms. Q was able to access a sense of never having gotten anything without having to work for it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0202__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I can imagine that this was an important insight and very moving for the patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0202__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, I also wonder whether she had been given a good deal without having to work for it before her brother’s birth, and it was the contrast between her rich early years and the subsequent deprivation that was so difficult for her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0202__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This brings up some fascinating questions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0202__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Is this reformulated insight superior in any way to the one that Ms. Q achieved? Does the “historical truth” of the observation matter if the “narrative truth” is meaningful to the patient? ( On this distinction, see Spence, 1984.) In line with the latter, I am inclined to think that the most important thing is to provide the patient with a coherent and credible attribution for feelings and actions, and these can be the vehicle for therapeutic progress even in the absence of historical correlates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203", "paragraph_index": 203, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the last phase of treatment, Ms. Q indicated that her husband’s infidelity made it easy for her, as he had made her decision for her."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This may be, and much might have been untold about this episode, but I would have preferred to see Ms. Q take responsibility for her decision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, it doesn’t matter much what I (or any other therapist) would have preferred; if this construction is what enabled Ms. Q to move on with her life, who is to say that she should view it differently? That brings about a very important question, as to the extent to which a patient’s vision should take precedence over that of the therapist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is an exciting new approach (Duncan et al., 2006) that suggests that the patient is always right, and so the patient’s theory of change should be placed before the therapist’s."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although I am not completely sold on this extreme formulation, there is much to recommend it, and it certainly is worth considering in this case."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It also should be noted that Ingram appears to have taken Ms. Q’s formulation into account, and the therapy progressed from that point forward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Given the apparent success of the treatment, I would have been very interested in asking Ms. Q, at the last session, what she felt were the mutative factors in the process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "I routinely do that with my patients and never fail to be surprised by what they say. They often mention events as being critical that I have long forgotten, and fail to remark about what I saw as turning points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "There is no right or wrong about this at our current state of knowledge, but it does give one cause to pause and to reconsider strongly held beliefs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0203__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Perhaps this disparity is consistent with the notion of client-directed treatment (Duncan et al., 2006) referred to above, and should give us more reason to listen to our patients at least as much as we would like them to listen to us."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0204", "paragraph_index": 204, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0204__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I find it fascinating that Ingram wrote the following: At the time, I was trying to learn a psychodynamic orientation and frequently felt embarrassed and annoyed at myself for violating the rules: I spoke too often, I “broke the frame” by giving opinions and validation of her strengths, and I destroyed opportunities for transference to develop by being too spontaneous, self-disclosing, and genuine. ( p. 25) At the initial meetings of the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI; http://www.cyberpsych.org/sepi/), this sentiment was repeated frequently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0204__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therapists trained in several different orientations had found themselves doing things that they would have been reluctant to confess to supervisors, yet that were effective for their patients."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0204__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The heart of psychotherapy integration, the movement within which Ingram clearly belongs, is that old rigidities hamper rather than aid the treatment process, and there is much that we can learn from each other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0204__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ingram’s notion of the “ever-evolving itinerary” within treatment captures the sense of psychotherapy as a process, which is the essence of psychotherapy integration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__critique__p0204__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ingram has made an important contribution to psychotherapy integration with her clearly presented approach, and some of her embarrassment, although understandable, might better be seen as a point of pride."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4383__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0205", "paragraph_index": 205, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0205__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stricker (2009), Grinfeld (2009), and Lampropoulos (2009) provide three types of commentary on my case of Ms. Q (Ingram, 2009): feedback on my handling of psychotherapy with this high-functioning client; critical evaluation of my “28 core clinical hypotheses” model; and discussion of where this model fits within four categories of integrative psychotherapy—common factors integration, theoretical integration, assimilative integration, and technical eclecticism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0205__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this response I focus on each topic in turn, and conclude with a discussion of the training of clinical graduate students as integrationally-oriented psychotherapists."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0206", "paragraph_index": 206, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0206__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Writing the case of Ms. Q (Ingram, 2009) was an absorbing, enlightening experience."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0206__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It not only allowed me to describe how I handle choice points in therapy using my 28 core clinical hypotheses model (to be called “28CCHM” throughout this article; Ingram, 2006), but also enabled me to improve my teaching and supervision of clinical psychology graduate students."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0206__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Reading the commentaries of people who share my core value of providing the best possible treatment for each unique client—two highly-regarded experts in integrative psychotherapy (Stricker, 2009; Lampropoulos, 2009), and an extremely knowledgeable and articulate graduate student who resonates to my approach (Grinfeld, 2009)—has been what I can only call, in the language of humanistic psychology, a peak experience."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0206__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Their feedback rewarded me with the pleasure of being understood, appreciated, and commended for my contribution; challenged me to sharpen my thinking and increase the clarity of my communication; and invited me to address broad issues that affect the theory, practice, and training of integrative psychotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0206__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Throughout this article I will be referring to specific hypotheses by codes, and the charts at the end of Ingram (2009) will provide further explanations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207", "paragraph_index": 207, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Writing a case study for public scrutiny, unlike writing an article on theory or research, puts the writer in a vulnerable, exposed position."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "So it was with gratitude and relief that I discovered that Stricker (2009), Grinfeld (2009), and Lampropoulos (2009) each made positive comments, providing me with the enjoyment of being both understood and appreciated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stricker praised things that I had not even recognized as praiseworthy, such as not raising the fee when I moved from a nonprofit training clinic to private practice, and providing the client the choice between individual and marital therapy, instead of assuming that individual therapy was the treatment of choice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "He recognized my emphasis on empathy and the therapeutic alliance, even though I had not made that explicit in my case report; appreciated my focus on strengths; and described my ongoing monitoring of progress as “probably the most evidence-based treatment that is available at the present time” (p. 46)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Lampropoulos noted “the level of sophistication in assessing, conceptualizing and treating a client integratively via the use of the 28 core hypotheses,” and recognized that tailoring the conceptualizations to the “needs and dynamics of the client at many different levels” increased the chance that “the client would find them meaningful and beneficial in therapy” (p. 53)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Grinfeld approved that I was “monitoring responses to interventions so that those that the client does not find helpful can be abandoned while those that resonate are pursued” (p. 59)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0207__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "She also commended my approach for incorporating the three components of the APA’s Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP; APA Presidential Task Force, 2006): (1) research evidence, (2) clinical expertise, and (3) patient characteristics, culture and preferences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0208", "paragraph_index": 208, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0208__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All three of the commentators gave me credit for the comprehensiveness of the 28 hypotheses, and the fact that the hypotheses incorporate domains that are usually neglected in clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0208__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lampropoulus honored me with the statement “she has done an important job in presenting the gist of major theories and concepts that an integrative/eclectic student or clinician ought to know to practice integratively at a basic level” (p. 53)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0208__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both Grinfeld and Stricker appreciate my inclusion of hypotheses from two of the seven domains, Existential and Spiritual, and Social, Cultural, and Environmental; and Grinfeld, additionally, noted the benefit of the Crisis, Stressful Situations and Transitions category."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0209", "paragraph_index": 209, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0209__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Delight at reading the commentaries came not only from positive feedback but also from discovering new language to describe my approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0209__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From Stricker I learned the succinct term “local clinical scientist model” for what I have been describing as “empirical validation through single case design.” I have been using the term “intermittent” to describe therapy with multiple episodes, and henceforth I will prefer to use his term, “extended sequential therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0209__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” I was especially gratified by the way Grinfeld grasped and described a level of the process in my treatment of Ms. Q that I was completely unaware of: Ingram’s choice to follow the client’s “orientation preference” … seems … to constitute an empathic attunement to process [my italics] as well as to content, furthering not just the working alliance but also Ms. Q’s sense that her needs can be acknowledged and met (p. 63)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0210", "paragraph_index": 210, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0210__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Those words elegantly described my intentions and their impact, and, incidentally, demonstrated unmatched empathic attunement to my content and process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0211", "paragraph_index": 211, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0211__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I greatly valued the criticism and suggestions from the commentators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0211__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For instance, Stricker rightly said that it would have been desirable to get the client’s explicit permission and have her review the document (unfortunately this was impossible given the length of time since the termination of therapy), and Lampropoulus pointed out the disadvantage of not providing standardized quantitative measures as did Clement (2008) in his case study in a prior issue of this journal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0211__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Grinfeld made the excellent point that most clients, unlike Ms. Q, will not directly provide feedback about which hypotheses resonate and which do not, and may in fact prefer straightforward explanations from a therapist who takes a more authoritative role."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0211__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For those clients, the most empathically attuned process would be for the therapist to function in the role of confident expert who makes treatment decisions from a single model, as, in fact, would occur when there is a specific empirically-supported treatment that is the best match for the client’s problem."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0212", "paragraph_index": 212, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0212__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stricker posed challenging questions that allowed me to clarify my thinking on issues I had not previously addressed directly: How important is such external confirmation [of her talent for writing]? As long as Ms. Q is committed to a career in writing, must we (can we) judge how talented she is? As long as she sees her husband as stifling her growth, does it matter whether he really is doing so? ( Stricker, 2009, pp."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0212__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "45-46)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0213", "paragraph_index": 213, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0213__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These were not rhetorical questions but ones that are open for debate, and the answer must be grounded in specific case data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0213__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the case of Ms. Q, I believed that it was vitally important to determine that her aspirations were realistic rather than being grandiose fantasies or utopian goals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0213__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In a different case—say, a client who talks with pleasure about her beautiful new house—I would not take a drive to her address to see if I agreed with her opinion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0213__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the latter example, it is a question of values, taste, and personal definitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0213__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, it is a fait accompli; the client has already made a choice, and she is satisfied with it."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0214", "paragraph_index": 214, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0214__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Ms. Q’s case, she was faced with making decisions that would have dramatic repercussions for her marriage, her child, and her lifestyle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0214__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, the issue was one of defining outcome goals, and the importance that goals be realistic and attainable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0214__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( This topic is discussed in detail in Ingram [2006] in Chapter 12)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0214__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I believe that an important task of a therapist is to help clients set goals that are not only possible, but also, when attained, will increase their life satisfaction, enhance their self-worth and self-efficacy, and not result in unexpected collateral damage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0214__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For me, failing to challenge a client’s unrealistic goals would be equivalent to failing to mention a banana peel on the person’s path."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0215", "paragraph_index": 215, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0215__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Questions about external verification of the clients’ beliefs allow me to elaborate on the importance I place on working jointly with the client to gather data about “reality” so that the client (not just I) can ascertain the fit of her “model of the world” with the evidence of experience (meaning both her sensory, lived experience, and the “reality” that receives consensual validation from outsiders.) In his article, Stricker wondered if I had gathered details about her impulsivity and inclination to flee situations, noting the importance of distinguishing between an internal state that has never been acted on, and a tendency to action that has been demonstrated in the past."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0215__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This client told a highly detailed narrative of her life, including specific episodes that she labeled “fleeing,” including leaving home without advance preparation at 18 and leaving her ex-boyfriend without communicating her intentions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0216", "paragraph_index": 216, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0216__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Had she not been so forthcoming, I would have asked questions like, “How do you define ‘fleeing’?” “ Have you ever done that before?” “ Can you give me an example?” “ Please tell me the story of that experience, from beginning to end.” My knowledge about data-gathering questions comes in part from what Bandler and Grinder (1990) called the “metamodel,” defined as a set of linguistic information-gathering tools, and described in my book (Ingram, 2006, pages 40-44) as an essential interviewing skill."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0216__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Questions that require the client to check his or her cognitive map against the data of their personal experience are necessary for evaluating the extent to which that map is faulty (C2—Faulty Cognitive Map)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0216__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Questions that allow the therapist to evaluate the client’s information processing skills (C3) not only identify weaknesses, but also “hook into” the reality testing part of the client’s mind and reveal strengths in scientific thinking skills."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0216__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Answers to those detail-oriented questions allow the client to flesh out and evaluate her personal narratives, as well as modify faulty thinking such as overgeneralization (“Can you think of an example when that didn’t happen?”) and self-imposed limits created by “can’t” and “should” (“What stops you?” “ What would happen if you did?” “ What would happen if you didn’t?”)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0217", "paragraph_index": 217, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0217__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another challenging question from Stricker was this: “Does the ‘historical truth” of the observation [about early childhood experiences] matter if the ‘narrative truth’ is meaningful to the patient?” He proposed that “coherent and credible attribution for feelings and actions … can be the vehicle for therapeutic progress even in the absence of historical correlates” (Stricker, 2009, p. 48)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0217__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Reading this, I felt comfortably in the terrain of Jerome Frank (1961) who suggested that the common elements of successful change interventions were a plausible explanation, and a logically-connected ritual."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0217__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I believe that while the lack of verifiable historical data is not an impediment to successful therapy outcomes, credibility and plausibility are enhanced when there is confirming evidence from past experience, and the search for evidence is hugely beneficial for building clients’ ability to evaluate and update their cognitive map (C2) and reframe the experiences that led to maladaptive repetitions of past experiences (P2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0218", "paragraph_index": 218, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0218__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This discussion leads me to pose a question to myself: “How do I reconcile my view that the client is the director or collaborator in the direction of therapy with my belief that I have a responsibility to clear up illusions or misconceptions?”"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0219", "paragraph_index": 219, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0219__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stricker pointed out my judgmental position when Ms. Q. decided not to leave the state to enroll in a writing program, but instead to rent an apartment near her child, and live on her own while pursuing her writing career."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0219__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "He comments, “Ms. Q. was very proud of this choice, and it seems as though Ingram agreed as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0219__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, was this a good choice? Who can say?” ( Stricker, 2009, p. 47)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0220", "paragraph_index": 220, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0220__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While Stricker would be comfortable putting his preferences aside as long as the outcome of the client’s choices were not obviously destructive, I would be integrating several hypotheses to help the client enhance the quality of her decision by correcting faulty information processing (C3), liberating herself from the need for defensive processes (P4), reducing the need for conditioned emotional avoidance (BL2), and realistically appraising the consequences of choices in terms of values and responsibilities (ES2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0221", "paragraph_index": 221, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0221__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stricker is correct that I did approve of Ms. Q’s choice, and even showed my approval, because it seemed to be a good compromise between fulfilling her need for freedom and embracing her responsibility to consider the emotional impact on her son. I confess that my tendency to judge according to my own values has been my biggest countertransference challenge, and has put at risk the safety and acceptance that clients need in order to express everything they think and feel. ( I have learned that growing up with a mother who believed “I know what is best for you” was not the best preparation for a psychotherapist.)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0222", "paragraph_index": 222, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0222__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One of the weaknesses pointed out by Grinfeld was that the list of 28 hypotheses was not as comprehensive as I believed, citing the omission of process variables and treatment approaches."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0222__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Grinfeld’s comments give me a chance to clarify the importance of distinguishing core clinical hypotheses and “treatment approaches that have been shown to be effective in therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0222__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” The hypotheses are building blocks for the assessment (also referred to as conceptualization, formulation, or explanation), which is (a) consistent with the data of a specific client; and (b) focused on explaining the cause, maintenance, and potential resolution of specific problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0222__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The treatment plan then (a) follows logically from specific hypotheses, (b) is focused on attaining outcome goals; (c) specifies in detail strategies, techniques, and therapeutic process dimensions; and (d) is a good match for the specific client’s values, preferences, and abilities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0223", "paragraph_index": 223, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0223__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Grinfeld points to omissions in the list of 28, such as: transference and countertransference, attachment theory, and acceptance-based therapy (e.g., Hayes’ [2004] Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Linehan’s [1993] Dialectical Behavior Therapy)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0223__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I believe that my hypotheses, explained in detail in Ingram (2006), incorporate these ideas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0224", "paragraph_index": 224, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0224__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Transference and Countertransference."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0224__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Psychodynamic hypotheses (Ingram, 2006, Chapter 8) lead to the use of countertransference and transference as opportunities to discover, in the here-and-now of the therapist-client relationship, the early childhood origins, repetitious patterns (P2), and unconscious feelings and conflicts (P4) that have led to the client’s current difficulties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0224__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When P3 is applied, the transference represents the activation of unmet early childhood needs, rage over failures of empathic attunement, and the mobilization of hope that the client’s needs for mirroring, soothing, and someone to idealize can be met in a close relationship."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0224__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, the conversation between client and therapist about perceptions and feelings that can be classified as transference and countertransference help build communication skills (BL3) and foster a healthy, authentic relationship (ES1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0225", "paragraph_index": 225, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0225__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Attachment theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0225__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This topic is addressed in my book (Ingram, 2006, pp. 302-303) in the section on hypothesis P2, Reenactment of Early Childhood Experiences."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0225__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The relationship difficulties of adults can be described in terms of different attachment styles, which have their roots in early childhood experiences with caretakers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0225__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, attachment theory contributes to an understanding of the dynamics in family systems (SCE1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226", "paragraph_index": 226, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hayes’s Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can be “unpacked” to illustrate that it is an integration of several hypotheses from my list."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Acceptance stems from a set of beliefs (C2) about what can or cannot be changed by the efforts of the client, and is achieved by using mindfulness strategies, which I describe in my discussion of hypothesis B3 (Mind-Body Connections)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When clients are taught to \"just notice,\" in a detached way, their private events, especially the most distressing ones, they are learning a different way of processing information (C3) and are quieting disturbing self-talk (C4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The instruction to clients to access the part of the self that is observing and experiencing (rather than identified with thoughts, feelings, sensations, and memories) is consistent with the Internal Parts hypothesis (P1), which embraces theories such as Psychosynthesis, Gestalt Therapy, and Transactional Analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If ACT helps clients to clarify their personal values, take action on them, and bring vitality and meaning to their lives, then it clearly incorporates the existential hypotheses (ES1 and ES2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0226__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "I assume that once the individual commits to a goal and begins to take action to achieve it, then issues of conditioned emotional avoidance (BL2) and skill deficits (BL3) can be addressed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0227", "paragraph_index": 227, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0227__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Linehan’s (1993) approach is described in my book (Ingram, 2006, p. 434) as an excellent model for defining problems in terms of “skill deficits,” which can then be treated with various skill-building approaches (BL3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0227__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The skills of “emotional regulation” (p. 182) are also discussed in the section on hypothesis B3, Mind-Body Connections, as tools for coping with stress and achieving self-management of arousal level (pp. 91-92)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0228", "paragraph_index": 228, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0228__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the other hand, I accept that the list of 28 is a work in progress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0228__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whenever I discover a new theory, treatment approach, or orientation, I seek to “unpack” the bundled and branded model, to find the component hypotheses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0228__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is my hope that as people discover and familiarize themselves with my chosen list of hypotheses, there will be fruitful collaborative work to refine, expand, and reorganize the list, as needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0229", "paragraph_index": 229, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0229__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The analogy of a computer directory system will increase understanding of the structure of the model of clinical hypotheses and its potential to be expanded to embrace all knowledge relevant to planning effective mental health interventions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0229__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The seven domains (Biological, Cognitive, Psychodynamic, etc.) are like directories in a computerized information system; each hypothesis is like a subdirectory; and within each hypothesis subdirectory there are additional subdirectories which contain files with information about the hypothesis, its associated treatments approaches, when it is a good match, and with which other hypotheses it easily integrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0229__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Some files have only a paragraph, others comprise the content of books or the experiences of extensive training."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0230", "paragraph_index": 230, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0230__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Significantly, the same files can be found within the subdirectories of different hypotheses: this is why it is expected for there to be overlap among hypotheses, and the criterion of mutual exclusivity is not met."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0230__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here is an illustration of a small part of one of the domains."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0231", "paragraph_index": 231, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0231__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Biological Domain"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0232", "paragraph_index": 232, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0232__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "o Mind-Body Connections Hypothesis (B3)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0233", "paragraph_index": 233, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0233__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Treatment approaches"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0234", "paragraph_index": 234, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0234__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy\n      • Dialectical Behavior Therapy\n      • EMDR\n      • Relaxation Training"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0235", "paragraph_index": 235, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0235__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With this framework in mind, we can see that there is room to conceptually incorporate all past, present, and future models of psychotherapy, as long as we are willing to unpack each theory into its component hypotheses, and agree that brand names of theories, and the loyalty they demand, are detrimental to the advancement of effective integrative therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0235__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "( Note that in addition to the component mechanisms and processes underlying psychotherapy theories, there is also the issue of the empirical evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of a theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0235__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For more on evaluating therapy theories on the basis of the empirical evidence that support them, see APA’s Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology web site [EBPP; APA Presidential Task Force, 2006])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0236", "paragraph_index": 236, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0236__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a related vein, in his commentary, Lampropoulos made an intriguing suggestion—the idea of a group of experts getting together and building a comprehensive framework."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0236__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I of course like his idea of perhaps starting this process with my list of hypotheses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0237", "paragraph_index": 237, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0237__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All three authors described the four models of integration: common factors integration, theoretical integration, assimilative integration, and technical eclecticism, citing, among others, Castonguay, Reid, Halperin and Goldfried (2004); Lampropoulos (2001); Stricker and Gold (2006); and Messer (1992, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0237__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this context, they all offered their view of where the 28CCHM fits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0237__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stricker and Grinfeld classify it as technical eclecticism, which, in Stricker’s words, “focuses on a combination of techniques drawn from different therapeutic systems without regard for any specific theoretical approach” (Stricker, 2009, p. 43)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0237__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I agree that my approach is similar to technical eclecticism because of the pragmatic approach of drawing techniques from multiple models with an emphasis on resolving specific problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0237__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, it differs greatly in that it requires intervening hypotheses (theoretical ideas) between a data base and interventions, as well as deep attention to the client’s complex life history, current life situation, and sociocultural context."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238", "paragraph_index": 238, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stricker goes on to describe my approach as closer in style to that of Lazarus’s Multimodal Therapy (Lazarus, 2005a, 2005b) than to other examples of technical eclecticism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Lazarus’s approach, a specific technique, drawn from a limited range of theories, is paired with a problem within one of the modalities of behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relations, and biological functioning."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I place high value on this list (along with an additional spiritual modality) as a tool for comprehensive data gathering (cf."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ingram, 2006, pp. 34-40), but disagree that it is similar to my list of hypotheses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "With Lazarus’s approach, for example, recognition that “depression” is a syndrome would be unnecessary; the therapist could treat sadness, difficulty with sleep, negative thinking, and psychomotor slowness as separate, unrelated problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0238__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, anyone with that list of symptoms might be treated in the same way; there would be no interest in the various routes by which people arrive at depression, such as difficulties coping with illness and disabilities (B1), stress and trauma (CS2), loss and bereavement (CS4), repetitious patterns of unhappy relationships (P2), loss of meaning (ES1), and past and current experiences with discrimination and other forms of social injustice (SCE5)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0239", "paragraph_index": 239, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0239__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I felt best understood by Lampropoulos’s assertion that the 28CCHM fits in the category of theoretical integration models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0239__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "He states that it “can probably be most accurately categorized as a comprehensive eclectic model, operating within a broad and clearly defined multitheoretical framework” (Lampropoulos, 2009, p. 53)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0239__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "He describes its difference from technical eclecticism in that it “focuses on the integration of clinical hypotheses (as opposed to interventions),” accurately stating that my intention is the creation of integrative conceptualizations, not the combination of varied techniques."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0240", "paragraph_index": 240, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0240__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stricker notes that my approach lacks “a guiding theoretical formulation” (p 43)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0240__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, in my book (Ingram, 2006), I provide bases for viewing the 28CCHM as a stand-alone integrative theory that is based on a problem-solving metatheory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0240__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The metatheory has requirements for clear problem identification; specification of achievable and verifiable outcome goals; comprehensive data-gathering; conceptualizations that are creative combinations of ideas extracted from established orientations; treatment strategies that are logically related to the conceptualization and that are matched to the unique needs and characteristics of the client; and a commitment to the process of empirical validation of treatment effectiveness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0240__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, combinations of hypotheses specifically designed for a single client is a theoretical formulation, an idea captured in the title of Grinfeld’s (2009) commentary, “A New Therapy for Each Patient.” My approach to psychotherapy integration is to allow each licensed practitioner to bring creativity to each unique case, with the requirement that theoretical foundations are necessary to assure coherent treatment plans, and monitoring of client change is necessary to assure evidence-based practice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0241", "paragraph_index": 241, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0241__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thanks to the commentators, I realize that I need to walk those extra miles to further develop the 28CCHM to meet standards of a good theoretical model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0241__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "I agree with Lampropoulos’s recommendation that “some additional guidelines would be helpful in prioritizing and identifying the possible importance of each of the core hypotheses,” and that more guidance is necessary for combining hypotheses to assure that they “are compatible with each other and that the integration is coherent and acceptable to the client” (Lampropoulos, 2009, p. 54)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0241__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stricker’s suggestion that I attend to the interrelatedness of the domains, and to their cyclical impact, will receive my deepest consideration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0242", "paragraph_index": 242, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0242__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "My efforts to decide “Where do I fit?” led me to another question: “Why is it important to hold on to that four-category system?” I don’t mean to minimize the wonderful achievement of developing that framework, and the valuable body of literature that it stimulates, but I’m concerned that we may do ourselves a disservice by trying to classify within those categories the new models that are being created."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0242__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The assimilation model is defined in such a way that the therapist must start with a commitment to a “home base” theory; thus people who combine ideas from equally-valued theories by default are described as technical eclectics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0242__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I wonder, perhaps from ignorance, whether the need to uphold this classification system springs less from our desire to improve the quality of integrative therapy, and hence benefit our clients, than from a desire to advance our respectability in the eyes of critics of integrative approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0242__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Stricker reminds us that “old rigidities hamper rather than aid the treatment process, and there is much we can learn from each other” (Stricker, 2009, p. 49)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0242__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We need to be careful that we are not building orientations of integrationism that create new rigidities."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0243", "paragraph_index": 243, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0243__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two of the commentators pointed out the heavy academic and training requirements for competent application of the 28CCHM."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0243__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lampropoulos states “one might expect that learning a complex multitheoretical integrative model at the conceptual and clinical level would require significant time and supervision” (p. 55)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0243__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Grinfeld contrasts deductive and inductive ways of using this model, and shows preference (as I do) for an inductive approach: “Once a clinician has a fund of knowledge about various theoretical approaches, the 28 Core Clinical Hypotheses can be used to synthesize the information already known by the clinician” (p. 65)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244", "paragraph_index": 244, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both these commentators help me emphasize the importance of a broad and deep education for psychotherapists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Without it, the use of the list of hypotheses would be a shallow exercise in labeling and categorizing without the competence to plan effective interventions and evaluate their effectiveness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a review of the topics in the Social, Cultural, and Environmental domain (Ingram, 2006, Chapter 9) will reveal, the educational foundations must go beyond traditional psychotherapy and include knowledge of systems (family and organizational), intercultural competence, social psychology, community psychology, and environmental psychology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I further agree with Zeldow (2009) that competent clinicians need to know something about the human condition …."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "( t)he kind of knowledge [that] cannot come from psychology textbooks or the scientific literature alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It must come from life experience, clinical experience, and at least some immersion in the humanities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0244__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "( p. 6)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0245", "paragraph_index": 245, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0245__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Only with years of academic education combined with years of hands-on clinical training can a psychotherapist be qualified to engage in creative, integrative, evidence-based practice.. In the graduate program where I teach (Pepperdine University’s Graduate School of Education and Psychology in Los Angeles), there are many prerequisites before I teach about the 28 hypotheses in both a “techniques of psychotherapy” course and the clinical practicum on-campus meetings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0246", "paragraph_index": 246, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0246__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Grinfeld’s commentary provided the graduate student perspective, describing her frustration in educational environments where “reification of theory is the norm” (p. 59)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0246__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Her descriptions of her own graduate training attached concrete images to my assertion of the negative consequences of being forced to choose an orientation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0246__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "I have taught at Pepperdine for 31 years, and I was happy to note that this semester, when I asked how many students had been told that eclecticism is bad and they would be in trouble unless they chose an orientation, not one hand went up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0246__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "About 10 years ago, every student would have raised a hand."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0246__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Grinfeld’s story made me realize that my school is not typical of graduate training program."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247", "paragraph_index": 247, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The assumption that all therapists start by choosing a single orientation is very deeply ingrained."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sticker explained that people “who identify with psychotherapy integration …recognize the value of orientations other than their own” (my italics; p. 45)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The implication is that we all start with “our” orientation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That makes sense for perhaps the majority of senior therapists, whose roots were watered in psychoanalytical institutes or cognitive behavioral laboratories."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "I believe it may be appropriate to question the necessity of having a “home base” orientation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The current cohort of clinical graduate students may be likely to have teachers with different orientations (including integrative therapy) and to rotate through practicum and internship placements with exposure to multiple ways of working with clients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "They see something of value in every approach they learn, and in the process of learning different orientations they may be very comfortable developing integrative treatment plans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0247__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "I think this is a good thing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4383", "paragraph_id": "triad_4383__response__p0248", "paragraph_index": 248, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4383__response__p0248__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I cannot find better words for closing this article than to quote what Grinfeld said at the end of her article, when she offered the opinion that the 28CCHM “provides graduate students … the opportunity not only to pursue psychotherapy integration within a structured and practiced framework, but also to pursue identities as ‘integrationally-oriented’ therapists” (Grinfeld, 2009, p. 66). If she is representative of her peers, then we can foresee a future where integrative psychotherapy is widely viewed as the treatment of choice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4383/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2093707634_W1982858229_W2086076357", "triad_name": "triad_4383", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4383__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Baddeley (1986, 1992) has proposed a muiticomponent model of working memory that consists of three func- tionally independent subsystems: a phonological loop, which maintains speech-based information; a visuospatial scratchpad, which maintains nonverbal information; and a central executive, which coordinates cognitive opera- tions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Much of the research devoted to testing and refining the subcomponents of Baddeley's model has focused on the phonological loop and the manner in which speech- based material is rehearsed (see Baddeley & Hitch, 1994, for a review)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "According to Baddeley and his colleagues, speech-based information is stored and refreshed using subvocal (i.e., covert) articulatory rehearsal (see Logie, 1995, for a discussion)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the mechanisms in- volved in the rehearsal of visual and spatial information are not well understood, it has been suggested that im- agery or eye movements may playa role in the mainte- nance of visuo spatial information (for recent reviews, see Baddeley, 1992; Logie, 1995)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Experiments using dual-task procedures suggest that the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad are independent subsystems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Performance on verbal working memory tasks is disrupted to a much greater extent by secondary verbal tasks than by secondary spatial tasks (Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984), and performance on visuospatial working memory tasks is more disrupted by secondary visuospatial tasks than by secondary verbal tasks (Baddeley, Grant, Wight, & Thomson, 1975; Bad- deley & Lieberman, 1980; Logie, 1986; Logie, Zucco, & Baddeley, 1990; Quinn & Ralston, 1986)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, in many studies (e.g., Baddeley, Grant, et aI., 1975; Badde- ley & Lieberman, 1980; Logie, 1986; Logie et aI., 1990; Quinn & Ralston, 1986), it is unclear whether secondary tasks interfered with encoding, maintenance, or both."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Re- cently, Hale, Myerson, Rhee, Weiss, and Abrams (1996) developed procedures for assessing the amount of inter- ference that results from disrupting the maintenance of information after memory items have been successfully encoded."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These procedures revealed completely selec- tive interference by secondary tasks (i.e., secondary ver- bal tasks interfered with verbal working memory but did not interfere at all with spatial working memory, and vice versa; Hale, Myerson, et aI., 1996, Experiment I)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Research in which the effects of age on working mem- ory was examined has revealed consistent age differ- ences in working memory performance (see Craik & Jennings, 1992; Dempster, 1981; and Salthouse, 1994, for recent reviews)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Several studies have demonstrated that children (Chi, 1976; Dempster, 1985; Hale, Bronik, & Fry, 1997; Kail & Park, 1994), adolescents (Dempster, 1985), and older adults (Salthouse, 1994) all have smaller memory spans than do young adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recent research sug- gests that, relative to young adults, both children and older adults show more pronounced age deficits in spatial mem- ory than in verbal memory (Hale et aI., 1997; Myerson, Hale, Rhee, & Jenkins, in press)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One plausible explanation for the observed age differ- ences in working memory stems from research revealing a relationship between processing speed and working memory in children (Fry & Hale, 1996; Kail & Park, 1994) and in older adults (Salthouse, 1991; Salthouse, Kausler, & Saults, 1988)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is well established that both children (see, e.g., Hale, 1990; Kail, 1988) and older adults (see, e.g., Cerella, 1990, 1991) are generally slower information processors than young adults (see Cerella & Hale, 1994, for a review) and that both children and older adults show smaller working memory spans than do young adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, age differences in working memory are minimal when processing speed is statistically controlled (Fry & Hale, 1996; Kail & Park, 1994; Salthouse, 1994)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the mechanisms underlying the relationship be- tween processing speed and working memory are not fully VERBAL AND SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY understood, it has been argued that faster processors may activate and covertly rehearse information more quickly than slower processors (Dempster, 1981; Salthouse, 1994)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Alternatively, Hasher and Zacks (1988) have suggested that age differences in working memory abilities result from deficits in inhibitory function."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They argued that working memory involves not only the storage and ma- nipulation of\"information that is along the goal path,\" but also involves inhibitory mechanisms that prevent the en- trance of \"off-goaI-path\" information (Hasher & Zacks, 1988, p. 212)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They hypothesized that age differences in working memory result from interference caused by older adults' decreased ability to inhibit irrelevant infor- mation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A similar suggestion has been offered regarding inhibitory deficits in children (Dempster, 1992; Tipper, Bourque, Anderson, & Brehaut, 1989)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present investigation took advantage of the fact that our laboratory has used the same basic procedures, with little or no modification, to assess working memory performance in multiple samples of children and ado- lescents, as well as young and older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the meta-analysis was able to combine data from seven stud- ies by Hale and her colleagues in which school-age chil- dren (8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and 12-year-olds), young adults (18- to 22-year-olds), and older adults (65- to 75- year-olds) were administered the digit span and location span working memory tasks first described in Hale, My- erson, et al. ( 1996, Experiment I)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Two of these studies (Hale & Jansen, 1994; Hale, Myerson, Faust, & Fristoe, 1995) were primarily concerned with processing speed and, hence, did not report the working memory data when originally published."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "On the basis of the data from the listed in Table 1, both verbal and spatial interfer- ence effects were examined in over 400 subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In both the verbal and the spatial domains, interference effects were measured as the difference between spans with and without secondary tasks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In all the studies, subjects were exposed to at least four different conditions: digit span, no secondary task; digit span, verbal secondary task; location span, no secondary task; and location span, spatial secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Exam- ples of the stimuli and procedures are presented in Fig- ure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For the no secondary task conditions, the subjects were shown a series of digits in a box or Xs in a grid, one by one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The subjects orally recalled the names of the dig- its in the order in which they were presented in the digit span task and marked the locations of the Xs on an empty grid in the location span task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For the verbal secondary task conditions, in addition to the memory requirements for the no secondary task condition, the subjects were re- quired to indicate the color of each digit or X as it was presented by saying the color name aloud."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For the spatial secondary task conditions, in addition to the memory re- quirements for the no secondary task condition, the sub- jects were required to indicate the color of each digit or X as it was presented by pointing to the matching color in the adjacent palette."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all seven studies, the subjects initiated the presen- tation of each series of memory items by pressing a but- ton on a response panel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The presentation of items within a series was computer controlled, and responses were recorded manually by the experimenter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For all condi- tions, each trial began with the presentation of a fixation square in the center ofthe screen until the subject pressed the ready button."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Following a 250-msec delay, the items in a series were presented for either 1,250 or 1,750 msec, with a 250-msec interitem interval during which the screen was blank."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2 Immediately after all of the items within a series were presented, a recall signal was given."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Testing for all conditions was conducted following the procedure used for the WAIS-R Digit Span subtest (Wechsler, 1981)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That is, the subjects were exposed to two sets of series at an initial length (three items for the digit span and two items for the location span), and if at least one ofthe se- ries was recalled correctly, the length of the series was increased by one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The experimenter discontinued testing when the subject failed to correctly recall two series of the same length."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The order of presentation of the condi- tions was counterbalanced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Working memory spans were based on the maximum series length for which at least one series was correctly recalled, without regard to performance on the preceding series."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ifboth series were correctly recalled at the max- imum length, the span was equal to that length."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If only one series was correctly recalled at the maximum length, the span was equal to that length minus 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Memory spans for each condition were calculated separately for each subject."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because the maximum number of digits and locations presented was 9 (in all the studies but Hale et al., 1997), individuals who could remember all 9 items when there was no secondary task might actually have had spans larger than 9."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For such individuals, the resultant underestimation of their span would lead to underesti- mation of their interference effects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, individu- als who had digit spans greater than 8.5 were not included in the analyses of verbal working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, in- dividuals who had location spans greater than 8.5 were not included in the spatial working memory analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "None of the subjects from the child samples were ex- cluded for this reason; less than 10% of the young adult subjects and less than 3% of the older adult subjects were excluded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mean verbal and spatial working memory spans, with and without secondary tasks for each study, are presented in Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mean working memory spans without sec- ondary tasks and interference effects for each age group averaged across all studies are presented in Table 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The upper left panel of Figure 2 depicts the mean verbal work- ing memory spans with and without verbal secondary tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As was expected, verbal memory spans when sec- ondary task performance was not required (unshaded bars) increased as the age of the child group increased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Verbal spans with a secondary task (shaded bars) also in- creased with the age of the child group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In adults, the older group showed smaller verbal memory spans both with and without a secondary task requirement than did the young adult group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In all the child and adult groups, verbal memory performance was substantially disrupted when the subjects were required to name the color ofeach letter as it was presented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0014__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "When interference effects, were compared across the age groups, 8-year-olds showed the largest interference effects, whereas the l O-year-olds, 12-year-olds, young adults, and older adults all showed"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "approximately equivalent interference effects (upper right panel of Figure 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A similar pattern of results was obtained for the spatial working memory tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That is, spatial memory spans in- creased with the age ofthe child group and decreased with the age ofthe adult group, both when secondary task per- formance was not required and when it was required (lower left panel of Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In terms of interference ef- fects, subjects of all ages showed substantial disruption in their memory for spatial locations when they were re- quired to point to the color of each X as it was presented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As may be seen in the lower right panel of Figure 2, the 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, 12-year-olds, and young adults all showed similar interference effects, whereas the older adults showed smaller interference effects than all the other age groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the basis of the above results, we would conclude that there is virtually no change in interference from 10 to 20 years of age in either the verbal or the spatial do- mains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, there appear to be no consistent age differences (i.e., differences in both domains) in interfer- ence effects across the life span from 8 to 75 years of age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "That is, although the 8-year-olds showed larger in- terference effects than any other age group in the verbal domain, they did not show larger interference effects in the spatial domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly,although older adults showed smaller interference effects than all other age groups in the spatial domain, they did not differ from the other groups in the size of their verbal interference effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present results fail to reveal age differences in sus- ceptibility to interference when the absolute size of in- terference effects is compared."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An alternative approach to As was noted in the introduction, when one compares interference in different age groups, one is comparing groups with different baseline levels of memory perfor- mance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In order to examine the role of age differences in baseline (without transforming the data), we tried com- paring the interference effects of those subjects of dif- ferent ages who had nearly equivalent memory spans when secondary tasks were not required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This comparison revealed clear age differences in interference between the matched groups: Verbal interference effects decreased systematically with the age of the child subgroup and in- creased with the age of the adult subgroup, and a similar pattern of results was obtained in the spatial domain."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The discrepancy between these results and those of the preceding analysis (which found no systematic age dif- ferences) raises an important new issue."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An analysis that compares subgroups with equal baseline performance is really comparing subgroups of individuals who are sys- tematically unrepresentative of their age groups, and the findings must be interpreted in light of this fact."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For ex-"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ample, we matched a subgroup of 8-year-olds with ver- bal spans of 4-5.5 with a subgroup of young adults with the same range of verbal spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the subgroup of8-year-olds was above average in span, relative to their peers, whereas the matched subgroup of young adults was below average in span, relative to their peers."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surprisingly, the subgroup of above-average 8-year-olds showed in- terference effects that were not only larger than those of the matched young adults but also larger than their peers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also surprisingly, the subgroup of young adults with below-average spans showed interference effects that were not only smaller than those of the matched 8-year-olds, but also smaller than those of their peers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This may also be seen if one compares the datapoints for subgroups of approximately equal span in the absence of a secondary task in Figure 3."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Taken together, this pattern of results strongly suggests what would otherwise be a counterintuitive idea: Indi- viduals with higher than average spans for their age show larger than average interference effects, and individuals with lower than average spans for their age show smaller than average interference effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In order to rigorously evaluate this idea, we next proceeded to examine the pat- tern of individual differences within each group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In order to do this, subgroups were created within each age group on the basis of verbal and spatial spans in the absence of a secondary task: Subgroups consisted of individuals who had spans of 1-2.5, 3-4.5, 5-6.5, and 7-8.5 items."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These ranges were selected so as to maximize the num- ber of subgroups within each age group, while simulta- neously distributing the total number of subjects in each age group as equally as possible across the subgroups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We then compared interference effects for all of the different subgroups with ns greater than 5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The upper and lower panels of Figure 3 show verbal and spatial memory spans with secondary tasks for the different subgroups, plotted as a function of the subgroups' memory spans in the absence of secondary tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As may be seen, when young adults are compared with children and older adults of roughly equivalent span in the absence of a secondary task, the young adults have smaller interference effects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "More importantly, however, interference effects increased with memory ability, as measured by span in the absence of interference in all the age groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Within each age group, interference effects were smallest for those with the smallest spans without secondary tasks and largest for those with the largest spans without secondary tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Re- markably similar patterns were observed for both verbal and spatial working memory."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we analyzed the data from the age group with the largest number of subjects (young adults: verbal n = 153, spatial n = ISO)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The large ns and wide range of spans in this group made it possible to use the techniques of correlational and regression analysis to examine more between age and individual differences in the suscepti- bility of working memory to interference observed in the present analyses is not easily explained on the basis of existing theories of working memory, at least as they are currently formulated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These theories tend to focus on ei-"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "precisely the relation between the amount of interference and the size of an individual's memory span in the ab- sence of a secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The correlation between spans with and without a secondary task was significant for both verbal and spatial working memory tasks (verbal r = .423, spatial r = .333, bothps < .0001)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, the slope of the regression of span with a secondary task on span without a secondary task was significantly less than 1.0 for both verbal and spatial working memory tasks (verbal slope = 0.501, t = 5.70; spatial slope = 0.421, t = 5.91; both ps < .0001), indicating that the size of the interference effect was an increasing function of span in the absence of a secondary task."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This may be seen clearly in Figure 4, which shows the verbal and spatial regression lines (upper and lower pan- els, respectively) based on all young adult subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In both plots, each point represents the mean and standard error for a subgroup of individuals with exactly the same span in the absence ofa secondary task (e.g., either 5.5, or 6.0, or 6.5, etc.; subgroups with ns < 5 are not shown)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although, as may be seen, the magnitude of the interfer- ence effect tended to be larger for spatial working memory, the same overall pattern was observed in both domains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That is, individuals with larger spans in the absence of a secondary task suffered the most interference when per- formance of a secondary task was required."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Collectively, the results of the present meta-analysis re- veal two important findings about developmental and in- dividual differences in susceptibility to interference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, verbal and spatial spans measured in the absence of a secondary task increased with age in children and de- creased with age in adults, but interference effects did not change systematically as a function ofage at either end of the life span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, an examination of individual differences within each age group revealed that, in both the verbal and spatial domains, the subjects with larger spans showed larger interference effects than did their peers with smaller spans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The finding oflarger interference effects in higher span individuals, although counterintuitive, is reminiscent of findings regarding individual differences in the effect of secondary tasks on memory performance reported by Rosen and Engle (1997)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These researchers found that when subjects were required to generate the names of members ofa category (e.g., animals), high-span individ- uals were more affected by a concurrent load on working memory than low-span individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The primary task in- volved retrieval from long-term memory, and it is possi- ble that the concurrent load interfered with the process of retrieval itself or that it interfered with the use of work- ing memory in either the strategic control of retrieval or the evaluation of retrieved information."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the present case, however, it is clear that the sec- ondary task is interfering with the maintenance of infor- mation in working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The pattern of interaction DISCUSSION ther age or individual differences in working memory and do not deal with the relationship between the two, or they tend to assume that age and individual differences are de- termined by the same mechanisms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, differences in the ability to inhibit irrel- evant information have been used by Dempster (1992) and Hasher and Zacks (1988) to explain age differences in working memory and by Engle (1996) to explain in- dividual differences in working memory."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is possible that inhibition deficit theories might be able to explain the pattern of age and individual differences in interference effects (i.e., the general lack of age difference in inter- ference effects and the larger interference effects in in- dividuals with larger memory spans) ifthey incorporated additional assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, it is not obvious what such assumptions might be."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The difference in interference effects observed between low- and high-span individuals in the present data (as re- flected in the slopes of the regressions in Figure 4) is un- doubtedly exaggerated by measurement error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the reliability ofthe present measures was not determined directly, the digit span task was simply a computerized version of the Digit Span subtest from the WAIS-R (re- liability is equal to or greater than .90 for both young and older adults of ages comparable to those in our sample; Psychological Corporation, 1997), and the location span test followed an analogous procedure."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is highly unlikely, therefore, that the true slope of the regression between span with a secondary task and span without a secondary task (i.e., the slope corrected for attenuation by measure- ment error) could be greater than 1.0, as is predicted by the inhibition deficit hypothesis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Alternatively, other researchers have argued that dif- ferences in processing speed are the cause ofdifferences in working memory performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some ofthese research- ers have focused on the relation between age differences in speed and age differences in working memory (e.g., Dempster, 1981; Salthouse, 1996), whereas others have focused on the relation between individual differences in speed and individual differences in working memory (e.g., Miller & Vernon, 1992)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A possible mechanism un- derlying the role of speed in both age and individual dif- ferences in working memory is suggested by the obser- vation that the longer that words take to pronounce, the fewer that can be recalled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is known as the word- length effect (Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The word-length effect is often interpreted as implying that the speed with which particular items can be re- hearsed determines how many items can be remembered (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975; but see Brown & Hulme, 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This idea may be extended to imply that any source of difference in rehearsal rate, whether it is attributable to characteristics of indi- vidual items or to age and individual variations, will affect working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Consistent with this idea, developmen- tal differences in children's rehearsal rates are good pre- dictors of developmental differences in memory span (Hulme, Thomson, Muir, & Lawrence, 1984; Kail & Park, 1994; Nicolson, 1981)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Like the inhibition hypothesis, the speed hypothesis may require additional assumptions in order to explain the present findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this case, however, it is more ap- parent what form these assumptions might take."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most current versions of the speed hypothesis tend to assume that information in working memory will decay in the absence ofrehearsal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A number ofresearchers (e.g., Bad- deley, 1986; Hulme et aI., 1984; Schweickert & Boruff, 1986) have observed that the number of items that can be recalled in a verbal memory span task is approximately equal to the number of items that can be rehearsed in 2 sec. This is interpreted by Baddeley and others to mean that, in order for an item to be maintained, its trace must be refreshed at approximately 2-sec intervals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If this is so, when secondary tasks interrupt rehearsal, some items will be lost, and the amount lost will depend on both the rehearsal rate and the speed with which the secondary task is performed (i.e., the length of time that rehearsal is interrupted)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To see this, imagine an individual who can rehearse six items in 2 sec (i.e., three items per second) but cannot rehearse these items while performing a secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Assume that performance on the secondary task inter- rupts rehearsal for I sec. There is now only 1 sec to re- hearse items before they are lost, and only three items can be rehearsed in that time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The remaining three items will have gone 2 sec without rehearsal, and their trace strengths may have decayed to the point where the items are unrecoverable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 6, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To see how individual and age differences may affect the amount of interference produced by a secondary task, recall that there are both individual and age differ- ences in processing speed (see, e.g., Cerella & Hale, 1994; Hale & Jansen, 1994) and that there are individual and age differences in rehearsal rate as well (see, e.g., Kail & Park, 1994)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At the group level, both processing speed and rehearsal rate increase with age during child- hood and decrease with age in adulthood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the relationship between processing speed and rehearsal rate in individuals of the same age is not well estab- lished."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, it is unclear to what extent processing speed and rehearsal rate are independent abilities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Cowan and his colleagues (Cowan et al., 1998) have reported that, although retrieval speed and rehearsal rate both increase with age during childhood, these measures were uncor- related within an age group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The present findings suggest that the same may be true for processing speed and re- hearsal rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If so, this could explain the present pattern of results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Assume that processing speed governs the amount of time it takes to perform a secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the time it takes to perform a secondary task is relatively brief and highly correlated with rehearsal rate, it may be shown that individuals with different rehearsal rates will have more nearly equivalent interference effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If, however, the time it takes to perform a secondary task is relatively independent of rehearsal rate, individuals with higher re- hearsal rates will not only have larger spans, they will also show larger interference effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These two possibilities are illustrated in Figure 5, which shows two individuals, one with a span of 5 and one with a span of9."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is assumed that the high-span in- dividual can rehearse more items in the same amount of time than can the low-span individual, that trace strength decays exponentially (i.e., a constant proportion is lost per unit time), and that the rate of decay does not vary appreciably between individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The upper two panels show what would happen if the high-span individual took less time to perform a secondary task than the low-span individual (i.e., rehearsal rate and speed ofsecondary task performance are highly correlated)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The lower two panels show what would happen if both the high- and the low- span individuals take the same amount of time to per- form a secondary task (i.e., rehearsal rate and speed of secondary task performance are relatively independent)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As may be seen, when low-span individuals take more time to perform a secondary task than do high-span in- dividuals, both low- and high-span individuals will show similar interference effects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, when low-span and high-span individuals take the same amount of time to perform a secondary task, the high-span individuals will show larger interference effects than low-span indi- viduals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "That is, the difference between the number of items recalled when there is no secondary task (i.e., sec- ondary task duration equals zero) and when there is a secondary task will be larger for high-span individuals than for low-span individuals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "How does this apply to the present problem?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The pat- tern ofage differences is similar to that shown when pro- cessing speed and rehearsal speed are highly correlated (i.e., the pattern shown in the upper panels of Figure 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "10 10 (/) E ILow Span I Q) 8 8 ::: Interference Effect '5 6 6 Q) .0 E 4 Interference 4 :J Effect Z co 2 2 - ! Hlgh Spanl 0 t- o 0 0 2 3 0 2 3 Duration of Secondary Task 10 10 (/) E ILow Span I ----r .$ 8 8 - 0 6 Interference Effect 6 Q) .0 E 4 Interference 4 :J Z Effect co 2 2 - IHigh Spanl {?- 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 3 Duration of Secondary Task Children, young adults, and older adults all tend to show interference effects of approximately equivalent size, even though children and older adults have smaller spans than young adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, the pattern of individual differences among like-aged individuals is similar to that shown when processing speed and rehearsal speed are relatively independent (i.e., the pattern shown in the lower panels)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Individuals ofa particular age with higher spans tend to show larger interference effects than individuals of the same age with lower spans."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This suggests that de- velopmental changes in rehearsal and processing speed occur in concert but that these changes do not modify the pattern of individual differences in rehearsal and pro- cessing speed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For example, one child, Diane, may be faster at re- hearsing than her age-mate, Jack, but the two do not dif- fer appreciably in the rate at which they process infor- mation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, Diane will have a larger span in the absence of a secondary task and will show a larger inter- ference effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is analogous to the comparison of low- and high-span individuals shown in the lower pan- els of Figure 5, because rehearsal speed is independent of processing speed in the case of Jack and Diane."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As they approach adulthood, Jack and Diane will get faster at both rehearsing and processing, but Diane will remain the faster of the two at rehearsing, whereas there will still be no difference in their processing rates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, both Jack and Diane's spans will be larger when there is no secondary task, but Diane will still lose more items from working memory when there is a secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "How- ever, the size of Diane's interference effect will not have changed appreciably from when she was younger."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Al- though she can now rehearse faster, giving her more items to lose, she can also perform the secondary task faster."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Importantly, exactly the same will be true for Jack: His interference effect will also be largely unchanged be- cause, again, the increase in processing speed will can- cel out the increase in rehearsal rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The change in Jack's (and Diane's) spans, both with and without a secondary task, is analogous to moving from that shown in the up- per left-hand panel to that shown in the upper right-hand panel of Figure 5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is because developmental changes in rehearsal speed and processing speed are highly correlated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the preceding account adequately explains the present findings, it only holds if the time required to perform secondary tasks is short, relative to the time it takes for information in working memory to decay."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, a more rigorous test of these ideas will require actually measuring the amount of time it takes individuals to per- form secondary tasks and the rate at which information decays."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Measures of processing speed, rehearsal speed, and working memory should also be obtained from the same subjects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Finally, the reliability of all the measures should be assessed in order to determine the true rela- tions between the various measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, it is pos- sible that the slope of the relation between spans with and without secondary tasks may turn out not to differ appreciably from 1.0, after correcting for measurement error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If so, this result would be consistent with the speed hypothesis as originally proposed (i.e., with the assump- tion that rehearsal and processing speed are different as- pects of the same ability and, therefore, are highly cor- related)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0041__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There would then be no need to modify this hypothesis along the lines outlined above."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The need to examine the interrelations between vari- ous measures is heightened by the fact that, as Brown and Hulme (1995) have recently argued, the case for re- hearsal speed as the determinant of memory span may have been overstated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These authors show that a simple model can account for the word-length effect without as- suming the existence of covert rehearsal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, they question other evidence that has been taken as sup- port for a covert rehearsal process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although Brown and Hulme focus on verbal working memory, the role of covert rehearsal in visuospatial working memory is also unclear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a number of authors have pointed out (Fry & Hale, 1996; Hale, Myerson, et aI., 1996; Logie, 1995), the nature of the mechanism underlying the rehearsal of visuospatial information, assuming that rehearsal is even involved, has never been firmly established."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Even if the covert rehearsal rate does not determine memory span in the absence of a secondary task, the pre- sent findings remain consistent with a speed hypothesis of age differences in working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This hypothesis predicts a correlation between processing speed and mem- ory span and thus predicts relatively little age difference in interference effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is because, as was noted in the case of Jack and Diane, cognitive development in children is associated with faster performance on sec- ondary tasks and larger memory spans, but the faster secondary task performance cancels out the increase in interference effect that would otherwise be associated with an increased span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The same argument, in reverse, applies to cognitive aging."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, the present findings are not consistent with a speed hypothesis of individual differences in working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is because, within an age group, interference effects are actually larger in individuals with larger spans, implying that individuals with large and small spans take approximately the same amount of time to perform the secondary tasks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the generalizability of the current findings remains to be determined, the characteristics of the data- base examined in the present meta-analysis suggest that the present findings regarding the interaction of age and individual differences in working memory are likely to prove highly reliable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One important characteristic is that both verbal and spatial working memory spans with and without secondary tasks were measured in the same in- dividuals, using the same procedures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This made it pos- sible to examine the covariation in span and the size of interference effects and minimized the noise that would otherwise occur with procedural variations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Two other important characteristics of the present database are the number of subjects and the extensive age range that was sampled: Data from over 400 individuals from five child and adult age groups, with at least 50 in each age group, were analyzed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, the present findings strongly suggest that the absolute amount of interference with working mem- ory that results from secondary tasks does not change systematically as a function of age and that, at all ages, individuals with larger spans show larger interference ef- fects than do their peers with smaller spans. What are the implications of these findings for the measurement of age differences in susceptibility to interference? Should mean interference effects ofdifferent age groups be com- pared directly, despite age differences in baseline perfor- mance, or should interference effects be compared after taking into account baseline differences?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both ofthese approaches focus exclusively on age dif- ferences, yet the present results suggest that what is needed is research that directly examines the interaction of age and individual differences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If the speed hypothe- sis is correct, susceptibility to interference is the result of an interaction between the speed with which one pro- cesses secondary task information, on the one hand, and the size of one's memory span in the absence of interfer- ence, on the other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ifmemory span and processing speed are related, as the speed hypothesis assumes, an impor- tant question is whether the nature of this relationship changes with age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consequently, studies that examine how both age and individual differences in memory span are related to differences in processing speed may be partic- ularly important for clarifying our understanding of the nature of working memory."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3720__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Jenkins, Myerson, Hale, and Fry (1999) showed that slopes relating complex spans to simple spans were considerably smaller than one, indicating that persons with higher simple spans suffered more interference when the span task was combined with a processing demand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They argued that this finding ruled out accounts of working memory based on interference and/or inhibition of interfering information."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We demonstrate that the effect is mainly an artifact from regression to the mean, owing to the low reliability of span scores as used by Jenkins et al. Data from 133 young adults for two verbal and two spatial span tasks show that the slopes relating complex to simple performance are considerably higher for sum scores than for span scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, an adequate test for an interference or an inhibition account of working memory is to predict interference from complex span tasks, not from simple span tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Interference effects in the verbal span tasks were negatively correlated with an independent measure of working memory capacity, consistent with the interference/inhibition account."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a recent article, Jenkins, Myerson, Hale, and Fry (1999) presented results that, on their interpretation, question the validity of inhibition-based accounts of working memory capacity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Basically, a meta-analysis of data from their laboratory showed that the difference between simple spans (i.e., memory spans without secondary processing demand) and complex spans (i.e., spans with an additional processing demand) was larger in people with higher simple spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This was reflected in slopes substantially less than one for the regression of complex spans on simple spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Jenkins et al. interpreted the difference between simple and complex spans as an interference effect resulting from the secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Notably, the inverse relationship between simple span and the interference effect held only within age groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Differences in simple span between age groups were not accompanied by systematic variation in the interference effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Jenkins et al. ( 1999) argued that this finding is incompatible with the idea that individual differences in working memory capacity (at least in age-homogeneous samples) are related to differences in susceptibility to interference and/or the capacity to inhibit irrelevant information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Accounts based on interference and inhibition, they argued, should predict the opposite pattern: smaller, not larger, interference effects in people with higher spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As an alternative, they presented an account based on decay from working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Assuming a negatively accelerated decay function, the absolute amount of decay over a constant time interval is larger for a high-span person than for a low-span person."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If high- and low-span persons do not differ systematically in the speed with which they perform the secondary task (i.e., span and speed are uncorrelated), high spans are expected to suffer a larger interference effect than do low spans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We disagree with this interpretation for both methodological and conceptual reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "On the methodological side, we will argue that the slopes smaller than one are most likely due to a statistical artifact, regression to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the conceptual side, we will argue that simple and complex spans do not measure the same construct and that an inhibition account of working memory predicts that people with higher complex spans show less interference but not necessarily that people with higher simple spans show less interference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To illustrate our point, we will present data that replicate the original findings from Jenkins et al. ( 1999) but, in addition, allow more thorough analyses that point toward an alternative explanation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our comment focuses on the issue of interference and inhibition as a potential factor driving individual differences in working memory; it does not challenge the conclusions regarding age differences drawn by Jenkins et al. We do not wish to defend a particular theory that assumes that the ability to inhibit interfering information underlies individual differences in working memory capacity, but only to point out that the data presented by Jenkins et al. do not justify the rejection of such an account."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The regression line relating two variables is crucially dependent on the variable's reliability (Cohen & Cohen, 1983) [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the extreme case, in which one variable has zero reliability (i.e., consists exclusively of error variance), the correlation between predictor and criterion is zero, and the regression line will be flat."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More generally, everything else being equal, the slope of the regression line decreases with decreasing reliability of the variables involved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The span tasks used in the meta-analysis were scored with the Wechsler digit span procedure, in which tasks of increasing length are presented and the experimenter discontinues testing whenever a participant fails to recall correctly both lists of a given length."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This procedure yields only a single value for each participant, so no direct estimates of reliability are available."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Jenkins et al. ( 1999) briefly discuss this problem and conclude that measurement error does not compromise their conclusions, because the reliability of the traditional WAIS-R Digit Span is known to be above .90."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We think that this is a highly questionable generalization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The reliability estimates in the Wechsler intelligence test manual are based on a representative sample from the general population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The studies summarized in Jenkins et al. ( 1999) recruited mainly undergraduates for the young adult groups; this is most likely associated with a restriction of range, thereby reducing the ratio of true variance to total variance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, the span tasks used by Jenkins et al. differed from the WAIS-R Digit Span in several ways that could make a difference for their reliability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, their presentation times per item differed from those used in the WAIS-R. Perhaps more important, their complex spans introduced an additional processing demand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This could turn the task into one qualitatively different from the simple span as measured in the WAIS-R; it might even measure a different construct (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999) [2][3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This concern is supported by the fact that the correlations between simple and complex spans were only .42 (for the two verbal tasks) and .33 (for the two spatial tasks)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given that simple and complex spans are highly similar and, therefore, should share most of their task-specific variance, these correlations are suspiciously low."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This could indicate that at least one of the two spans is not as reliable as is assumed, or alternatively, that the two variables do not measure the same construct."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Either way, the assumption that both spans have reliabilities of at least .90 seems not well grounded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since we have no knowledge about the reliability of the span tasks involved in Jenkins et al. 's (1999) meta-analysis, it is difficult to assess to what degree the regression slopes smaller than one are an artifact of measurement error."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, we decided to replicate their kind of analysis on a data set of our own with simple and complex span tasks for which reliability estimates are available."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We analyzed data from two simple spans (one verbal and one spatial) and their corresponding complex counterparts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All the tasks were computer administered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Word span task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A list of frequent German nouns (none longer than 12 characters) was displayed one by one, each word for 1 sec, in the center of the screen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Immediately after the last word, the participants attempted to write down the words in correct order on an answer sheet containing the appropriate number of slots for each list length."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Following two practice trials, three trials for each list length between four and eight words were presented in ascending order of list length."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dual word span task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The dual-task version differed from the simple word span task in two ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, the memory list was presented simultaneously for 1 sec times the number of words in the list."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, the presentation of the memory list was followed by a fixed time interval, during which the participants had to perform a choice reaction time task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This task involved classifying words as referring to an animal or a plant by pressing one of two keys on the computer keyboard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "New stimuli were presented immediately after each reaction until a total of 5 sec has elapsed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The participants were instructed to react as quickly and accurately as possible in order to accomplish as many reaction time tasks as possible in the 5-sec interval."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0059__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "After two practice trials, three trials of each list length between three and seven words were administered in ascending order."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pattern span task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A sequence of partially filled 3 X 3 grids was presented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each pattern was shown for 3 sec. The series was reproduced immediately after the last pattern by marking the corresponding cells in empty matrices on the answer sheet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There were five trials each for the list lengths of three to five, presented in ascending order."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dual pattern span task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The dual-task version was identical to the simple pattern span, except for an additional processing demand, which consisted of classifying arrows as pointing upward or downward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The processing task was again administered for a constant interval of 5 sec. There were five trials for each list length from two to four."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In both cases, the simple span task immediately preceded the corresponding dual-task version."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, the choice reaction time tasks involved in the dual-task versions were administered as single tasks about half an hour before, so the participants had a moderate amount of practice with both components when they encountered the dual-task versions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two additional tasks relevant in the present context were computer administered versions of the reading span task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980) and its numerical analogue, the computation span task (Turner & Engle, 1989) [2][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The reading span task began with the presentation of a number of short sentences, one by one, for 4 sec each."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The participants were required to evaluate the sentences as true or false by pressing an appropriate key and to remember the last word of each sentence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The last words had to be written down in correct order after the last sentence of an item was presented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There were 11 trials, with list length ranging from four to seven."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The computation span task used simple equations, involving addition or subtraction of single digits, instead of sentences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The results of the equations had to be recalled in correct order."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0063__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "There were 11 trials, with list lengths varying from five to eight."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The participants were 133 students from the University of Mannheim, who took part on 2 days of testing involving various intelligence and working memory tests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their mean age was 25.8 years (SD = 3.8), and 44% were female."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For each task, a sum score was computed as follows: For each trial, the number of words or patterns reproduced correctly at the correct ordinal position was counted, and these numbers were added over all the trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To compare simple and complex spans on the sum measure, we used only the trials with list lengths administered in both versions (i.e., list lengths from four to seven for word span tasks and from three to four for pattern span tasks)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This means that the list length of eight (word span), list length of three (dual word span), list length of five (pattern span), and list length of two (dual pattern span) were not included in the sum scores."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As a second score, we simulated a span procedure with the data from the two word span tasks: For each list length, we selected the first two of the three trials and scored whether a participant succeeded in recalling perfectly both lists, one list, or none of them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The third trial of each list length was ignored in order to make our span score parallel the span procedure of Jenkins et al. ( 1999) as much as possible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Starting with the shortest list length (i.e., four for the single and three for the dual word spans), a participant's span was increased by one for each list length for which he or she recalled at least one of the two lists perfectly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was done for increasing list lengths, up to the shortest list length on which the participant failed on both trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At this point, the scoring procedure was stopped and all items from longer lists were ignored, because two successive failures on a given list length means that testing is discontinued in the usual span procedure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The participant was credited with the score reached up to this point (which equaled the list length of the longest list passed at least once before the first double failure)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If only one of the two trials from the previous list length was recalled correctly, span was decreased by 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Those participants who failed on the two shortest lists were assigned a span equal to the shortest list length minus one."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No span score was formed for pattern span, because there were not enough different list lengths."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table I summarizes the means and standard deviations for both scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, we estimated the reliability of the sum scores by Cronbach's alpha, which corresponds to the mean of all possible split-half reliability values of the items entering into the score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No such reliability estimation was possible for the span scores, because they were not defined as linear combinations of independent items."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Table 2 presents the correlations of the six variables."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Following the procedure of Jenkins et al. ( 1999), we also conducted all the analyses after exclusion of those participants whose spans could be underestimated because they never reached a list length on which they failed twice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The largest list length tested was eight for simple word span and seven for dual word span, so we excluded participants with simple word spans larger than seven and those with complex word spans larger than six."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This reduced the sample size to 110."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The analyses with the reduced sample showed signs of a moderate restriction of range but did not alter any of the conclusions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We therefore decided to present mainly the results from the unrestricted sample and to add data from the reduced sample in parentheses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Several important observations can be made from these data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, complex span scores were not systematically lower than the simple span scores, which is different from what Jenkins et al. ( 1999) found."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This could mean that there was not much interference at all in the complex span tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alternatively, the interference that did occur was outweighed by the moderate amount of practice with the memory tasks that the participants already had when they first attacked the dual-task versions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In any case, we will see that the absolute amount of interference is not crucial to our argument."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A second phenomenon to notice is the surprisingly low correlation between the sum scores and the span scores from the same tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These two scores are supposed to measure the same variable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, the correlations between simple and complex word span tasks were much higher for the sum scores (.72) than for the span scores (.46)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Note that the latter value is comparable with the task intercorrelations reported by Jenkins et al. ( 1999)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Both findings together lead us to suspect that the span scores had low reliability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0072__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We cannot assess their reliability directly, but if we assume that sum scores and span scores measure the same variable, there are two ways to do so indirectly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An observed correlation robs(x,y) can be expressed as a function of the true correlation rtrue(x,y) and the reliabilities of the variables involved (Cohen & Cohen, 1983, Equation 2.11.4) [1]:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "robs (x,y) = rtrue(x,y)√r(x,x)r(y,y)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let r(x,x) denote the reliability of a sum score and r(y,y) the reliability of the corresponding span score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Equation 1 can now be solved for the unknown reliability r(y,y):"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "r(y,y) = robs(x,y)² / rtrue(x,y)² r(x,x)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If sum scores (x) and span scores (y) measure the same variable, their true correlation is one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, we can insert 1 for rtrue(x,y) and Cronbach's alpha values from Table 1 for r(x,x) to compute an approximation for r(y,y) from Equation 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This yields reliability estimates for the span scores of simple word span of .72 and for complex (dual) word span of .74."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A second way to estimate the span scores' reliability is to compute the correlation between the sum scores for simple and complex tasks and correct for attenuation according to Equation 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This means solving Equation 1 for rtrue(x,y), which is taken to represent the true correlation between the sum scores of simple and complex spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With the reliabilities for the two variables (see Table 1), we can estimate their true correlation from the observed correlation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This yields an estimate for the true correlation between simple and complex word spans of r = .91."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The same true correlation should hold for the span scores of simple and complex word spans, because they are assumed to measure the same two constructs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "From this, we can obtain an estimation for the joint reliability of the two span scores, r(x,x) r(y,y), by transforming Equation 2:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "r(y,y)r(x,x) = robs(x,y)² / rtrue(x,y)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If we assume for simplicity that the two span scores have equal reliability, this reliability equals the square root of r(x,x)r(y,y), which is .51."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The bottom line is that the span scores must be assumed to have a reliability of between .51 and .74, considerably lower than that of the sum scores."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, we estimated the regression line for the prediction of complex spans from simple spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results are summarized in Table 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The upper panel of Figure 1 shows the scatterplot for the sum scores of word span as an illustrative example."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As can be seen, the slopes were considerably lower than one in all three cases, thus reproducing the findings of Jenkins et al. ( 1999)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is also clear, however, that the slope was much lower for the span scores than for the sum scores of word span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is a direct consequence of the lower task intercorrelation for the span scores and, most likely, a result of the span scores' lower reliability."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It might seem surprising that we could reproduce the pattern found by Jenkins et al. even though there was no mean effect of interference in our data: How can there be more interference in high-span individuals than in low span individuals if there is no evidence of interference overall? The answer is that the phenomenon observed by Jenkins et al.-shallow slopes relating complex to simple spans-does not necessarily reflect the amount of interference suffered by individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The shallow slopes are simply a by-product of the comparatively low correlation between simple and complex spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This low correlation is at least in part due to the unreliability of the span measures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The powerful effect of regression to the mean can be illustrated by reversing the x- and y-axes of the regression lines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If Jenkins et al. ( 1999) were right in claiming that low-span individuals experience less interference than do high-span individuals, the slopes of simple span plotted over complex span should be larger than one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Following the line of argument proposed by Jenkins et al., the interference cost in this kind of plot would be the deviation of the regression line above the main diagonal (i.e., the advantage of single task scores above dual task scores)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The lower panel of Figure I shows such a reversed plot for the sum scores of the two word span tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As can be seen, the slope is again smaller than one."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0084__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Taken together, the two analyses visualized in Figure I show that regression to the mean can produce slopes considerably smaller than one, regardless of which variable is used as the predictor and which as the criterion!"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 11, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We believe, however, that reliability and regression to the mean is not the full story."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even with perfect reliability, simple and complex span tasks will not be perfectly correlated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This brings us to our second, conceptual argument."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is good evidence in the literature that simple and complex memory span tasks do not measure the same construct (Cantor, Engle, & Hamilton, 1991; Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Daneman & Merikle, 1996; Engle et al., 1999; Oberauer, 1993) [2][3][5][6][7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Simple spans and complex spans tend to load on different factors and correlate with different external criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In particular, simple spans are notoriously bad predictors of complex reasoning, whereas complex spans predict reasoning ability well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This led investigators to the assumption that complex span tasks, but not simple span tasks, measure working memory capacity (e.g., Daneman & Carpenter, 1980) [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Jenkins et al. ( 1999) explicitly disagreed with this position, stating that \"simple word span tasks also exemplify the use of working memory\" (p. 28) according to Baddeley (1986) [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This is certainly true if we consider the whole working memory system as envisioned by Baddeley, including the phonological loop."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Researchers drawing a distinction between simple and complex span measures, however, maintain that simple spans reflect mainly the capacity of a peripheral system, such as the phonological loop, whereas complex spans reflect the capacity of the central component of working memory to a much larger degree (e.g., Cantor et al., 1991) [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0085__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Therefore, from Baddeley's framework, one would predict that simple and complex spans are not perfectly correlated-although both reflect an aspect of working memory and this is in full accordance with the facts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Theories of working memory that assign interference and inhibition a central role for individual differences are concerned mainly with the central executive, not with the slave systems in Baddeley's (1986) model (e.g., Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999) [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This implies that individual differences in complex span, but not necessarily individual differences in simple span, reflect individual differences in susceptibility to interference and the capacity to inhibit irrelevant information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0086__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "And of course, it is only the complex span, not the simple span variant, in which the issue of inhibiting irrelevant information arises at all, because only the complex spans require that the representations used in the secondary tasks be suppressed quickly when no longer necessary."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0086__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It follows that an interference/inhibition account of working memory capacity does predict that individuals with higher complex spans will experience less interference than people with lower complex spans. But it does not predict that persons with higher simple spans will experience less interference."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This implies that the slope of the regression line with simple span tasks as predictors and complex tasks as criteria is not an adequate test for an inhibition-based account of working memory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The complex span tasks, but not the simple span tasks, can be regarded as good measures of the central executive's capacity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, a working memory model based on inhibition or interference makes the straightforward prediction that individuals with high complex span will experience less interference than will individuals with low complex span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In terms of regression analysis, this means that the regression slope for simple span as a function of complex span will be smaller than one (and the intercept will be positive)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is so because the interference effect, measured as the difference between simple and complex spans, is predicted to decrease with higher complex spans."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unfortunately, the same artifact of regression to the mean that led Jenkins et al. ( 1999) to reject the inhibition hypothesis will work in favor of the hypothesis in this analysis (for an illustration, see Figure I)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One way to test the inhibition hypothesis could be to measure complex span and the interference effect separately."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0089__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The minimal design necessary for this test includes one pair of measures for simple and complex span tasks and an additional, independent measure of complex span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0089__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first two tasks can be used to obtain the simple-to-complex difference; the second complex task can be used to predict this difference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0089__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An interference/inhibition account should predict a negative covariation between the difference score and the independent estimate of complex span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0090", "paragraph_index": 90, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0090__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fortunately, there were two additional complex span tasks available in our study that could be used as independent predictors for the interference effects in the word span and the pattern span tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0090__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We built sum scores for reading span and computation span and correlated them with the differences between the simple and the complex versions of the two other span tasks (the differences were computed from the sum scores)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0090__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The difference of simple and complex word spans correlated -.41 with reading span and -.33 with computation span; both correlations were highly significant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0090__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Figure 2 plots the simple-to-complex differences as a function of reading span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0091", "paragraph_index": 91, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0091__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The difference of simple and complex pattern spans correlated -.05 and .01 with the two predictors, which was not significant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0091__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the predicted negative correlation between complex span and the interference effect was obtained when all the tasks used material from the verbal-numerical domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0091__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There was no evidence for a relationship between predictors involving verbal numerical materials and the interference effect computed from spatial tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0091__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This difference could be a hint that the ability to resist interference is domain specific. But as long as it is not replicated with a different set of tasks, it could as well be accidental and should, therefore, be interpreted cautiously."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0091__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The important point is that there was no positive association between the interference effect and an independent measure of complex span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0092", "paragraph_index": 92, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0092__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The data and analyses presented above show several important points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0092__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The slope of the regression line for complex span scores as a function of simple span scores was consistently smaller than one, in agreement with the findings from Jenkins et al. ( 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0092__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When the same data were analyzed using sum scores, the slopes were much higher, but still smaller than one."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093", "paragraph_index": 93, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The substantial difference between sum scores and span scores is most likely due to the low reliability of the latter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the span's reliability cannot be estimated directly from the present data, we obtained converging indirect evidence that the span scores have low reliability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This evidence involves the relatively low correlation of span and sum scores computed from the same raw data and the comparatively low correlation between simple and complex span scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One reason why the span scores had lower reliability than the sum scores is that the former included only two items for each list length, as in the Jenkins et al. ( 1999) studies, whereas the latter included three."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A more general reason why span scores have low reliability could be that the scoring procedure throws away information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "First, each item is only scored as passed or failed; the number of list elements recalled correctly is not measured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0093__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Second, after a participant fails twice on a given list length, his or her performance on longer lists is no longer considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094", "paragraph_index": 94, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We conclude that the findings of Jenkins et al. ( 1999) do not rule out a working memory model based on interference and inhibition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The positive covariation between simple span and the \"interference effect\" they observed is, in large part, an artifact from regression to the mean, owing to low reliability of the span scores."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The remaining true positive covariation is not relevant for a working memory theory based on interference and inhibition, because interference is only predicted to be low for people with high scores on complex span tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An unbiased test of this prediction requires that the difference between simple and complex span scores-that is, the interference effect-be measured independently from the complex span score that is used as its predictor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Preliminary evidence from our data is consistent with the prediction of the interference/inhibition account."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__critique__p0094__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More systematic research, however, is required to test the generality of this finding-in particular, in a constellation of tasks that elicit larger mean interference costs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3720__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0095", "paragraph_index": 95, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0095__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results of a recent study of spatial working memory are presented in support of the claim by Jenkins and her colleagues [1] that secondary tasks produce larger interference effects in individuals with higher simple spans than in individuals with lower simple spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0095__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because spans and interference effects were assessed independently, this study refutes the claim by Oberauer and SiiB [2] that the relation between span and interference effect size is merely an artifact of regression to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0095__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast with the present findings, Oberauer and SiiB did not find evidence of larger interference effects in higher span individuals, but the reason for this may be straightforward: The secondary tasks that they used did not produce significant interference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0095__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Recent findings by Logie and his colleagues indicate that phonological similarity and word length effects are larger in individuals with higher word spans [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0095__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These results, those of Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1], and the results reported here suggest that, across individuals, the absolute effect size for many manipulations that decrease memory span is an increasing function of simple span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096", "paragraph_index": 96, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When the stock market goes down, individuals' losses are principally determined by two factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One factor obviously is which stocks they own, but if the decline is sufficiently broad-based, the major factor may be simply how much money they have invested or how many shares they own."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For any given stock, the more shares they hold, the greater their loss is likely to be."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The results of a recent meta-analysis [1] indicate that, similarly, the more items individuals hold in working memory, the more items they are likely to lose when they perform a secondary task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This suggests that the representation of each item may be at risk when secondary task responses either interrupt rehearsal or introduce new information, and for span-length lists the degree of risk is independent of the number of other items."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0096__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The result, simply put, is that \"the more you have, the more you have to lose.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0097", "paragraph_index": 97, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0097__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When Jenkins and her colleagues [1] examined the effects of secondary tasks on working memory across the life span, they found little evidence of a systematic developmental trend in interference effects (i.e., the difference between span without a secondary task, or simple span, and span with a secondary task, or complex span)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0097__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Within each age group, moreover, individuals who had larger simple spans tended to show larger interference effects than did individuals who had smaller simple spans."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0097__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These results are not easily explained by current working memory theories, particularly those that emphasize the role of inhibition and susceptibility to interference in explaining individual and age differences [4][5][6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0097__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, it is to be hoped that the simple stock market analogy just outlined will make these findings seem less counterintuitive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0098", "paragraph_index": 98, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0098__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Oberauer and SuB [2], in their recent commentary, did not challenge Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's [1] conclusions regarding the lack of systematic age trends in interference effects, but they did object to Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's conclusions regarding individual differences in interference effects on both methodological and conceptual grounds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0098__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From a methodological (or statistical) perspective, Oberauer and SuB claimed that Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's results with respect to individual differences were an artifact of regression to the mean, resulting from the unreliability of memory span measures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0098__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From a conceptual (or theoretical) perspective, Oberauer and SuB claimed that regardless of the results, such data are not relevant to an interference/inhibition account of working memory, because simple and complex span tasks measure different constructs, and only complex spans involve inhibition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0098__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a result, they contended, an interference/inhibition account does not predict smaller interference effects in individuals with larger simple spans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0099", "paragraph_index": 99, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0099__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We take issue with the latter position, but our argument would probably be moot if Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's [1] original conclusions were shown to be false."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0099__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, we shall begin by presenting evidence that deals with Oberauer and SuB's [2] methodological objection and that supports Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's conclusion that high-span individuals are more affected than low-span individuals by interference from secondary tasks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0100", "paragraph_index": 100, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0100__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Do Higher Span Individuals Show Larger Interference Effects?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0101", "paragraph_index": 101, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0101__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Psychologists have long known that measurement error attenuates the slope of a regression line [7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0101__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Oberauer and SiiB's [2] account of this problem, however, is only partially correct and appears to confuse correlation with regression."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0101__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Specifically, it is not true, as Oberauer and SiiB assert, that \"the slope of the regression line decreases with decreasing reliability of the variables involved\" (pp. 727-728)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0101__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This statement is only strictly true in the case of correlation in which the variables are standard scores (i.e., Z scores) and the slope is the correlation between the variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0101__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the case of least squares regression more generally, the expected value of the slope estimate is unaffected by the reliability of the criterion (Y) variable, although the reliability of the slope estimate is obviously affected [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0102", "paragraph_index": 102, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0102__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to the lack of effect of criterion reliability, the reliability of the predictor (X) variable does affect the expected value of the slope of the regression line [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0102__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifically, measurement error in the predictor attenuates the slope—this being the well-studied problem of error in X [10]—resulting in the phenomenon known as regression to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0102__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The issue of attenuation of regression slopes is relevant, because the pattern of individual differences reported by Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1] was revealed by the regression of complex span on simple span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0103", "paragraph_index": 103, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0103__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For all age groups, the regression slopes were considerably less than 1.0 for both digit and location spans, indicating that the difference between simple and complex spans (i.e., the size of the interference effect) was an increasing function of simple span."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0103__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The substantive question, however, is not whether the slopes reported by Jenkins, Myerson, et al. were underestimated (they were, as Jenkins, Myerson, et al. pointed out in their article), but whether that underestimation led Jenkins, Myerson et al. to an incorrect conclusion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0104", "paragraph_index": 104, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0104__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Do individuals with larger simple spans really suffer greater interference from secondary tasks, as Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1] concluded? Jenkins and her colleagues recently conducted an experiment that focused directly on this issue and that was specifically designed to deal with the problem of regression to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0104__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The data obtained from the first group of 60 young adults in this study were reported at the Psychonomic Society meeting in the year before publication of the meta-analysis [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0104__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At the following meeting [12], these results were compared with those from a second group of 50 older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0104__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The findings of this experiment that are most relevant to the concerns raised by Oberauer and SiiB [2] are summarized briefly below, but for a more detailed description of all of the conditions and their results, we refer readers to Jenkins, Myerson, and Hale [13]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0105", "paragraph_index": 105, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0105__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This latest experiment by Jenkins and her colleagues focused specifically on spatial working memory [11][12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0105__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The primary memory task was similar to the original spatial span task described in Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1], but the new procedure added three important features."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0105__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "First, participants recalled locations by touching cells in a grid displayed on a touch-screen monitor, and second, memory span was measured using a psychophysical staircase procedure [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0105__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, and most importantly, performance on the primary span task alone (i.e., with no secondary task) was assessed twice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0106", "paragraph_index": 106, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0106__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants were tested on a battery of speeded visuospatial processing tasks as well as a variety of working memory task conditions that assessed their memory span for spatial locations, and the time that it took them to perform secondary tasks was also measured."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0106__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For our present purposes, we will focus on the simple span conditions and the two complex span conditions that involved spatial secondary tasks, because these conditions most closely parallel those analyzed in Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0106__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In both of these complex span conditions, the secondary tasks required participants to use information from the stimuli for the primary memory task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0106__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These stimuli consisted of series of colored Xs displayed one at a time in the cells of a grid."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0107", "paragraph_index": 107, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0107__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the single-touch complex span condition, the spatial secondary task required participants to touch the circle (one of six differently colored circles displayed to the right of the grid) that was the same color as the X (see Figure 1 in Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0107__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the double-touch complex span condition, the spatial secondary task had an additional requirement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0107__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After participants touched the circle whose color matched the X, the border of the cell containing the X changed color, and participants then had to touch another circle (one of a second set of four circles to the right of the grid) whose color matched the cell border."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0107__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These procedures were designed to be formally analogous to complex span procedures such as the reading span task, a paradigmatic working memory measure [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0107__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In both cases, a series of stimuli (Xs in a grid or sentences) are presented, and participants must respond to aspects of these stimuli (the colors of the Xs or words other than the final words) that are irrelevant to the primary memory tasks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108", "paragraph_index": 108, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the group level, not surprisingly, both spatial secondary tasks decreased memory span relative to that when there was no secondary task, and the double-touch task produced more interference than did the single-touch task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the present purposes, however, the more relevant results concern how individual differences in span modulated these effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because of the way in which this experiment was designed, it was possible to assess differences in the amount of interference suffered by lower and higher span individuals by using two quite different analytic approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The first approach paralleled that used in the Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1] meta-analysis, but because there were two assessments of simple span in the present experiment, it was possible to compare the regression of complex span on simple span with an estimate of the effect of regression to the mean (as provided by the slope of the relation between the two simple span assessments)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the second approach, the participants were divided into subgroups based on the first assessment of simple span in order to compare interference effects, calculated on the basis of the second assessment of simple span, for lower and higher span subgroups."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0108__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Importantly, the two approaches provided converging evidence consistent with the conclusion originally reached by Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1] that higher span individuals suffer greater interference than lower span individuals do."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0109", "paragraph_index": 109, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0109__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider the results obtained with the use of the first approach, shown in Figure 1, in which simple spans from the first assessment were used to predict the simple spans from the second assessment as well as the complex spans from the single- and double-touch conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0109__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because all three regressions use the same predictor, the error in X is held constant across regressions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0109__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The effect of this error is to attenuate the slope (i.e., the slope estimate is some proportion of the true slope), but because the error in X is held constant, the degree of attenuation is the same for all three regressions [9]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0109__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the slopes for the regression of the two complex spans on the first simple span (0.597 and 0.385 for the single- and double-touch conditions, respectively) can be compared directly with the effect of regression to the mean as indexed by the slope for the regression of the second simple span on the first simple span (0.842)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0110", "paragraph_index": 110, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0110__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Multiple regression analyses revealed that the slopes for the complex spans were both significantly less than that predicted by regression to the mean, indicating that the size of the interference effect produced by secondary tasks was an increasing function of an individual's simple span: for single-touch, t(216) = 2.57, p = .011; for double-touch, t(216) = 5.25, p < .001."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0110__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, the slope for the double-touch condition was significantly less than the slope for the single-touch condition, indicating that the effect of an increase in secondary task difficulty on complex span also depended on an individual's simple span [t(216) = 2.44, p = .016]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0110__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, the size of the secondary task effect was an increasing function of simple span in all three cases, replicating the results reported by Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0110__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There were no significant differences between the regression parameters for young and older adult groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0111", "paragraph_index": 111, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0111__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our second analytic approach involved dividing participants into lower span and higher span subgroups and comparing how the subgroups are affected by secondary tasks."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0111__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If subgroups are determined on the basis of one assessment and interference effects are calculated on the basis of a second assessment, then measurement error will decrease the power of the comparison but will not systematically bias that comparison."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0111__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Accordingly, we performed a median split of each age group based on the first assessment of simple span and calculated interference effects based on the difference between complex span and the second simple span assessment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0112", "paragraph_index": 112, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0112__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of the various analyses of variance (ANOVAs) conducted on the data, perhaps the most relevant is a planned comparison of the interference effects in the single- and double-touch conditions for higher and lower span young adults and higher and lower span older adults."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0112__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This comparison directly addresses the issue of how age and ability affect the amount of interference produced by secondary tasks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0113", "paragraph_index": 113, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0113__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ANOVA revealed significant effects of age (young vs. old) and ability (lower vs. higher span) [F(1,106) = 13.37, p < .001, and F(1,106) = 8.17, p < .01, respectively]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0113__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These main effects reflect the fact that the interference effects of young adults were larger than those of older adults, and the interference effects of higher span individuals were larger than those of lower span individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0113__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The difference between the interference effects of higher and lower span individuals was observed in each age group, and there was no age X ability interaction [F(1,106) < 1.0]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0113__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There were, however, significant interactions between secondary task (single- versus double-touch) and both age and ability [F(1,106) = 21.71, p < .001, and F(1,106) = 11.14, p = .001, respectively]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0113__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There was no three-way interaction [F(1,106) < 1.0]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0114", "paragraph_index": 114, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0114__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The interactions with secondary task reflect the fact that the difference between young adults' single- and double-touch interference effects was greater than the difference between older adults' single- and double-touch interference effects, and that the difference between higher span individuals' single- and double-touch interference effects was greater than the difference between lower span individuals' single- and double-touch interference effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0114__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These interactions are consistent with what would be expected from the regression analyses and inspection of Figure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0114__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The increasing difference between the single- and double-touch regression lines with increases in simple span in that figure, for example, corresponds to the ability X secondary task interaction in the ANOVA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0115", "paragraph_index": 115, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0115__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The converging evidence from the ANOVA and regression analyses contradicts Oberauer and SuB's [2] suggestion that our earlier conclusions merely reflect an artifact of regression to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0115__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Why did we find evidence of larger interference effects in higher span individuals, whereas Oberauer and SuB did not? The reason may be straightforward: The secondary tasks used by Jenkins and her colleagues produced significant decreases in memory span, whereas the secondary tasks that Oberauer and SuB used did not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0115__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the fact that Oberauer and SuB found no difference between simple and complex spans, it would appear to be impossible to draw any conclusions about interference effects from their data."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0115__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, the preceding results provide converging evidence for Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's [1] contention that the effects of secondary spatial tasks on spatial memory spans are larger for individuals with larger spans than they are for individuals with smaller spans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0116", "paragraph_index": 116, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0116__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Implications for Theories of Working Memory"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0117", "paragraph_index": 117, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0117__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Oberauer and SuB [2] questioned not just the validity of the findings reported by Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1], but also the relevance of these findings for theories of working memory."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0117__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Oberauer and SuB argued that the relation between interference effect size and simple span is irrelevant to working memory theories because simple and complex memory span tasks do not measure the same constructs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0117__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is only complex span, they claimed, that is of concern to theories that emphasize the role of interference and inhibition in working memory, because \"of course, it is only the complex span, not the simple span variant, in which the issue of inhibiting irrelevant information arises at all\" (p. 731)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0117__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "According to Oberauer and SuB, only complex span tasks require that memory representations be suppressed when no longer necessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0117__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is for this reason, they argued, that working memory theories that emphasize the role of interference and inhibition do not predict that a person's simple span will be related to his or her susceptibility to interference."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0118", "paragraph_index": 118, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0118__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We certainly would agree that if simple span tasks did not require inhibition, then a working memory theory emphasizing differences in inhibitory ability would not predict that people with larger spans are less susceptible to interference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0118__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, many researchers, including some whose theoretical framework emphasizes the role of inhibition in working memory, would argue that simple span tasks do require inhibition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0118__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "May, Hasher, and Kane [16], for example, recently pointed out that span tasks, because they involve repeated trials, require people to suppress items from previous lists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0118__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They argued that, as a consequence, proactive interference should be particularly noticeable in people who have a reduced ability to inhibit no-longer-relevant information."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0118__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, in their view, the very nature of span measures (including both simple and complex spans) means such measures will reflect inhibitory ability and not just capacity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0119", "paragraph_index": 119, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0119__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This view is also widely held in neuropsychology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0119__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, Berg [17], in his chapter on screening tests in The Neuropsychology Handbook, categorized the WAIS forward digit span task [18] as a test of attention because it involves both the maintenance of relevant information and the simultaneous suppression of irrelevant or no longer-relevant information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0119__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Other researchers appear to be working from similar assumptions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0119__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, Jonides and his colleagues [19][20] have used simple short-term memory tasks to identify neural structures involved in suppressing no-longer-relevant information precisely because they believe that inhibition on such tasks is relevant to working memory performance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0120", "paragraph_index": 120, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0120__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, we are not alone in arguing that, although simple span tasks may place less demand on inhibitory abilities than complex span tasks, they clearly require participants to ignore irrelevant information, most noticeably that from previous trials but perhaps information from other events, both external and internal, as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0120__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Moreover, because inhibition theorists have not advocated the use of relative measures, the implication (by default) is that interference should be measured in absolute terms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0120__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Accordingly, an inhibition-based theory of individual differences should predict that those with less susceptibility to interference will tend to have higher simple spans and will suffer less interference on complex spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0120__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Notably, the present data revealed the opposite pattern: Specifically, the absolute amount of interference produced by secondary tasks was larger for those with higher simple spans than for those with lower simple spans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0121", "paragraph_index": 121, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0121__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, the effects of other manipulations that interfere with memory span also vary with simple span size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0121__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Logie et al. [ 3] examined the relationship between verbal memory span and the size of phonological similarity and word length effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0121__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, the conditions that Logie et al. used to measure the effect sizes were not the same as the conditions they used to measure the memory spans in order to avoid the possibility of regression to the mean."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0121__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Their findings were similar to the present results in that individuals with larger simple spans showed larger effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0122", "paragraph_index": 122, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0122__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "May et al. [ 16] pointed to the phonological similarity effect as evidence that interference, in this case interference between similar items, plays a role in memory span tasks, and Nairne, Neath, and Serra [21] have suggested that proactive interference may underlie the word length effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0122__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Logie et al. [ 3] suggested that the extent of both effects was determined by two factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0122__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One of these was a tendency for individuals with larger spans to use different strategies than individuals with smaller spans, strategies that make them more vulnerable to various manipulations that decrease span."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0122__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition to the effect of strategy choice, however, they noted that there is also an independent effect of memory span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0122__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This effect is captured by the stock market analogy presented earlier and does not depend on assumptions regarding either inhibition or strategies: Manipulations that decrease span simply may affect the representations of all items in working memory with approximately equal probability, so that the more items that are represented, the greater the number of items that will be lost."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0123", "paragraph_index": 123, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0123__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Jenkins, Myerson, et al. [ 1] were concerned, of course, not just with individual differences in susceptibility to interference, but also with age differences in susceptibility to interference and how individual differences interact with age differences."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0123__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results of the Logie et al. [ 3] study and those of Jenkins and her colleagues [11][12][1] shed new light on these interactions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0123__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, the participants in Experiment 1 of the Logie et al. study ranged in age from 18 to 70 years, but there was no relationship between age and the relative size of phonological similarity and word-length effects (i.e., effect size expressed as a percentage of simple word span)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0123__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This suggests that, regardless of their age, individuals with the same simple span tended to show the same effect size."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0124", "paragraph_index": 124, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0124__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Age differences in the size of interference effects in the present study [11][12] also appear to be attributable to age differences in simple span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0124__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As noted above, there were no significant differences between the regression parameters for young and older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0124__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The implications of this finding are highlighted in comparisons of lower and higher span subgroups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0124__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, consider the lower span young adults and the higher span older adults."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0124__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Based on their first assessment, these subgroups did not differ in their simple spans (mean spans = 5.8 and 5.7 items, respectively), and accordingly there were no significant differences between the two subgroups in their single- and double-touch interference effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0125", "paragraph_index": 125, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0125__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, the interference effects for the higher span young group were approximately twice those for the lower span old group, groups whose simple spans also turned out to differ by a factor of approximately two (mean spans = 8.1 and 4.2 items, respectively)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0125__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This result, depicted in Figure 2, is exactly the opposite of what might have been expected if higher span individuals had a greater ability to inhibit irrelevant information and older adults had an inhibition deficit, but it is obviously consistent with the idea that, regardless of age, the amount of interference produced by secondary tasks increases as simple span increases."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0126", "paragraph_index": 126, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0126__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusions"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0127", "paragraph_index": 127, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0127__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Oberauer and SiiB [2] challenged Jenkins, Myerson, et al. 's [1] report of a relationship between individual differences in simple memory span and the amount of interference produced by a secondary task, claiming that this relationship was an artifact produced by regression to the mean."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0127__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although regression to the mean may have played a role in the Jenkins, Myerson, et al. findings, as Jenkins and her colleagues acknowledged in their original report, the data and analyses presented here demonstrate that their conclusion was correct: Individuals who have lower memory spans in the absence of a secondary task tend to be more affected (i.e., they show a larger decrease in span) by the addition of a secondary task than those with higher spans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0127__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present results demonstrate further that, at least with the procedures used by Jenkins and her colleagues, there are no age differences in interference effects beyond those attributable to differences in simple memory span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0127__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the present analyses were confined to spatial memory span tasks and spatial secondary tasks, similar findings have been reported in the verbal domain [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0128", "paragraph_index": 128, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0128__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The mechanisms underlying the observed relationship between interference effect size and simple span as well as the lack of age difference in interference effects when simple span is equivalent may ultimately prove to have nothing to do with individual and age differences in inhibitory ability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0128__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As suggested previously, for example, manipulations that decrease span may affect the representations of all items in working memory with approximately equal probability, so that the more items that are represented, the greater the number of items that will be lost."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0128__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this interpretation is correct, then in one sense, individuals with larger spans are not more susceptible to interference than those with smaller spans, they are just more affected by interference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0128__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "That is, if the number of items being lost is the measure of susceptibility to interference, then susceptibility increases with span."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0128__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If the probability of an item being lost from working memory is the measure of susceptibility to interference, however, then susceptibility is independent of span."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3720", "paragraph_id": "triad_3720__response__p0129", "paragraph_index": 129, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0129__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This interpretation of interference effects may help resolve the apparent conflict between an inhibition-based theoretical framework and the observed relation between span and the size of interference effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0129__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It does so, of course, by assuming that the absolute size of interference effects does not measure inhibitory ability, but this does not make the present findings irrelevant to theories of working memory (cf."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0129__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Oberauer & SiiB [2])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0129__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Even if one believes that inhibition plays an important role in working memory, it would not seem to follow that only phenomena that directly reflect inhibition are relevant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3720__response__p0129__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To the extent that working memory theories purport to be theories of the whole working memory system, we believe that they will have to accommodate the present results and other, similar findings [3], whatever the underlying mechanisms turn out to be."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3720/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2078070494_W1981588307_W2090678947", "triad_name": "triad_3720", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3720__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stage 1: Deciding for what purpose the model is to be used Criteria for descriptions of foods such as 'low in fat', 'less healthy', etc. may need to be different depending on the purpose for which they are required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sometimes simple definitions will be necessary; for example, if they are to be used as rules of thumb by a consumer trying to interpret the nutrition labelling panel on a food packet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In other cases they may need to be complex; for example, where the definitions are to be used by health professionals or the food industry to categorise foods and where a wide range of nutrients and other food components are involved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The descriptor 'high in fat', sugar or salt' is commonly used as a synonym for 'a less healthy food' and there are many purposes for which a clear definition of a 'less healthy food' would be useful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, not all foods that might be defined as 'high in fat, sugar or salt' would necessarily be defined as 'less healthy foods'; for example, fruit is high in sugar."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "So definitions of 'less healthy foods' need to take account of other characteristics of the food: whether the sugars are intrinsic or extrinsic sugars, the levels of minerals and vitamins, etc."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this paper we consider the development of a simple model to highlight foods which are 'high in fat, sugar or salt', regardless of their other characteristics, for the purpose of a theoretical magazine article dealing with the health benefits of different breakfast cereals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The development of this model will reflect this purpose, and the choices made at each stage of the process may not be relevant for other purposes (such as a system for simplifying nutrition labelling)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stage 2: Deciding what group or population the purpose is relevant to Descriptors such as 'low in fat', 'healthy', etc. need different definitions depending on the age and other characteristics of the population for whom the purpose is relevant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, breast milk is 'healthy' for a newborn baby but it contains a level of fat that is not optimal and therefore not 'healthy' for an adult."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The same argument applies when drawing up definitions of descriptors such as 'low in fat' or 'healthy' for other specific subgroups of the population such as adolescents, women planning pregnancy and older people."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In developing a nutrient profile model for 'high in fat, sugar or salt' for use in an article about breakfast cereals, we imagined that the target group would be the general adult population."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Descriptors defined by nutrient profile models can be absolute, or relative to other foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In regulating nutrition claims such as 'low in fat' it has come to be assumed that such claims mean that the food is low in fat relative to all other foods - and not just similar foods or foods of the same food category."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, the European Commis- sion currently proposes that the criterion for the claim 'low in fat' should be that the food has less than 3 g of fat per 100 g of food regardless of the type of food (i.e. 'across- the-board')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Conversely, in regulating the claim 'lower in fat' or 'reduced fat', it has come to be assumed that such claims mean that the food is low in fat relative to foods of the same category (i.e. 'category-specific') 3 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With criteria for 'healthy' and 'healthier' - and their synonyms - there is less agreement and a good deal of confusion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most of the schemes that have been developed by public health organisations and the food industry to label foods as 'healthy' or 'healthier' tend to use food-category-specific criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One of the best known of such schemes is the Tick Programme run by the National Heart Foundation of Australia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This has different criteria for over 60 categories of foods 8 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The symbol sometimes signifies 'healthy' per se and sometimes 'healthier' than other foods within a category."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This may not be clear to consumers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There are, on the other hand, a few nutrient profiling models which use across-the-board criteria to classify foods as 'healthy' or 'healthier' 9 - 11 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The definitions of 'healthier' and of 'less healthy' foods that were developed for use in relation to regulating the promotion of food to children involve across-the-board criteria 4 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If a food labelling scheme is designed to encourage consumers to switch to healthier foods within a food category, then category-specific criteria are appropriate. But if it is designed to encourage consumers to switch to healthier food categories, for example from confectionery to fruit, across-the-board criteria will be necessary."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If category-specific criteria are required then food categories need to be defined, which is far from straightforward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are no universally accepted food categories and many different systems are used even Developing nutrient profile models 331 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007223870 Published online by Cambridge University Press under similar circumstances (e.g. the Australian Tick Programme 8 and the Swedish Green Keyhole 12 scheme are similar category-specific labelling schemes but use very different food categories)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition, new compo- site foods involving foods from more than one category are constantly being developed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In developing a nutrient profile model for 'high in fat, sugar or salt', for use in an article about breakfast cereals, across-the-board criteria are probably the most appro- priate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is because it is now conventional to define nutrition claims such as 'low in fat' or 'low in sugar' as low in those nutrients relative to all foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For a definition of 'higher in fat, sugar or salt' it would probably be more appropriate to use category-specific criteria, since the term 'higher' implies a comparison with similar foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, in developing a nutrient profile model for 'high in fat, sugar or salt' we considered that it would be useful for consumers to be able to compare breakfast cereals with other foods eaten at breakfast; for example, toast, croissant, bacon and fruit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Using across-the-board criteria allows this."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Stage 4: Deciding which nutrients"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrient profiling models can sometimes involve com- ponents which technically are not nutrients, such as energy or water, and even ingredients such as 'fruit and vegetables', or food additives such as preservatives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hereafter for simplicity we will call all the possible components of nutrient profiling 'nutrients'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The nutrients selected for nutrient profile models depend on the definition required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The choice is clear when the descriptor is 'low/lower in x' or even 'low/lower in x, y or z' where x, y and z are named nutrients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is less clear when the descriptor is 'healthy' or 'less healthy'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In that case, the number of different combinations of nutrients and food components that could possibly be used for nutrient profiling is considerable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A recent World Health Organization report lists 37 nutrients and other food components linked with chronic disease 1 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The EU directive on nutrition labelling lists 31 nutrients which it is permitted to include within the nutrition labelling panel 13 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrient profiling necessarily involves prioritisation of nutrients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In framing the EU legislation for nutrition labelling, the legislators chose four nutrients that must be presented if nutrition labelling is provided: energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These nutrients, in effect, represent the 'priority nutrients' that the legislators considered were most important for consumers to know about for health-related purposes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrients are normally prioritised because levels in the population or population subgroup are important for public health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus most definitions of 'healthy' or 'healthier' involve criteria for fat, saturated fat and sodium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But nutrients may also be prioritised because they are markers of foods, the consumption of which is considered to be important for public health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So, for example, in developing definitions of 'less healthy' and 'healthier' food for the purpose of regulating the promotion of food to children 4 it was agreed that the 'healthier' category should have a significant number of foods from the 'meat and alternatives' group of the UK's national food guide (The Balance of Good Health 14 ); initially iron and subsequently protein were incorporated into the models to ensure this."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In selecting nutrients for a nutrient profiling model there will also be practical considerations that need to be taken into account - e.g. for food labelling purposes definitions of 'healthy' or 'healthier' may need to be verifiable by analysis, limiting the choice of nutrients to those which can be measured in a laboratory."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The choice of nutrients for a definition for 'high in fat, sugar or salt' would - on the face of it - seem largely predetermined."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, even here there are some remaining choices to be made."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In developing the model we have chosen to use sodium levels rather than salt levels because it is the sodium in salt which is of public health concern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We have also opted for non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) since these are the subject of officially agreed population dietary goals rather than added sugar or total sugar 15 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Theoretically, the amount of nutrient in a food can be expressed in many different ways (bases)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, in practice, only per 100 g, per 100 kJ or per serving, or combinations of these, are practical."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There are advantages and disadvantages to all three of these bases. ' Per 100 g' is the base used most often for nutrient profiling, probably because this is the base used in food composition tables and in the required format for nutrition labelling in the EU."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, a food that is high in a nutrient on a 'per 100 g' basis may supply little of that nutrient to the diet because it is eaten in small amounts and/or infrequently (e.g. fat in mustard)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Conversely, a food that may be low in a nutrient 'per 100 g' may supply a lot of that nutrient to the diet because it is eaten in large amounts and/or frequently (e.g. NMES in soft drinks)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "One of the main reasons for this is that foods vary widely in their water content and foods that contain high levels of water tend to be eaten in large amounts (e.g. beverages, stews, etc.)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Of course, there are other determinants of amount and/or frequency of consumption besides the water content of foods, such as intensity of taste (e.g. yeast extract)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using a 'per 100 kJ' basis means that the water content of foods is discounted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The amount of food that people eat is, in general, governed by their energy needs (weight-stable individuals will consume enough food to satisfy their energy requirements; those seeking to lose weight will generally aim to consume less food in order to reduce their energy intake; and those increasing in weight will normally be consuming slightly more food than they P Scarborough et al. 332 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007223870 Published online by Cambridge University Press need to supply them with energy)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One of the consequences of this is that there is stronger correlation between nutrient 'per serving' and nutrient 'per 100 kJ' than between nutrient 'per serving' and nutrient 'per 100 g'.* Using an energy basis therefore partially takes account of the amount of food people generally eat."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, there are still some energy-dense foods - such as mustard - which appear high in a nutrient when measured 'per 100 kJ', yet supply little of that nutrient to the diet because they are eaten in small servings and/or infrequently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Foods with very high water content, such as some fruits and vegetables, pose a further problem."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These foods tend to supply very little energy and so can appear high in a nutrient on a 'per 100 kJ basis' (e.g. raw celery contains 200 mg of sodium 'per 100 kJ', enough to be categorised as 'high sodium' by schemes which use a 'per 100 kJ' basis 5 )."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The use of a 'per serving' basis for nutrient profiles also partially takes account of the way people eat foods because serving size, together with frequency of consumption, are the main determinants of how much of a nutrient a food supplies to the diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, serving size for many foods varies considerably."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, the serving size of milk depends on whether it is drunk by itself or with breakfast cereal or with coffee."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, serving sizes partly depend on the energy needs of the consumer (e.g. young children tend to eat smaller serving sizes than adults)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Serving sizes for some foods are therefore difficult to define."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition, for some foods the serving size bears little relation to how much of a nutrient it contributes to the diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For example, the serving size for margarine is small, but servings of margarine may be eaten on many occasions in a single day and so may contribute a substantial amount of fat to a diet."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The choice of which base is used for nutrient profiles is crucial, as different bases will rank foods in different orders (e.g. spaghetti bolognaise has less fat 'per 100 g' than mayonnaise, but more fat 'per serving')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the choice of which base to use becomes less important if 'food-category-specific' criteria are used because foods within categories tend to vary less in their water content or serving size than the whole range of foods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In developing nutrient profile models for categorising foods there has been considerable confusion over which base to use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The proposed EU regulation on health and nutrition claims sets criteria for nutrition claims on a 'per 100 g' basis 3 whereas the US Nutrition Labelling and Education Act sets criteria for nutrition claims on a 'per serving' basis 17 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There are some - albeit rare - examples of the use of 'per 100 kJ' base 5 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is possible to combine two bases for nutrient profiles so as to gain the advantages of both bases, and this can and has been used for nutrient profiling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, the Codex Alimentarius definition for 'low in saturated fat' is that a food should have less than 1.5 g of saturated fat 'per 100 g' and less than 10 kJ of saturated fat 'per 100 kJ' 18 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In developing a nutrient profile model for 'high in fat, sugar or salt' we decided that it would be most useful if it helped people compare the quantity of fat, salt and sugar supplied to the diet by different foods, rather than compare the nutritional quality of these foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is best achieved using a 'per serving' base."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrient profile models vary considerably in their design but fundamentally they adopt one of two approaches: categorical or continuous."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Categorical models divide foods into two or more categories but beyond this categorisation foods can no longer be compared (e.g. a categorical model may categorise two foods as 'high in salt', but will not indicate which food contains more salt)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Continuous models provide a ranking of foods and so are intrinsically more complex than categorical models and therefore impractical for some purposes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Categorical models are also called threshold models because they operate by considering whether or not a food has a nutrient content higher or lower than a specified threshold or thresholds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Categorical models are the most common type of nutrient profile model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Clearly criteria for nutrition claims such as 'low in fat' have to be categorical."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The criteria for the schemes that have been developed by public health organisations and the food industry to label foods as 'healthy' or 'healthier' tend to be categorical models where foods are categorised according to whether the nutrient levels are higher or lower than a number of specified thresholds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Continuous models are often called scoring systems, as they operate by calculating a score for each food which can then be used to rank foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Continuous models can be converted into categorical models simply by setting score threshold criteria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, a food might be defined as 'healthy' if it scores a certain number of points or more."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Continuous models are more flexible than categorical models since different score thresholds can be set for different food categories or for different purposes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With continuous models any small change in the nutritional value of a food will result in a small change to the score for that food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are several examples of such continuous models 9 - 11 ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The nutrient profile model developed for use in relation to regulating the promotion of food to children 4 is a semi-continuous model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For this model the final score for a food is always a whole number, and is determined by considering a number of score bands for each nutrient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hence, the scores are categorical and a small change in the nutritional value of a food may not result in a change to the score of the food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, the 333 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007223870 Published online by Cambridge University Press other advantages of continuous models (flexibility, direct comparability) are retained."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary advantage of continuous models over categorical models is their ability to differentiate between foods that are high in a number of nutrients and foods that are high in only one nutrient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, two biscuits - one of which is high in saturated fat and high in sodium, the other high in saturated fat but low in sodium - are indistinguishable using a categorical model used to define foods that are high in saturated fat or sodium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, a continuous model used for the same definition would rank the two biscuits appropriately, thereby providing more information to the user of the model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In developing a nutrient profile model for 'high in fat, sugar or salt' we have chosen to use a continuous approach so that the model will provide a ranking of foods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The levels set for the thresholds in categorical models or the numbers of points scored for a particular nutrient level in continuous models can be selected in a number of ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, they can be chosen pragmatically, taken from respected sources or linked to public health recommendations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In many cases the thresholds in existing categorical models appear to have been chosen pragmatically so that certain foods are included within a definition and/or so that that the levels coincide with food producers' views of what are attainable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In other cases the thresholds are taken from other respected sources (e.g. the proposed EU definition for a 'low fat' claim is consciously taken from the Codex Alimentarius definition, which in turn is a modification of the US definition (EU and Codex: ,3 g per 100 g; US: , 3 g per serving 3,17,18 ))."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such thresholds might be justifiable on the basis that they have been tried, and to some degree tested, elsewhere but they do not have any transparent or logical relationship to dietary recommendations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In developing nutrient profile models it is possible to ensure that threshold levels or points scored are explicitly and logically linked to public health recommendations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This can be done in various ways."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One way of doing this with across-the-board models is to use standard pro- portions of what have come to be known as Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) 19 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This was the approach taken in developing FSA advice on what counts as a lot or a little of various nutrients 18 and in developing definitions of 'less healthy' foods for use in relation to the promotion of food to children 4 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Another way of linking to public health recommendations, which is particularly suitable for food- category-specific criteria, is by modelling what needs to be achieved to reach desirable intake levels from current intake levels 20 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We had decided that the purpose of our nutrient profile model for 'high in fat, sugar or salt' was to help adults compare the nutrient content of different foods eaten at breakfast; therefore we decided that the numbers chosen for the points scored at different levels of fat, sodium and NMES should be related, in a standard way, to adult GDAs (sexes combined) of 82.3 g for fat, 2.3 g for sodium and 59.9 g for NMES."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These GDAs were calculated in a way described previously 19 and are similar to GDAs recently proposed by the Institute of Grocery Distribution 21 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using the seven-stage decision-making process to nutrient profiling that we have outlined above generates a simple nutrient profiling model for the purpose of highlighting breakfast cereals that are 'high in fat, sugar or salt'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The model has the following equation: The equation was used to calculate scores for a selection of breakfast cereals and other foods eaten at breakfast, using food composition data from the McCance and Widdowson database 16 and serving size data published by the former Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 22 . ( The data for the NMES content were derived from the total sugars data by a method described previously 4 .) The foods and their scores are presented in Table 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One possible definition of a food that is 'high in fat, sugar or salt' would be one that has a lot of fat, sugar or salt compared with the FSA advice on what constitutes 'a lot' 19 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This would be a simple categorical model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The data presented in Table 1 show that using this definition would mean that Sugar Puffs, Frosties, white bread toasted, wholemeal bread toasted, streaky bacon and scrambled egg count as such foods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The continuous model developed for this paper ranks foods as in Table 1, split into 'breakfast cereals' and 'other breakfast food' categories."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This continuous model can be converted to a categorical model by setting an arbitrary threshold score above which foods are defined as 'high in fat, sugar or salt'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If this threshold score is set at 325 then Frosties and streaky bacon would be defined as 'high in fat, sugar or salt', but Sugar Puffs, white bread toasted, wholemeal bread toasted and scrambled egg would not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, Bran Flakes, Cheerios and Sultana Bran would be defined as 'high in fat, sugar or salt'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our view, the continuous model is preferable to the categorical model because it takes account of medium levels of fat, salt and sugar and not just very high levels of these nutrients when categorising the foods. But we accept that this judgement should be subject to empirical verification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Methods of validating and comparing different nutrient profiling models will be dealt with elsewhere (Scarborough P, Boxer A, Rayner M and Stockley L, Testing P Scarborough et al. 334 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007223870 Published online by Cambridge University Press and validating nutrient profile models using data from a survey of nutrition professionals, submitted)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results of developing a nutrient profiling model to define a food as 'high in fat, sugar or salt' illustrate the particular advantage of continuous and across-the-board models, namely that foods can be compared within and outside particular food categories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The nutrient profiling scores shown in Table 1 clearly indicate which breakfast cereals are higher in fat, sugar or salt."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But they also show how individual breakfast cereals compare with other foods eaten at breakfast."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They show, for example, that individuals concerned only with reducing fat, NMES and sodium levels in their diet should regard all the breakfast cereals to be a better choice than scrambled egg and bacon, and most (but not all) would be a better choice than a croissant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The systematic approach to nutrient profiling we propose has the capacity to generate many different nutrient profile models even for the same purpose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Having generated different models they need to be tested to ascertain whether they are appropriate to the purpose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The issue of testing and validating nutrient profile models has not been raised here, but is covered in previous publications 4,6 and a parallel paper (Scarborough P, Boxer A, Rayner M and Stockley L, Testing and validating nutrient profile models using data from a survey of nutrition professionals, submitted)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrient profiling has, in the past, generally been carried out in a haphazard fashion."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The approach we propose here could help all those involved in nutrient profiling to systematise their methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3993__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The term ‘nutrient density’ for foods/beverages has been used loosely to promote the Dietary Guidelines for Americans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans defined ‘all vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, beans and peas (legumes), and nuts and seeds that are prepared without added solid fats, added sugars, and sodium’ as nutrient dense."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans further states that nutrient-dense foods and beverages provide vitamins, minerals and other substances that may have positive health effects with relatively few (kilo)calories or kilojoules."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Finally, the definition states nutrients and other beneficial substances have not been ‘diluted’ by the addition of energy from added solid fats, added sugars or by the solid fats naturally present in the food."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3993__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and other scientists have failed to clearly define ‘nutrient density’ or to provide criteria or indices that specify cut-offs for foods that are nutrient dense."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Today, ‘nutrient density’ is a ubiquitous term used in the scientific literature, policy documents, marketing strategies and consumer messaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the term remains ambiguous without a definitive or universal definition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional content is known as nutrient profiling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The goal of the present commentary is to address the research gaps that still exist before there can be a consensus on how best to define nutrient density, highlight the situation in the USA and relate this to wider, international efforts in nutrient profiling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "‘ Nutrient-dense foods’ are widely recommended; however, there is no consistent definition of what distinguishes a nutrient-dense food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There is also little understanding of how individual nutrient-dense foods fit into healthful dietary patterns."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The purpose of this commentary is to discuss how nutrient-dense foods have been defined and address some of the caveats of existing definitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0045__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The commentary also relates the challenges of defining nutrient density to recent efforts at nutrient profiling."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3993__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 2005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee placed a major emphasis on the selection of nutrient-dense foods, which were defined as ‘those foods that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories’ [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Conversely, non-nutrient-dense foods were defined as supplying energy but relatively small amounts of micronutrients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Consumption of nutrient-dense foods was endorsed by the 2005 [2] and 2010 [3] Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, neither the 2005 [2] nor the 2010 DGA [3] actually defined the terms ‘nutrient dense’ or ‘nutrient density’; rather, both listed food groups which they deemed ‘nutrient dense’: whole grains, fruit, vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, beans and peas, and nuts and seeds, prepared without added fats or sugars [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The implication was that these foods were healthful and others were not."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Neither the 2005 [2] nor the 2010 DGA [3] made an effort to use a more useful method of categorizing the nutrients that foods contributed at the expense of their SFA, added sugars or Na content."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3993__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrient profiling of foods is the science of ranking foods based on nutrient composition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The algorithms used to profile foods generate a numerical score which can then be used to help consumers make healthier choices [3–7], influence regulatory issues [8,9], help consumers rate foods using front-of-package labels or labels on store shelves [10,11], define healthy foods that can be advertised to children [12–15] and motivate industry to develop more healthful foods [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Table 1 shows a sample of the variety of nutrient density algorithms that have been used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The continuous systems that generate scores calculate and assign a score to each food item, which can then be used to rank and compare foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There is no score or scoring system that identifies an individual food as ‘nutrient dense’; foods are only nutrient dense in comparison with other foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The criteria used in nutrient profiling systems are not currently regulated and not all algorithms have been validated."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There are many unanswered questions and challenges relating to the development of a scientific definition of nutrient density and the application of this term [16–18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Many of the questions surrounding the definitions of nutrient density were identified in a Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics [17] and by Scarborough et al. [ 18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The DGA’s all-encompassing definition of nutrient-dense foods [3] also adds to these challenges/questions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Using these published references, herein we focus on eight of the important challenges related to defining nutrient density."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__critique__p0047__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We expand and explain these important challenges; highlight the situation in the USA; and relate the concept of defining nutrient density and its challenges to wider international efforts in nutrient profiling."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3993__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a fascinating article by Nicklas and colleagues [1], the authors tackle the problem of imprecise definitions of the nutritional quality of foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, they are concerned with the term ‘nutrient density’, used in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) [2], which is used to guide food selections in order to ensure a healthy diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "‘ Nutrient dense’ foods are described in the 2010 DGA as ‘those foods that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories’ and, more rigorously (but possibly contradictorily), as ‘all vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, beans and peas (legumes), and nuts and seeds, that are prepared without added solid fats, added sugars, and sodium’ [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nicklas et al. discuss the inherent difficulties in rigorously defining the term ‘nutrient density’ for the purpose of dietary advice, with reference to the growing literature on nutrient profiling, and in doing so they provide a very useful commentary on the challenges that surround nutrient profiling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the present commentary, we also tackle the difficulties introduced by vague definitions of the nutritional qualities of foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We then provide a description of what a nutrient profile model is, before describing situations where the precise measures provided by a nutrient profile model can be helpful."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We conclude by arguing that a nutrient profile model that robustly defines ‘nutrient density’ would not be useful for provision of dietary advice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Difficulties in describing the nutritional quality of foods"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 2010 DGA uses the term ‘nutrient dense’ to indicate foods that Americans should eat in order to achieve a healthy diet (e.g. the definition of ‘nutrient density’ concludes by stating ‘eating recommended amounts from each food group in nutrient-dense forms is the best approach to achieving … a healthy eating pattern’) [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this context, the term ‘nutrient density’ seems to be a synonym for ‘healthy’ or ‘healthful’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There are various terms that are used by academics, nutritionists, dietitians, public health policy makers and the lay public to describe the nutritional quality of foods, including healthy/unhealthy, healthful/unhealthful, healthier/less healthy, nutrient dense/energy dense and good/junk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These terms are rarely defined explicitly and if they are the definitions are frequently contested."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, as described in the paper by Nicklas et al. [ 1], the 2010 DGA definition of nutrient density includes vegetables, but not vegetables with added salt, despite the fact that adding a small amount of salt to a vegetable has a negligible impact on the amount of beneficial nutrients per unit of food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This example suggests that the term ‘nutrient dense’ is being used as a synonym for ‘healthier’, where the concept of ‘healthier-ness’ is based on providing beneficial nutrients to the diet while limiting the consumption of added solid fat, sugar and/or salt."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0050__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We think the DGA’s term nutrient dense is closer to ‘healthier’ rather than ‘healthy’ or ‘healthful’ as the DGA’s definition of nutrient density seems to be implicitly based on comparison – by most standards a radish with a small amount of salt added is a healthful food, but it is not as healthful as a radish without salt added, and it is this comparison that excludes vegetables with added salt from the DGA definition of ‘nutrient dense’."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A different conception of the nutritional quality of foods, and the language that can be used to describe it, is presented below."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Note that this conception is not by any means the only one possible (indeed, the fact that there are many different ideas about what is meant by a nutrient dense/healthy/healthful food contributes to the confusion surrounding the terms)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our conception places all foods onto a continuous spectrum ranging from ‘most healthful’ to ‘least healthful’ (or ‘most unhealthful’)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Within this spectrum, it is possible to compare any two foods, or any two sets of foods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Figure 1 provides an illustration of this concept and shows how ‘stewed apple with sugar’ is considered less healthful than ‘stewed apple’, and how ‘high-fat beef sausage’ is considered less healthful than ‘low-fat beef sausage’, but both sausages are considered less healthful than both stewed apples with or without sugar."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Note that the mechanisms used to measure the healthfulness of each food (e.g. the nutrients to include, the unit of measurement to use) are not yet relevant – it is the concept of the continuum of healthfulness that is important here."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We prefer the word ‘healthful’ (and ‘healthfulness’) rather than ‘healthy’ (and ‘healthiness’) as foods do not develop disease so it does not make sense to describe a food as healthy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We acknowledge that diets also do not develop disease, so it is anomalous to describe diets as healthy – we do so here to avoid conflicting terms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ‘correct’ order of the foods on the spectrum is dependent on how the spectrum is to be used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For this illustration, we are defining a healthful food as one that, when consumed, makes the total diet more healthy (and the greater the contribution to healthiness of the diet the more healthful the food is)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For this reason, we have placed water in the middle of the spectrum representing that it makes neither a positive nor a negative contribution to the healthiness of the diet (note that for different spectrums water will be placed in different places – if the spectrum is based purely on the presence of beneficial nutrients then water will not be considered healthful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0052__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If based purely on the absence of nutrients to be limited then water will be considered healthful)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Note our concept of a healthful food is not a food that is likely to contribute to a healthy diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Foods are eaten in patterns and combinations that can result in apparent anomalies in the comparison of healthful foods with healthy diets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, as Nicklas et al. point out [1], high-sugar breakfast cereals are often found to be components of a healthy diet [3], and they therefore argue that breakfast cereals should be defined as ‘nutrient dense’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We disagree."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There are many foods that are likely to be found to be a part of a healthy diet that have little to do with their nutritional quality but are due to the combinations in which they are eaten."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For example, salad dressing is often a part of a healthy diet because it is eaten with salad rather than because it is healthful in and of itself."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In our conception, high-sugar breakfast cereals are not defined as healthful as when consumed they make a (generally healthy) diet less healthy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A couple of important points should be made explicit here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, whether or not high-sugar breakfast cereals make total diets more or less healthy is entirely dependent upon the weight placed on beneficial nutrients and nutrients to be limited, whether fortificants are included in the calculations, etc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is all well covered in the article by Nicklas and colleagues [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, high-sugar cereals may be more healthful than some breakfast alternatives (e.g. a croissant and chocolate spread), but still not healthful per se."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is allowed by our conception of a continuum of healthfulness, but may not be allowed by other conceptions that are based on comparisons of foods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "What is (and isn’t) nutrient profiling?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Once a robust conception of ‘healthfulness’ is agreed, the next stage is to operationalise this conception."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One way of doing this is to group foods into categories and to distribute the categories along the continuum with (for example) fruits more healthful than chocolates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While this may be good enough for many purposes it is an unsatisfactory representation of the conception that we have built, as there is no room for differences within food categories and the positioning of food categories along the spectrum is arbitrary, leading to a ranking of food categories rather than a continuous scale."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We need a process that unambiguously places each food at a single point on the continuum based on some predefined criteria, and this is one of the things that a nutrient profile model can do."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A nutrient profile model is defined by the WHO as a set of equations or algorithms that ‘categorise foods for the purpose of health on the basis of their nutritional properties’ [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The key points here that define nutrient profile models are that they must only use information about a food in isolation (i.e. they do not take account of how often the food is consumed, in what context or in combination with what other foods) and they are specifically concerned with health."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore a model that aims to regulate health claims on high-fat, -salt or -sugar products by using a score for all foods on the basis of their fat, sugar and salt levels is a nutrient profile model; a model that estimates a ‘sustainability score’ on the basis of their carbon, water and land footprint is not a nutrient profile model; and a model that generates a score for a food based on the probability that the food is consumed in a sub-sample of a population that consumes a healthy diet is not a nutrient profile model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are at least two questions relating to this definition of a nutrient profile model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, does the definition allow for nutrient profile models that measure nutrients on a per serving basis?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This depends on whether ‘serving size’ is considered to be a property of a food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is hard to justify since so many foods are eaten in very different serving sizes depending on context (e.g. milk as a drink has a large serving size but as an addition to coffee has a small serving size)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A strict reading of the definition would therefore suggest that nutrient profile models should not use a per serving basis, but in practice many nutrient profile models use this measurement and it is generally accepted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, Nicklas et al. state that ‘[a] challenge [for defining nutrient density] is to identify a standard unit that reflects a reasonable serving for some foods and is a concept that consumers can understand’ [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0058__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We think that nutrient profile models are best suited to comparing the nutritional quality of foods (irrespective of the serving size they are consumed in) and considerations of how important the nutrient profile scores are for foods that are eaten in large or small quantities should be left to the users of the nutrient profile model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, how should ‘a food’ be defined? In most cases this is unproblematic, but in some cases foods are rarely if ever eaten in the form that they are sold (e.g. flour, dried pasta, instant drinking chocolate, breakfast cereal)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here it is necessary for each nutrient profile model to explicitly state whether the model should be applied to foods as sold or foods as consumed, and if the latter then how these consumed foods should be constructed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nutrient profile models can provide a precise score representing the healthfulness of all foods, but this precision can be deceptive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "What do the nutrient profile scores mean? They are based on many decisions and assumptions; for example, which nutrients should be included in the model, what weighting should be placed on each nutrient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These decisions have been detailed elsewhere [1, 5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It has been shown that different nutrient profile models sometimes agree and sometimes do not agree with each other [6, 7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This may be because the nutrient profile models are based on different conceptions of ‘healthfulness’ (e.g. one based on the presence of health-promoting micronutrients such as the Nutrient Value Score (NVS) [8] and one that balances positive and negative nutrients such as the SAIN:LIM score [9]), or because they have been developed in very different ways."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "While nutrient profile models can be useful tools for public health regulations, their inherent limitations should not be overlooked."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is important to separate the nutrient profile model from its application."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, the UK Food Standards Agency/Ofcom model that provides a healthfulness score for all foods is used to support the regulation of broadcast advertising of foods to children in the UK [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The regulation itself is clearly not a nutrient profile model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, the Choices International logo, applied to many food products internationally to identify healthy choices, is supported by a set of nutritional criteria and equations to identify healthy foods [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The criteria and equations are a nutrient profile model, whereas the logo itself is not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This distinction may seem simple, but the confusion between nutrient profile model and application is rife (e.g. Townsend [12])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In the following section, we discuss applications where nutrient profile models would be helpful and those where they would not."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When nutrient profiling can (and cannot) be useful"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A public health intervention could potentially benefit from a nutrient profile model if: (i) it is concerned with improving nutrition; and (ii) it operates on the food level (i.e. it does not take into account information about the diets or health status of individuals)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some examples of interventions that meet these criteria include: (i) regulation of health claims; (ii) restriction of foods supplied in school vending machines; (iii) criteria for front-of-pack nutrition labelling and health symbols; (iv) health-related food taxes and subsidies; and (v) restriction of marketing of unhealthy foods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second criterion here is crucial in uniting these interventions – they are all applied in contexts where individual foods must be considered independent of the context in which they are consumed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is not the case for dietary advice, where the aim is to provide advice about foods in the context of how they can combine to create a healthy diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this situation, the context provides more information which a nutrient profile model does not use in its calculations; for example, the combination in which foods are consumed, the need for dietary variety, the context-specific serving size in which foods are consumed, etc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0064__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nicklas et al. [ 1] describe some unintended consequences associated with using a ‘nutrient density’ approach for dietary advice, including that nutrient-dense foods are often eaten in combination with energy-dense foods, and suggest that to demonise one could affect consumption of the other. They argue that ‘the value of a food should be determined within the context of the whole diet’."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0064__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Where this is possible – as in the case of dietary advice – we agree, and given the definition of nutrient profiling provided above, this precludes the use of a nutrient profile model."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Conclusion"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3993", "paragraph_id": "triad_3993__response__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is confusion among policy makers and nutrition academics regarding the role of nutrient profile models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Much of this confusion is due to the vague definitions of ‘healthy’, ‘healthful’ and ‘nutrient dense’ that are often applied to foods without a complete conception about what is meant by these terms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, when a nutrient profile model (which must have an explicit basis for the categorisations or scores that it produces) is compared against these vague definitions, many apparent ‘anomalies’ are found, which may be due to poorly fitting nutrient algorithms but could also be due to the mismatch between different conceptions of ‘healthfulness’."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nutrient profile models can be useful tools for supporting a large range of public health interventions where only information on the nutritional quality of the food is available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3993__response__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Where additional information about the role of foods in the overall diet is available, nutrient profile models are less useful."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3993/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2142720475_W1992463327_W2316269407", "triad_name": "triad_3993", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3993__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the precise cause of multiple sclerosis remains unknown, various factors have been discovered that de- termine an individual's risk to develop this chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A majority of risk al- leles identified by genome-wide association studies relate to immune functions (Baranzini and Oksenberg, 2017), supporting an autoimmune aetiology for the CNS inflam- mation, demyelination and neurodegeneration that is characteristic of multiple sclerosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Environmental factors, such as a symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection at a vulnerable age (Ascherio and Munger, 2010), smok- ing (Wingerchuk, 2012) as well as lack of sunlight expos- ure (Bjornevik et al., 2014) and low levels of vitamin D (Munger et al., 2006; Ascherio et al., 2010) may also enhance the risk of developing multiple sclerosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The latter two factors could be interdependent, as the primary form of vitamin D, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is gener- ated in the skin upon ultraviolet (UV) radiation; alterna- tively, vitamin D can be ingested as part of the diet."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While diet is generally considered the minor source of vitamin D (Holick, 2004), it may become essential when UVB exposure is limited (Holick, 1987)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because vitamin D levels can be effectively and rapidly raised by diet, vita- min D supplementation has gained interest over recent years in multiple sclerosis as well as other chronic conditions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In general, patients with multiple sclerosis have relatively low levels of vitamin D, which may refer to genetic and metabolic alterations associated with multiple sclerosis itself (Nieves et al., 1994; Laursen et al., 2015; Mokry et al., 2015; Bhargava et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lower serum concentrations of vitamin D increase the likelihood of both relapses and early onset of disability progression (Runia et al., 2012), whereas levels above 70 nmol/l are associated with a decreased risk for attacks (Smolders et al., 2008)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While these findings clearly highlight low vitamin D levels as a negative predictor in multiple sclerosis, it is currently un- clear whether this association is causal and accordingly, whether therapeutically raising the level of vitamin D in patients with multiple sclerosis is of clinical benefit (Stein et al., 2011; Dorr et al., 2012; Bhargava et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Primarily based on the perception of its harmlessness it is nevertheless current practice to broadly supplement vitamin D in patients with multiple sclerosis, often at excessively high doses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In light of the current lack of evidence for a clear therapeutic benefit in multiple sclerosis we revisited this concept and investigated the clinical and immunolo- gical effect of chronic vitamin D exposure in the preclinical multiple sclerosis model, murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained after informed consent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The protocol was approved by the Ethics committee of the University Medicine of Gö ttingen, ap- proval number 3/4/14."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MOG p35-55 TCR transgenic 2D2 mice were kindly provided by Dr Kuchroo (Boston, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Central Department for Animal Experiments, University Medical Center, Gö ttingen and approved by the Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety of the State of Lower Saxony (protocol number 33.9-42502-04-13/1201, 33.9-42502-04-15/ 1804 and 33.9-42502-04-17/2615)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Female wild-type mice were immunized subcutaneously with 50 mg MOG peptide (p)35-55 MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK (Auspep) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma- Aldrich) containing 250 mg killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Ra (BD Bioscience) followed by intraperitoneal injections of 200 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (Sigma-Aldrich) on the day of immunization and 2 days thereafter."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "EAE severity was assessed daily and scored on a scale from 0 to 5 as follows: 0 = no clinical signs; 1.0 = tail paralysis; 2.0 = hindlimb paresis; 3.0 = severe hindlimb paresis; 4.0 = paralysis of both hindlimbs; 4.5 = hindlimb paralysis and beginning forelimb paresis; and 5.0 = moribund/death."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mice were fed with a diet containing either low (55 IU/kg food), standard (1500 IU/kg food) or high (75 000 IU/kg food) vitamin D3 concentrations (ssniff Spezialdiaeten) for at least 8 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These doses were chosen after a dose titration, as they generated serum vitamin D levels reflective of vitamin D defi- ciency (530 nmol/l), physiological vitamin D levels (100 nmol/ l) and continuous high-dose supplementation (250 nmol/l) in patients (Vieth, 1999; Burton et al., 2010; Smolders et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All three diets contained identical calcium (1%) and phosphate (0.7%) concentrations (Supplementary Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hypercalcaemia in mice was induced by daily intraperitoneal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/142/9/2737/5532100 by Institut Armand-Frappier user on 16 May 2024 injection of calcium gluconate (2000 mg/kg/day; Sigma- Aldrich) starting 3 days before immunization."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
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{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All data evaluation was performed using FlowJo software (FlowJo LLC, Ashland, USA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Production of IFN-, IL-17 and GM-CSF was measured using ELISA MAX TM Standard Set kits (BioLegend)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Absorbance was measured at 450 nm with subtraction of a 540 nm refer- ence wavelength on iMark TM microplate reader (Bio-Rad)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thymocytes were gently dissected from wild-type mice and passed through a 70 mm cell strainer (Greiner Bio-One) and apoptosis was induced by 1 mM dexamethasone (Sigma- Aldrich) incubation overnight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Apoptotic thymocytes were labelled with pHrodo Red, succinimidyl ester (pHrodo Red, SE; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and added to LPS pre-stimulated (50 ng/ml; overnight) splenic CD11b + cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After incubation of splenic CD11b + cells with apoptotic thymocytes at 37 C or on ice for 1 h phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the analysis of T-cell proliferation, T cells were stained with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), for evalu- ation of differentiation or migration across the blood-brain barrier model, T cells remained unstained."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "T cells were incu- bated in anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11 for murine T cells; clone OKT3 for human T cells), or anti-CD28 (clone 37.51 for murine T cells; clone CD28.2 for human T cells) (BioLegend) pre-coated wells for 48-72 h (for murine T cells) or 96-120 h (for human T cells)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To study the effects of calcium, cholecal- ciferol, 25-(OH)-vitamin D and 1,25-(OH) 2 -vitamin D on T- cell proliferation and differentiation, T cells were preincubated with the respective components at 37 C for 1 h. Calcium chloride was dissolved in complete medium, cholecalciferol, 25-(OH)-vitamin D as well as 1,25-(OH) 2 -vitamin D were dis- solved in absolute ethanol and adjusted to contain equal etha- nol concentrations after dilution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Monitoring of pH occurred with inoLab Õ pH Level 1 (WTW)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "T cells were pre-incubated in complete Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) medium (HBSS medium containing 1.3 mM CaCl 2 , 0.5 mM MgCl 2 and 1% foetal calf serum) with increas- ing calcium concentrations at 37 C for 1 h followed by stain- ing with 4 mg/ml Fluo-3 AM and 10 mg/ml Fura Red AM (Biomol) in complete HBSS (Thermo Fisher Scientific) contain- ing 0.02% Pluronic F-68 (Life Technologies) at 37 C for 30 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "T cells were kept on ice and directly before flow cytome- try acquisition pre-heated to 37 C for 5 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "After a 25-s baseline recording, human or mouse T cells were stimulated using 10 or 20 ng/ml ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "T cells were preincubated at the indicated calcium concentrations for 1 h at 37 C followed by stimulation in anti-CD3/anti-CD28 pre-coated 6-well plates for 1-6 h (murine T cells) or for 3-20 h (human T cells) at 37 C. Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Õ mini kit (Qiagen) and transcribed into cDNA using the QuantiNova TM Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Quantitative (q)PCR was per- formed using 500 nM per primer and qPCRBIO SyGreen (Nippon Genetics Europe) in a total volume of 10 ml on a QuantStudio TM 7 (Applied Biosystems)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Primers specific for IL- 2, GM-CSF, IFN- and beta-actin were purchased from Bio-Rad (for mouse) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (for human)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Quantitative PCR runs were performed at 95 C denaturating and 66 C or 68 C annealing temperature for mouse and human T cells, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Elongation was performed for 30 s and 40 cycles with subsequent melt-curve analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Primer speci- ficity was validated by product size analysis using a 2% agarose gel containing GelRed (Biotium) and UV light illumination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Detailed primer information are listed in the supplementary ma- terial (Supplementary Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Samples were analysed in dupli- cate or triplicate and considered valid when Ct 5 35 and standard deviation (SD) Ct 5 0.5."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Analysed cytokine expression was normalized to beta-actin expression loading control (ÁCt) in mice or human T cells, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0033__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "ÁÁCt values were calculated in comparison to the 1.0 mM Ca 2 + condition and relative gene expression was calculated by 2 ÀddCt ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Blood-brain barrier-endothelial cells (BBB-ECs) were isolated and cultured from non-epileptic surgical human CNS material as pub- lished previously (Ifergan et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Written informed consent was obtained from every donor prior to surgery (CHUM re- search ethics committee; approval number BH07.001 and HD04.046)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In vitro transmigration assays were performed using a modified Boyden chamber as published previously (Ifergan et al., 2006; Larochelle et al., 2012, 2015)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In brief, human BBB-ECs were grown to confluence on gelatin-coated 3-mm pore size Boyden chambers (Collaborative Biomedical Products) in culture medium supplemented with 40% astrocyte- conditioned medium."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the inflamed condition, TNF/IFN- (100 U/ml) was added in the upper chamber 24 h before the assay."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Boyden chambers were washed, and fresh medium was used for the transmigration assay."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Anti-CD3/anti-CD28-stimu- lated human T lymphocytes (10 6 ), which had been pre-incubated with the respective calcium concentrations were added to the upper chamber."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After 16 h, cells that had transmigrated across the BBB-ECs layer to the lower chamber were harvested, counted and analysed by flow cytometry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Migration experiments were performed in triplicates for each donor, in all conditions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Statistics were calculated using the software GraphPad Prism 5.01."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All in vivo and ex vivo comparisons were made to the standard vitamin D diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Serum concentrations of vitamin D3, serum and urine concentrations of calcium, phosphate and sodium as well as body weight, macrophage phagocytosis, ex vivo T-cell proliferation, cytokine concentrations are shown as mean AE standard error of the mean (SEM) and were analysed by the two-tailed t-test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Quantitative PCR results, in vitro T- cell viability, pH/calcium-/chloride concentrations in medium are shown as mean AE SEM and were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's mul- tiple comparison test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Clinical scores are depicted as mean AE SEM, composition of immune cells, white matter de- myelination and infiltration, monocyte- and T-cell activation and differentiation are shown as median and were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U-test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Calcium flux results are pre- sented as mean AE SEM and were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "T-cell migration results are shown as mean AE SEM and were ana- lysed by Friedman test followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0039__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Statistical analysis of the in vitro T-cell"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mice received a diet either containing a low concentration of vitamin D3 (55 IU vitamin D3/kg), representing vitamin D deficiency, a standard (1500 IU/kg) or a high (75 000 IU/kg) dose of vitamin D3 for 15 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As indicated in Supplementary Fig. 2A, the respective diet did not influence mean body weight."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In vivo, vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver and the kidney to its biologically active form 1,25- dihydroxy (1,25-(OH) 2 ) vitamin D3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The half-life of 1,25- (OH) 2 vitamin D is relatively short though, so that the vita- min D status is commonly assessed by measuring 25-(OH) vitamin D (Holick, 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As shown in Fig. 1A, mice in the low vitamin D group showed an average serum level below 30 nmol/l, which reflects a commonly accepted definition of vitamin D deficiency in humans (Holick, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The stand- ard group contained serum levels around 100 nmol/l, which is considered an upper normal vitamin D level in humans (Holick, 2007) and facility-housed mice (Bolton et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The high vitamin D diet led to serum 25-(OH) vita- min D concentrations of $250 nmol/l, a level that is com- monly achieved in patients by its continuous supplementation at high doses (Vieth, 1999; Burton et al., 2010; Smolders et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Mice that received the high vitamin D diet showed elevated concentrations of both total as well as ionized calcium in their serum."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Urine calcium concentrations were also substantially increased, indicating that long-term treatment with high vitamin D doses regularly caused hypercalcaemia in a predictable manner (Fig. 1B-H)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Vitamin D exerts immunomodulatory effects on cells within the innate and adaptive immune system, which widely ex- press cell surface vitamin D receptors (VDRs) (Cantorna et al., 2004)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, we examined whether the respect- ive vitamin D diet may have affected the frequency of T cells, B cells and myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in blood, lymph node and spleen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As indicated in Supplementary Fig. 3, high vitamin D was associated with an increase in frequency of T cells and fewer B cells in the blood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, in the spleen, these mice contained an elevated frequency of CD11c + dendritic cells and F4/ 80 + macrophages."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "EAE was induced after chronic vitamin D supplementa- tion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All three treatment groups developed EAE around Day 12 (Fig. 2A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mice that received the stand- ard dose of vitamin D developed the lowest scores, as ex- pected based on earlier EAE studies showing that short- term oral vitamin D administration ameliorated EAE and impaired activation and CNS migration of monocytes (Nashold et al., 2000) and T cells (Mayne et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Surprisingly, mice supplemented with high vitamin D dose manifested a more severe EAE course."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mice were main- tained on their respective diet throughout the entire disease course."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recognizing nutrition as a potential confounder, we monitored weights daily."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While low and high vitamin D groups had modestly higher mean body weights within days after immunization, there were no significant differ- ences in body weights in any groups throughout the disease course (Supplementary Fig. 2B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The unexpected clinical observation of an EAE exacerba- tion in the group of mice containing high vitamin D serum levels was further corroborated by histological analyses, revealing a significantly increased inflammatory infiltration of the CNS (Fig. 2B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An abundance of activated CNS infiltrating myeloid cells as well as an elevated number of CNS T cells was observed in the high dose vitamin D group (Fig. 2C-E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Enhanced cellular infiltration was associated with an increase in the extent of CNS demyelination (Fig. 2F)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "CNS T cells were isolated and evaluated for their dif- ferentiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As indicated in Fig. 2G, CNS T cells from mice with high vitamin D levels contained a significantly higher frequency of IFN- or IL-17 producing Th1- and Th17 cells, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, the frequency of FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Treg) within the CNS was slightly lower in the high vitamin D group (Fig. 2H)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Taken to- gether, the high dose vitamin D diet was associated with higher absolute numbers of myeloid cells and T cells and pro-inflammatory differentiation of these cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In light of the increased inflammatory CNS infiltration we analysed whether continuously high levels of vitamin D had Hypercalcaemia by vitamin D exacerbates EAE BRAIN 2019: 142; 2737-2755 | 2741 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/142/9/2737/5532100 by Institut Armand-Frappier user on 16 May 2024 promoted peripheral immune cell activation and differenti- ation prior to CNS transmigration."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Fig. 3A, myeloid APC from mice in the vitamin D high group indeed showed an enhanced surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory CD40, CD80 and CD86."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, expression of PD-L1, an inhibitory costimulatory molecule (Salama et al., 2003), or latency-associated pep- tide (LAP), a surface molecule indicative of a Treg-fostering TGF-beta production (Miyazono et al., 1991), was un- affected by the high vitamin D diet."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As a prerequirement for presentation to T cells, larger antigens must first be phagocytosed and processed by the APC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As indicated in Fig. 3B, in vivo vitamin D treatment dose-dependently increased the phagocytic capacity of mye- loid macrophages."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While this is likely of benefit in clearance of infections (Djukic et al., 2015), enhanced uptake of auto-antigen in contrast enlarges the basis to generate an auto-reactive adaptive immune response (Kinzel et al., 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conjunction with the elevated frequency of CD11c + dendritic cells and highly differentiated F4/80 + macrophages in vitamin D- treated naïve mice (Supplementary Fig. 3) these data thus suggest that high dose vitamin D supplementation is associated with matur- ation of myeloid APC, an increased surface expression of the molecular machinery participating in phagocytosis and antigen presentation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Standard and high vitamin D3 treatments were associated with a significant increase in expression of the early acti- vation marker CD69 on T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were also dose-de- pendent increases in the frequencies of activated CD25 + and antigen-experienced CD44 hi memory T cells (Baaten et al., 2012) (Fig. 4A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of interest, standard and high vita- min D supplementation was associated by an increase in Treg (Fig. 4B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When T cells were restimulated in vitro by anti-CD3/anti-CD28, however, in vivo high dose vitamin D-exposed T cells proliferated at a significantly higher rate as assessed by dilution of an intracellular dye (Fig. 4C) and preferentially differentiated into IFN- pro- ducing Th1 and IL-17 releasing Th17 cells (Fig. 4D and E)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The possibility that pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 dif- ferentiation of high vitamin D was due to a direct effect on T cells, or was a secondary effect resulting from enhanced APC maturation was investigated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Here, we used a co-cul- ture system, in which naïve T cells were activated by mye- loid APC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Either cell type was isolated from mice fed with low, standard or high vitamin D doses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on the substantial phenotypic alterations of CD11b + myeloid cells, we first focused on a possible APC-driven effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As indicated in Fig. 5A, myeloid APC continuously exposed to high vitamin D levels triggered a slightly higher prolifer- ation of myelin-specific T cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Yet, in vivo exposure of T cells to vitamin D exerted the greater contribution to enhanced T-cell proliferation; T cells isolated from mice treated with low or high vitamin D doses always prolifer- ated at a significantly higher rate independent of whether the activating myeloid APC had been treated with low, standard or high vitamin D (Fig. 5B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most strikingly, naïve myelin-specific T cells, which had been exposed to high vitamin D levels in vivo consistently differentiated into Th1 and Th17 cells, largely independent of the respect- ive APC origin (Fig. 5C and D); conversely, low, but even more so high vitamin D effectively prevented development of Treg ex vivo (Fig. 5E)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of note, the standard vitamin D diet generated T cells with the greatest propensity to differ- entiate into Treg cells when activated ex vivo, which is in line with a reported fostering effect of moderate vitamin D levels on the frequency and function Treg in mice (Korf et al., 2012) and humans (Barrat et al., 2002)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, to confirm that high 25-(OH) vitamin D levels influenced T- cell activation and differentiation directly in an antigen- and APC-independent manner, we stimulated CD4 + or CD8 + T cells purified from naïve mice fed with the low, medium and high vitamin D diet by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 directly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Parallel with our findings in EAE-diseased mice, high-dose vitamin D treatment accelerated proliferation of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells (Fig. 5F and G)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, T cells from high dose vitamin D-treated mice differentiated in a pro-inflammatory manner, when activated ex vivo (Supplementary Fig. 4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Based on these findings, next, we assessed the direct effect of vitamin D and its metabolites on both human and murine T cells in vitro."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Purified T cells were pre-incubated with cholecalciferol, 25-(OH)-vitamin D or 1,25-(OH) 2 - vitamin D at increasing concentrations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most importantly, these concentrations reflected both the serum ranges mea- sured in our EAE study as well as low, physiological, and supra-physiological levels in humans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "None of the vitamin D concentrations affected viability of human or murine T cells in culture (Supplementary Fig. 5A-F)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As indicated in Fig. 6A-F, 25-(OH)-vitamin D or 1,25-(OH) 2 -vitamin D clearly inhibited proliferation of both human and murine CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in a dose-dependent manner, while non-hydroxylated cholecalciferol only exerted this effect on human T cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results confirmed a direct regulatory effect of vitamin D itself on T cells (Mayne et al., 2011; Peelen et al., 2011) and thus failed to explain the enhanced proliferation and pro-inflammatory differen- tiation of T cells observed in high dose vitamin D-treated mice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In search of an alternative explanation, we next investi- gated a possible T-cell excitatory effect of calcium (Quintana et al., 2011; Monaco et al., 2016) in our model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Purified human and murine T cells were exposed to various calcium concentrations ranging from 1 to 3 mM (Fig. 7A-H)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, in these in vitro assays we extended the range to include lower concentrations of cal- cium, having in mind that in the serum of our vitamin D- treated mice a substantial proportion is bound to protein (Fig. 1B, C and Supplementary Fig. 6A), which may reduce its direct availability for T cells proportionally."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As shown in Fig. 7A and B, calcium dose-dependently accelerated pro- liferation of both human and murine CD4 + and CD8 + T- cells in this setting, while chloride levels, pH and T-cell viability remained unaffected (Supplementary Fig. 6B-E)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further dissecting this observation, we monitored the cellu- lar calcium influx upon T-cell activation (Gwack et al., 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To account for a protein-reduced medium in these assays we used a lower range of total calcium concentra- tions (Supplementary Fig. 6F) and checked again that chlor- ide levels and pH remained unaffected (Supplementary Fig. 6G and H)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As indicated in Fig. 7C and D, raising extra- cellular calcium to concentrations again equivalent to the serum levels of ionized calcium in our vitamin D fed mice caused a significant increase in the mean calcium influx, triggering an upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene prod- ucts (Fig. 7E and F)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Lastly, we corroborated that this direct T-cell stimulating effect of calcium also occurred in vivo."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0070__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "For this purpose, we repetitively and continuously"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Geographical latitude correlates with multiple sclerosis in- cidence (Acheson et al., 1960) which highlights the influ- ence of environmental factors in multiple sclerosis (Ascherio and Munger, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lack of exposure to sun- light, UV radiation and hereby relatively low levels of vita- min D in the context of its emerging immunoregulatory properties provides one attractive explanation for this cor- relation (Nielsen et al., 2017); the central question remain- ing though is whether lack of vitamin D is causal in triggering multiple sclerosis activity or an epiphenomenon of insufficient sun light exposure as the true risk factor (Schwarz et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A direct effect of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis activity is yet the conceptual requirement for all current efforts to therapeutically raise its level in affected patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Empiric vitamin D supplementation stu- dies thus far have provided conflicting results (Stein et al., 2011; Loken-Amsrud et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, adding vitamin D3 to interferon treatment reduced MRI activity in a small trial with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients (Soilu-Hanninen et al., 2012), which was recently confirmed by a larger phase II study (Hupperts et al., 2017)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Unfortunately, the conclusions from these studies are limited as both interferon-beta (IFNb) and vitamin D interact in modulating multiple sclerosis disease activity, and data indicate that sufficient vitamin D is a prerequisite for the benefit of IFNb (Stewart et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While available data indicate that moderate vitamin D supplemen- tation is safe in multiple sclerosis (Sotirchos et al., 2016), results of ongoing larger placebo-controlled trials are needed to clarify whether therapeutic vitamin D supplemen- tation is beneficial in multiple sclerosis independent of con- comitant disease modifying therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our results suggest that modest vitamin D supplementa- tion may have a beneficial effect in EAE, while those data were not significant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We report here, to our knowledge for the first time, that continuous supplementation with high doses of vitamin D yet exerted a highly significant para- doxical effect, promoting exacerbation of clinical and histo- logical EAE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This outcome was underpinned by an accentuated phenotype and function of myeloid APC as well as an unleashed development of pro-inflammatory T cells upon high dose vitamin D treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further, high- dose vitamin D similarly accelerated activation and differ- entiation of both myeloid APC and T cells in unimmunized healthy mice (Fig. 5F, G and Supplementary Fig. 7), indi- cating that the high vitamin D dose exerted a broad immune cell activating effect independent of an inflamma- tory context."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At first glance, these findings appear to con- flict with several other experimental studies, which mainly reported a clinical benefit of vitamin D treatment in EAE, also at higher doses (Lemire and Archer, 1991; Cantorna et al., 1996; Nashold et al., 2000); however, all of these studies evaluated short-term vitamin D supplementation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In most of these studies, hydroxylated forms of vitamin D were investigated in a brief intervention regimen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most likely as a result, none of these studies reported develop- ment of hypercalcaemia."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Elevated serum calcium was, how- ever, observed in another study continuously exposing mice to high doses of vitamin D (Spach and Hayes, 2005), again suggesting that it may develop only after an extended period of exposure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The strength of our study is that we supplemented vitamin D for several months before assess- ing EAE susceptibility, and that we fed cholecalciferol, the metabolite supplemented in humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a result, we mea- sured serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D, again the mol- ecule most commonly assessed in humans, reflective of patients with multiple sclerosis considered vitamin D-defi- cient, with physiological or high vitamin D levels"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Binding of vitamin D to immune cells and subsequent VDR signalling regulates pro-inflammatory immune func- tions (Peelen et al., 2011) and is likely of benefit in sup- pression of CNS autoimmune disease (Meehan and DeLuca, 2002; Xie et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In line with these studies, our in vitro results confirm a direct beneficial effect of vita- min D and its metabolites on T cells (Peelen et al., 2011), inhibiting their activation and pro-inflammatory differenti- ation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of note, the extent of this effect was consistently greater on CD8 + than on CD4 + T cells, following the relative expression levels of the VDR on these cells (Veldman et al., 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Interestingly, B cells can only react to vitamin D after initial activation and subsequent upregulation of the VDR, as their constitutive expression is relatively low (Provvedini et al., 1983, 1986)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0076__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nevertheless, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 has been shown to reduce B-cell prolifer- ation, plasma and memory cell differentiation and induced apoptosis in proliferating B cells (Chen et al., 2007)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These findings suggest that the direct effect of vitamin D on both human and murine lymphocytes is indeed of anti- inflammatory nature and most likely beneficial in an auto- immune setting."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our results indicate that in contrast, a rise in the serum calcium exerts the opposite effect on T cells, which can ap- parently override any clinical benefit of vitamin D in EAE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is in line with the earlier finding that adding the cal- cium-lowering hormone calcitonin additively augmented the therapeutic benefit of a vitamin D in EAE (Becklund et al., 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Calcium acts as a second messenger promoting cell cycle progression in many cell types, including lymphocytes (Feske, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "T-cell receptor signalling raises intracellular calcium at first by its release from the endoplasmatic reticu- lum, and to the greater extent by subsequent extracellular calcium influx through plasma membrane calcium channels (Kuno and Gardner, 1987; Lewis, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Only the latter is capable of raising intracellular and nuclear calcium levels over an extended period of time, which is required to pro- mote activation, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells (Dolmetsch et al., 1998; Vig and Kinet, 2009), includ- ing clonal expansion of T cells (Vaeth et al., 2017)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0079", "paragraph_index": 79, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is precisely the scenario and the sequence of events which we identified to underlie deterioration of EAE severity in our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Modelling hypercalcaemia at the levels observed upon continuous high dose vitamin D treatment in vivo acti- vated T cells independent of vitamin D. Mechanistically, an elevated level of calcium triggered its increased influx into T cells upon activation, which led to an upregulation of pro- inflammatory gene products."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These initial events were fol- lowed by an unleashed proliferation and encephalitogenic differentiation of both human and murine T cells, corrobor- ating a causal sequence of high dose vitamin D treatment, secondary hypercalcaemia and a promoted development of disease-driving encephalitogenic T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While there is cur- rently no molecule to selectively interfere with the calcium influx into immune cells in vivo, genetically determined in- ability of these calcium channels to function in T cells com- pletely blocked EAE by preventing development of myelin- reactive Th1 and Th17 cells (Ma et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Along the same lines, therapeutic blockade of calcium channels by nimodipine was recently reported to suppress EAE (Schampel et al., 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This clinical benefit was primarily attributed to restored remyelination, but furthermore, may relate to attenuated T-cell activation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In conjunction, these findings indicate that worsening of EAE in our high vitamin D group indeed occurred as a consequence of raising the mean calcium level."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0079__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In greater context, these data implicate that the clinically desirable effect of modest vitamin supple- mentation may be reflective of immune-regulatory VDR sig- nalling, while exacerbation of T cell-mediated CNS autoimmunity at excessive vitamin D doses is primarily attributed to raising the mean calcium level."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__original__p0080", "paragraph_index": 80, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0080__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hypercalcaemia in its extent comparable to the levels associated with deterioration of EAE commonly occurs in humans supplemented with high doses of vitamin D (Malihi et al., 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0080__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In conjunction with these observations, our novel findings highlight excessive vitamin D supplementation and resulting hypercalcaemia as novel risk factors promot- ing worsening of CNS demyelinating disease."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__original__p0080__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our data cau- tion that in light of the currently limited information on a direct beneficial effect of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis, patients with multiple sclerosis may be at danger of experi- encing untoward immunological and/or clinical effects when vitamin D is supplemented excessively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_552__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081", "paragraph_index": 81, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read the recent paper of Ha¨usler et al. ( 2019) with great interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors report observations in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model suggesting that vitamin D3-induced hypercalcaemia is detrimental for the disease course of multiple sclerosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The main sign of vitamin D toxicity is hypercalcaemia, which can lead to loss of kidney function and cardiovascular complications, among others [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Ha¨usler et al. show that high calcium levels exacerbate immunological processes potentially harmful for neuroinflammation of multiple sclerosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In their experiments, 10 weeks of high-dose vitamin D3 in C57BL/6 mice (n = 8) induced 25(OH)D levels exceeding 200 nmol/l, a rise of circulating calcium levels, and a steep increase in urine calcium levels [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0081__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We performed several supplementation studies using high-dose vitamin D3 supplements in patients with multiple sclerosis, and did not observe these dramatic effects on markers of calcium metabolism."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_552__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082", "paragraph_index": 82, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A safety study of 12 weeks of 500 mg/d (20 000 IU/d) vitamin D3 supplements in 15 interferon beta-treated participants with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) showed no cases of hypercalciuria, defined as a spot urine calcium/creatinine ratio exceeding 1.0 mM/mM [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additionally, no cases were observed of hypercalcaemia, defined as serum calcium levels exceeding 2.6 mmol/l."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "At group level, serum calcium levels remained stable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Serum 25(OH)D levels were elevated to a median level of 380 nmol/l."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "One relapse of multiple sclerosis occurred at Week 7, another at Week 19 during the safety follow-up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0082__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "No increases in CD4 + T cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) or interleukin 17 (IL-17) were noted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_552__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__critique__p0083", "paragraph_index": 83, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0083__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the SOLAR trial, 48 weeks of 350 mg/d (14 000 IU/d) vitamin D3 supplements in n = 113 versus placebo in n = 116 interferon beta-treated participants with RRMS did not show any cases of hypercalcaemia using the same definitions [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0083__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were two cases of mild-to-moderate hypercalciuria in the vitamin D3, and three in the placebo group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0083__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Serum 25(OH)D levels were elevated to a median level of 215 nmol/l."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0083__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There was no difference in proportion of participants free of disease activity between the treatment arms; secondary MRI endpoints suggested benefit in the vitamin D3 arm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0083__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In a subgroup of Dutch participants, no increases in CD4 + T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-17 or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were noted [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_552__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__critique__p0084", "paragraph_index": 84, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0084__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a 16-week study of 100 mg/d (4 000 IU/d) vitamin D3 supplements in 25 first line disease-modifying drug-treated participants with RRMS versus placebo (n = 23), no cases of hypercalcaemia were observed, using the same definitions [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0084__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At the Week 8 visit, there were five cases of hypercalciuria, three in the placebo and two in the vitamin D3 arm, which all resolved spontaneously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0084__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Serum 25(OH)D levels were elevated to a median level of 139.9 nmol/l."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0084__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Two relapses were recorded, one in the vitamin D3 and one in the placebo arm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0084__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No increases in CD4 + T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-17, or GM-CSF were noted [7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_552__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__critique__p0085", "paragraph_index": 85, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0085__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The effects of increased 25(OH)D levels on serum and urine calcium levels in inbred mouse strains suffering from EAE cannot be extrapolated to people suffering from multiple sclerosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0085__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the data of Ha¨usler et al. stress the importance of monitoring calcium metabolism carefully in clinical studies on high doses of vitamin D3 in multiple sclerosis [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0085__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "High-dose vitamin D3 supplements without hypercalcaemia were not associated with adverse multiple sclerosis outcomes, or with a more pro-inflammatory composition of the T cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0085__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These observations are supported by several other controlled studies on moderate to high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in multiple sclerosis [9][10][11][12][13][14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__critique__p0085__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The question whether supplementing such high doses of vitamin D3 is of any additional benefit on relevant multiple sclerosis endpoints when compared to moderate doses should become clear from controlled studies comparing these doses or meta-analyses of clinical trials."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_552__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__response__p0086", "paragraph_index": 86, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0086__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hereby we would like to reply to the comments by Smolders et al. ( 2019) regarding our recent publication describing a clinical deterioration in a murine model of multiple sclerosis upon high-dose vitamin D supplementation, which is mediated by a T cell-stimulatory effect of secondary hypercalcaemia [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0086__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Smolders et al. highlight that several high-dose vitamin D supplementation studies in multiple sclerosis patients reaching 25(OH)D median levels of up to 380 nmol/l reported no hypercalcaemia [2][3] and only single cases of hypercalciuria [4] occurring in both the treatment and placebo groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0086__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, the authors described no development of pro-inflammatory T cells after high-dose vitamin D supplementation, concluding that hypercalcaemia rather than high-dose vitamin D3 supplements could exacerbate multiple sclerosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_552__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__response__p0087", "paragraph_index": 87, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0087__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We agree with this suggestion, observing that a moderate dose of vitamin D suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and that direct in vitro exposure of murine or human T cells to vitamin D and its metabolites even at supra-physiological doses inhibited proliferation and pro-inflammatory differentiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0087__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By contrast, directly exposing murine, but also human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to hypercalcaemic concentrations caused an increased susceptibility to activation, an upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene products as well as an enhanced capacity of activated T cells to transmigrate across a blood–brain barrier model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0087__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, raising calcium concentrations directly in vivo resulted in increased expression of activation markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_552__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__response__p0088", "paragraph_index": 88, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0088__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We want to emphasize that our investigations hereby support that vitamin D itself exerts a favourable effect in inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease; furthermore, we fully agree that our experimental data by no means can be used to extrapolate how regularly and/or persistently hypercalcaemia occurs upon high-dose vitamin D supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis; to date it indeed has only been reported in a few cases on high dose vitamin D therapy, especially when combined with calcium intake [5][6][7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0088__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Yet we believe that our mechanistic observations caution that an uncritical and continuous supplementation with very high doses of vitamin D as propagated by few individuals in the field may not be advisable, especially when possible effects on the calcium metabolism are not regularly monitored."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0088__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this situation, the undesirable effects of hypercalcaemia, including the newly reported activation of potentially pathogenic T cells, may indeed occur more frequently and outweigh any possible benefit of vitamin D itself."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_552__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "552", "paragraph_id": "triad_552__response__p0089", "paragraph_index": 89, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_552__response__p0089__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We believe that the comments by Smolders et al. thus adequately contextualize our experimental data, and that we can jointly conclude on the note that moderation and monitoring may be advisable in vitamin D supplementation of multiple sclerosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_552/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2959401532_W2982480142_W2982312718", "triad_name": "triad_552", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_552__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants in the Multiethnic Cohort Study were re- cruited between 1993 and 1996 through targeted mailings to men and women aged 45-74 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A total of 215,251 men and women completed a self-administered baseline questionnaire that obtained information on medical history, family cancer history, diet, medication usage, physical ac- tivity, smoking history, alcohol intake, and women's repro- ductive history, including menopausal status and hormone use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A description of the methods used to create the cohort and the characteristics of cohort members has been pub- lished elsewhere (19)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The proposal for this work was ap- proved by the institutional review boards of the University of Southern California and the University of Hawai'i."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Informed consent was obtained in writing from cohort par- ticipants, as per the protocol."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A total of 103,893 female African-American, Japanese- American, Native Hawai'ian, Latina, and non-Latina White cohort members with no history of breast, ovarian, or endo- metrial cancer were eligible for this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of these, 95,704 women with a mean age of 59.7 years (10th-90th percentile range, 47.0-71.0) had valid nonmissing data for the vari- ables of interest and were included in the final analysis (table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Only data from the baseline questionnaire were used in the current analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A woman was considered postmenopausal if her men- strual periods had stopped naturally or if she had undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Women in the second category were censored in this analysis, as were pre- menopausal women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For 1,452 women who were missing data on age at menopause but for whom we had data on when they began using hormone therapy, the age at initiation of hormone therapy was assigned as the age of menopause."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Age at menopause was recorded in the baseline question- naire in four categories: <45, 45-49, 50-54, and 55 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Women who were older at baseline than the maximum age of the selected category were assigned an event age at the midpoint of the category (43, 47, 52, or 57 years)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If a subject's age at baseline was within the category she se- lected for her age at natural menopause, her event age was calculated as the midpoint between the start of the category and her age at baseline."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Premenopausal subjects were as- signed a censoring age in a parallel manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, a 53-year-old premenopausal woman was censored at age 51.5 years, the midpoint between her age at menopause and the start of the corresponding age-at-menopause category."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Categories of age at hysterectomy or bilateral oophorec- tomy were <45, 45-49, and 50 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects reporting menopause by surgery in one of the first two categories (<45 years or 45-49 years) were assigned a censoring age in a manner parallel to the manner in which naturally men- opausal subjects were assigned an event age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Women with surgical menopause whose age at baseline was older than the highest age of the self-reported age-at-surgery category were assigned a censoring age at the midpoint of the self- reported age-at-surgery category (43 years or 47 years)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If a subject's age at baseline fell within the category she se- lected for her age at surgery, the censoring age was calcu- lated as the midpoint between the start of the category and her baseline age."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Subjects reporting menopause by surgery in the highest category (50 years) were treated in a differ- ent manner, because the age at natural menopause had one additional category on the upper end (55 years)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Subjects between 50 and 54 years of age at baseline were assigned a censoring age at the midpoint between their baseline age and 50 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Subjects aged 55-57 years at baseline were censored at the midpoint between their baseline age and 55 years, and those older than 57 years at baseline were censored at age 57 years."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to race/ethnicity, we considered the following factors, on which data were collected at baseline, as poten- tial predictors of the timing of natural menopause: smoking history, age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, years of oral contraceptive use, and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m) 2 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 1 shows the categories used for each of these factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Smoking history was defined by a six-level variable that separated women whose smoking might have been temporally relevant to menopause (never smoker, smoker who started smoking after age 45 years, smoker who quit before age 45 years and smoked 10 cig- arettes per day, smoker who quit before age 45 years and smoked >10 cigarettes per day, current smoker at age 45 years who smoked 10 cigarettes per day, and current smoker at age 45 years who smoked >10 cigarettes per day)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Body mass index was categorized according to World Health Organi- zation guidelines (<20, 20-24.9, 25-29.9, or 30) (20)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We used univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the time metric (21) to assess the association (hazard ratio) between exposure and out- come variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Subjects were considered to have entered the study at birth and remained under follow-up until they completed the baseline questionnaire (when they joined the Multiethnic Cohort Study) or until one of the following events occurred: natural menopause (event) or surgery re- sulting in the end of menses, including hysterectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy (censored observation)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, women who were premenopausal at baseline were censored at the A series of univariable analyses were performed in which a model with each single variable of interest was tested by likelihood ratio test against a model that fitted only an in- tercept term."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Variables showing statistically significant as- sociations with timing of natural menopause in univariable analyses were subsequently tested for independent associa- tions in a multivariable model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We fitted a series of multi- variable failure-time models in which a woman failed at the time of natural menopause and which included both race/ ethnicity and smoking to determine the factors associated with the relative timing of natural menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A forward stepwise regression approach was used, with variables enter- ing the model when at least one of the categories had a p value less than 0.01."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Once a full model was identified, a backward stepwise regression approach was used, with variables being excluded when no category had a p value less than 0.01."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Trend tests for ordinal variables were performed by fitting as a single variable the ordinal categories of increasing expo- sure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "A test for interaction with race/ethnicity was performed on each covariate retained in the final model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "All statistical significance levels (p values) quoted are two-sided."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0007__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "An alpha level of 0.05 was used as the threshold for statistical signif- icance, unless otherwise explicitly stated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study population included a substantial proportion of Japanese-American (27.8 percent), non-Latina White (25.4 percent), Latina (20.8 percent), and African-American (18.8 percent) women (table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, 7.2 percent were Native Hawai'ians."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of the Latinas, 48.5 percent had been born outside of the United States."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A chi-squared test for the difference in the proportions of subjects by racial/ethnic group for each variable shown in table 1 was statistically significant (all p's 0.01)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In characterizing the study pop- ulation, African Americans tended to be somewhat heavier and to have earlier first full-term pregnancies and were more likely to have undergone surgical menopause (hysterectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy (43.1 percent)) than women in any of the other racial/ethnic groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In table 1, partic- ipants in the category of surgical menopause by bilateral oophorectomy may also have had a hysterectomy, whereas participants categorized as having undergone surgical men- opause by hysterectomy had only ever had a hysterectomy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Native Hawai'ians were the youngest of the racial/ethnic groups and were relatively overweight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Japanese Americans were leaner, were less likely to smoke (as were the non-US- born Latinas), and had a later age at first full-term pregnancy than women in other racial/ethnic groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A greater propor- tion of non-Latina Whites were nulliparous than women in other racial/ethnic groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Non-US-born Latinas had later ages at menarche than US-born Latinas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the univariable analyses, race/ethnicity and smoking were significantly associated with the timing of natural menopause (data not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, in testing of additional variables, we retained race/ethnicity and smoking in the models."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, years of oral contraceptive use, and body mass index were significantly associated with relative timing of natural menopause in univariable analyses with race/ethnicity and smoking forced into the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Of these factors, age at menarche, parity, and body mass index were significantly independently associated with relative timing of natural menopause in the multivariable model, in addition to race/ ethnicity and smoking (table 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In table 2, the independent effect of race/ethnicity in the timing of natural menopause in the multivariable model is evident."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Latinas, particularly those not born in the United States, experienced significantly earlier menopause than did non-Latina Whites (non-US-born Latinas: hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 1.25, 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 1.30; US-born Latinas: HR ¼ 1.10, 95 percent CI: 1.07, 1.14)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Native Hawai'ians showed a borderline-significant effect that pointed in the same direction as the effect for Latinas (HR ¼ 1.05, 95 percent CI: 1.01, 1.09)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "African Americans did not differ significantly from non-Latina Whites (HR ¼ 0.99, 95 percent CI: 0.96, 1.02)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Japanese Americans expe- rienced later menopause than non-Latina Whites (HR ¼ 0.93, 95 percent CI: 0.90, 0.95)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Race/ethnicity-specific hazard ra- tios were obtained from a series of models in which race and smoking were forced in and into which each covariate associ- ated with the timing of natural menopause was added in- dividually."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A comparison of these models showed no alteration in the race/ethnicity-specific hazard ratios (data not shown)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Age at natural menopause in the developed world is ap- proximately normally distributed, ranging between 40 years and 58 years, with an approximate mean of 51.4 years (22)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This broad range may be due to real differences in age at natural menopause, driven by variation in an incom- pletely defined set of predictors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It may also be attributed to methodological issues, including differing or problematic methods of classification of menopausal status, use of con- venience samples such as hospital patients, potentially in- accurate recall in retrospective assessment of age at event and covariate information, inconsistent treatment of hormone therapy users, lack of data on demographic and physiologic covariates, and paucity of data on diverse pop- ulations (see reviews by the World Health Organization (23) and Crawford (24))."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the current study, we investigated a host of lifestyle and reproductive variables that may influ- ence the timing of natural menopause in the large, population- based Multiethnic Cohort Study cohort."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this racially/ ethnically diverse study of over 90,000 women, Japanese- American race/ethnicity was independently associated with relatively late natural menopause and Latinas were found to experience relatively early natural menopause, with those born in the United States experiencing the event later than those born outside the United States."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Adjustment for other factors did not significantly alter the magnitude of these racial/ethnic effects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Most previous studies that assessed predictors of the tim- ing of natural menopause did not address whether the timing of natural menopause differed by race/ethnicity, because of the predominance of European ancestry in the study popu- lations (6, 25-31)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The findings of one prospective study (13) and three cross-sectional studies (14-16) suggested that African-American women experienced natural menopause earlier than non-Latina Whites; Gold et al. ( 17) reported that Japanese Americans experienced menopause later than non- Latina Whites."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "None of these findings were conclusive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The independent racial/ethnic effect reported in this study does not discount the hypothesis that age at natural meno- pause is a heritable trait."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Torgerson et al. ( 8) reported an association between age at natural menopause and maternal age at natural menopause in a study of 551 women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Inves- tigators have reported heritability estimates for age at natural menopause that have ranged from 31 percent to 63 percent (11, 12, 32, 33)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Genome-wide linkage studies with age at natural menopause as a continuous quantitative phenotype have identified several loci with strong signals (34, 35)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Other studies have suggested associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in several pathways (36-41)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Of all environmental factors studied previously, smoking has been most consistently associated with the timing of natural menopause (17, 42-48)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have reported a dose- response relation between timing and amount of smoking and age at natural menopause that is consistent with evi- dence from a quantitative review (49)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The mechanism by which smoking affects the timing of natural menopause is not fully understood, and it is likely to involve more than one pathway (50-53)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Reproductive factors, particularly those hypothesized to influence ovulation or follicle attrition, are somewhat contro- versial with respect to timing of natural menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The di- rection of our results regarding age at menarche (54) and parity (13, 25, 27, 48) is consistent with previous reports."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In our data, it appears that women with a low body mass index (body mass index <20) have an earlier age at natural meno- pause than heavier women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the postmenopausal period, women with a high body mass index have higher circulating levels of estrogen than leaner women through the increased aromatization of androstenedione that occurs in body fat (55)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is possible, in women transitioning through menopause (i.e., perimenopausal women), that some additional adipose- tissue-derived estrogen may support the continuation of menstrual cycles in heavier women relative to leaner women."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The current study had several strengths."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The multiethnic design enabled us to attempt to address whether the timing of natural menopause differed by racial/ethnic group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ex- tensive information from the baseline questionnaire offered us the opportunity to assess racial/ethnic variation in the timing of natural menopause while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Use of a failure-time modeling approach enabled us to avoid excluding a large proportion of subjects."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, this analysis was potentially limited by several factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, this is a cross-sectional data set and it may contain errors in recall."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, we might predict that increased error in recall would be associated with in- creasing age or decreasing socioeconomic status."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To assess this quantitatively, we conducted an analysis limited to women who were less than 60 years of age at baseline."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We also tested the addition of an attained education variable (high school or less, some college/vocational school, college graduation or higher) as a surrogate for socioeconomic sta- tus."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Finally, we limited the analysis to women with an edu- cation in the higher two categories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "With no method did any of the race/ethnicity-specific hazard ratios change by more than 10 percent."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0020__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "These results argue against differential re- call by age and socioeconomic status."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another limitation stems from the fact that the variable for age at natural menopause was categorical, which pre- vents the easy translation of the hazard ratios into a differ- ence in years or months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, to provide an idea of what a hazard ratio means in terms of months, we used a method published by Krailo et al. ( 56)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Assuming a median age at natural menopause of 50 years, a hazard ratio of 1.25, corresponding to the largest multivariate race/ethnicity- specific hazard ratio reported herein, which was specific to the non-US-born Latinas, would translate into a difference of 0.72 years or 8.64 months."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, there was a small group of women (n ¼ 1,452; 1.5 percent of the total) who were missing data on age at menopause but for whom we had data on when they began using hormone therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For these women, we defined age at menopause as the age at which they reported starting the use of hormone therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By definition, these women will tend to have been assigned a menopausal age lower than their true age at menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This would mean that groups with higher proportions of such women would appear to have had an earlier meno- pause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We tested whether our coding was biasing our results in several ways, including 1) entering an indicator variable (1 ¼ age at menopause assigned as age at first use of hor- mone therapy, 0 ¼ age at menopause known) in the final multivariable model, 2) censoring the women with an age at menopause assigned as age at first use of hormone therapy at the age at first use of hormone therapy, and 3) excluding all of the women with an age at menopause assigned as age at first use of hormone therapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There was no significant change in the race/ethnicity-specific hazard ratios, indicat- ing that our coding did not produce material bias."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The categorical nature of these data also posed a problem in choosing a method for assignment of censoring ages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We tested methods extensively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, for women older than 55 years at baseline who reported an age at surgical menopause of 50 years or older, we tested several methods, including one in which we assigned a censoring age based on the relative distribution of the timing of natural meno- pause by race/ethnicity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The estimates for the race/ethnicity- specific hazard ratios did not change significantly from those shown for any of these different methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another possible limitation of our data was our measure of body mass index."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since we did not have access to body mass index as a time-dependent variable, we relied on body mass index at baseline as an approximation of relevant body mass index."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We find no conclusive prospective evidence in the literature for an independent effect of menopause on body mass index."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, we consider this an interesting future research question."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, there is evidence that weight in women increases with age (55)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, the partic- ipants who enrolled at older ages (postmenopausal women) will have tended to have higher body mass indices than they had at the age of menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For older women, body mass indices will have been overestimated in the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Measure- ment bias would be possible if, for example, older women, with overestimated body mass indices, also tended to report later menopause than younger women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These women would then appear to have a higher body mass index and later menopause."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, in a sensitivity analysis excluding women over age 60 years, we found no evidence of bias in race-specific estimates by age."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Use of the failure-time modeling approach to assess predictors of the timing of menopause in this large, multi- ethnic sample provided us with ample statistical power to detect small differences in the hazard ratios for timing of natural menopause between strata."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We were able to show a significant racial/ethnic difference in the timing of natu- ral menopause that was independent of adjustment for po- tential confounders, and we have provided confirmatory evidence for factors hypothesized to be associated with the timing of natural menopause that had heretofore re- mained controversial in the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These findings sup- port the hypothesis that the timing of natural menopause is driven by a combination of genetic, reproductive, and life- style factors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_124__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the article recently published by Henderson et al. [ 1] from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, the authors reported significant race/ethnicity-specific hazard ratios for the timing of menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Natural menopause occurred earlier among Latinas and later among Japanese-American women relative to non-Latina whites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors further emphasized that these relations are suggestive of a heritable component in the timing of natural menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They concluded by stating, ‘‘. . ."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "the timing of natural menopause is driven by a combination of genetic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors’’ [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_124__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This conclusion suggests that the analysis of these data provides some evidence to support the assertion that group difference in the timing of menopause is at least partially driven by genetic factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors reached this conclusion without stating how racial categories were assigned [2] and without collecting any genetic information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although the authors are diplomatic in the overall interpretation of their results, the reference to genetic factors in the concluding statement seems to stem solely from the fact that racial/ethnic groups are compared."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An assertion that racial/ethnic disparities in an outcome suggest genetic differences ignores the complex social context experienced by different racial/ethnic groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This tenuous link among genes, race/ethnicity, and health outcomes is often made in the epidemiologic literature without adequately considering other important social and environmental factors that differ between groups [3, 4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_124__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors did describe an ancillary analysis in which educational attainment, as a surrogate for socioeconomic status, was included as a covariate, but this is obviously a very coarse measure of the many facets of social environment that may affect the outcome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, a prior study of factors influencing the age of menopause identified several additional social variables, such as marital status and employment, which played an important role in predicting menopause onset [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This previous study also reported associations between race/ethnicity and onset of menopause, but it did not suggest a genetic basis for those differences [5]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In short, the use of race/ethnicity as a proxy for genetic differences in large, heterogeneous populations is unwarranted; drawing conclusions about the role of genetics in biologic processes requires the collection of genetic data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_124__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "124", "paragraph_id": "triad_124__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We thank Mumford and Hasan [1] for their interest in our work [2] and agree with them that racial/ethnic variations do not necessarily imply genetic differences."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_124__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In reaching the conclusion that our results support the hypothesis that the timing of natural menopause is driven by a combination of genetic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors, we had in mind the fact that our findings are in line with a growing literature supporting the hypothesis that age at natural menopause is a highly heritable trait [3-9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also agree with the need to follow up these findings by searching for specific genetic variants that might contribute to the \"genetic\" component of age at natural menopause."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_124__response__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, we are currently engaged in developing candidate gene association studies of age at natural menopause and hope to identify new candidate loci through examination of data from genome-wide association studies, which could then be examined within and across racial/ethnic groups."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_124/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2129651782_W2153914966_W4241348567", "triad_name": "triad_124", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_124__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The claim that a fifth generation of revolutionary theory has not only already arisen, but has already outlived its purpose is a monumentally bold one."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite containing many astute observations, Jaime Allinson's (2019) recent argument to this effect does not adequately support such a claim."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Instead, it mostly targets valid criticisms against newer participants in a prior generation of revolutionary theory, whose analyses are not manifestly different from those we have seen in the past."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the process of making his argument, Allinson fatally conflates these fourth-generation theories with his proposed new generation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Despite this crucial flaw, Allinson's corollary argument- that revolutionary theory needs to move on from its present theoretical fixations- is still highly compelling and well supported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Allinson (2019:143) is keen to impress that his proposed new generation is chiefly distinguished by having incorrectly identified the 2011 Arab Revolts as \"a new object of study- that of non-violent, political revolutions.\" I would contend that such an object of study is precisely the domain of revolutionary theory's fourth generation, which cut its teeth on the analysis of the array of post-Soviet cases in which \"there was no need for the revolutionary leaders taking power in the capital to spread their revolution by force,\" (Goldstone, 2001: 143)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The continuity between this perspective and more recent revolutionary theory is striking and explicit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Only a few years ago, George Lawson (2015: 466) remarked that the Arab Revolts \"share a familiar revolutionary heritage… in terms of wider currents of revolutionary theory,\" noting that they \"sit largely within the framework established by the 1989 negotiated revolutions that ousted state socialism in Central and Eastern Europe.\" A similar continuity is seen in the texts Allinson recruits for his proposed fifth generation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, Allinson notes that Bayat's (2017) analysis in Revolutions without Revolutionaries considers the Arab revolutions to be 'refolutions'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This term is in fact derived from analyses of the post-Soviet revolutionary wave, in which the revolutionary ideal- tarred by the brush of Communist rule- was considered so politically toxic that the very concept of revolution was either side-lined or consciously rejected during the processes of regime-overthrow and reconstruction (Garton Ash, 1989)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If we are to take Ritter (2015), Bayat (2017) and Della Porta's (2016) objects of study to be \"non-violent, political revolutions,\" as Allinson proposes, then they are most certainly engaged in fourth-generation revolutionary analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nonetheless, Allinson is certainly correct to suspect that our object of study has changed, and he is right to identify the particular importance of the events of 2011 for future revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Arab Spring was not only a new 'revolutionary wave', but was also emblematic of a distinctively different generation of revolutions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The remarkable subsidence of revolutionary movements in the revolts which characterised the 2011 revolutions has shown, in stark terms, the poverty of existing theoretical perspectives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Who would have thought, following the example set by the 1989 revolutions and the subsequent Colour Revolutions, that the next revolutionary wave would be carried through by a suite of fleeting revolutionaries who neither knew who their 'leaders' were, nor, in fact, whether they had any?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many of today's revolutions neither resemble the classical revolutions of the past, nor those of the non- violent post-Soviet wave."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They are, as Allinson (2019:148) rightly notes, often \"restricted to the momentary,\" easily crushed, and particularly vulnerable to counter-revolution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This, in many ways, is their identifying feature: while the past generation of revolutions were characterised by their non- violence, newer revolutions are characterised by their fragility (we could even collectively call them the 'fragile revolutions')."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Some theorists have even deemed them so fragile as to reject their revolutionary prospects altogether."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The political theorist John Dunn, for example, contends that since 1989, all instances of so-called 'revolution' have simply been processes of 'regime collapse,' lacking the strong cast-list of professional revolutionaries required to carry out genuinely transformative change (Abrams & Dunn, 2017; Abrams, 2018)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the importance of these observations, I would affirm that the character of revolutionary waves must be distinguished from generations of revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While I agree with Allinson that our object of study has decidedly changed, I would also stress that our analytical framework is yet to develop in tandem: current analyses still broadly regard the most recent wave of revolutions as if they were simply failing to follow the marche générale of the post-Soviet revolts, rather than as characterised by their own distinctive paths and dynamics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this sense, a novel generation of revolutions is being parsed with an established generation of theory."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Indeed, when we examine the intellectual positions which Allinson ascribes to his candidate generation, it becomes quite clear that his proposed 'fifth-generation' analyses are in fact characterised by fourth- generation traits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, Allinson (2019, 143) contends that his candidate generation has shifted its emphasis to consider \"the relationship between intentions, behaviour and structure in revolutions.\" This outlook is strikingly similar to Foran's observation that \"social structure itself must be studied…."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "by reference to intentional actions.\" ( 1993:10), and Goldstone's (2001:139) argument that, in addition to structure, revolutionary theory should \"incorporate leadership, ideology, and processes of identification with revolutionary movements as key elements in the production of revolution.\" A similar challenge can be made to Allinson's (2019: 143) suggestion that his new generation of theorists are distinguished by no longer considering revolution to be \"a discrete event, capable of being situated on a continuum between social and political change and correlated with the presence or absence of other pre-existing factor[s].\" Allinson instead claims that they have opted for a relational approach to the phenomenon."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is quite a peculiar claim, as the relational approach to which Allinson alludes was considered the defining leap made by \"a new fourth generation of scholarship on revolutions and collective action,\" (Emirbayer & Goodwin 1996, 374) and it has proven to be an agenda to which fourth- generation theorists have consistently returned to over the past three decades (Emirbayer & Goodwin 1996; Parsa, 2000; Goodwin, 2001; Goldstone, 2004; Lawson, 2004, 2016, 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, Allinson (2019:143) makes the argument that his proposed new theoretical generation is distinguished from the past generation by its claim that \"revolutions should be understood as processes\"- a series of unfolding events- rather than \"singular units that can be correlated with other phenomena.\" This is, again, a well-established fourth-generation perspective: emphasised in Goldstone's revolutionary theorising (2001:152, 2009); established as a cornerstone of the relational approach (Emirbayer, 1997: 281, 304, 309); developed considerably across Charles Tilly's (1978, 1995) life's work; and taking centre stage in Foran's (2005) analysis of 'Third World Revolutions'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It has been most recently returned to by Lawson (2016) and Ritter (2015) as a direct extension of this legacy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Part of the reason that Allinson may have been tempted to declare more recent work part of a new, fifth generation is the disparity between what fourth-generation theorists have aspired to achieve, and what they have actually accomplished."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While fourth-generation theory has maintained a relatively consistent overall ontological and epistemological aspiration, its analytical contents are much more varied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, in contrast to prior generations, the fourth generation of revolutionary theory is a decidedly troubled one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Despite featuring a plethora of insightful and highly interesting studies, it has ultimately failed to deliver on the early overall promises made by its proponents (Foran, 1993; Goldstone, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "More than a quarter of a century since its inception, the desire to move on seems entirely reasonable."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There are, I argue, three principal obstacles to fourth-generation progress: the overambitious attempt to replace theorising with modelling; the related desire to cover too many variables at once; and the field's displacement by overlapping disciplines."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fourth-generation revolutionary theory has been characterised by a variety of notable issues which present quite regularly in the associated literature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The most central of these is the aim of fourth- generation theorists to simultaneously reject bold theorising in favour of iterative work, while also aspiring to build overarching models applicable to the total variety of revolutions across time and space."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When John Foran (1993:16) first heralded the prospects of a new, 'fourth' generation of revolutionary theory, he called for the replacement of grand theory with 'conjunctural modelling', through which periodic, careful case studies would gradually refine overall models of revolution, characterised by multiple facets and variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Foran's intention was to pioneer a turn away from mono-causal master- theories in favour of \"models more complex and multicausal than the often one-sided arguments\" seen in prior work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In his manifesto for revolutionary theory's fourth generation, Jack Goldstone (2001: 144,172) espoused similar ambitions, declaring that \"a full understanding of revolutions must take account of the plasticity of elite and popular alignments, of the processes of revolutionary mobilization and leadership, and of the variable goals and outcomes of revolutionary actors and events.\" He also declared that \"it will treat stability as problematic and focus on the conditions that sustain regimes\" while also leaving \"a prominent role for issues of identity and ideology, gender, networks and leadership.\""}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Foran and Goldstone's early aspirations for the fourth generation were certainly ambitious. They had called for the wholesale rejection of traditional theorising in favour of a new model-centric approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This new approach- were it to succeed- should yield nothing short of a predictive model of revolutions, applicable to an ever increasing historical and geographical variety of cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To these theorists' credit, both engaged in concerted attempts to build such a model for some time, before moving on to other projects (Foran, 2005; Goldstone, 1991; 1995)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While Foran and Goldstone's aspirations went on to shape the trajectory of the fourth generation, other fourth-generation theorists expressed substantial concern about this theoretical course of action."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For example, Emirbayer and Goodwin (1996: 360) took a particularly scathing line of critique against Goldstone's (1995) own model, which was supposed to \"successfully predict, at least in principle, any and all revolutions.\" Crushingly, they lambasted the model for ignoring agency, psychology, emotional commitments, culture and politics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0009__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They argued that, under Goldstone's model, \"an outside observer need know nothing about a society's cultural systems or extant political ideologies in order to predict whether or not a revolution will occur there…[and] merely scour the local landscape for palpable signs of state crisis, elite conflict, and the possibility of popular protest,\" (Emirbayer & Goodwin, 1996: 361)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The daunting task of fulfilling Foran and Goldstone's aspirations has invited a peculiar tendency towards introspection among subsequent fourth-generation theorists, making it the most self-monitored generation of theory in the academic study of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "1 This is at least in part a consequence of the coincidence of the idea of theoretical generations with the emergence of a self-consciously 'fourth' generation, but also reflective of the recognisable difficulty of achieving the aims set out for it (Lawson, 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, many of those studying revolution have declined to engage in such a task, and have instead engaged in more atomistic analyses led by a smaller number of empirical cases, often discursively disconnected from one-another, and theoretically fractured (Beck, 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This process has ushered in an era of fragmented analyses which, though highly worthwhile in their own right, have done little to advance the agenda of fourth-generation scholarship as a whole."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite its decline, a recent coalition of scholars have made some praiseworthy attempts to provide life- support to the otherwise faltering fourth generation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Some, such as Colin Beck (2014), have attempted to move away from classical conjunctural modelling in favour of the development of a multi- dimensional meta-framework."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Others, such as Daniel Ritter (2015) have attempted to focus on the processual and international dynamics of fourth-generation theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "What is common to both Ritter and Beck's approaches is that they refrain from making naturalistic, predictive claims beyond the realms of the cases they examine, in subtle rejection of the conjunctural approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ritter (2015:223) is especially doubtful of the enduring nature of his finding that the success rates of predominantly non-violent and unarmed revolutions have been strengthened by a liberal world order."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "He instead anticipates that the international pendulum may \"swing back and make violent struggle against authoritarian states once more the revolutionary's strategy of choice.\" 2 Still others, such as George Lawson (2016) have attempted to usefully redirect early aspirations in an effort to get the fourth generation back on track, all while expressing a degree of scepticism as to the prospects of the overall project."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Nonetheless, amidst their admiration for the landmark theorists of the fourth generation, reading the work of this newer cohort belies a certain sense of discomfort with their predecessors' endeavours, which I suspect will eventually lead to their breaking with the fourth generation project."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the ground-breaking work of its early theorists (Foran, 1993; Goldstone, 2001), there was, in my view, something mistaken in the fourth generation's attempt to reject bold theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This move was in part justified by the notion that past bold theoretical endeavours were somehow irreconcilable and exclusionary, each seeking to promote their own idealised universal cause (Foran, 1993: 16-17 Goldstone, 1980, 2001:171-172)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To the contrary, prior to the advent of fourth generation theory, the 'bold theorists' such as Skocpol (1979), Gurr (1970), Tilly (1978) and Trimberger (1978), consistently emphasised the complexity and contingency of the revolutionary phenomena they studied."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These theorists often sought to argue in favour of the primacy of one factor or another, but did so on the basis of an assumption that other variables also possessed substantial casual force."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their efforts were more often corrective and exploratory than they were imperialistic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Skocpol sought to re-centre attention on the State, which she felt had been sorely neglected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Gurr sought to reassert the primacy of psychological factors, which he rightly observed were lacking in the analysis of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Tilly sought to draw attention to longer-running political processes, and Trimberger sought to illustrate the important roles played by revolutionary elites."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is to say that these bold theorists engaged in in-depth investigations of a limited number of variables so as to shed light upon the complex relationships between that variable and revolution's other dimensions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "3 This kind of analytical depth has been comparatively neglected in the bulk of fourth generation theory which, in its efforts to account for an exhaustive list of variables, has all too often lost sight of the logic of their operation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Co-occurring with the rejection of bold theory, was an ongoing shift in the structure of revolutionary inquiry, characterised by an analytical bias towards geographically and temporally homogenous cases (Beck, 2018), and a corresponding rejection of difference-based comparison by revolutionary analysts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This had a deleterious effect on the advancement of the very agenda to which fourth-generation theorists aspired, producing- as Beck puts it in his (2018) review of the field- \"the conditions under which knowledge accumulation slows.\" This shift has played a serious role in dampening the field's overall theoretical progress."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Because of the sheer variability of revolutionary phenomena, theoretical development must be situated in the analysis of fundamentally different cases, rather than a suite of highly similar ones."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If an idea is borne out across space, culture and time, then it may well be common to a great many revolutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The same cannot be said for something identified amongst a narrow set of historically, geographically or culturally delimited cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "While, in principle, similar cases can yield theoretical benefits where only a very small and strictly controlled set of variables meaningfully differ between them, in practice, this situation essentially never occurs, even between cases which are as tightly geographically and historically delimited as possible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While internal maladies have played an important role in the disappointing progress of the fourth generation, its lack of clear advancement has also been a consequence of the displacement of revolutionary study by other, much more populous fields, most particularly the fields of Social Movement Studies and Democratisation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While it is undeniable that both of these fields have produced highly worthwhile insights about certain elements of revolutions, they do not ultimately regard revolution as their object of study, but instead consider it as containing a sub-form of some other category of events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In such fields, revolutionary processes are instead regarded as an instance of 'contentious politics'; revolutionary movements are considered 'revolutionary social movements', and 'revolutionary outcomes' are reconceived as cases of 'democratic transition'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The entry of social movement studies into the domain traditionally occupied by revolutionary theory began as a series of modest observations that some of the features of revolutionary movements resemble those of social movements (e.g. Goldstone, 1998), and that revolutionary processes shared commonalities with the political processes seen in social movements (e.g. Tilly, 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This convergence was unsurprising, as the two fields have always enjoyed a considerable overlap 5 , owing to the tendency of sociologists of revolution to occasionally moonlight as scholars of (or indeed participants in) social movements."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As time went on, even more ambitious attempts to fuse the two fields were made, and it was claimed that that revolutionary processes and social movements were in fact part of a single overarching category of phenomena known as \"Contentious Politics\" (McAdam, Tarrow & Tilly, 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Captained by three highly experienced, world-leading scholars- Charles Tilly, Sidney Tarrow, and Doug McAdam- the 'Dynamics of Contention' (2001) project attempted to create a new field of study which paid careful attention to the relational dynamics, mechanisms, processes and episodes which recurred across a wide array of political phenomena, such as disaffiliated protests, elections, ethnic conflicts, civil wars, and terrorism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Chief among the project's targets for agglomeration, however, was what its proponents perceived as \"a largely separate specialty dedicated to the comparative study of revolution:\" at that time the chief vehicle for fourth-generation revolutionary theory (McAdam and Tarrow, 2011: 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly's desire for a relational approach mirrored many of the concerns of fourth-generation theorists, much of the work which the trio dedicated to the relational analysis of common mechanisms, episodes and processes occurring across political phenomena was not as warmly embraced as they had hoped."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While the project successfully expanded the territory of the social movement field to include revolutions and civil wars, its central attempt to encourage scholars to think about dynamic relational mechanisms rather than fixed variables was comparatively less successful (McAdam & Tarrow, 2011)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While the conceptual waters of revolutionary theory's fourth generation have been contested by efforts to reconceive revolutionary processes as a subcategory within social movement theory, efforts to analyse revolutionary outcomes as a subtype of democratisation have had similar effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such tendencies have been evidenced in the attempts to recast the 1989 and 2011 revolutionary waves as democratisation attempts, rather than revolutionary cases (Huntingdon, 1991; Brown, 2013; Stepan & Linz, 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This effort has proven more to the chagrin of fourth-generation theorists than had the Contentious Politics project, leading to allegations that \"the link between democratisation and revolution [was] routinely abused by transitologists\" (Lawson 2008, 157)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These shifts in the field have resulted in considerable ramifications for the cohesion of fourth-generation theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Casting an eye over the work published about recent revolutions leads one to realise that many such publications now couch their analyses not in terms of revolutionary theory, but in terms of either social movement or democratisation studies (e.g. Jumet, 2017; Stepan & Linz, 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While there is much to praise about these two fields, and the considerable progress they have made while revolutionary theory has comparatively stalled, it cannot be denied that these fields pursue markedly different objects of analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Revolutions are occasionally incident in democratisation processes, and they often feature social movements, but within the study of these two phenomena they are ultimately only fringe cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is thus no surprise the knowledge produced from such approaches has tended to tell us much more about democratisation or social movements than it has revolution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With the progressive displacement of revolutionary study by other bodies of theory, the field has borne witness to an increasing number of scholars who theorise revolution without engaging in self-conscious revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Perhaps reflective of the comparative primacy of these approaches over traditional revolutionary theory is Allinson's desire to count Della Porta's (2016) Where Did the Revolution Go? Contentious Politics and the Quality of Democracy, within the bounds of his proposed new generation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The book is instead a self-professed attempt to \"read democratization through the lenses of social movement studies,\" (2016: 345)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Despite the merits of Della Porta's book (and there are many: particularly her concept of 'eventful democratisation'), it is inaccurate to assess the book as a work of revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Indeed, Della Porta makes no claims to such an endeavour, and instead concludes the volume by specifying that her contribution was instead to identify \"some mechanisms that convey the effects of social movements' participation in regime transition on some democratic qualities of the ensuing regime,\" (Della Porta, 2016: 345)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While questions about democratisation, social movements, and other facets of contentious politics assuredly remain important and relevant to the phenomenon of revolution, however broadly we cast our gaze around the periphery of revolutionary phenomena we must remember that the object of study around which revolutionary theory is situated is and remains revolution itself."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Rather than dismissing a fifth generation out of hand, it is fairer to say that revolutionary theory's fourth generation is decidedly imperilled: perhaps by its desire to cover too many variables, perhaps by its turn away from bold theorising, perhaps by its partial displacement by other fields, and perhaps by the passage of time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whether recent interventions will enable it to recover from this peril remains to be seen, but regardless of the success or failure of these efforts, the nascent seed of a fifth generation is already being sown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "John Foran (2003), a one time champion of fourth-generation theory has called for the field of revolutionary theory to more usefully orient itself towards the revolutions of the future."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Colin Beck (2018) has, through a series of incisive accounts and studies shown convincingly that present strategies of inquiry have stalled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As Allinson (2019) notes, we already have a suite of cases which disrupt established understandings, and as Lawson (2016) has convincingly argued, revolutionary theory is in dire need of theoretical reorientation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Efforts to sustain fourth-generation theory would be much better spent cultivating the germinal ideas and discomforts of the fifth generation yet to come."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This demands that we reward inventive scholarship, embrace novel projects and theories, and do away with ontological or methodological purism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But, what might a forthcoming fifth generation look like? Perhaps this is beyond the scope of any of us to predict at present, but I should like to at least provide a sketch of the direction in which things may be going."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "I have a number of suspicions as to where the nascent fifth generation will take us, chiefly informed by my interactions with fellow colleagues, graduate students, and those who we might cautiously call 'practitioners'."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In light of these exchanges, I am hopeful that we may well see a return to grander theorising than the kind seen in the fourth generation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In order to advance past our field's current impasse, we need a return to the kinds of ambitious comparisons, and innovative, in-depth theoretical accounts which have consistently characterised landmark work on revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0023__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Taken together, the past thirty years of scholarship have tended to show that concerns for multivariate breadth and processual partiality have been less conducive to scholarly progress than have past preferences for explanatory depth and empirical diversity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As a relatively mature field, there is no reason that revolutionary theory cannot incorporate both kinds of analyses: in depth case studies and comparisons of differing cases to theorise the operation of important elements of revolution in a bold and compelling fashion, and larger scale meta-analyses to show how these elements interact with scientific precision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Not only is the opportunity ripe to give some order to the diffuse and partial analyses of the fourth generation, but also to revisit and update the contributions of the prior three in view of a more expansive object of study, and a more assertive theoretical bent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A crushing absence of difference-driven inquiry in past decades (Beck, 2018) has also left plenty of room for novel comparisons stretching across time, space, and culture, through which new insights might be achieved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are also arrays of unsolved problems and theoretical lacunae which are ripe for attack from a new generation of theorists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is certainly true, for example, that the coming generation of revolutionary theorists will need to account for the counter-revolutionary and authoritarian outcomes which arose from the 2011 revolts (Allinson, 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As Foran (2003) has emphasised, both the ends and endings of revolutions are areas much neglected by present-generation scholars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Revolutionary theorists have traditionally been very good at stating the relation between pre-revolutionary conditions and subsequent revolutionary challenges, and fourth-generation theorists have extended this analysis to the relation between revolutionary contexts and ongoing challenges elsewhere."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, very little has been done to clearly link the shape of revolutionary challenges with subsequent post-revolutionary outcomes (be they positive or negative), while retaining a perspective that looks beyond organised movements or static state boundaries."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is not the only context in which revolutionary theory will need to look beyond revolutionary movements in its unit of analysis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, a fifth generation of revolutionary theory will need to look 'beyond the movement' in several other important ways if it is to capture the full variety of revolutionary phenomena."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Not least, we will need to look beyond the organised networks of revolutionary elites and their followers, and again consider the role of the masses: not as a disordered mob, but as an array of complex individuals responding to intense socio-political phenomena and drawing on a rich palette of imaginaries (Selbin, 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As Beck (2011, 2015) has affirmed, we will also need to consider the role played by revolutions in transforming societies other than those in which they initially occur. And finally, I would contend that we will need to reassert the importance and veracity of decidedly revolutionary theorising, studying revolutions as socio-political events that are not always reducible to merely more extreme forms of social movements, processes of democratisation, or a subcategory of 'contentious politics'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, reflecting on the concerns of revolutionaries themselves, I sense that they hope- but do not expect- that the next generation of revolutionary theory will be more decidedly engaged with revolutionary practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since the end of the Jacobin-Bolshevik revolutionary epoch (1789-1989), scholars have become all the more content to regard revolutions with dispassionate interest, watching these bloody, brutal and dramatic social processes take place with a steely gaze before integrating them into their models or dataset for 'productive' analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But revolutions are not toys, and they are not scholarly miscellanea."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "They are the bloodied, broken corpus of the body politic in conflict with itself."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As such, we should aspire that future revolutionary theory might go some way toward ensuring that these processes result in collective emancipation, rather than merciless annihilation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_3153__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [13, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A recent exchange between Allinson (2019) and Abrams (2019) on the current state of revolution theory rests on the assumption that the generational, backward-looking view of revolution studies is also a fruitful way of thinking of the field’s present and future."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We argue, in contrast, that while a generational approach has important benefits, it also contains shortcomings that may lead the future of revolution studies in less fruitful directions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We examine where an overreliance on generational thinking has led us, and provide an exploratory sketch of how we can begin to move beyond generational thinking and imagine a new future for the study of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is with great interest that we read the exchange between Jamie Allinson (2019) and Benjamin Abrams (2019) on the state of revolution theory in the social sciences, and not just because our works are among those that represent, for Allinson, a failed fifth generation or, for Abrams, a self-monitored fourth generation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We do not seek to quibble with their insights and critiques."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Rather, we propose that their debate has taken place on false premises."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Jack Goldstone’s (1982, 2001) formulation of generations of revolution theory has been an invaluable orientating tool for virtually every student that has entered the field over the past four decades."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, it has also led to the establishment of an overly neat and consolidated perception of the field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Goldstone’s historical-theoretical review of the literature has become reified as the actual history of the subfield in a way that at times limits our ability to assess what has been discovered about revolutions and, more crucially, prevents us from seeing where the path ahead lies by locking us into the idea that the future of revolution too will be constructed along generational lines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Hence, we believe that Goldstone’s generational framework has been taken out of context and transformed beyond its original aim by subsequent generational reviews of the field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Rather than being a tool for understanding and consolidating past gains, it has become the only way authors believe they can structure the field’s present and future."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "By way of critique of the Allinson and Abrams exchange, we propose to take the field beyond generational thinking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "We argue that a persistent focus on generations is misguided as debates in revolution research actually occur laterally among contemporaneous studies of revolution, rather than sequentially between reified paradigms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "This is partially a consequence of mistaking touchstone texts for generations of scholarship (see for instance Ritter’s (2015: 9-12) review of the literature, which Beck (2020) has thoroughly dismissed)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "As such, we have lost sight of our accumulated knowledge over the last one hundred years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "In fact, the basic contours of what revolution scholars should study, how they should study it, and how it should be explained is largely settled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0028__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Consequently, it is time to imagine a new future for the study of revolution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3153__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 8, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While not the first article to seek to make sense of subfield (see for instance Stone 1966), no essay has had more impact on the way scholars think of the development of revolution theory than Goldstone’s (1980) overview of the early to mid-20th century."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Updated two decades later (Goldstone 2001), Goldstone proposes that the study of revolution has come in the form of generations, where a general understanding of what was to be explained was widely shared by scholars who had common methodological and theoretical approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Goldstone identifies an early-20th century first generation, which he terms “the natural-history school” (Goldstone 1982: 189), that focused on the sequential progression of the revolutionary process in classic cases of revolution, such as France in 1789."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In response, a second generation of scholars sought to place revolutions in the field of collective political violence, focusing on more general theories that connect the individual, psychological causes of discontent with social unrest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Since Goldstone’s initial formulation, this approach has become known as the generation of social and psychological strain theories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The third generation, termed “the structural-theory school” (Goldstone 1982: 189), moved the problem towards understanding why some revolutionary episodes succeed and others fail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This approach has become most associated with Theda Skocpol’s (1979) state breakdown theory to the extent that the two are largely synonymous."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Most recently, theories of revolution for the past 25 years have been seen as belonging to a fourth generation that has an epistemology of conjunctural causation, dynamic eventful analyses, and an ever-expanding universe of factors under consideration (see Lawson 2019)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "It is here where Allinson (2019) and Abrams (2019) differ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "For Allinson, the fourth generation represents a return of agency-centered explanations that was eclipsed by a short-lived “fifth generation” examination of unarmed revolutions and changes to political regimes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0029__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "For Abrams, the current focus on revolutions like the Revolutions of 2011 is a continuity of fourth generation approaches, and thus a fifth generation is yet to develop."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3153__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 44, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [44, 44, 41], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A final consequence of generational thinking has been the rhetorical move, in literature reviews and theoretical frames, to suggest that a dramatic break with the old is required for something new to be learned."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Allinson’s (2019) critique is very much in this vein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When we take this rhetoric seriously it is easy to conclude that there are no consistent findings within the study of revolution (see Kurzman 2004a). But, in fact, there are."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We do not seek to repeat a catalog of findings here as we have already done so elsewhere (see Beck 2017, 2020; Goldstone and Ritter 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Rather, we suggest here that the central questions of the field that animated 20th century debate—what to study, how to study it, and how to theorize—mostly have been settled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The first point of debate in the first half century of revolution theory was what the object of study should be."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "On the one hand, revolutions could be taken to be only the cases of political and social change that were world historically important (Brinton 1938; Edwards 1927; Huntington 1968; Skocpol 1979)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "On the other hand, revolution could be taken to be one form of contentious politics more broadly and placed alongside riots, social movements, terrorism, civil war, and so on (Gurr 1970; McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly 2001; Smelser 1962; Tilly 1978)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "After nearly a century of the social scientific study of revolution, such diametrical poles seem absurd."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "No longer do scholars only study successful transformations of state and society. And no longer do scholars see revolution as on a continuum of the irrational exuberances of collective behavior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Rather, revolutions are seen as a distinct process of collective action, where success and failure are outcomes to be explained rather than criteria for inclusion or exclusion in a study (e.g., Foran 2005; Goldstone 1991; Ritter 2015; Tilly 1993)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "And avowed revolutionary movements do exist, but the various types of contention that can result in revolutionary challenges need to be explained (e.g., Beck 2015; Chenoweth and Stephan 2011; Goldstone and Ritter 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "In short, the object of study is clear to contemporary scholars: attempted and successful shifts in, at the very least, regimes or political structures that occur through irregular mass mobilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "The second debate that animated prior scholarship was the method of study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Should the scholar examine cases for particular historical knowledge (e.g., Kurzman 2004b; McAdam et al. 2001) or should they seek general laws of revolution (e.g., Gurr 1970; Huntington 1968)?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "The epistemological debate here obscures what is essentially a methodological dispute."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "On the one hand, some preferred historical case comparative modes of inquiry and others preferred cross-national statistical analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Modern revolution studies, for the most part, does not make this false choice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "For instance, Goldstone (1991) and Gould (1995) have shown how careful historical analysis can be combined with innovative quantitative study to leverage the advantages of both approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "Even among recent statistical studies (e.g., Chenoweth and Stephan 2011; Kadivar 2018), case comparison is a common compliment to the average effects within a population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "This is not to say that all studies of revolution employ mixed methods, but rather that methodological approaches are not mutually exclusive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "Debates over method are thus of a time that is passed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "This, however, has not settled the larger epistemological question: what should theories of revolution focus on? This leads us to the third point of debate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "Finally, there can be disagreement over the core theoretical imagery of revolution studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "On one hand, should revolution be understood as resulting from broad causal conditions (e.g., Foran 2005; Goldstone 1991; Skocpol 1979) or seen as a dynamic process (e.g., Ermakoff 2015; Kurzman 2004b; McAdam et al. 2001)?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "In essence, this is an epistemological debate over the role of structure and agency in revolutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "This debate is not settled, and we should not expect one subfield to solve the structure-agency problematic."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "We suggest, however, that a feature of recent scholarship is to leverage both lines of thought."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "For instance, both Lawson (2019) and Ritter (2015) combine a backdrop of causal conditions with an account of how particular cases of revolution unfolded in the streets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0030", "sentence_n": 30, "text": "Now it is possible to prefer structure, as does Ritter, or lean slightly more towards agency, as does Lawson, but it need not be to the exclusion of the other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0031", "sentence_n": 31, "text": "With time, we may in fact see that the advantage of the so-called fourth generation (Abrams 2019) or failed fifth generation (Allinson 2019) was to sidestep theoretical disagreement in favor of empirical work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0032", "sentence_n": 32, "text": "As with methodology, preference for particular causal imageries may just be an academic parlor game that has gotten in the way of knowledge accumulation (see Beck 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0033", "sentence_n": 33, "text": "Related to this final point, generational thinking constitutes a particular obstacle to the study of revolutions, due to the fact that theorization has long been perceived as central to the subfield."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0034", "sentence_n": 34, "text": "This has meant that reviews of the literature tend to obscure the distinction between empirical findings and theoretical contributions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0035", "sentence_n": 35, "text": "Put differently, what we think we know about revolutions has historically been framed as pre-packaged theoretical solutions advanced by individual authors to revolution-related puzzles that “fit” with other such individual insights produced at a similar point in time, rather than empirical insights that can serve as inspiration to and be adapted by other scholars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0036", "sentence_n": 36, "text": "By suggesting we have not achieved a substantial advance until some consensus on a new generation emerges, we risk losing sight of important, untheorized empirical insights that might quite plausibly give rise to future theoretical breakthroughs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0037", "sentence_n": 37, "text": "In sum, if we free ourselves of the metaphor of generations of revolution theory, then we are able to see not only the continuity of debates over the decades but their (mostly) successful resolutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0038", "sentence_n": 38, "text": "Contemporary revolution studies have a consensual object of study, a pluralistic methodology, and a potentially fruitful empirical core."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0039", "sentence_n": 39, "text": "This success, and we are comfortable calling the last century of the social science of revolution successful, should not be obscured by a rhetoric emphasizing the need to throw out the old and remake the field anew."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0040", "sentence_n": 40, "text": "If there is something to generational thinking, it is only that: calls to do away with prior scholarship seem to re-occur every 20 years or so."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0041", "sentence_n": 41, "text": "Our point thus far has been that the metaphor of generations of revolution theory creates a false premise on which we debate progress or the lack thereof."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0042", "sentence_n": 42, "text": "We see previous work as caricatures rather than as products of a larger scholarly conversation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0043", "sentence_n": 43, "text": "And we lose track of what has been settled and what remains to be explained. If we free ourselves from wondering what the fourth generation was or is, and what the fifth generation is or will be, we can begin to chart a more fruitful future for the study of revolution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0044", "sentence_n": 44, "text": "What any field needs, and what revolution theory currently requires, is novelty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0045", "sentence_n": 45, "text": "Rather than musty generational debates, we need creativity in theory, empirics, and resulting implications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0046", "sentence_n": 46, "text": "In ideal-typical terms, there are two dimensions to any study of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0047", "sentence_n": 47, "text": "On the one hand, research can be theoretically-oriented—focused on developing new understandings—or empirically-oriented—focused on explaining substantive phenomena."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0048", "sentence_n": 48, "text": "On the other hand, research can have universal implications for understanding revolution or more specific, particularistic claims about certain cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0031__s0049", "sentence_n": 49, "text": "Figure 1 presents these dimensions as a two-by-two table, highlighting four potential sources of novelty in the study of revolution with examples from the last two decades of research."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3153__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, there is novelty that results from theory-oriented research that has universal ambitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Work here tends towards theoretical parsimony combined with the examination of well-known cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For instance, Foran (2005) argues that recent Third World revolutions can be explained by the combination of five factors—dependent development, exclusionary regimes, a culture of opposition, economic downturns, and a world systemic opening."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In another example, Lawson (2019) searches for recurrent mechanisms across executed and attempted cases of revolution ranging from the early modern world to the present."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "He concludes that there are eight processes that occur across revolutions—inter-social relations, loyalty or disloyalty of coercive forces, regime type, state stability, innovative oppositional strategy, factionalism among revolutionaries, continued contestation after the fall of a regime, and limited economic gains for the post-revolutionary state."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Both of these works share the theoretical ambition to explain revolutions generally and the empirical incorporation of many cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As such, they generate novel insight into the patterns of revolutions and their outcomes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "At the opposite pole is research that is empirically-oriented explanation of particular instances of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Here the objective is the incorporation of new cases into the revolution literature, whether from current events or the successful recovering of past history."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "For instance, as the Arab Revolutions of 2011 spread, scholars took voluminous notice of the cases without necessarily making broad claims about the nature of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "For example, Ketchley (2017) examines Egypt in 2011 and afterwards using well-known tools of analysis to explain why and how protestors were able to oust Mubarak and unable to consolidate their gains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Novelty here comes from the success of affirming the membership of an event in the fold of revolution studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0032__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The approach contributes to the field by expanding the case universe."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3153__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 14, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [14, 14, 14], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, other work seeks to explain new phenomenon rather than cases, with more universal import."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A primary example of this approach is the civil resistance literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For instance, Chenoweth and Stephan (2011) build on this approach to establish through statistical analysis and case examination that in the modern world unarmed strategies of resistance tend to have more success than armed ones."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The goal for works of this type is to ask a new question—what are the causes and consequences of a relatively unrecognized aspect of revolution?—and offer answers that have implications beyond the cases at hand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Novelty thus comes from the examination of new dimensions of revolutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Finally, a fourth source of novelty is to create entirely new ways of understanding that focuses on particular instances of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Here, the goal is usually not abstract parsimony but theoretical richness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Two recent examples of this approach are Selbin’s (2010) consideration of the role of stories and narrative for revolutionary participants and Ermakoff’s (2015) appraisal of how contingent decisions by individuals can radically change the direction of revolutionary events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Both consider the particulars of their examples, but provide new theoretical lenses for the field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Notably, they both also suggest different methodologies than are commonly used—oral history and decision-making trees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Novelty, here, thus comes from theoretical and methodological innovation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Sometimes a field is moved forward by parsimony, sometimes by complexity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Sometimes it moves forward through events, sometimes through patterns."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0033__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Thus, all of these approaches to revolution should be encouraged and embraced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3153__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Charles Tilly famously told his graduate students that there are three types of academic work: joining an ongoing conversation, changing the direction of a conversation, and starting a new conversation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first is lower risk, and lower reward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Work on revolutions that explicitly places itself in generational debates is of this ilk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The second is medium-risk and medium-reward as it may or may not shift a debate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "New abstract models of revolutions and examination of new cases are typical of this approach as they build upon the old rather than create anew."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Finally, the third sort of conversation is high-risk and high-reward as it can spur new paradigms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Research on new phenomena and new theoretical lenses are of this sort. On one hand, scholars of unarmed resistance have had great success at creating an entirely new conversation at the intersection of sociology, political science, and international relations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The flurry of work that Allinson sees as a fifth generation is proof of that."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "On the other hand, Selbin and Ermakoff have challenged us all to think of revolution differently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The last century of revolution studies certainly has been a very long conversation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "As such, it is unsurprising that we often repeat ourselves. But with a more accurate memory of what has been said by whom, to whom, and for which purpose, perhaps we can stop arguing over generations and resume debating ideas and phenomena."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__critique__p0034__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Only this way will we push our dialogue forward for another hundred years."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_3153__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Revolutionary theorists are currently immersed in a critical debate about the future of the field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Allinson has argued that a fifth generation of revolutionary theory has passed us by without our noticing, while I have contended that it is revolutionary theory's fourth generation that is decidedly imperilled."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ritter and Beck contend that we should reject the very idea of theoretical ‘generations’, and instead think of progress in revolutionary theory as a series of ongoing and settled debates about certain key topics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The pair contend that revolutionary theory has reached a consensus on two core debates: defining our object of study and determining appropriate methods."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Contrary to this position, I argue that while there is much to praise about rejecting generational imagery, doing so necessarily entails that we also critique the self‐proclaimed ‘fourth generation' with which such imagery is intertwined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, I argue that there does not yet exist consensus among revolutionary theorists about a single definition of revolution, or on the question of which methods to use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0035__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Finally, I call for a regeneration of revolutionary theory which moves genuinely beyond the generational mythologies of the past."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Over the course of the past decade, the intellectual project by the name of ‘Fourth Generation Revolutionary Theory' has been principally sustained by a trio of scholars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "George Lawson, Colin Beck, and Daniel Ritter, the collective heirs to a project primarily initiated by John Foran (1993) and Jack Goldstone (2001) some decades earlier."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Breaking with Lawson (2016 114; 2019), who has recently called for scholars to “fulfil the promise of fourth‐generation approaches to revolution,” Beck and Ritter (2021) now conversely argue that we should not only dispense with the notion of fourth generation revolutionary theory, but also the premise on which the self‐proclaimed ‘Fourth Generation' was built: the story of the prior three."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Though it once constituted the cutting‐edge of revolution studies, there is by now much to welcome in moving away from the embattled fourth generation endeavour."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "I have previously written that Ritter and Beck's “attempts to provide life‐support to the otherwise faltering fourth generation” might “eventually lead to their breaking with the fourth generation project,” (Abrams, 2019, p. 381)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This eventuality has now come to pass, and the self‐identified ‘Fourth Generation’ has in essence passed with it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Moving beyond such an overly elongated period of scholarly hand‐wringing has the potential to usher in a much needed rejuvenation and regeneration of revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "But as we put the fourth generation project to rest, what can we do to ensure a more fruitful future for our field? In what follows, I welcome the rejection of the generational paradigm, and the fourth generation project to which it is inseparably linked."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "I nevertheless contend that the ‘fourth generation of revolutionary theory' can still be meaningfully distinguished from the narrative history of a prior three."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Rather than serving as a conceptual shorthand for a particular period of revolutionary study, the ‘fourth generation’ was instead a self‐conscious programme for the study of revolution, advanced by a series of distinct actors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "This, in turn, renders critique and discussion of the fourth generation project a meaningful exercise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "I also critique the argument advanced by Beck and Ritter (2021) that – in place of the generational narrative – we should instead depict revolutionary theory as having reached a consensus on two core debates: defining our object of study and determining appropriate methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "I argue that there is neither consensus about a single definition of revolution, nor on the question of which methods to use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0036__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Finally, I call for a regeneration of revolutionary theory which moves genuinely beyond the generational mythologies of the past."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Breaking with the fourth generation paradigm to which they once ascribed, Colin Beck and Daniel Ritter's recent article, Thinking Beyond Generations: On the Future of Revolution Theory, has made a convincing argument that progress in the field of revolutionary theory would be best served by discarding the concept of theoretical generations altogether."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a notable break from their past approach to the subject."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Beck, for example, once considered it “clear” that “the social science of revolution has undergone notable generational shifts in theory and the phenomenon of study,” (Beck, 2017, p. 170) Ritter similarly explicitly deployed a generational account of revolutionary theory in his landmark volume on international politics and unarmed revolution, The Iron Cage of Liberalism, (2015 9‐10)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While Ritter and Beck were once counted among the fourth generation school, they now eschew such thinking and instead encourage us to instead think ‘beyond generations’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In their article Ritter and Beck level a number of productive critiques against overreliance on the notion of theoretical generations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They note that while there is certainly some utility in the generational framework, it is outweighed by the cognitive constraints it places on our understanding of the field, and the hidden knowledge obscured by generational thinking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "While it has long been acknowledged that “classification of theories by generation is problematic,” (Foran, 1993, p. 1), Beck and Ritter skilfully draw attention to the great many scholars whose work has been eclipsed by the generational imagery derived from Goldstone's reviews of the field, and highlight a variety of contemporary scholars whose analyses do not fit into the ‘fourth generation’ programme."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Their analysis clearly demonstrates that refusal to move beyond an overly strict conceptualisation of theoretical generations has had an unhelpful impact on our thinking to the extent that today “generational imagery has obscured as much as it has illuminated.” Fortunately, there are many useful alternatives to generational framings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Foran (1993:1) once suggested that “the best alternative is to group… theories by theme or approach,” and Ritter and Beck make a good case for recasting the history of revolutionary theory's early development in terms of a series of scholarly debates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "We might also seek to reframe what we have called ‘generations’ as intellectual fashions, thereby preserving the observation of rising scholarly tendencies over time without subsuming pathbreaking work into a single rubric."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0037__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "There are many compelling reasons to explore at least one of these alternative frameworks where the history of revolutionary theory is concerned."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the usefulness of their central proposition, I would certainly challenge Beck and Ritter's claim that the debate between myself and Allinson – about the fourth generation and its potential successors – “has taken place on false premises.” Regardless of the veracity of past reviews of the literature, it is impossible to deny the existence of an intellectual project by the name of ‘fourth generation revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "’ It is precisely this intellectual project – and the potential for a break with it – that formed the central topic of our debate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "What have been commonly referred to as the first three generations of revolutionary theory were in fact a set of historical cases drawn‐up by Goldstone (1980; 2001) in order to review the general changes in discourse between key scholars over various prominent topics in revolutionary theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Unlike the facets of past literature reviews that constitute ‘Generations’ 1‐3, the self‐professed ‘Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory’ was not an attempt to categorize the past, but an ambitious attempt to propose a new future."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This was a distinctive intellectual project in which an array of academics participated, and others declined to."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It was actively and self‐consciously cultivated and maintained by a network of scholars (e.g. Beck, 2017; Emirbayer & Goodwin, 1996; Foran, 1993; Goldstone, 2001; Lawson, 2016, 2019; Ritter, 2015), having been introduced in Foran (1993), Emirbayer and Goodwin (1996) and Goldstone's (2001) various manifestos for a fourth generation and continued in Lawson's (2016) more recent intervention on the subject."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A key part of the fourth generation's intellectual programme was the self‐identification of its participants as members of a new ‘fourth’ generation of revolutionary theorists."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This was grounded in a generational teleology that presented the self‐proclaimed ‘Fourth Generation' as the summation of three past ones identified by Goldstone (1980)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "By its own reckoning, the fourth generation project was to be a coming‐of‐age for the study of revolution, after which scholars would overcome the tendency for single‐factor analysis, and instead adopt a holistic, conjunctural approach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0038__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "It was at once “a self‐conscious canon,” and “a project to be realized” (Lawson, 2016, p. 107)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As has now been well documented, the promise of the self‐proclaimed ‘Fourth Generation' theoretical project never truly came to fruition, despite some highly impressive initial progress by its champions, and valiant later attempts to redeem it by subsequent scholars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Its troubled history shows that Ritter and Beck are right to identify the pernicious qualities of generational thinking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As I have written previously, it was “the coincidence of the idea of theoretical generations with the emergence of a self‐consciously ‘fourth' generation” that encouraged the “peculiar tendency towards introspection” that plagued the fourth generation project (Abrams, 2019, p. 381)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such a tendency, as Ritter (2019:106) has noted, has prompted many scholars in our field to become “unnecessarily modest, anxious, and…too self‐limiting.” There are certainly benefits of thinking beyond generations, but doing so does not permit us to erase the fourth generation from existence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If we are to seriously consider dispensing with the concept of generations we must distinguish between the hypothetical three generations of revolutionary theory which Goldstone popularised and the proposed fourth generation which he, Foran and Lawson consciously advanced."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Given the distinctive characteristic of the fourth generation of revolutionary theory as a self‐professed project— an “agenda to be fulfilled” rather than an historical interpretation (Abrams, 2019; Lawson, 2016, p. 110)— discarding it as the latter would be a category error with pernicious consequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite its initial promise, the influence which the fourth generation project exerted on the field of revolutionary theory eventually became – for numerous reasons (see: Abrams, 2019; Allinson, 2019; Beck, 2018; Lawson, 2016; Ritter, 2019) – a limiting one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are lessons to be learned from the fixation of a whole body of scholars on conjunctural modelling and ontological discourses intertwined with the progressive decrease in scholarly rigour observed by analyses of work in the field (Beck, 2017)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Worse still, as Beck (forthcoming) has noted, it seems that “what we think we already know about revolution may very well be probably wrong.” Amid all the problems we have encountered over the years, should we decline to consciously break with the conditions which cultivated them we risk doing more to preserve our field's current impasse than to move past it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We risk allowing the much decried maladies of the fourth generation project to become embedded in the complex web of scholarship that constitutes work on the subject of revolution."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is for this reason I would dissent from the suggestion that that the future of revolutionary theory demands that we “free ourselves from wondering what the fourth generation was or is, and what the fifth generation is or will be,” (Beck & Ritter, 2021) Rather, reflection on where progress has tended to stall and how we might do better is vital to the renewal of the field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Refusing to acknowledge the fourth generation project's initial promise, latter faltering, and eventual decline not only obscures the great deal of intellectual effort poured into its ultimately unsuccessful project, but also renders critical reflection on its scholarly agenda all the more difficult."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This, in turn, might allow certain extant ideas associated with the fourth generation to remain as hegemonic than they have been in the past, yet also insulate them from critique."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0040__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "All this might leave us “profoundly in the thrall” of past perspectives – as Eric Selbin (1999, p. 10) once decried of fourth generation theories."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Elsewhere, Beck (forthcoming) has rightly noted that “thinking of prior theory in generational terms has overstated the extent of consensus present at any time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "” The same accusation can be made against Ritter and Beck's claim about the extent of consensus present in our field today."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "While Ritter and Beck seem content to break with the practice of generational thinking, they nonetheless appear to present some of its symptoms by depicting as ‘consensus' what are in fact still quite clearly matters of scholarly difference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This arises with respect to two crucial areas of revolutionary theory: the object of study, and method of inquiry."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Truly thinking beyond generations necessitates that we reject the notion that we have settled certain major debates in revolutionary theory and now need only to perfect our knowledge of revolution. Should we rid ourselves of generational language, but retain the biases of generational thinking – that certain matters are now off the table, and that our field has a single renewed purpose –we risk being trapped ‘beyond and within’ the fourth generation of revolutionary theory, having formally eschewed its aesthetic trappings, but unable to escape its more substantive shortcomings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 25, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [25, 25, 25], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is tempting to think that theorists of revolution generally agree on what exactly it is that they are studying."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In line with such a view, Ritter and Beck seek to claim that revolutionary theory's “object of study is clear to contemporary scholars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "” They argue that revolutionary theorists are united in studying “attempted and successful shifts in, at the very least, regimes or political structures that occur through mass mobilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "” This is far from a consensual or established definition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Not only would it exclude, for example, much of the history of the French Revolutionary period (a classic case in our field), but also call into question the study of central questions in revolutionary theory such as ideology, culture, micro‐mobilization and elite agency."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is not even to mention currently popular areas of focus such as revolutionary preconditions, regime collapse, revolutionary and counterrevolutionary outcomes (Allinson, 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Conversely, such a definition of revolution might puzzlingly include cases like the Obama‐era Tea Party movement in the United States, which utilized mass mobilization in order to shift political structures (and arguably eventually the governing regime)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The US Civil Rights Movement also substantially shifted political structures through mass mobilization, and – depending on how one defines a regime ‐ one could even imagine a grassroots election campaign constituting an appropriate object of study as per Ritter and Beck's definition of revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "There is a substantial variety of definitions of revolution that differ widely from the one Ritter and Beck argue is ‘clear’ to contemporary scholars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "One such scholar, George Lawson (2019:10), considers a revolution to constitute “a collective mobilization that attempts to quickly and forcibly overthrow an existing regime in order to transform political, economic, and symbolic relations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "” This definition shifts the onus from mass mobilization to merely collective ones, but also introduces new criteria such as speed and force, as well as economic and symbolic transformations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "By contrast, Selbin (2008:131) considers revolution to be a “conscious effort by a broad based, popularly mobilized group of actors, formal or informal, to profoundly transform the social, political, and economic institutions which dominate their lives; the goal is the fundamental transformation of the material and ideological conditions of their everyday lives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "” This definition introduces ideas of intention, the source and breadth of mobilization, and the extensive transformation of various institutions as well as of material and economic conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Yet other scholars – such as John Dunn (2018) – have even contended that revolutions no longer occur, arguing that they are defined by a transformative ideology that present day cases lack."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "This line of contention has led to substantial recent disagreement over whether to define revolution as a political process at all, or whether a programmatic definition is preferable (Abrams, 2018; Abrams & Dunn, 2017; Ritter, 2019; Slim, 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "Such is the degree of difference over revolution as an object of study that Ritter and Beck's proposed consensus definition also breaks with ones they each have offered very recently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Ritter (2019) has recently defined revolutions as “simply an irregular overthrow of a political regime through mass mobilization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "” Ritter thus excludes ‘political structures’ and ‘attempts’ from his definition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Beck (2016:17) has previously defined revolutions as “mass contention against an existing state [which] overthrows a regime, or creates lasting social change and establishes new political structures."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "” This is also a narrower object of study than the pair's joint definition: it specifies revolution as a state‐centric phenomenon, and specifies that – in the absence of regime overthrow ‐ durable social change should occur and novel political structures should be created rather than only shifted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "For my own part, I consider a revolution to constitute a popular overthrow of the power structures in an existing polity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "These can of course be stipulated as successful, failed, ongoing, or even imagined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "In some regards this definition is stricter than Ritter and Beck's: the US Civil Rights Movement – which notably altered, but did not wholly overthrow the power structure in the United States – would not be counted as a revolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "In other regards, this is a much more expansive definition: it unchains revolution from the state or regime, and includes in its scope the popular overthrow of power structures on a small scale (e.g. a workplace, locality, or institution) and a very large scale (e.g. the international order)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0042__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "All this is suffice to say that our object of study is still subject to a plurality of interpretations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 15, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [15, 15, 15], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Just as it is tempting to think that revolutionary theory no longer harbours disagreement about its object of study, it is equally attractive to think that “debates over method are… of a time that is passed.” ( Beck & Ritter, 2021)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Beck and Ritter argue that the solution to these debates is to be found in “a pluralistic methodology” that tends to (though might not always) combine quantitative and qualitative methods for optimal results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such a line of contention was prominently advanced in Goldstone's Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory (2001:175), which concluded that fourth generation studies would “unify the results” of a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Just as Ritter and Beck contend that “we should not expect one subfield to solve the structure‐agency problematic,” it is similarly unrealistic to suggest that revolutionary theory has solved the methodological one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Indeed, Beck (2017:533) himself has observed “a lack of consensus… and little convergence over time,” over issues such as case selection and research strategy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Elsewhere, he has remarked that the study of revolution exhibits “no convergence on the study design techniques that comparative methodologists recommend."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "” ( Beck, forthcoming)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The mixed method studies to which Ritter and Beck assign preference are not necessarily superior to single‐method modes of inquiry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Indeed, though they sometimes offer substantial benefits, mixed method approaches are at other times inappropriate, impractical, illogical, or unnecessary for attacking some of the most interesting research puzzles which we come across (Halcolmb, 2018; Loo & Alan, 2011; Symonds & Gorard, 2010; Timans, et al., 2019)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Though analyses which bridge quantitative and qualitative approaches may indeed sometimes yield “the advantage of both,” there are also occasions in which a slapdash historical survey or a surface‐level suite of descriptive statistics does little to enrich scholarly analysis, and yet efforts to produce them might still take up vital portions of an article's word count, or cut‐short more enriching research pursuits."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Conversely, there are also many cases in which profitable mixing of methods occurs strictly within either the qualitative or quantitative methodological silos."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "On still other occasions, there are times where single‐method studies yield new empirical or theoretical discoveries that were attained precisely because of the practitioner's commitment to honing and furthering their chosen method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Given the surprising methodological poverty in the study of revolution (Beck, forthcoming) it is particularly important that we should prioritise that methods be well executed, rather than that they be combined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "There are many opportunities available to revolutionary theory should we harness a greater number of methods than we have in the past, but this is not simply achieved by harnessing past methods simultaneously."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Instead, we should be encouraging a greater variety of methods – be they singular or mixed– in order to further our understanding of revolution's multiple dimensions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "Sometimes, this will take the form of Ritter and Beck's proffered “pluralistic methodology,” but we must not allow excitement about such approaches to obstruct a broader pluralism about methodology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0043__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Only by paying attention to scholars with diverse and disruptive methods, as well as experts in established methods and mixed‐methods analysts will we open the field for new and challenging discoveries."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 14, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [14, 14, 14], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Beck and Ritter are right to argue that we must pay careful attention to the “continuity of debates over the decades.” However, we cannot simply regard these debates as settled merely because scholars no longer disagree as violently as we imagine they might have in the past."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In my view, it is not so much that past debates have been settled in favour of a clear or consensual answer – as Beck and Ritter contend ‐ but rather that other scholarly fashions rose to prominence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There are persisting differences regarding our object of study or how we might study it, and the empirical variety of revolutions and ways to study them have only increased."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is precisely by means of this increase in cases and studies that we have seen that there is a great deal more to talk about than the hypothetical perfection of definitions or methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While there are many compelling reasons to move past the classification of revolutionary theory into neatly organized ‘generations,’ a conscious and critical acknowledgement of the fourth generation project is nonetheless necessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is because of its status as a specific intellectual project, and its prominent role in many scholars' theoretical education."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This role has not always been productive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "As Ritter and Beck astutely note, the ‘generational thinking’"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "which accompanied the fourth generation's rise to scholarly prominence obscured valuable work, made invisible certain processes of knowledge accumulation, and is at this point limiting our theoretical imagination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Just as they note that this mode of thinking cultivated a “scholarly fear” of returning to past insights, we should not exhibit that same fear with regard to revisiting past debates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Beck and Ritter are right to critique the generational framework used to chart the history of revolutionary theory, but dispensing with this notion does not mean that the fourth generation project should be given a free pass."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "When Beck and Ritter condemn generational thinking as a false premise, they condemn the foundational premise of the fourth generation project as equally false."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Nowhere has the generational framework been more celebrated than in the work of self‐professed fourth generation scholars, and the generational teleology of revolutionary theory is arguably more vital to ‘Fourth Generation’ accounts than any other attribute."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0044__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "It is precisely because fourth generation theory served as a backdrop for the obfuscation of scholarly history – rightly bemoaned by Ritter and Beck‐ that we should welcome a critical evaluation of its ideas, and open discussion of where we might go next."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 17, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [17, 20, 17], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "3153", "paragraph_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ask any rising scholar in the study of revolution, and they will agree that our field finds itself in a pivotal moment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Allinson (2019) has argued that existing theories of revolution are failing to keep pace with empirical developments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ritter (2019:106) and Beck (forthcoming) have gone even further, declaring the death and rebirth of our past approaches to studying revolution: “The Revolution is dead, but long live the revolution,” as Ritter puts it; “Revolution studies is dead; long live revolution studies,” as Beck does."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "But once we break with the thinking of the past and its generational imagery, what – as the old revolutionary question goes – is to be done? How might we reopen our minds after decades of generational thinking and actively work to regenerate revolutionary theory? With regard to our hopes for the future of revolutionary theory, there is much that Allinson, Beck, Ritter and I have in common."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All of us call for a break with the past."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Whether we call what comes next a new ‘generation’ or simply “a new future for the study of revolution,” as preferred by Ritter and Beck, we all hope that it will be characterised by an influx of novelty, be it new theories, cases, phenomena, or interpretations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "There are still more valuable sources of novelty in addition to those imagined by Ritter and Beck."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "We might also – for example ‐ hope to see the arrival of novel research methods, ethical standpoints and practical tools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We might seek dialogue with new fields or reinvigorate our relationships with those we now tend to ignore."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Regenerating revolutionary theory will require more than novelty alone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "It is not enough to simply resume existing debates on the basis of uncritically inherited premises."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "We can and must go one step further and reopen old conversations, question received knowledge, and initiate new debates altogether."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "This means that we should not exclusively align the advancement of our field within the constraints of a rigid and immovable object of study, nor amid the strictures of methodological orthodoxy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Instead, we should make room for disruptive methods, challenging epistemological positions, dialogue with practitioners, and research from new or unexpected sources."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Casting aside generational thinking (and with it the strictures of the fourth generation project) may well be fruitless if we do not think carefully about where our field has gone astray, and how we might pursue more constructive directions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "We risk the degeneration of revolutionary theory into either a false narrative of consensus or isolated siloes of study with disconnected debates and literatures."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Thus, in the years to come scholars should consciously pursue the deliberate regeneration of our field: building connections between debates and fields, educating new scholars, casting aside honorific hierarchies, and celebrating disagreement and diversity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "If we are to advance the field of revolutionary theory we need to explore in multiple directions, lest we find ourselves on yet another winding path or risk making a wrong turn."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Only an open field of study can provide insurance against such a fate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_3153__response__p0045__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "To join in what is a fast emerging scholarly trend: the fourth generation of revolutionary theory is dead, long live the regeneration of revolutionary theory."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_3153/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2972449644_W3158222161_W3159281143", "triad_name": "triad_3153", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_3153__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The incidence of type 1 diabetes in many developed countries has been increasing at rates faster than can be explained by the known genetic propensity towards the disease [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The envi- ronmental triggers of this disease have not yet been identified, despite the many efforts to associate diet, vitamin D, viruses and other factors with disease [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A leaky gut has been cor- related with type 1 diabetes [2], and an aberrant gut microbiome was proposed as the factor that results in a leaky gut followed by altered immune responses leading to disease [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This review describes a model for the role of the gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes based on the latest results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Past work with non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BB-DP) rats provided the first Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1355 Museum Road, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611-0700, USA Diabetologia (2015) 58:1386-1393 DOI 10.1007/s00125-015-3614-8 evidence that bacteria may play an important role in the onset of type 1 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "BB-DP rats fed sulfamethoxazole, trimeth- oprim and colistin sulphate demonstrate a significantly de- creased incidence of diabetes compared with controls [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A similar increase in disease-free animals vs controls was ob- served in NOD mice after administration of doxycycline or vancomycin [5, 6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Bacteroides were higher in stools from the BB-DP rat while Lactobacillus was higher in the diabetes- resistant rat (BB-DR) [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Strains of Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri isolated from BB-DP rats prevented and promoted diabetes in BB-DP rats, respectively [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The L. johnsonii strain induces a T helper 17 cell bias in the mes- enteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice while the L. reuteri strain does not [9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the incidence of insulitis is not significantly dif- ferent between germ-free and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) NOD mice, germ-free mice develop insulitis earlier than SPF mice [10, 11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The presence of segmented filamen- tous bacteria (SFB) in female NOD mice is correlated with decreased insulitis incidence and with the percent- age of IL-17-expressing lymphocytes [12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Diet is known to significantly affect diabetes incidence in NOD mice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, a high-cereal diet increases diabetes incidence in NOD mice, while a high-protein diet reduces risk [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recent studies observed that acidic drinking water also increases diabetes incidence in NOD mice, and this is prevented by inoculating mice with SFB [14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results of the murine experiments encouraged efforts to determine whether associations between gut bacteria and type 1 diabetes could be discovered in humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Rodent model in- vestigations suggested that healthy children may have high populations of probiotic-like bacteria such as Lactobacillus, while the gut microbiome of unhealthy children may be dom- inated by Bacteroides."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Perhaps antibiotic or probiotic use ear- ly in life could prevent type 1 diabetes, but this requires more study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Analysis of a Finnish dataset revealed no connection between antibiotic use and autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes [15], but larger cohorts may be needed to observe an antibiotic influence on this disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Early on, a simple picture was ex- pected to emerge by simply studying the stool content of a few human cohorts with individuals at high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At first, with very small human cohorts with only four healthy children and four children with type 1 diabetes auto- antibodies from the Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study in Finland, the human situation did appear to be very similar to the murine one [16, 17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These studies showed highly significant taxonomic and functional differ- ences between cases and controls prior to autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Levels of Bacteroides were higher in children with autoimmunity, and levels of seemingly protective unclas- sified Firmicutes were higher in healthy children."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These re- sults match the findings of the murine experiments except for the fact that the human samples had negligible amounts of Lactobacillus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Contrasting results were obtained from an investigation of 298 stool samples collected during the first 3 years of age from 22 case and 22 control children enrolled in the German BABYDIET study [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unlike the small Finnish cohort, no significant differences between taxa were observed between cases and controls after correction for false discovery rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Instead, network analysis showed that bacterial communities in cases were far less strongly correlated with each other at <6 months of age and again at about 2 years of age than in controls."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, the results from the Finnish and German cohorts were similar in that the autoimmune bacterial commu- nities were less stable than the healthy communities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The cause for this instability in autoimmune samples remains unknown."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A still larger set of 947 stool samples collected during the DIPP study from 29 cases and 47 controls during the first 4 years of life was examined [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All of the children enrolled in the DIPP study are genetically at high risk for type 1 dia- betes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Analysis of these samples revealed a very striking re- sult: approximately 8 months prior to the average time of appearance of the first autoantibody in cases, a large increase in one bacterial species, Bacteroides dorei, was observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, B. dorei was by far the most abundant species in autoimmune prone children, with over 20% of the population represented by this one species-a rate that was more than double the relative abundance of this species in healthy chil- dren."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This difference was highly statistically significant even after correcting for false discovery rate and was found to occur at about the same time as the introduction of solid food."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A few other minor taxonomic differences were also observed, but nothing as striking as the B. dorei result."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "So why was the B. dorei result seen in the large Finnish DIPP cohort but not in the German BABYDIET study? At first glance, it may appear that since the B. dorei result in Finland was not reproduced in Germany, it must then be an anomaly."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there is one very important difference be- tween the designs of these two cohorts that may explain this difference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The samples used in the DIPP study were all from children born in the same hospital, Turku University Hospital [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All of the children lived within 80 km of each other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, many of the known confounders of the microbiome community were controlled; that is, climate, diet, culture, wa- ter supply, pollution levels, air quality and medical practices were all very similar for these children."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast, the children in the BABYDIET cohort were from all over Germany, allowing enough variability in the microbiome confounders to affect microbiome composition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, all of the children in the BABYDIET study had Diabetologia (2015) 58:1386-1393 1387 first-degree relatives with type 1 diabetes, while in DIPP the children were chosen for the study based on their high-risk HLA genotype at birth."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These confounders add to the noise of the data and may explain why no significant taxonomic dif- ferences were observed between cases and controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These confounders may have been sufficient to mask any taxonomic differences that might otherwise have been detected in the BABYDIET study but too weak to mask the network differ- ences seen in this cohort [18]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, a working hypothesis is that geography plays a very large role in whether it is possible to observe significant case- control differences in any cohort designed to examine associ- ations between the microbiome and disease."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From this per- spective, the microbiome results from the BABYDIET and DIPP cohorts do not contradict each other but rather help us understand how best to design cohorts for future disease- related microbiome studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two other recent studies from Europe and Mexico showed taxonomic differences in the gut microbiome between individ- uals with type 1 diabetes and individuals without the disease [19, 20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In both studies, levels of Bacteroides were signifi- cantly higher in those children with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy children."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These studies were intended to show the effect of the disease itself as opposed to identifying a trigger for autoimmunity as in the previous studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Mexican study was restricted to Sonora state, which borders Arizona, and was limited to 29 children, including eight con- trols."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Based on the findings of these studies and the pre- autoimmunity cohorts described above, Bacteroides appears to be a major contributor to microbiome dysbiosis both prior to the development of autoimmunity and after disease diagnosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There is evidence that the human genome has some control over the taxonomic composition of bacteria in the gut."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, it is not known whether a genetic propensity to type 1 diabetes, as manifested by HLA genotype, affects bacterial gut composition [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The studies conducted to date on the relationship between type 1 diabetes autoimmunity and the microbiome have not seen an HLA genotype effect on the microbiome, but these studies did not have enough participants to observe such an effect [15, 18]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a lack of expo- sure to microbes early in life under hygiene conditions in the developed world contributes to a weakened im- mune system incapable of warding off the effects of detrimental bacteria in the gut [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Efforts are under- way to examine this issue carefully between Finland and neighbouring Estonia and Russian Karelia [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Testing this hypothesis will be difficult in any study protocol."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our view that separating signal from noise is best done by careful cohort design intended to reduce the confounders of the microbiome."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our recent results suggest that striking case-control differ- ences can be observed when the geographic distribution of a high-risk cohort is limited to one city and its immediate sur- roundings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Another issue is whether type 1 diabetes risk is higher in urban or rural areas [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Differences in large gut microbiome taxa and alpha diversity differences were recently observed across six clinical sites in children at high genetic risk for type 1 diabetes [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Higher socioeconomic status is typically associated with type 1 diabetes and other autoim- mune diseases [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To date there are no reports in the litera- ture on socioeconomic status and gut microbiome composi- tion, but socioeconomic status has been shown to be associat- ed with the oral microbiome [26]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, given that geog- raphy and diet are well known to affect gut microbiome com- position and that socioeconomic status affects diet and place of residence, cohort design should take these factors into ac- count or in some way control for them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0015__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "To date, no clear associations between type 1 diabetes and diet have been made, but this is being carefully examined by The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study group [27]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An ideal cohort design might be one that includes samples from a set of cities similar to Turku where the cohort includes children all born in the same hospital and all living in the surrounding area."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The variability of other environmental fac- tors, such as climate, drinking water, health practices and air quality, are similar across a single city."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Having a set of such cities each with children at high risk might allow us to identify bacteria or bacterial functions that are associated with autoim- munity for type 1 diabetes across a broad geographic scale."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sampling from families may be a means of reducing the noise in the microbiome data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That is, rather than collecting samples from healthy controls matched for genetic risk, con- trol samples could be obtained from healthy siblings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But age matching is important, so noise could be further controlled by enrolling identical and non-identical twins for the study of those at high genetic risk for the disease at birth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This would be a difficult undertaking in a small city such as Turku but might work well in a much larger city in the same country, such as Helsinki."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another way of reducing noise would be to determine the changes that can occur in the gut microbiome communities in stools in response to long-term exposure to room temperature and air."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Approaches must be developed that make it easier for families to collect stools in a manner that allows for rapid freezing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Microbial communities in stools do change signifi- cantly after 24 h of exposure to air, and these changes include a sharp decline in the relative abundance of Bacteroides strains [28], which can survive air but do not divide under aerobic conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To date, none of the studies to investigate 1388 Diabetologia (2015) 58:1386-1393 the microbiome of children at high genetic risk for type 1 diabetes has been designed with the microbiome in mind."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition to the aforementioned improvements in study design and larger cohorts with limited confounding, advancements in big data analysis methods should also help to facilitate within- and between-study analyses."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As described above, a recent study showed a strong associa- tion between high levels of B. dorei in the gut several months prior to the appearance of the first type 1 diabetes autoanti- body [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A first step towards determining whether B. dorei causes type 1 diabetes autoimmunity would be to culture it from the Turku DIPP samples, then inoculate NOD mice with this organism and determine whether this strain(s) reduces the survival rates of the mice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although this is a high-risk strategy and not without significant intellectual challenges, it would be worthwhile to conduct such an experiment because even though B. dorei may not be involved in type 1 diabetes onset in other populations, a certain set of functions expressed by B. dorei may have wide applicability to autoimmune disease around the globe."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As more bacterial metagenomes are obtained from stool samples of high-risk children, quantifying the relative abun- dance of homologues or paralogues of B. dorei genes will be an easy task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additional Bacteroides species may be associat- ed with type 1 diabetes autoimmunity in other cohorts, which will allow us to build a database of genes in common with all Bacteroides associated with diseases vs those genes in Bacteroides species not associated with disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A similar approach can be used on bacterial species or strains thought to be protective against the disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Bacterial functions asso- ciated with disease have been listed for a very small cohort from the DIPP study [16]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Further studies are warranted on an increased number of individuals and more samples across ad- ditional time points."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As Bacteroides have been associated with type 1 diabetes autoantibodies, the next obvious question pertains to the source of these bacteria."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That is, if a single species or set of closely related species is associated with type 1 diabetes, the need to hunt for more bacterial associations with type 1 dia- betes declines and the problem becomes one of searching for those environmental factors that increase the abundance of these Bacteroides species in the gut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the stool samples of autoimmune Turku children, levels of B. dorei peak at about 7 months of age, about 1 month prior to the Finnish national standard for the timeframe of solid food introduction [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If the early introduction of solid food is related to raised Bacteroides levels, which foods are known to increase Bacteroides abundance in the gut?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "High-fat and high-gluten diets encourage colonisation of the gut by Bacteroides."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Bacteroides populations in the human gut have been strongly correlated with a diet high in protein, animal fat, cholesterol and other fats [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Bacteroides are well known as the primary proteolytic bacteria in the gut [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Not surprisingly, vegans and vegetarians have low levels of Bacteroides in their stools [31]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To date, connections between a vegetarian diet and the progression towards type 1 diabetes have not been studied."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Examination of the gut microbiome in coeliac disease sug- gests that gluten may play a role in Bacteroides abundance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The prevalence of B. dorei was 67% higher in children with active coeliac disease compared with the same children on a gluten-free diet for two years [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, formula-fed chil- dren at high risk for coeliac disease were approximately six- times more likely to possess B. dorei in stool than low-risk controls [33]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These results encourage further work to deter- mine whether gluten increases population growth of B. dorei in children at high risk for autoimmunity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Resistant starch may also play a significant role in preventing type 1 diabetes as it has been reported to increase faecal butyrate levels [34]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The onset of type 1 diabetes might involve an aberrant intes- tinal microbiome creating the conditions for gut leakiness followed by mucosal immune responses that lead to an attack of insulin-producing islet cells [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consistent with this notion, type 1 diabetic individuals have been shown to have a leakier gut than controls [35-37], and it has been reported that this leakiness is not caused by type 1 diabetes, rather, type 1 dia- betes is preceded by a leaky gut [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the NOD mouse model, a leaky gut can lead to the activation of diabetogenic CD8 + cells which, in turn, lead to the development of insulitis [38]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Mechanisms for a connection between the leaky gut and type 1 diabetes have been reviewed previously [39, 40]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Butyrate is one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) pro- duced by bacterial fermentation in the gut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ratio of butyrate:acetate:proprionate in the gut varies widely, but these three SCFAs make up the majority of the SCFA content in this organ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The concentration of SCFAs in the gut can be as high as Diabetologia (2015) 58:1386-1393 1389 140 mmol/l and these SCFAs can provide up to 10% of the daily human caloric needs [41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Butyrate reduces trans- membrane transport of Escherichia coli across confluent monolayers of colon-derived cell lines [42]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, in- flammation may reduce butyrate transport through the down- regulation of a butyrate transporter [43]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Butyrate is also known to play two important roles in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial layer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, butyrate induces the expression of mucin-producing genes in the epithelial layer [44]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mucin is a host gly- coprotein that protects the epithelial layer from attack by bacteria or bacterial metabolites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Second, butyrate restores and maintains tight junction assembly in epithe- lial layers [45, 46]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These tight junctions are formed between epithelial cells and serve as gatekeepers for metabolite transport across the epithelium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Other SCFAs do not induce tight junction formation or mucin synthesis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Healthy children have a higher proportion of butyrate- producing gut bacteria in their microbiomes compared with children expressing at least one beta islet cell autoantibody [16, 47]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Based on this, the ratio of butyrate-producing to other SCFA-producing bacteria in the gut was proposed to be a key regulator in determining the gut health of a child at high risk for type 1 diabetes [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, there is no evidence to date linking butyrate levels in the gut to the progression of diabetes in either animals or humans."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Butyrate has roles other than maintenance of the integrity of the gut epithelial layer."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, there is increasing evi- dence that butyrate has epigenetic effects that may be very important in type 1 diabetes, as unknown environmental trig- gers must be playing a role in the rapid increase in the inci- dence of this disease [48]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Butyrate induces the methylation of promoter regions, which causes both up- and downregulation in different sets of human genes [49]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Histone acetylation also appears to be regulated by butyrate production."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Butyrate reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the intestine through modulation of antioxidant defence systems [50], nitric oxide production, and expression of inflammatory cytokines [51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Many of these effects appear to be modulated by the inhibition of histone deacetylases in macrophages [51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Also, histone acetylation in the promoter of the Foxp3 locus Beginning with the introduction of solid food, consume a diet predominant in:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The genomes of two of the B. dorei strains from the DIPP Turku cohort have been sequenced to completion and, physi- ologically, appear to be typical Bacteroides in that they metabolise a broad spectrum of compounds and have many antibiotic-resistance genes [54]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One of these genomes was derived from a child who later developed type 1 diabetes- associated autoantibodies (case) while the other genome was from a high-risk healthy child (control)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The case genome in- cludes a bacteriophage with a DNA adenine methyltransferase gene that appears to be responsible for the methylation of all but three of the 20,554 GATC motifs in the genome [54]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Such phage-borne DNA methyltransferases have been found in sev- eral bacteria [55]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "None of the nearly 19,000 GATC motifs in the control genome were methylated, presumably because it lacked this phage and its orphan DNA methyltransferase gene."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This work was the first report of DNA methylation differences within a bacterial species in the microbiome [54]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although these methylation results from two B. dorei ge- nomes cannot be associated with disease, they suggest that a wider examination of methylation patterns in more samples is warranted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "DNA methylation patterns are known to affect gene expression in bacteria [56]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They control epigenetic re- sponses that are often regulated by environmental exposure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, a few methylation sites in the human genome have been associated with type 1 diabetes pathogenesis [57, 58]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is therefore conceivable that methylation differences in the genomes of bacteria associated with type 1 diabetes may play a role in disease."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The analyses described above suggest a revised model for the role of the microbiome in type 1 diabetes, one that is based on a previous model [16] but takes into account the role of diet (Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this revised model, type 1 diabetes autoimmunity occurs when a high-fat, high-gluten diet, perhaps one with a low level of resistant starch, increases Bacteroides colonisa- tion in the gut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These bacteria ferment glucose to SCFAs other than butyrate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The lack of butyrate production reduces the likelihood of an intact gut epithelial layer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The resulting per- meability causes bacterial antigen exposure that induces im- mune responses leading to type 1 diabetes autoimmunity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recent results suggest that the many confounders of gut microbiome composition need to be considered in cohort de- sign for the optimal discovery of associations between the gut microbiome and disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A cohort carefully designed to con- trol for geography and diet as much as possible can eliminate much of the noise that is often associated with microbiome data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Future work will require experiments or observational studies that directly test each point in the model (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_725__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Environmental factors play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There is growing enthusiasm towards assessing the role of gut microbiota as an environmental modifier of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is largely based on the increasing awareness of the role of microbiota in regulating gut homeostasis and immune responses in the gut [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Microbiota composition varies between individuals and is modified by diet [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "An emerging number of studies suggest that the abundance of Bacteroidetes is associated with autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, a diet promoting an abundance of Bacteroidetes could be an environmental risk modifier in type 1 diabetes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_725__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The notion of Bacteroides as ‘diabetogenic’ species is now further supported by a recent study in which Bacteroides dorei was found to be abundant in children who subsequently developed diabetes-related autoantibodies in a cohort of 76 children participating in the Diabetes Intervention and Prevention Project (DIPP) study in Southwest Finland [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In NOD mice, diabetes incidence is effectively modified by diet [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We have studied the effect of two common nutritional fibres, pectin and xylan, on microbial colonisation, gut homeostasis and diabetes development in NOD mice [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Pectin and xylan dramatically increased colonisation of the intestine by Bacteroidetes, including B. dorei (Fig. 1 and data in [6]), increased the expression of stress-related molecular transcripts and inflammatory cytokines in the gut, and altered the balance of T cell cytokines in pancreatic lymph nodes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In terms of disease-promoting mechanisms, our findings alluded to a pathophysiological model [6] well aligned with the model recently discussed by Davis-Richardson and Triplett in Diabetologia [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The core idea is that, by displacing beneficial butyrate-producing taxa, Bacteroidetes have adverse effects on epithelial cells [3, 6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Our findings provided experimental evidence in support of this and indicated that at least some Bacteroides species play a role in diabetes-related autoimmunity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0035__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In addition, our results identified dietary fibres as novel candidates for environmental modifiers of the pathogenesis of diabetes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_725__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interestingly, induction of low-grade inflammation in the gut and microbiota encroachment was recently reported in mice following administration of two other fibre compounds used as dietary emulsifiers [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "According to Finnish healthcare recommendations, fermentable fibres including pectin and xylan (hemicellulose, a constituent of all plant cell walls) are introduced into the diet of infants in the form of berry cocktails."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In Finland, parents are recommended to start giving berry cocktails to their infants at 4 months age, an age preceding the peak in the observed abundance of B. dorei [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_725__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bacteroidetes are capable of adapting to different nutritional environments and they possess a large number of genes that encode carbohydrate-active enzymes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After weaning, in the murine intestine, Bacteroidetes start to express a plethora of enzymes that participate in the liberation of simple sugars from complex polysaccharides of dietary fibres [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Simultaneously, the expression of genetic loci encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides is modified [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The immune-stimulating and metabolic effects of different members of the microbiota are still incompletely understood, and differences are likely between different individuals’ bacteria representing even the same species, including B. dorei [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We envision that fermentable fibres may modify the function and immunogenicity of microbiota, including members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, in ways which may have relevance to type 1 diabetes [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_725__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__response__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the Editor: We agree wholeheartedly with Hänninen and Toivonen [1] that we must move beyond taxonomic associations of bacteria with type 1 diabetes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, a strong bacterial taxonomic association with disease, such as with Bacteroides dorei and type 1 diabetes autoimmunity in Turku, Finland [2], can provide a considerable number of clues about how the functions of this bacterium can lead to disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When a bacterial species is known at the genus and species levels and associated with disease, this allows us to make many predictions about how this organism may be dominating a particular environment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the case of B. dorei and type 1 diabetes in Finland, this has gone further, with the publication of three full genomes of this species from stool samples obtained in Turku."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This work led to the model described in our recent review [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The model was intended to serve as a platform to test the ideas presented, as well as to add new concepts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0038__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "That is, if B. dorei is associated with type 1 diabetes autoimmunity, what are the factors that contribute to its dominance in the gut microbiome of unhealthy children?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_725__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__response__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As stated in the review, a number of papers have shown that diet can affect Bacteroides populations in the human gut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors propose the addition to fibre to our model for the dietary control of Bacteroides gut populations [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is based on their recent study in the NOD mouse [4], the idea being that fibre in the diet may be an important component leading to type 1 diabetes and that this may be conferred by an increase in the Bacteroides population in the NOD mouse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is not clear whether this work in mice is translatable to the human condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The authors propose that a fibre-containing berry cocktail given to Finnish children at 4 months of age may be the trigger that precedes the increase in B. dorei at about 7.5 months of age."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Solid food is introduced to Finnish babies at 4–6 months of age [5, 6], so it is hard to identify the particular dietary components that contribute to a high B. dorei population, but we agree that soluble fibre is one candidate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_725__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "725", "paragraph_id": "triad_725__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As stated previously [2], it has been known for many years that Bacteroides likely plays an important role in the digestion of complex carbohydrates in the human gut [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, there are precious few papers on the role of dietary fibre on Bacteroides populations in the human gut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A recent paper by Lamichhane et al [8] reported a strong positive correlation between soluble fibre intake and the level of Bacteroides in the human gut."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Still other papers point to gluten as a contributor to a high relative proportion of Bacteroides species [9], while others suggest that high protein and animal fat is an important contributor [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It would not be surprising that all of these dietary factors play a role."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_725__response__p0040__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, it is clear that the source of B. dorei in Turku, Finland, will never be resolved by studies in the NOD mouse, and a careful epidemiological analysis of the source of this bacterium in that city is warranted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_725/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W251704843_W1502350665_W982463170", "triad_name": "triad_725", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_725__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Decentralized wastewater treatment has been proposed as a strategy to help reduce potable water consumption (e.g., Wilderer and Schreff, 2000) and as a cost-efficient alternative to more centralized treatment (e.g., Engin and Demir, 2006)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Decentralized treatment systems are defined as the collection, treatment, and distribution of water and wastewater near the point of use or generation (Crites, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These decentralized systems reduce collection transport distances and have lower flow volumes that enable the use of smaller diameter piping, shallow installation depths, and vacuum and pressurized sewers (Nelson, 2005), all of which potentially reduce energy and material use."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Complementing centralized water-related infrastructure with decentralized facilities has been described as a \"soft path solution\" (Gleick, 2003), partly because decentralized facilities allow water services and quality to be tailored to end-use needs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Decentralized systems are also more amenable to grey water separation technologies (Lienert and Larsen, 2006), which increase the potential reuse of wastewater and promote the return of treated wastewater within the watershed of origin (Massouda et al., 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Decentralized wastewater systems can be located adjacent to areas with high demands for non-potable water, such as golf courses and public landscaping, thereby redirecting large volumes of water for reuse (Allen and Vonghia, 2005)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The significant capital investments required for centralized treatment infrastructure can be prohibitively high in developing countries (Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004) and decentralized wastewater systems are perceived as a more appropriate strategy with reduced costs, less maintenance, greater flexibility in planning for future growth, and reduced environmental impact (Engin and Demir, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For these reasons, institutions like the World Bank consider decentralized systems as an alternative to traditional centralized systems (Wilderer and Schreff, 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While there are many potential benefits of decentralized systems, the inherent loss of scale economies relative to larger centralized systems may result in increased unit energy, cost, and materials associated with facility operation as treatment plant capacity decreases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These benefits of centralized systems, however, are thought to diminish when building and maintaining the distribution and collection systems are considered (Lens et al., 2001)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A proper environmental analysis and comparison of centralized and decentralized wastewater systems requires expanding the evaluation scope beyond facility operation to determine the impact at each stage of the process, including infrastructure construction and maintenance as well as material production and transport."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This paper provides a framework for analyzing decentralized wastewater systems and evaluates the energy and environmental impacts associated with two currently operating case systems - one centralized and one decentralized - while accounting for the resources consumed and the pollutants released throughout the life-cycle of the collection, treatment, and distribution processes, as well as accounting for water treatment avoided through water reuse strategies available with decentralized systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This article deploys the Wastewater-Energy Sustainability Tool (WWEST), discussed in Stokes and Horvath (2010), to conduct a system-wide life-cycle assessment (LCA) comparison of centralized and decentralized wastewater systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 9, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The decentralized wastewater case study is based on an operating treatment system in northern California."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This community-scale system (Figure 1) provides wastewater treatment for a 47-lot suburban subdivision of Stonehurst in Martinez."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The treatment system has operated since the 4 early 1990's and has been described as a successful and innovative decentralized wastewater treatment strategy for California (Crites, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The details of this wastewater treatment system have been outlined in previous publications (Crites, 1998; Tchobanoglous et al., 2003)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The system was designed to annually treat nearly 20 million liters of liquid wastewater and operates at capacity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Each lot includes a 5.7 m 3 concrete septic tank."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Septic tanks are commonly used in rural areas and can be found near 25% of U.S. homes (USEPA, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Effluent from septic tanks is typically distributed to an adjacent drainfield for aerobic treatment, requiring a large amount of open space."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The footprint for the septic tanks in the decentralized wastewater case study is reduced through the use of a community wastewater collection system that transports the septic tank effluent for nearby treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Each onsite septic tank is connected to a 5-cm (two- inch) diameter sewer main."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Thirty-two homes are located uphill of the sewer main and are connected through small diameter gravity-forced piping."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0007__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Each of the other 15 homes, located downhill, has a small (0.2 kW) septic tank effluent pump (STEP) to transport wastewater to the sewer main."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Approximately 5 km of sewer-main piping connects effluent from the homes to a single wet-pump station that uses two 1.5 kW pumps to transport the effluent to a community treatment plant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The treatment plant consists of a recirculating sand filter, where the wastewater is first sent to a recirculating tank and then pumped through a 0.6 m gravel bed approximately five times before being sent across an open three channel ultra-violet (UV) supply sump system for disinfection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An effluent pump station then transports the treated water to an 11.4 m 3 hilltop dosing tank where the water is distributed to a 10,000 m 2 community soil absorption field."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Treated water in the dosing tank is also available for irrigation use through a subsurface drip system for a small nearby park."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Septic tank cleanings are arranged by each individual 5 homeowner and assumed to occur every five years for this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The removed biosolds are assumed to be transported to landfill."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The decentralized wastewater system is compared to a previously published WWEST case study for a large centralized wastewater utility in California (Stokes and Horvath, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The centralized system serves approximately half a million residents over a 200 km 2 area and includes conventional liquid and sludge treatment process streams."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The treatment processes used in this centralized plant are outlined in Figure 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The liquid waste is treated with primary sedimentation, pure-oxygen activated sludge, secondary clarification, and disinfection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Solids are anaerobically digested and dewatered before disposal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 1 summarizes the major energy and equipment demands that are used in the WWEST analysis for both wastewater systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Information regarding the systems was obtained through publications and direct communication with utility employees."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Methane from the treatment process is assumed to be flared for safety reasons (Sahely et al., 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While flaring will convert methane biogas to carbon dioxide, a conversion efficiency of 95% was assumed to account for any incomplete combustion and leaks that may occur (Monteith et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Results are provided for the centralized plant assuming flaring."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For comparison, Table 2 includes the estimated results if the methane was used to generate electricity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These data assume that the methane produced when treating 3785 m 3 (one million gallons) per day with anaerobic digestion will produce the equivalent of 26 kW (USEPA, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The centralized plant would produce 14,500 MWh per year assuming all the methane captured (95%) is used for electricity production."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that biogas is used to offset energy use at approximately 8% of wastewater plants where it is technically feasible and at less than half of the plants where this strategy would be considered economically feasible (i.e., 6 payback in less than 7 years)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These statistics indicate there is significant potential for future improvements in energy consumption and related emissions in the wastewater industry."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 3 compares the life-cycle energy use, separated by life-cycle phase and treatment phase, for the decentralized treatment system evaluated in this study with the centralized plant case study from Stokes and Horvath (2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results show that the decentralized system used about 37 GJ of primary energy for every million liters of wastewater treated, while the centralized system used about 6.8 GJ for the same functional unit."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The increased life-cycle energy associated with the decentralized system can be partially explained by the significantly greater direct operational electricity use for the decentralized system, as presented in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These operational electricity values for both the centralized and decentralized systems are obtained from utility meters that represent the entire treatment plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No data were provided to effectively disaggregate by process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "After normalizing for differences in treated waste volumes, utility records indicate that the decentralized system requires seven times more electricity to operate than the centralized system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Additionally, the construction phase contributes significantly to the life-cycle energy of the decentralized system while the centralized system is dominated solely by the operational phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Dixon et al. ( 2003) estimate life-cycle energy use for two small-scale wastewater treatment systems that are of equal magnitude to the life-cycle energy use of the centralized system presented in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, those two small-scale designs - a reed bed system and an 7 aerated filter treatment unit- require minimal pump power at the treatment stage and pumping for collection and discharge was beyond of the boundaries of that analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the decentralized system in this study is a fairly low-technology design, the pumps required for collection, discharge, and recirculation through the sand filter, as well as the UV lights, require significant electricity during operation relative to the amount of treated water."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An effluent pump station is required in the decentralized system to transport treated wastewater uphill to the holding tank, the effects of which can be seen in the discharge category of life-cycle energy distribution in Figure 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The centralized treatment plant is located adjacent and above the final discharge into the San Francisco Bay so no effluent pumping is required."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table 2 presents life-cycle energy and emissions of greenhouse gas and criteria pollutants for both the centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment system separated by activity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The influence of operational electricity demand on life-cycle impacts is highlighted by the Energy Consumption category in Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The relatively large contribution of Energy Consumption to the total life-cycle impacts for both treatment systems supports previous work by Gaterell and Lester (2000) that suggests the majority of the environmental burdens from wastewater treatment are associated with consumption of energy during the operational phase."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Table 2 shows that the life-cycle energy required for Material Production is comparable to Energy Consumption in the centralized plant, which is partly due to the high embodied energy of chemicals used in the centralized treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Energy Consumption is responsible for most of the life-cycle energy needs in the decentralized system, with Material Production and Onsite Equipment/Vehicle Use also contributing significantly due to the relatively greater influence of the construction phase."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When comparing greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in units of carbon dioxide equivalent, CO 2 (e)), the difference between the two systems increases, primarily due to 8 direct methane losses from the decentralized septic tanks, represented in the Direct Emissions category of Table 2."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even after adjusting for new findings that indicate septic tank emissions are below previously established IPCC estimates (Diaz-Valbuena et al. 2011), the methane released from the decentralized system is still significantly higher compared to the centralized plant, which is designed to effectively flare methane produced during treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, generating electricity from methane is becoming increasingly utilized in central treatment plants (Connelly 2011; USEPA, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Methane emissions from landfilled biosolids contribute only slightly to overall greenhouse-gas emissions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Both treatment systems are assumed to have solid waste disposed at a nearby landfill with an 85% efficient gas recovery system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 2 shows that the difference in criteria pollutant emissions between the two systems scales closely with the difference in operational electricity consumption shown in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This scaling is partly because electricity use is a significant source of criteria pollutants and both treatment plants are assumed to use electricity generated from California's average primary energy mix."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The greater difference in particulate matter emissions between the two systems is due to increased influence of tailpipe emissions from off-road vehicle equipment needed for construction and maintenance of the decentralized system, as indicated in the Onsite Equipment/Vehicle Use category of Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Off-road vehicle use also increases NO x emissions associated with the decentralized plant, but a greater difference between the two systems is not observed here since the centralized plant's NO x emissions also increase due to Material Delivery needs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While septic systems are the most common form of decentralization, new forms of decentralized treatment such as membrane bio-reactors are being developed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "High-technology decentralized systems may have different life-cycle impacts than the systems evaluated in this paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additional decentralized systems should be evaluated as these emerging technologies become established and reliable data become available."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Multiple factors influence the choice of wastewater treatment strategies, and decentralized systems provide many benefits including lower initial investment costs, increased flexibility, the opportunity to reduce potable water needs through wastewater reuse, and the possibility of reduced ecological impacts outside the scope of this analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "LCA methods are inherently limited and previous evaluation has shown that life-cycle energy impacts do not necessarily align with other qualitative considerations such as public amenity, ecosystem conservation, or aesthetics (Brix, 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The results presented in this study indicate that along with any social and environmental benefits from decentralized treatment comes the potential for an increase in life- cycle energy and air pollutants."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Decision makers should be aware of this possible increase and the life-cycle impacts of proposed decentralized designs should be evaluated to minimize environmental burdens of future wastewater treatment development."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4599__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the article ‘Energy and air emission implications of a decentralized wastewater system’ published in Environmental Research Letters (2012 Environ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Res."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Lett."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "7 024007), Shehabi et al compared a decentralized and a centralized system on the basis of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, and claimed that economies of scale lower the environmental impacts from a centralized system on a per-volume basis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this comment, we present literature and data from New York State, USA to argue that the authors’ comparison between a small decentralized system (0.015 MGD) and a large centralized system (66.5 MGD) is unconventional and inappropriate [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The recent article by Shehabi et al (2012) compared a decentralized and a centralized system on the basis of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, and argued that economies of scale lower the environmental impacts from a centralized system on a per-volume basis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The authors’ analysis builds on a similar effort by Muga and Mihelcic (2008) that used a combination of economic, environmental and societal factors to evaluate the effectiveness of various wastewater treatment systems [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4599__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We found the comparison between a small decentralized system (0.015 MGD serving 100 residents) and a large centralized system (66.5 MGD serving 500,000 residents) unconventional and inappropriate for at least a few reasons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the centralized treatment plant chosen was too large not only in comparison to the decentralized plant, but also in comparison to other centralized plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Muga and Mihelcic (2008) reviewed 16,255 wastewater treatment plants in the US and observed that over 80% of them have a capacity less than 5 MGD [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the state of New York, only 16 of the over 600 municipal treatment plants have capacities greater than 65 MGD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While these 16 plants constitute 62% of the installed capacity and serve 64% of the residents in the state, a disproportionate majority of plants are much smaller in size."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "87% of the plants are smaller than 5 MGD, 69% are smaller than 1 MGD and 28% are smaller than 0.1 MGD [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This trend may be evident in other states as well, in some cases more pronounced depending on proportion of rural/urban populations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4599__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, it would take 4600 small decentralized systems, such as the one described in Shehabi et al (2012), to make up a 66.5 MGD centralized treatment plant—an idea no city would entertain in its planning formulation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, a large centralized plant would be an inappropriate and highly expensive solution for a rural community."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Large treatment plants achieve economies of scale in operational parameters such as energy and emissions, and are able to leverage rapid changes in technology, which smaller decentralized systems are unable to do."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Indeed, size plays a role even within centralized treatment plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The effluent violation rates for some parameters at small plants (0.01 MGD) are 10 times that of plants that are sized 100 MGD or larger [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The energy use per volume is higher in centralized plants sized 0.1 MGD or smaller, as compared to those sized up to 1 MGD and 5 MGD [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4599__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many communities are not large and dense enough to warrant large treatment plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A comparison between the two methods of treatment is only fair if similar-sized plants are considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The inclusion of alternative scenarios with a large plant for a rural area or many small plants for an urban area can greatly enhance the validity of the model presented by Shehabi et al (2012)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Based on the data from New York, there are 34 plants that have capacities of 0.015 MGD or smaller serving 102 residents on average, nearly the same as that in case of the decentralized system described in Shehabi et al. Such a comparison is more likely to yield meaningful results and policy-worthy conclusions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4599__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While GHG emissions and particulate pollution are critical factors in evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment systems, very rarely do decisions about construction of new treatment plants get made on those factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The lack of federal and state funds and an ageing infrastructure have forced many small communities to look toward decentralized solutions for managing wastewater."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is very likely that decentralized treatment systems will have a resurgence in small communities, this time in a planned and well-designed manner."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__critique__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, it is imperative that a fair comparison between the centralized and decentralized approaches be conducted to allow decision-makers and stakeholders to make informed choices."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4599__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Complementing centralized water-related infrastructure with decentralized facilities is being considered in some communities and a life-cycle perspective is needed for informed decision making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our 2012 study presents a framework for analyzing the environmental effects of decentralized wastewater systems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While the analysis framework could be applied to cases with a variety of sizes, we evaluated two currently operating systems in California, one decentralized and one centralized plant with a much larger capacity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The disparate scales of the two plants represent an ‘off-the-grid’ suburban neighborhood-scale system compared with a similarly sized neighborhood connecting to an adjacent large centralized plant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Deciding whether or not to connect expanding developments to nearby centralized plants is a realistic scenario for future growth, making the treatment plants evaluated in our study a realistic choice for comparison."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The comment submitted by Vedachalam and Riha (2013) argues that the case studies compared in our paper (Shehabi et al 2012) were ‘unconventional and inappropriate’ because of the disparate scales of the two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We do not argue with the commenters’ assessment that most WWTPs are smaller than the centralized case study system in the paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They have clearly shown this to be true in New York and likely in other areas as well."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, comparing a large centralized WWTP with a small decentralized WWTP is neither ‘unconventional’ nor ‘inappropriate’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The two systems compete, but also complement each other, and life-cycle perspective is needed for informed decision making."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The suburban setting of our evaluated decentralized systems—and the decision whether or not to connect to nearby larger centralized WWTPs—is a realistic scenario for future growth."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Based on our recent discussions with other engineering and planning academics, designing decentralized treatment strategies to serve new developments on the edge, or ‘at the margins’, of an urban or suburban region served by a centralized WWTP, regardless of size, may be a realistic strategy for meeting any of several different goals, such as: providing a local, non-potable water source; preserving strained infrastructure within a city’s core; and allowing for use of natural treatment processes, which may be more energy efficient."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In contrast to the one example of an application of decentralized systems (rural settings) described in the comment, we expect that the example of comparing an ‘off-the-grid’ neighborhood-scale system to a connection to a large centralized plant will be increasingly common."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Vedachalam and Riha (2013) conclude that we should have chosen a centralized plant of a similar size (approximately 0.015 MGD) to provide a fair comparison, essentially arguing that we should be attempting to compare two different configurations of similarly sized plants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The paper they are suggesting has an entirely different goal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the abstract of our letter states, ‘this paper presents a framework for analyzing the environmental effects of decentralized wastewater systems and an evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with two currently operating systems in California, one centralized and one decentralized’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this case, the centralized plant has a larger capacity, but the analysis framework could be applied to cases with a variety of sizes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The questions surrounding decentralized wastewater treatment contain many unresolved issues and more research topics remain to be evaluated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Additional comparisons of decentralized WWTPs with smaller centralized plants would be interesting and valuable assessments."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4599", "paragraph_id": "triad_4599__response__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We do not consider our letter to be the final word on the issue of decentralized treatment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instead, we intend our letter to initiate what we hope to be an extended discussion in the academic literature about the tradeoffs between centralized and decentralized systems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4599__response__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We intend to do additional analyses in this area and welcome other perspectives and input on the issue."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4599/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2045407331_W2132798100_W2037472043", "triad_name": "triad_4599", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4599__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider a set S of n points in three-dimensional Euclidean space, ~3, and a collection of t triangles with vertices in S. Clearly, if t is not too large it could be that any two triangles intersect only in common vertices or edges, if at all."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, this is possible for t almost as large as n 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Once t exceeds n 2, some of the triangles start having common interior points, no matter how the points of S are placed in space."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If t > ~n 2 we start to see crossin9 pairs, that is, pairs of vertex disjoint triangles with common interior points."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This basic fact can be used to show that for t > 2n 2 the number of crossing pairs is at least some positive constant times t4/n 6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This extends a result of I-1] that for n points and t > 4n edges in R 2 there are at least some positive constant times t3/n 2 crossing edge pairs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Why is this interesting?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A consequence of the lower bound for crossing triangle pairs is that n points in R 3 have at most some positive constant times n 8/3 k-sets, for any fixed k, 0 < k < n. A k-set of S is a subset S' = SnH, where H is a half-space and IS'l = k. For three-dimensional k-sets the first nontrivial bound of 282 T.K. Dey and H. Edelsbrunner O(n 3- x/343) was reported in [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This was improved to O(n a/3 log 5/3 n) and later to O(n 8/3 log 2/3 n) in [3] and [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This paper removes the remaining poly- logarithmic factor from the upper bound."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While the improvement is not dramatic, we feel the main contribution is the introduction of a new and more direct approach to proving bounds on k-sets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A set V of three noncollinear points in R a defines a triangle crv = conv(V)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We say that two triangles have a nontrivial intersection if their intersection is neither empty nor a vertex or edge of both."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Two triangles, av and a v, can form three different types of nontrivial intersections, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If crv c~ av r and U n V = ~, then we say that a v and av cross."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also say that an edge crosses a triangle if it intersects the triangle without sharing a vertex with it."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A finite point set is in oeneral position if any k of the points, 1 < k < 4, are affinely independent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A set S of n points in general position in ~3 defines a collection of (~) triangles, denoted (~)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For any we write x(S, T) for the number of crossing triangle pairs in T. Furthermore, x(n, t) = rain x(S, T)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The results of this section are summarized in the following theorem."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We begin with a trivial but most useful observation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Notice that because of (2.2) the lower bound for x(n, t) implies the lower bound for y(n, t)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To see this, count a crossing between two triangles once for each edge crossing the other triangle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Give one unit of credit to each such edge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There are two credits per crossing and at most 3t edges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Assume the lower bound for x(n, t) and use the pigeonhole principle to get an edge with more than c3(t3/n 6) credits, where c3 = 2cx/3."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consider a plane that contains no point of S, and let I 0 and I t be two parallel lines in this plane so that It n conv(S) = ~. For each 0 < z < 1 define I, = zl o + (1 - z)ll."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As z increases from 0 to 1, l, translates from I t to lo."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 288 T.K. Dey and H. Edelsbrunner number of halving triangles crossed by l~ changes only when l~ translates through an edge,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A simple rotation argument shows that the number increases or decreases by at most one."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given lo we can choose 11 so that l~ translates through fewer than ~n 2 edges as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Choose the plane through lo so that there are (n- 1)/2 and (n + 1)/2 points on the two sides."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There are (n 2 - 1)/4 edges ab that cross the plane and thus there is one side of l 0 with fewer than n2/8 edges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It follows that lo crosses at most n2/8 halving triangles."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We prove an upper bound on the number of halving planes by selecting a line that crosses many triangles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Suppose there are t halving triangles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0008__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Condition (ii) of Theorem (2.1) implies that there is a line that crosses more than c3(t3/n 6) of them, with c 3 = r~. Because of (3.1), s 6) < n2/8 which implies the main result of this section."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "H. The number of halving planes is closely related to the number of k-sets of S. Indeed, the number of k-sets, for k = (n - 1)/2, does not exceed three times the number of halving planes, see [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For other values of k consider the planes spanned by three points of S so that k - 1 points lie on one and n - k - 2 points lie on the other side."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Again, the number of such planes is proportional to the number of k-sets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, the same arguments imply the same upper bound as in Theorem (3.2) for any fixed k."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The bound in Theorem (3.2) slightly improves the ones in 1-3] and [6]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Besides this improvement, the main contribution of the new proof is the uncovering of the close relationship between k-sets and the combinatorics of crossings between edges and triangles in R 3."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To prove (ii) assume that no two triangles in T cross."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An edge that crosses a triangle a can only belong to triangles that share a vertex with a. There are at most three such triangles incident to that edge."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Remove this edge together with the at most three triangles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Let k be the number of such edges that need to be removed until no nontrivial intersection remains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We lose at most 3k triangles and decrease the total vertex degree to ~p, Es 61 - 2k or less."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It follows that pjeS p, eS is an upper bound on the number of crossing-free triangles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The rest of the argument for the lower bound on x(n, r) is inductive and is inspired by the proof of a similar result for line segments in [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0011__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Specifically, we prove the following inequality."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The upper bound for y(n, t) in (ii) of Theorem (2.1) implies the upper bound for x(n, t) in (i)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To see this assume no edge crosses c4(t2/n 3) or more triangles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since there are at most 3t edges the total credit accumulated is less than 3c4(ta/n3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Each crossing pair of triangles generates two credits which implies that there are fewer than c2(t3/n 3) such pairs, where c2 = 3c4/2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To prove the upper bound on y(n, t) we choose the points of S on the moment curve M(z)= (z, T 2, z3) defined for all re R. For two points a = M(zl) and 286 T.K. Dey and H. Edelsbrunner b = M('c2) we write a ~( b if z 1 < z 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is easy to establish that M intersects any plane in at most three points."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Let S be a set of n points in •3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Assume that n is odd and that no four points are coplanar."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For three points a, b, c e S let a = abe be the corresponding triangle and let h be the plane that contains a, b, c. We call h a halving plane, and a a halving triangle, if there are (n - 3)/2 points on each side of h. The following extension of the two-dimensional Lovfisz lemma [7] has been used in [3] and [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We say a line crosses a triangle if it intersects the triangle but not any of its edges."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(3.1) A line crosses less than n2/8 halving triangles."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Maybe the most interesting extension of the methods in this paper is to four and higher dimensions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is possible to generalize all results of Section 2 to crossing pairs of (d - 1)-simplices in R d. Specifically, we can show that t > cn d- 1 (d - 1)- simplices defined by n points in R d form at least c'(d§ dtd-l~) crossing pairs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, to prove a nontrivial upper bound on the number of halving hyper- 289 planes, we need a nontrivial lower bound on the number of (d- 1)-tuples of (d - 1)-simplices that have a common point in their interiors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "While the main part of the induction in (2.4) generalizes to this situation, we have no good extensions of the base case in (2.3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We should be more accurate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recent results obtained with methods from algebraic topology I-9] do imply a nontrivial base case, and induction can be used to get nontrivial bounds for (d - 1)-tuples of (d - 1)-simplices and for halving hyperplanes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These bounds come out very similar to those derived in [2] and are therefore omitted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An interesting question is whether the elementary methods of this paper suffice to derive such nontrivial bounds."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2038__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We consider the problem of bounding the complexity of the kth level in an arrangement of n curves or surfaces, a problem dual to, and an extension of, the well-known k-set problem."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among other results, we prove a new bound, O(nk^{5/3}), on the complexity of the kth level in an arrangement of n planes in R3, or on the number of k-sets in a set of n points in three dimensions, and we show that the complexity of the kth level in an arrangement of n line segments in the plane is O(n\\sqrt{k} \\alpha(n/k)), and that the complexity of the kth level in an arrangement of n triangles in 3-space is O(n^2k^{5/6}\\alpha(n/k)) [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The k-set problem is one of the most challenging open problems in combinatorial geometry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The simplest variant of the problem is: Given a set S of n points in the plane in general position, and a parameter 0 ≤ k ≤ n - 2, what is the maximum possible number of lines that pass through a pair of points of S and have exactly k points of S in one of the open half-planes that they define [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In a dual setting, we are given a set L of n lines in the plane in general position, and want to bound the maximum possible number of vertices v of the arrangement A(L), so that exactly k lines pass below v. We denote this set of vertices by Vk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The kth level of the arrangement is defined to be the closure of the set of points that lie on the lines and have exactly k lines below them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The set of vertices of this level is Vk ∪ Vk-1 [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The k-set problem was first studied about 1970 by Erdős et al. [ 14] and Lovász [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These papers have established an upper bound O(n\\sqrt{k}) and a lower bound Ω(n log k) on the desired quantity, for k > 0, leaving a fairly big gap."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The upper bound was slightly improved to O(n\\sqrt{k/log* k}) by Pach et al. [ 25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "After the original submission of this paper, significant progress has been made by Dey [8], who improved the upper bound to O(nk^{1/3}), for k > 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Dey’s proof is based on some of the ideas presented in this paper [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the dual setting, the problem can be generalized in an obvious manner: In the plane, we are given a collection 6 of n x-monotone curves, each being the graph of a continuous totally or partially defined function, and a parameter 0 ≤ k < n, and wish to bound the complexity (i.e., the number of vertices) of the kth level in the arrangement A(6), defined exactly as in the case of lines [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this more general setting only two results are known: A recent seemingly weak, but elegant analysis by Tamaki and Tokuyama [28] yields the bound O(n^{23/12}) on the complexity of a level in an arrangement of n pseudoparabolas, which are graphs of total functions, each pair of which intersect at most twice [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We also mention the case of pseudolines, which in this context are graphs of continuous totally defined functions, each pair of which intersect exactly once, where a slightly larger lower bound of Ω(n log n) for the complexity of the median level is established in [21]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our proof techniques and upper bounds apply equally well to the case of pseudolines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Recently, Dey’s techniques have also been extended to the case of pseudolines [9], [29]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Similar extensions apply in higher dimensions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the primal setting, we are given a set S of n points in Rd in general position, and wish to bound the number of hyperplanes passing through d of the points such that one of the half-spaces bounded by the hyperplane contains exactly k points of S [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For d = 3, the best-known upper and lower bounds are, respectively, O(n^{8/3}) and Ω(n^2 log n) [4], [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For d > 3, the best-known upper bound is O(n^{d-cd}), for some exponentially small but positive constant cd [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Note that, in contrast to the planar case, these bounds depend only on n and not on k [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We can formulate the problem in an arbitrary dimension, in a dual setting: We consider an arrangement of hyperplanes, or, more generally, of surfaces that are graphs of continuous total or partial functions, and define the kth level of the arrangement exactly as in the planar case."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We now seek bounds on the maximum possible number of vertices (or of faces of all dimensions) of the level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0022__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Except for the case of hyperplanes, which is equivalent to (a variant of) the k-set problem mentioned in the preceding paragraph, no nontrivial bounds for the entire range of values of k are known [9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In spite of the sorry state of the problem, even after Dey’s improvements, we can obtain improved nontrivial bounds when k is small."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The probabilistic analysis of Clarkson and Shor [7] (see also [26]) yields fairly sharp bounds on the combined complexity of the first k levels in arrangements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For the case of hyperplanes, for example, the bound is 2(n^{bd/2c}k^{dd/2e})."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For sufficiently small k, this gives a better upper bound on the complexity of a single level than the general bound stated above [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this paper we make several contributions to these problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the preliminary version of this paper [1], we briefly reviewed and simplified some old proofs of the upper bound O(n\\sqrt{k}) for the original planar k-set problem (or, dually, for the case of the kth level in an arrangement of n straight lines in the plane)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These proofs are related to the proof technique of Gusfield [16], [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We also gave a simple proof of the dual version of what is known as the “Lovász lemma” that is used to prove the bound."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These techniques apply equally well to arrangements of pseudolines; see, for example, [15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For the sake of brevity, this part is not included in this version of the paper [11]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We adapt our proof techniques to obtain the bound O(n^{3/2}) on the complexity of the kth level in an arrangement of n line segments (or “pseudosegments,” to be defined below)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The same bound also follows from a result by Katoh et al. [ 20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We then describe two simple approaches that reduce the bound to O(n\\sqrt{k}\\alpha(n/k)), where \\alpha(n) is the inverse Ackermann function [12]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We then proceed to study the k-set problem for higher-dimensional point sets (or, dually, though not quite equivalently, to bound the complexity of the kth level in a hyperplane arrangement)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the preliminary version of this paper [1], we have observed that the O(n^{8/3}) bound in R3 can be immediately brought down to O(n^2k^{2/3}), if we exploit a simple improved version of the Lovász lemma in an arbitrary dimension derived in this paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, using Clarkson and Shor’s technique, we improve this bound further to O(nk^{5/3}), in a manner that makes no use of the improved Lovász lemma [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although the improved lemma has so far no significant applications, we include it here because we believe it to be of independent interest and an extension of it is needed for the case of triangles in R3."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Over the whole range of k > 0, the O(nk^{5/3}) bound is stronger than all previous bounds, including the aforementioned O(nk^2) bound on the overall complexity of the first k levels [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A similar improved bound, of the form O(n^{bd/2c}k^{dd/2e-cd}), can be obtained in any dimension d > 3, for the same constant cd > 0 obtained by Živaljević and Vrećica [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0026__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Again, this bound is the best-known upper bound, for all values of k > 0 [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we consider the problem of bounding the complexity of the kth level in an arrangement of n triangles in 3-space."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We first obtain a nontrivial bound of O(n^{17/6}) and then improve it to O(n^2k^{5/6}\\alpha(n/k))."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our bound strongly depends on an upper bound on the complexity of a single level in an arrangement of line segments in the plane [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As discussed above, Dey’s results supersede some of the bounds obtained in this paper, but they do rely on some of the machinery developed here."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Some other, more recent bounds derived here can be further improved by exploiting Dey’s results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We have written this revised version of our paper in a manner that is mostly independent of Dey’s progress."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__critique__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Nevertheless, for completeness, we conclude the paper with a brief overview of the connections between Dey’s results and ours [17]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2038__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We prove an O.n.k C 1/1=3/ upper bound for planar k-sets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is the first considerable improvement on this bound after its early solution approximately 27 years ago."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our proof technique also applies to improve the current bounds on the combinatorial complexities of k-levels in the arrangement of line segments, k convex polygons in the union of n lines, parametric minimum spanning trees, and parametric matroids in general."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2038__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The problem of determining the optimum asymptotic bound on the number of k-sets is one of the most tantalizing open problems in combinatorial geometry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Due to its importance in analyzing geometric algorithms [8], [9], [19], the problem has also caught the attention of computational geometers [5], [14], [18], [27], [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given a set P of n points in <d , a k-set is a subset P 0 (cid:181) P such that P 0 D P \\ H for a half-space H , and jP 0j D k where 0 • k • n. A close to optimal solution for the problem remains elusive even in <2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In spite of several attempts, no considerable improvement could be made from its early bound of O.n.k C1/1=2/ given by [20] and [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Several proofs exist for this well-known upper bound [3], [5], [17], [29] which is quite distant from the best-known lower bound of ˜.n log.k C 1// [17]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2038__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pach et al. made the first dent in this upper bound improving it to O.n.k C 1/1=2=log⁄.k C 1// [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Even such a small improvement in <2 was a distinguished result [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recently Agarwal et al. [ 3] attacked the problem in the dual setting with a fresh look."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although they could not improve the worst-case upper bound, several new approaches were put forward to estimate the complexity of k-levels in the arrangement of n lines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "By a well-known duality these results also apply to k-sets."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "One of the approaches of [3], based on “convex chains,” inspired our proof for the new upper bound of O.n.k C 1/1=3/ in <2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2038__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our proof technique is surprisingly simple."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It uses the concept of crossings in geometric graphs [1] which was first used by us to prove an O.n8=3/ bound on three-dimensional k-sets [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Crossings in geometric graphs have been successfully used for many problems in combinatorial geometry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "See, for example, [12], [15], [16], [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It is expected that our approach would open up new avenues to solve the d-dimensional k-set problem, which remains largely unsolved for d > 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The only nontrivial bound known for d > 3 is insignificantly better than the trivial bound [4], [9], [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In spite of the miserable state of the problem, an exact asymptotic bound is known for the number of i-sets summed over all i • k. Alon and Gy˝ori [2] showed that this number is 2.nk/ in <2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0031__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Clarkson and Shor [11] generalized the bound to 2.nbd=2ckdd=2e/ for <d ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2038__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our proof technique also applies to establish a new O.nk1=3 C n2=3k2=3/ complexity bound for k convex polygons whose edges are nonoverlapping and lie in the union of n lines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A number of other results follow from this bound."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An optimal 2.nk1=3/ bound on the complexity of n-element parametric matroids with rank k follows due to a result by Eppstein [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As an immediate consequence, we obtain an O.E V 1=3/ bound on the number of parametric minimum spanning trees of a graph with E edges and V vertices whose edge weights vary linearly with time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A new O.n4=3/ bound for k-levels in arrangement with n line segments can also be derived from the aforesaid bound."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2038__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2038", "paragraph_id": "triad_2038__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The paper is organized as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We develop major tools for our proof in Section 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A new bound for k-sets in <2 is proved in Section 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Section 4 describes the application of our proof technique to other related problems."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2038__response__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, we conclude in Section 5."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2038/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2012504811_W1986004959_W2149757010", "triad_name": "triad_2038", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2038__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chronic kidney disease is becoming a major public health problem worldwide [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While the number of patients requiring kidney replacement therapy in the USA was 340,000 in 1999, it increased to 651,000 in 2010 [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Chronic kidney disease, which progresses cres- cively and irreversibly, is associated with high cardiovas- cular risk and has a prevalence of 10-13% in the general population [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Glomerulosclerosis and kidney interstitial fibrosis, which cause the progression of chronic kidney disease, are targeted during treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Chronic tubulointerstitial disease, which leads to chronic kidney disease, causes glomerular, vascular, and tubulointerstitial damage, eventually leads to interstitial scarring, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is critical to understand the link between the 'supersonic shear imaging' (SSI) technique, a novel and promising approach for assessing the elasticity of numerous organs, including the liver, and pathologically identifi- able interstitial fibrosis and overall histological score in chronic kidney disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Histopathological diagnosis with kidney biopsy gives important information for the prognosis and management of chronic kidney disease, while kidney biopsy has complications such as bleed- ing, fistula, and rarely death [4,5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Proteinuria and eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) are important and noninvasive biomarkers of chronic kidney disease, how- ever, studies for developing early and more sensitive biomarkers are ongoing [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to biomarkers, observation of the course of the disease with advanced ultrasound or magnetic resonance-based or molecular imaging techniques is also promising [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In elastogra- phy, which is a novel ultrasound-based method, tissue RENAL FAILURE 2022, VOL. 44, NO. 1, 314-319 https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2022.2035763 stiffness or elasticity is measured using ultrasound [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Tissue stiffness is measured using Young's modulus and expressed in kilopascals or pascals [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Young's elastic modulus, as evaluated by noninvasive elastography, correlates with the degree of interstitial fibrosis [10]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Among various elastography methods, the SSI method is the most appropriate method to evaluate the stiff- ness of natural kidneys [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This technique is a simultan- eous and quantitative method that has been successfully applied to curved surfaces for mapping tis- sue elasticity [9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our study, we investigated the relationship between the interstitial fibrosis detected in biopsy and the total histological score obtained by the scoring of the histopathological findings and the kidney tissue stiffness determined by the SSI method."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fifty-seven native kidney patients with proteinuria who were hospitalized or examined at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care university hospital with a kidney biopsy indication were included in the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The inclu- sion criteria were: patients who were over 18 years of age, in whom kidney biopsy was indicated, and those who showed cooperation to have elastography examin- ation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients who did not give informed consent to participate in the study, underwent kidney transplantation, had severe heart failure and urinary obstruction, were on dialysis, had suffered from neuro- logical illnesses such as delirium dementia, and patients with data loss were excluded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The patients' demographic information, diagnoses, kidney biopsy indications, laboratory results (urea, cre- atinine, glomerular filtration rate [GFR], proteinuria in 24-h urine sample), and pathology information were obtained from the patient files."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine at Istanbul University (No: 12452)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Supersonic shear imaging elastography was per- formed using a sonoelastography device (Aixplorer; SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France) and 4 MHz transducers before biopsy in all patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The patients were placed on a stretcher in the supine pos- ition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The left native kidney was visualized using B- mode ultrasound imaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The color scale formed as a result of the signals obtained from the inferior pole and the cortex of the kidney using SSI elastography was evaluated in kilopascals (kPa) using the Tsukuba scoring system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The elastography measurements were made both in the sagittal and transverse sections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Sagittal and transverse elastography images are shown in Biopsies were obtained from the same left kidney as the ultrasound measurement has taken place."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Biopsies of the patients were evaluated at the Department of Pathology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0007__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The routine hematoxylin & eosin, Masson's trichrome, and PAS stainings were used to detect inter- stitial fibrosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The glomerular score, tubulointerstitial score, and vascular score were also calculated to evalu- ate the presence of interstitial fibrosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The kidney histo- logical total score was calculated by recording the glomerular score (3-12 points), tubulointerstitial score (3-9 points), and vascular score (3-6 points) according to the percentage of involvement, as suggested by Hu et al. [ 11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Segmental and global glomerulosclerosis per- centages were evaluated with the glomerular score, tubular atrophy, tubular cell infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis percentages with the tubulointerstitial score, and the arterial hyalinosis percentage with the vascular score."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A total score of 9 was considered as a 'mild' impairment, a score of 10-18 as a 'moderate' impair- ment, and a score of 19 and above as a 'severe' impair- ment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The correlation between the total histological score and elastography measurements was also eval- uated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Apart from the total histological score, the patients were also evaluated based on the presence of interstitial fibrosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The patients were separated into two groups: those with interstitial fibrosis (n ¼ 6) and those without it (n ¼ 51)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients with interstitial fibro- sis in more than 25% of the pathological sample were assigned to the fibrosis group, whereas patients with interstitial fibrosis in 25% or lesser section of the sample or no fibrosis on pathological examination were assigned to the non-fibrosis group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The presence of interstitial fibrosis in the biopsies was compared to the elastography measurements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The SPSS for Windows v.17.0 software was used in all statistical analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The data are expressed as mean ± SD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The distribution of the variables and the relationship between them were evaluated with the independent samples t-test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The intergroup elastogra- phy measurements, age, creatinine, and global sclerosis were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The chi-square test was used for the analysis of the nominal data, while Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between the numerical variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The statistical significance level was set at p < .05."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The demographic characteristics, clinical, and laboratory findings of the patients are given in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The patients were middle-aged with an average age of 41.4 years and with a slight predominance of the male gender."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the evaluation of the creatinine and GFR lev- els, we observed that the patients did not develop end- stage renal disease but had overt proteinuria."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Table 2 shows the comparison of the patients based on the presence of fibrosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The elastography measurements in the transverse sections revealed a kidney stiffness of 12.83 ± 9.80 kPa in the fibrosis group and 7.76 ± 5.16 kPa in the non-fibrosis group (n ¼ 51), exhibiting a signifi- cant difference between the groups (p ¼ .046)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The whole cohort had a mean total histological score of 4.49 ± 3.3, a glomerular score of 2.64 ± 1.85, a tubular score of 1.45 ± 1.48, and a vascular score of 0.22 ± 0.25."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The total histological score was found to be positively correlated with age (r ¼ 0.428, p ¼ .001), creatinine level (r ¼ 0.759, p < .001), global sclerosis percentage (r ¼ 0.874, p < .001), and proteinuria (r ¼ 0.316, p ¼ .017), whereas it showed a negative correlation with GFR (r ¼ -0.537, p < .001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No correlation was observed between the transverse elastography measurements and the total histological score (r ¼ 0.006, p ¼ .967) (Table 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We also performed a ROC curve analysis and calcu- lated the threshold value for the diagnosis of fibrosis as 6.50 kPa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Accordingly, we calculated the relevant values for the sensitivity (50%), specificity (62%), positive pre- dictive value (13%), and negative predictive value (91%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The prevalence of end-stage chronic kidney disease is increasing all around the world [3]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although kidney length is a simple parameter that shows kidney func- tions, it has been recently discovered that cortical thick- ness measurement has a stronger relationship with kidney functions [12,13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Hoi et al. detected a strong correlation between cortical thickness and kidney func- tion [14]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The fibrotic process, which progresses due to the formation of interstitial fibrosis or glomerulosclero- sis, accelerates the progression to chronic kidney dis- ease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Despite its invasive nature and complications, kidney biopsy is still the gold standard in detecting fibrosis, since recently studied ideal noninvasive markers, such as elastography, is limited [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their study, Moon et al. [ 16] evaluated the tissue stiffness by elastography, and the kidney dimensions, resistive index, and echogenicity by ultrasonography."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The authors divided the 38 kidneys of 19 rabbits into three subgroups and found a correlation between the degree of fibrosis and renal tissue stiffness, however, they observed no difference among the groups in terms of resistive index and other sonographic parameters."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Unlike this study, Dalkiran et al. recommended the use of the resistive index in the differentiation of atrophy and hypoplasia in their study of 63 patients [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In another study of 202 patients with chronic renal failure, Hanamura et al. showed that the resistive index increased in cases of glomerulosclerosis, arteriolosclero- sis, and tubulointerstitial damage [18]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the SSI elastography method is the most ideal elastographic method, different results have been reported in differ- ent studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Derieppe et al. investigated the relationship between the cortical tissue elasticity determined by the SSI elastography method and the histopathological development of fibrosis in the kidney in their experi- mental study on a mouse model and detected a rela- tionship between impaired kidney function and increased tissue elasticity [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Contrary to this finding, Desvignes et al. found no relationship between elasti- city and fibrosis in their study of 95 children and ado- lescents, 31 of whom were transplant recipients [20]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their study of 177 patients, Jenkins et al. found a significant relationship between the global and seg- mental sclerosis percentages and interstitial fibrosis, and between the global and segmental sclerosis per- centages and serum creatinine level [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Turgutalp et al. found a correlation between interstitial fibrosis and elastography in a study involving 30 patients with IgA nephropathy and 32 healthy controls [10]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Jenkins et al. 's findings are similar to those of our study [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In our study, we observed that the elastography trans- verse measurement value was significantly different in the group with fibrosis than the group without fibrosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a study of 76 patients with chronic kidney disease, Guanghe et al. measured tissue elasticity quantitatively with the ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) imaging technique and found a significant difference between the groups with and without fibrosis [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our study comprised of patients with proteinuria and a kidney biopsy justification with a mean GFR greater than 60, which differs from previous studies owing to the lack of patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease and extensive fibrosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In another study by Iyama et al., the authors found no correlation between kidney elasticity and interstitial fibrosis and between kidney elasticity and glomerular sclerosis [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similar to our study, Hu et al. found a correlation between elastography meas- urements and histological score, and between elastog- raphy measurements and creatinine level in their study on 162 chronic kidney disease patients and 32 healthy patients [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In another study on 75 patients with chronic kidney disease, Leong et al. found that a kidney tissue stiffness above 5.81% kPa was associated with glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis [24]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because of the high negative predictive value, we suggest that elastography should mainly be used as an exclusion test for the presence of fibrosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, we want to point out that because of the low number of patients with fibrosis our results should be confirmed in larger groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, the most important limitation of our study was the small number of patients in the fibrosis group, since patients with proteinuria with new onset of chronic kidney disease or developing acute kidney disease rather than the end-stage chronic kidney disease group were included in the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Despite these limitations, a significant relationship was observed between elastography measurements and fibrosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If we included the patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease in whom fibrosis is more prevalent, the signifi- cant relationship could have been established more strongly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further studies with more chronic kidney dis- ease patients are needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, we found a significant relationship between the kidney shear wave elastography measure- ments and the fibrosis detected in kidney biopsy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The prevalence of chronic kidney disease and consequent end-stage chronic kidney disease is increasing gradually and has become an important public health problem due to its increasing prevalence and morbidity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since fibrosis is an important risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney disease, we recommend kidney elastog- raphy as a key noninvasive method to evaluate fibrosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2935__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dear Editor,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with great interest the recently published article by Islamoglu MS et al. [ 1] entitled ‘Kidney tissue elastography and interstitial fibrosis observed in kidney biopsy’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The study aimed to investigate the relationship between tissue stiffness detected in shear wave elastography (SWE) and interstitial fibrosis observed in kidney biopsy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors propose a significant relationship between the SWE measurements and interstitial fibrosis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although we appreciate the authors for their hard work on the construction of a study to enhance our understanding of the possible association of renal fibrosis with renal stiffness derived from SWE, some methodological notes should be pointed out to make this study more reasonable and practical, at least theoretically."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, the authors pointed out that the SWE procedure was performed using a device (Aixplorer; SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, to our knowledge, the images (Figures 1 and 2) [1] presented in this study were not derived from Aix-en-Provence Ultrasound system [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors need to clarify the elastography system used as the accuracy of the results could be affected by different elastic imaging systems [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, the SWE values were obtained from the inferior pole of the kidney in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, due to the nature of renal anisotropy, the difference of elastic measurements between renal poles and mid-region was significant, which was related to the angle between the ultrasound beam and the cortex [4]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The success rate of measurements in the renal poles was low compared with measurements in the mid-portion of the renal parenchyma and suggested that the renal poles should be avoided during measurements to ensure good reproducibility [5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Third, in this study, no effective measures were taken to control confounding factors during SWE procedure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Patients need to be instructed to hold their breath in order to minimize motion artifacts when taking elastic measurements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, patients were requested to empty their bladder prior to SWE examination to avoid the influence induced from the filling renal pelvis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Due to the lack of rigorous methodology, the conclusion of this study may not be reliable in fact."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recently, a study conducted by Chen Z et al. had demonstrated that the SWE derived elastic values reduced as pathology grade of renal fibrosis or grade of vessel wall thickening progresses in patients with CKD, which may be attributed to renal hypo-perfusion rather than tubulo-interstitial fibrosis progression [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Another study performed by Guven AT et al. also shown that magnetic resonance elastography-derived stiffness values were lower in patients with chronic injury [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The authors need to further explain why their findings were inconsistent with the above studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__critique__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It’s because of the nature of renal anisotropy which may affect the application of SWE in the evaluation of renal fibrosis, a more scientific and rigorous experimental protocol needs to be conducted to unveil the true relationship between SWE-derived stiffness and renal fibrosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2935__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Dear Editor,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2935__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read the letter of Chen et al. with interest and we thank the authors for pointing out an inadvertent error in our manuscript [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We noticed that we have sent the wrong figures which belong to our another study on elastography."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, we are sending you the figures that we have taken with the Aixplorer (SuperSonic Imagin, Aix-en-Provence, France) brand device which we used in our study [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No changes are needed in the figure legends."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2935__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2935", "paragraph_id": "triad_2935__response__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Chen et al. made comments about the methodology of our manuscript and pointed out different results from the literature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Elastography is a new tool and standardization of methodology will add to its clinical applications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our study and this letter at least raised attention to this issue."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2935__response__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We think that constructive criticism raised by the authors will be a guide for further studies on this subject."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2935/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W4220967507_W4220725036_W4281381640", "triad_name": "triad_2935", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2935__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) helps reduce the nicotine withdrawal symptoms experienced by people when they quit smoking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, no NRT product currently available matches the nicotine concentrations and rapid delivery achieved with smoking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, contemporary nicotine e-cigarettes enable users to obtain nicotine as rapidly, and potentially in as high concen- trations, as that from cigarettes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "1 E-cigarettes, mostly with nicotine, are used by smokers in many countries as an aid to quit smoking."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2 To date, seven clinical trials 3-9 (total N=8222; range n=68 to 6006) have investigated the efficacy and effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and overall suggest a net benefit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, only four trials (N=7849; n=300 to 6006) had 6-month abstinence as a primary outcome 3,4,8,9 and only two trials (total N=6892) 8,9 tested a second-generation e-cigarette (capable of delivering nicotine more effectively than first-generation devices)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0001__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "10"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "56 www.thelancet.com/respiratory Vol 8 January 2020 lished protocol describes procedures in detail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "11 In brief, people were eligible if they were living in New Zealand, were aged 18 years or older, smoked tobacco (amount not specified), were motivated to quit in the next 2 weeks, were able to provide verbal consent, were prepared to use any of the trial treatments, and had access to a telephone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We excluded pregnant or breastfeeding women, people who had used an e-cigarette for smoking cessation for more than 1 week anytime in the past year, people currently using smoking cessation medication, people enrolled in another cessation programme or study, or who self-reported a history of severe allergies, poorly controlled asthma, or a cardiovascular event in the 2 weeks before enrolment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Only one participant per household was permitted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We recruited participants using national media advertising and contacted them via text message or phone after registration of interest online."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Potential participants were called by a researcher to obtain verbal consent and undertake screening."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee approved the study (15/NTA/123) and the Standing Committee on Therapeutic Trials approved the use of nicotine e-cigarettes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We did a parallel group, community-based, pragmatic, three-arm, randomised trial in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The pub- Research in context"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Cochrane review of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation sought studies published between 2004 and January, 2016."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Two trials (N=953) were identified that measured smoking abstinence rates after 6 months or more, and both tested ad libitum use of first-generation e-cigarettes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Combined data from the trials showed that using a nicotine e-cigarette significantly increased smoking abstinence at 6 months compared with using a nicotine-free e-cigarette, although absolute quit rates were low (9% vs 4%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No serious adverse events were reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Confidence in the findings was low given the \"small number of trials, low event rates and wide confidence intervals around the estimates\"."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We sought to identify e-cigarette trials that measured smoking abstinence rates at 6 months or more, published between Jan 1, 2016, and June 30, 2019."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO using the same search terms as the Cochrane Review (e-cig$ OR electr$ cigar$ OR electronic nicotine OR [vape or vaper or vapers or vaping]) plus \"Randomized Controlled Trial\" (Publication Type)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We identified 48 articles, of which two were trials."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first trial (N=54 US companies, 6006 employees and their spouses) tested the effectiveness of four smoking cessation interventions (involving cessation medications, nicotine e-cigarettes, and financial rewards) against usual care (behavioural support)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The verified continuous smoking abstinence rate at 6 months in the usual care plus e-cigarette group was higher, but not significantly different, to that observed in the usual care plus cessation medication group (1·0% vs 0·5%) or usual care alone (1·0% vs 0·1%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The second trial, done within the UK national stop smoking services, tested the effectiveness of second-generation e-cigarettes plus moderate level face-to-face behavioural support for smoking cessation (N=886)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Self-reported continuous smoking abstinence rates at 6 months were higher in the 18 mg nicotine e-cigarette group (35·4%) than in those allocated 3 months of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (25·1%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our study adds to the scarce trial evidence base on e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool and, to our knowledge, is the first to investigate the effectiveness and safety of combining nicotine patches and second-generation e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) on smoking abstinence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We did the trial in a country with strong tobacco control measures, where advertising is restricted, use of e-cigarettes is low, and there was a ban on the sale of nicotine e-cigarettes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The findings may therefore be generalisable to countries with similar policy backgrounds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For example, Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Japan, and Mexico had similar advertising restrictions on e-cigarettes at the time of the study and Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, and Switzerland prohibited the sale of nicotine e-cigarettes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The research questions addressed in our trial have informed tobacco control policy being developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Health."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All five published trials on e-cigarettes for smoking cessation are pragmatic in design, suggesting that under real-world conditions, e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) could help some people quit smoking but the tobacco control policy environment within which they are available might affect cessation rates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "E-cigarettes should be offered as one of the many smoking cessation aids available to people wanting to quit, but do not appear to be a solution for all."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "People using e-cigarettes should be encouraged to fully switch away from tobacco to e-cigarettes, with the aim of eventually also stopping vaping (if possible) given the lack of any long-term safety data for these devices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Future e-cigarette trials should consider carefully which comparator intervention(s) to use given the high likelihood of differential loss to follow-up (or withdrawal) when only usual care or NRT is offered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study statistician (VP) prepared the computer- generated randomisation sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Eligible participants were randomly allocated by computer to patches, patches plus a nicotine e-cigarette, or patches plus a nicotine-free e-cigarette in a 1:4:4 ratio using stratified block ran- domisation (block size of nine)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An unequal allocation ratio was used in an effort to minimise loss of power from withdrawal or cross-over."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Randomisation was stratified by ethnicity: Māori (who comprise 15% of the NZ popu lation 17 and among whom 37% were current smokers in 2015 compared with 16% of the general population) 12 versus non-Māori."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Participants and researchers collecting outcome data were masked to the nicotine content of the e-liquid."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moderate-intensity behavioural support was available for all participants immediately after randomisation, then once a week for 6 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This support con sisted of 10-15 min of withdrawal-oriented behavioural support 18 and advice on using their allocated treatment, delivered proactively over the phone by researchers who had received standardised training in delivery of such support, including motivational interviewing principles."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants received a 14-week supply of their allo cated treatment (provided at no cost and couriered in one shipment)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A 21 mg, 24 h nicotine patch (Habitrol) was selected because it is the standard patch strength used in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The choice of e-cigarette type and brand (plus e-liquid, nicotine strength, and flavours) was informed by our consultation with New Zealand e-cigarette retailers."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We selected a second-generation eVOD (Kangertech, Shenzhen GuangDong, China) starter kit, containing two batteries, two refillable tanks, one charging kit, one carry case, and five (2·2 mL, 1·8 OHM) atomisers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Participants had a choice of one of two tobacco e-liquid flavours-one often preferred by those who usually smoke roll-your-own tobacco and one usually preferred by those who smoke factory-made cigarettes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Irrespective of the type of tobacco used by the participant at baseline, they could choose the e-liquid flavour they wanted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The flavours selected for the trial were those recommended by the vaping retailer NZVAPOR (www.nzvapor.com) based on their experience with new e-cigarette users and unpublished sales data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The e-liquid had a 60:40 PG to VG ratio, a masked nicotine content of 0 mg/mL or 18 mg/mL, and was provided in childproof 30 mL brown bottles (four bottles per participant)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Independent testing of each batch was done by NicoTar (Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We considered variability of plus or minus 10% nicotine concentration as acceptable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Participants were free to seek out new e-cigarettes and e-liquids if they wished, reflecting the real-world nature of the trial."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We advised participants to start using one patch per day, 2 weeks before their quit-date; although pre-cessation use of NRT is not mentioned as a treatment option in the New Zealand smoking cessation guidelines (unless as part of a cut-down to quit strategy), 19 trial evidence indicates this approach significantly increases long-term quitting success."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "20 During this period, participants randomly assigned to an e-cigarette were advised to use the device as and when necessary or desired, and in accordance with the manufacturer's written instructions, to become familiar with its use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "3,21,22 In this way, the time-period of pre-cessation use of treatment products was matched."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Written and online video instructions on how to assemble and use an e-cigarette were also provided via a weblink hosted by NZVAPOR, plus participants were advised that they could call NZVAPOR for advice on how to assemble the device, add the e-liquid, and use and maintain the device (reflecting the support offered by the New Zealand vaping community for new e-cigarette users)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The above material is available on request from the authors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants were instructed to stop smoking from their quit date and continue with their allocated treat- ment for 12 weeks (one patch per day, ad libitum use of the e-cigarette), irrespective of any lapses to smoking."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "8-12 weeks of NRT treatment is standard care in New Zealand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "19 Participants who had not quit at the end of their time in the trial were referred to publicly funded smoking cessation services."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No participant payments were made to encourage retention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All data (except verification of quit status) were collected by telephone, in calls separate to the behavioural support calls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The published trial protocol 11 presents a tabulated list of outcomes and definitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In summary, baseline data included date of birth, gender, self-reported ethnicity, years Articles www.thelancet.com/respiratory Vol 8 January 2020 57 of schooling, self-reported height and weight, smoking history (daily or non-daily smoker, cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers, age started smoking, years smoked, type of tobacco smoked, quit attempts in the past 12 months and method[s] used), cigarette dependence (measured using the Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence, which is on a scale of 1-10, with scores >5 indicating high cigarette dependence and ≤5 indicating low cigarette dependence), 23 concomitant medi cation, motivation to quit (measured on a 5-point Likert scale, for which 1=very low motivation and 5=very high motivation), tobacco withdrawal symptoms and urge to smoke, 24 urge to vape, household smoking and e-cigarette use, exposure to other e-cigarette users, smoke-free home and car policies, self- reported frequency of shortness of breath and cough (measured on a 5-point Likert scale, for which 1=not at all and 5=all the time), self-reported asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and current and history of mental health problems."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary outcome was continuous smoking absti- nence 6 months after the agreed quit date (self-reported abstinence since quit date, allowing five or fewer cigarettes in total)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "25 Abstinence was verified by a researcher or community-based cessation provider using standardised exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurement with a Bedfont Smokerlyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd, Kent, UK), with a reading of 9 ppm or lower signifying abstinence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "25 Secondary outcomes assessed at quit date, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the agreed quit date were continuous abstinence (CO-verified at 12 months); 7-day point prevalence abstinence (no cigarettes, not a single puff, in the previous 7 days); 25 relapse (time to returning to regular smoking of cigarettes: five cigarettes in the past 7 days); self-reported treatment adherence; tobacco withdrawal symptoms and urge to smoke; 24 urge to vape; self-reported weight; concomitant medication; treatment cross-over; use of other smoking cessation support or medication; continued use of allocated treatment past 14 weeks; changes in shortness of breath, cough, asthma, COPD, and mental health problems; belief in ability to quit and remain tobacco-free; smoking identity (whether those allocated e-cigarettes considered themselves a smoker; a smoker still trying to quit; an ex-smoker; an ex-vapor; a vapor trying to quit smoking; a vapor trying to quit vaping; a vapor, other; or none of the above); and views on their allocated treat- ment for smoking cessation and whether they would recommend it to other smokers who want to quit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In people still smoking at each follow-up call, outcomes were date returned to daily smoking (for daily smokers); number of cigarettes smoked per day (or when smoking for non-daily smokers); reduction in cigarettes smoked per day; and proportion who reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day (or when smoking for non-daily smokers) by at least 50%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0019__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Participants allocated e-cigarettes were asked about their urge to vape; whether they changed devices or e-liquid, or both; whether they accessed any e-cigarette support or met anyone at least once a week that currently used an e-cigarette; and dual use (daily use of both their allocated e-cigarette and cigarettes)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We recorded prespecified self-reported adverse effects from product use and serious adverse events."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Serious adverse events were allocated International Classification of Diseases 10th edition Australian Modification codes and were classified by a physician (CB) as non-serious or serious (death, life-threatening, led to hospitalisation, otherwise medically important [ie, that might not be immediately life threatening or result in death or hospitalisation but might jeopardise the participant or might require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes])."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A sample size of 1809 (804 in both e-cigarette groups and 201 in the patches only group) conferred 90% power, with a two-sided p=0·05 to detect an absolute difference of 8% in 6-month quit rates between the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group and the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group (1:1 ratio), and a 15% difference between the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group and the patches only group (4:1 ratio)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "11 A 20% loss to follow-up was assumed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "3 The assumed 6-month quit rate of 16% in the patch group was the average observed in the 2012 Cochrane review 16 for nicotine patches versus placebo or no NRT control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The assumed 6-month quit rate of 23% for the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group was based on our trial of NRT combined with very low nicotine cigarettes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "26 The estimated quit rate of 31% for the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group was observed in a trial comparing patches plus nicotine spray to patches plus placebo spray."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "27 For primary analyses, we used the intention-to-treat (ITT) approach whereby participants with unknown smoking status were deemed to be smoking."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The vali- dated primary outcome relates to people who self-reported quitting, could be located, and for whom verification of smoke-free status was confirmed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, locating people to verify quit status proved difficult given the geographically-dispersed trial population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, we calculated a post-hoc, extrapolated, validated abstinence rate in which the proportion of people who were located and confirmed as smoke-free was applied to all people who self-reported being smoke-free."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We calculated quit rates, relative risks (RR), risk differences (RD), number needed to treat (NNT), and 95% CIs for both compari- sons."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We compared treatment groups using χ² tests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We did adjusted analyses using log-binomial regression and adjusted for the stratification factor (ethnicity)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In prespecified subgroup analyses, we assessed the consistency of effects for the primary outcome for ethnicity, age, sex, education, level of cigarette depen dence, motivation to quit, and e-liquid batch using tests for heterogeneity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We did post-hoc subgroup analyses for Māori and non-Māori women."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Per-protocol analysis excluded participants with missing 6-month data and major protocol Articles www.thelancet.com/respiratory Vol 8 January 2020 violations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Additional per-protocol analysis also excluded non-adherent participants, with adherence defined as use of both patches and the e-cigarettes (if allocated) at both one and three months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We also did complete case analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sensitivity analyses addressed the effect of varying cutoffs for CO mea surements (ie, at ≤3 ppm, ≤5 ppm, and ≤8 ppm)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "27 We assessed change from baseline in the number of cigarettes per day (for non-abstainers) and weight and body-mass index over time using repeated measures mixed models with a compound symmetry covariance structure adjusted for baseline value."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We used a Mann-Whitney U test to compare data that were non- normally distributed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We used Kaplan-Meier curves, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to measure time-to-first-lapse from quit date."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We analysed serious adverse events by treatment group, and calculated an incidence rate ratio (IRR) for each comparison."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We used SAS (version 9.3) and R for analysis, guided by a prespecified plan."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0024__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02521662."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The sponsor of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Between March 17, 2016, and Nov 30, 2017, 1623 people were screened, of whom 1124 (69%) were eligible and randomly assigned to the patches only group (n=125), the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group (n=500), or the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group (n=499; figure)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This sample size was less than planned, as the trial ran out of time and funding to continue recruitment due to delays in sourcing nicotine e-liquid and slower than anticipated recruitment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Last follow-up occurred on Aug 31, 2018."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the patches only group, 42 (34%) of 125 participants were lost to follow-up at 6 months (those with a low level of education and high cigarette dependence were more likely to be lost to follow-up; appendix p 22)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In comparison, approximately 30% (152 of 500 and 155 of 499) of participants in each of the two e-cigarette groups were lost to follow-up at 6 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Participants in the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group were more likely to be lost to follow-up if they were Māori, were younger than 40 years, or had a low level of education (appendix p 22)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Participants in the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group were more likely to be lost to follow-up if they were Māori (appendix p 22)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the patches only group, 20 (16%) participants with- drew, seven immediately post-randomisation (six citing they did not want to be in the patches only group, and one gave no reason)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In comparison, nine (2%) partici- pants withdrew in the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group, two immediately post-randomisation (one citing they didn't like the products and one providing no reason), and seven (1%) participants withdrew in the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group, one immediately post- randomisation (citing they had changed their mind)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In March 2018, 4 months after the last person was randomly assigned, and 5 months before the last follow- up call, the New Zealand Ministry of Health allowed nicotine e-cigarettes to be advertised and sold to adult New Zealanders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Before this date, participants could only legally access nicotine e-liquid via the trial or by Baseline characteristics were balanced between the three treatment groups (table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Participants were pre- dominantly daily smokers (99%) with a high level of cigarette dependence and motivation to quit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A high pro- portion of participants were women (768 [68%]; table 1), Māori (451 [40%]), and Māori women (342 [30%])."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Overall, 18% of participants reported at least one current mental health problem, 10% reported asthma, and 3% reported COPD (table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Additional baseline variables are presented in table 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Verified continuous abstinence at 6 months after the agreed quit date was significantly higher in the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group (35 [7%] of 500) than in the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group (20 [4%] of 499; RR 1·75 [95% CI 1·02-2·98]; p=0·038; RD 2·99 [95% CI 0·17-5·81]; NNT 33·4 [95% CI 17·2-596·1; table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Verified, extrapolated, continuous abstinence rates at 6-months post-quit date were similar to self-reported 6-month continuous abstinence rates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Complete case and per-protocol analyses, and sensitivity analyses around varying CO concentrations, concurred with ITT analysis (table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In participants who meet the study definition for treatment adherence, quit rates remained in favour of the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette com bination, but did not reach statistical significance (table 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In prespecified subgroup analyses we found no significant differences in quit rates nor for post-hoc subgroup analyses comparing quit rates in Māori and non-Māori women (appendix p 9)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, quit rates were significantly higher in the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group for non-Māori, participants younger than 40 years, non-Māori women, and in those with a low level of cigarette dependence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Secondary self-reported cessation outcomes at 1, 3, and 6 months after the agreed quit date were consistent with the primary outcome (table 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In those still smoking, no difference between groups, at any timepoint, was noted for the change from baseline in the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (appendix p 23)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, a higher proportion in the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group We found no significant difference in 6-month verified continuous abstinence rates between the patches plus nico- tine e-cigarette group (35 [7%] of 500) and the patches only group (3 [2%] of 125; RR 2·92 [95% CI 0·91-9·33]; p=0·05; RD 4·60 [1·11-8·09]; NNT 21·7 [12·4-90·3]; table 3)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Veri- fied, extrapolated, continuous smoking abstinence at 6 months post-quit date was statistically in favour of the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group (table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Complete case and per-protocol analyses found similar findings to the ITT analysis (table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, self-reported secondary cessation out comes were significantly higher at 1, 3, and 6 months after the agreed quit date in favour of the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group (table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We did not do prespecified subgroup analyses for this comparison due to a small number of participants who quit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In those still smoking, no difference was noted between the two groups at any timepoint for the change from baseline in the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (appendix p 26)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0032__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "However, the proportion of people reducing the number of cigarettes per day by more than 50% was signifi cantly higher (at all timepoints) in the patches plus nicotine e-ciga - rette group than in the patches only group (appendix p 26)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The median time to relapse back to smoking was 5-6 months, with no statistical difference noted for the two comparisons (appendix p 13)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Almost 70% of participants allocated to e-cigarettes correctly identified the nicotine content of their e-liquid (appendix p 27)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most participants with asthma, COPD, or mental health problems at baseline reported that their condition re- mained the same or improved over time (appendix p 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The prevalence of self-reported side-effects of treatment was low (appendix p 28)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Data for other secondary and post-hoc outcomes can be found in the appendix (pp 1-32)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "18 serious adverse events occurred in 16 people in the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette group compared with 27 events in 22 people in the patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette group (IRR 0·66 [95% CI 0·36-1·20]; p=0·18), and four events in three people in the patches only group (0·86 [0·29-2·53]; p=0·78; table 5; appendix p 24-25)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "No serious adverse events were treatment related."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This effectiveness trial found that a combination of nicotine patches plus a nicotine e-cigarette was superior to patches plus a nicotine-free e-cigarette for 6 month smoking abstinence among dependent smokers moti vated to quit."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette versus patches plus nicotine-free e-cigarette comparison, as well as for the patches plus nicotine e-cigarette versus patches only comparison, self-reported, self-reported quit rates at all timepoints were in favour of patches plus a nicotine e-cigarette, so the fact that the comparison of patches plus a nicotine e-cigarette versus patches alone did not reach significance is likely to be a result of the smaller than anticipated sample size."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overall, the observed absolute 6-month quit rates in the e-cigarette groups were low and similar to rates reported in the first trials 28 of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation that used first-generation devices with minimal behavioural support."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "3,4 However, quit rates at 1 months and 3 months in the e-cigarette groups in the current study were almost twice those reported in two early trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "3,4"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The safety findings are consistent with previous e-cigarette trials and cohort study findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "9,29 Despite a higher proportion of par ticipants in the patches only group using the patch (compared with patch use in the other treatment groups), 6-month self-reported and verified absolute quit rates for this group were low, but similar to those observed in trials of over-the-counter NRT."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "30"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our study is the second largest e-cigarette trial to date with a primary outcome of at least 6-month smoking abstinence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To our knowledge, it is also the first large trial testing the effectiveness of a second-generation e-cigarette for smoking cessation within the general population and with the selection of e-cigarette and e-liquid based Sixth, the use of patches differed to what participants might have been used to in the past, in that we started product use 2 weeks before the target quit date."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This change did not affect adherence (because product use at quit date was very high), but might limit the generalisable of the findings to policy environments where precessation use of NRT is not supported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, serious adverse events were self-reported and similar to those reported in previous e-cigarette 3-7,9 and NRT trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "16 However, the sample size was not sufficient to assess uncommon serious adverse events, nor was follow- up long enough to identify serious adverse events with a long lead-time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In summary, when looking at continuous abstinence from smoking, provision of patches plus a nicotine e-cigarette resulted in three to seven more smokers per 100 quitting long-term (depending on the analyses done) than with patches plus a nicotine-free e-cigarette."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The smaller than anticipated sample size meant the study was not sensitive enough to pick up a definitive finding for the second comparison, although analyses suggest combination nicotine therapy-ie, use of a slow release nicotine patch, together with a faster-acting oral nicotine product (in this case a nicotine e-cigarette)-could result in five to ten more smokers per 100 quitting long-term than with mono therapy (ie, nicotine patches alone)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our findings are consistent with the current findings of the Cochrane review of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation 29 and contribute to the growing body of evidence from randomised trials on the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "NW, VP, GL, ML, and CB conceived the original idea for the trial, and sought and obtained funding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All authors contributed to the writing Articles www.thelancet.com/respiratory Vol 8 January 2020 of the study protocol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "VP did all data analyses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The paper was written by NW, with input from all co-authors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "NW is guarantor for this paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "NW, CB, MV, GL, ML, and VP report grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, during the conduct of the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "NW, CB, MV, and VP report grants from Pfizer, outside of the submitted work."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "GL chairs the organisation End Smoking New Zealand, which advocates for harm reduction approaches to tobacco control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "E-cigarettes were purchased from a New Zealand e-cigarette online retailer (NZVAPOR, https://www.nzvapor.com/), e-liquid was purchased from Nicopharm, Australia (https://www.nicopharm.com.au/), and nicotine patches were supplied by the New Zealand Government via their contract with Novartis (Sydney, Australia)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "NZVAPOR also provided, at no cost to participants, on-line and phone support regarding use of the e-cigarettes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Neither NZVAPOR nor Nicopharm have links with the tobacco industry."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0046__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "None of the above parties had any role in the design, conduct, analysis, or interpretation of the trial findings, or writing of this publication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Requests for de-identified individual participant data or study documents will be considered where the proposed use aligns with public good purposes, does not conflict with other requests or planned use by the trial steering committee, and the requestor is willing to sign a data access agreement."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Contact is through the corresponding author."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5043__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On Dec 12, 2019, our Twitter-based University of Toronto Respirology and Sleep Journal Club discussed Walker and colleagues’ pragmatic, randomised, parallel-arm trial designed to look at the effectiveness of combining nicotine patches with an e-cigarette (with and without nicotine) on 6-month smoking abstinence [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our discussions highlighted the challenges of studying populations of smokers in general, given the habitual nature of the exposure, challenges related to follow-up, and a need for reliable and valid objective measures of smoking abstinence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5043__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With regard to the primary outcome of smoking abstinence at 6 months, the risk difference observed was only 2.99 (95% CI 0.17–5.81; p=0.038) between the patches with nicotine e-cigarette group compared with patches with nicotine-free e-cigarette group, and 4.6 (1.11–8.09; p=0.05) when compared with patch monotherapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Besides reaffirming the superiority of combination smoking cessation therapy over monotherapy, which has already been shown [2][3], this study establishes the importance of the use of nicotine in e-cigarettes to optimise smoking cessation success."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5043__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the results presented are significant, the effect size in terms of abstinence is quite modest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It might have been underestimated owing to substantial crossover among participants who used e-cigarettes outside of the study protocol, but if so, the true magnitude of effect is unclear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, the findings are not readily generalisable given the multitude of e-cigarette brands and delivery systems available worldwide with probably different amounts of nicotine content from that used in this trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Other study limitations we discussed included the sizable loss of follow-up, which is unsurprising in this context."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5043__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, 70% of those allocated to the e-cigarette groups were able to correctly determine the nicotine content of their e-liquid, raising the question of whether true masking can be achieved in e-cigarette trials."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Notably, exhaled carbon monoxide measurement was used to verify smoking cessation only at 6 months, but not at earlier timepoints, calling into question whether continuous abstinence was truly identified."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Objective confirmation is crucial in determining smoking cessation efficacy owing to the well-known bias associated with self-reported abstinence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5043__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although evidence exists that nicotine-free e-cigarettes help in reducing cravings and increase quit rates in smokers [4], it would seem preferable to establish the efficacy of nicotine e-cigarettes for smoking cessation before doing a pragmatic trial, as was done for other smoking cessation interventions [2][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This pragmatic study reaffirms that e-cigarettes can function as nicotine replacement therapy, but did not evaluate whether e-cigarettes are superior to established forms of nicotine replacement that do not expose the respiratory tract to potential toxins with uncertain long-term health consequences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5043__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A key question for clinicians is whether the putative advantages of e-cigarettes, including higher nicotine content, faster nicotine delivery to the brain and similarity to the act of smoking a cigarette, actually make a difference to smoking cessation rates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__critique__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Efficacy trials comparing e-cigarettes with other on-demand nicotine replacement modalities (eg, gum) are therefore needed to answer this."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5043__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Lancet Respiratory Medicine published a letter by Nermin Diab and colleagues (2020) [1] about our three-arm trial investigating the effectiveness and safety of nicotine patches combined with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We wish to address two points made by the authors of the letter."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5043__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, they say, '...it would seem preferable to establish the efficacy of nicotine e-cigarettes before doing a pragmatic trial' [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We would suggest that both efficacy and effectiveness trials are important, but they serve very different purposes and provide very different information."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Both designs have pros and cons—the choice of design relates to the research question of interest, is context specific, and one does not need to occur before the other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Efficacy trials are highly controlled (both in patient population and conduct) and their findings are therefore not translatable to the real world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In comparison, trials on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes have the most relevance for decision making by health-care policy makers and health-care providers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Such trials tend to have a usual care comparator, but can be expensive to do as they often require a large sample size and long-term follow-up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It is important when reading effectiveness trials to consider the context of the trial (ie, the country in which it was done, and the country’s policy environment)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0055__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In New Zealand, a country with a smoke-free 2025 goal and the urgent need for policy relevant information about the effect of e-cigarettes on quitting, our effectiveness trial design was the most appropriate design to answer the policy-based research question."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5043__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When our trial findings are considered in their entirety, one can see that they are consistent across different time points, measures of cessation, and with most of the sensitivity analyses supporting the conclusions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We acknowledge the authors’ comments about the desirability for more frequent verification of smoking status."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, New Zealand is a small country (of approximately 5 million people) with little public research funding available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It was not feasible or affordable to do more extensive follow-up of our trial participants, as they were geographically dispersed throughout the entire country and we had only around US$400,000 to run a three-year trial."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Our chosen measurements of abstinence are those recommended by the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco for pragmatic trials [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In New Zealand, we do not have access to large pools of research funding, so must maximise our use of every dollar."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0056__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Efficacy trials of little relevance to the population using e-cigarettes are a poor use of our time and money."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5043__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5043", "paragraph_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Second, they say, '...the findings are not readily generalisable given the multitude of e-cigarette brands and delivery systems available worldwide and probably different amounts of nicotine content from that used in the trial' [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree, but no efficacy or effectiveness trial of e-cigarettes will ever be fully generalisable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nor is it possible to design a trial where every type of e-cigarette ever designed (and nicotine concentration) can be evaluated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, there are other pathways to inference than those of drug evaluation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this case we have created generalisable evidence as proof of principle that nicotine-containing e-cigarettes combined with nicotine patches will increase quit rates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We tested the type of e-cigarette (and nicotine concentration) that was the most popular amongst naive e-cigarette users in New Zealand at the time the trial was done."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5043__response__p0057__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Newer devices are known to deliver nicotine more efficiently and effectively, so one can assume quit rates would be higher."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5043/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2973219847_W3004959493_W3009569654", "triad_name": "triad_5043", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5043__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "reflection interact to produce decisions in social dilem- mas (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "More specifically, Rand and colleagues argued that a cognitive conflict ex- ists between intuition and reflection (deliberation), such that \"intuition supports cooperation . . . and . . ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "reflec- tion can undermine these cooperative impulses\" (p. 427)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As a theoretical explanation, Rand, Peysakhovich et al. ( 2014) stated that cooperation is typically advantageous in the context of daily life interactions, and therefore leads to the formation of cooperative intuitions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These intu- itions are generalized to other contexts, such as social dilemma experiments, resulting in spontaneous coopera- tive impulses in these situations as well."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "However, co- operation might not be advantageous at all in these new contexts, and reflection may override the initial coopera- tive impulse, adapting behavior towards the context spe- cific optimum (defection)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Empirical studies designed to test the prediction of intu- itive cooperation can be grouped into two categories: ex- perimental manipulations designed to influence the degree to which people rely on intuition versus reflection in their decision, and correlational studies focusing on the rela- tionship between process characteristics (such as response times) and decisions in social dilemmas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Studies using experimental manipulations follow the idea that manipulations designed to foster the influence of intuition should increase cooperation, whereas manipula- 510 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500006392 Published online by Cambridge University Press 511 tions designed to foster the influence of reflection should decrease cooperation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In line with this reasoning, ask- ing participants to write about a situation where intuitive decision making had led them in the right direction in- creased contributions in a public goods game compared to a condition where participants had to write about a situ- ation where careful reasoning worked out well (Rand et al., 2012, Studies 8 & 9)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, participants con- tributed more to a public good when they were forced to decide quickly (i.e., under time pressure) than when they were instructed to reflect and to decide slowly (Rand et al., 2012, Studies 6 & 7)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, in another series of experi- ments no effect of time pressure on cooperation was found (Tinghög et al., 2013), leading to an ongoing controversy about the stability and potential moderators of this ef- fect (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2013; Rand & Kraft-Todd, 2014; Rand, Newman & Wurzbacher, in press; Rand, Peysakhovich et al., 2014; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One possible caveat concerning time pressure may be that, rather than increasing the influence of intuition, time pressure may lead to an increase in guessing 1 or a de- crease in the amount of information searched (from givens or from memory)-neither of which necessarily foster co- operation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to experimental manipulations, research in- vestigating the link between intuition and cooperation has also examined the process characteristics of decisions (Rand et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These process characteristics are taken as indicators for the degree to which a decision was in- tuitive."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If the hypothesis put forward by Rand and col- leagues holds, there should be a positive relationship be- tween cooperation and indicators of intuition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So far, stud- ies have focused on one specific attribute of the process, namely speed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "2 The basic assumption is that intuitive re- sponses are faster than reflective responses (Kahneman, 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In line with their hypothesis that cooperation is in- tuitive, Rand and colleagues (2012) report that faster deci- sions were more cooperative than slower decisions across several studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, response time negatively predicted contributions to a public good (Studies 1 & 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Similarly, response time was negatively associated with the probability of cooperative choices in different variants of the prisoner's dilemma game (Studies 2-4)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Evidence on the relationship between response time and cooperation is, however, also not consistent in the litera- ture."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In line with Rand et al. ( 2012), several other stud- 1 Rand, Peysakhovich et al. ( 2014) however suggest that the effect of time pressure on cooperation in Rand et al. ( 2012) cannot be explained by more random behavior in the time pressure condition, as the average contribution in this condition is not closer to 50% (which should result from random behavior) compared with the time delay condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "2 Recently, text analyses of open ended survey responses have also been used to investigate the relationship between intuition and coopera- tion in social dilemmas (Rand, Kraft-Todd & Gruber, 2014; Roberts et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "ies reported a negative relationship between response time and cooperation in public goods games (Lotito, Migheli & Ortona, 2013; Nielsen, Tyran & Wengström, 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Yet, the opposite pattern was found in a dictator game in which faster participants made more egoistic choices (Pi- ovesan & Wengström, 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A more complex relation- ship between response time and cooperation was found in studies assessing the social value orientation of par- ticipants, where individualists had shorter response times than both cooperators and competitors (Dehue, McClin- tock & Liebrand, 1993; Fiedler, Glöckner, Nicklisch & Dickert, 2013; Liebrand & McClintock, 1988)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In their re- cent working paper, Evans, Dillon, and Rand (2014) find evidence for an inverted-U relationship between response time and cooperation in both the public goods game and the prisoner's dilemma game in two studies and a meta- analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They conclude that \"self-paced reaction times should not be treated as a direct proxy for the degree of reflection [vs. intuition], as other psychological vari- ables may also influence decision speed\" (p. 29, brackets added)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Indeed, although it is commonly assumed that in- tuitive processes are fast, short response times could well be produced by mechanisms other than intuition (e.g., very limited information search or pure guessing)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 6, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Part of the difficulty, we conjecture, lies in the reliance on theoretical constructs that are insufficiently specified on the level of testable cognitive processes (Glöckner & Wit- teman, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifically, it is difficult to test a dissocia- tion between intuitive and deliberative processing because these are rather vague labels (Gigerenzer, 1998) that have been understood to mean quite different things (Keren & Schul, 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, some have implied that intuition drives the use of heuristics (Gigerenzer, 2007; Kahneman, 2003)-and thus strategies for effort reduc- tion (Shah & Oppenheimer, 2008)-whereas others equate intuition with effortless integration of large amounts of information (Betsch & Glöckner, 2010; Hogarth, 2001; Seligman & Kahana, 2009) and thus quite the opposite of what effort-reducing heuristics do (Hilbig, Scholl & Pohl, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Also, in-depth analyses imply that there may be some gradual differences rather than distinct modes of thinking (Horstmann, Ahlgrimm & Glöckner, 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Fi- nally, even though intuitions are often understood to be fast, one cannot assert that fast processes are intuitive and it has also been argued that some intuition can be no- tably slow and time-consuming (Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In summary, the intuitive-reflective-dichotomy makes it difficult to test the underlying theoretical idea of Rand et al. ( 2012)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, rather than trying to test a dissociation between intuition and deliberation per se, it seems prudent to rely on specific process measures that can be used to test the proposed relationship."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "That is, one can focus on process variables for which the assumptions made by Rand et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500006392 Published online by Cambridge University Press 512 (2012) make clear-cut predictions, independent of the la- bels intuition and deliberation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One such process charac- teristic is the cognitive conflict involved in making a de- cision."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If cooperation is the \"effortless\", \"spontaneous\", \"initial\" or \"intuitive\" response (Rand et al., 2012), de- fection should entail more cognitive conflict than cooper- ation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To measure cognitive conflict one can employ a re- cently proposed and promising method: the analysis of re- sponse dynamics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Response dynamics provide researchers with implicit measures of the growth of a preference lead- ing up to the decision (Koop & Johnson, 2011; Spivey & Dale, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From this method, measures for cognitive conflict can be derived."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the following, we will briefly introduce the logic of response dynamics and report an ex- periment applying this type of measure to social dilemma choices."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The basic response dynamics paradigm for computerized experiments involves the continuous tracking of mouse movements while participants choose between options that are spatially separated on a screen (also referred to as mouse-tracking; Freeman & Ambady, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The as- sumption behind the paradigm is that cognitive processing is continuously revealed in motor movements (Spivey & Dale, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More specifically, it is assumed that mouse movements reveal the tentative commitments to the differ- ent choice options during the decision process (Freeman, Dale & Farmer, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In that sense, an option that is strongly considered at one point during the decision pro- cess exerts a \"pull\" of the mouse movement in the direc- tion of this option."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, the mouse movement as a whole (the so-called response trajectory) and different measures derived from it can be used to draw inferences about the cognitive processes that take place during the formation of the decision (Koop & Johnson, 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One property of the response trajectory that is of par- ticular interest for our purposes is its curvature."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The basic idea is that the more seriously an ultimately non-chosen option is considered during the decision process, the more will the trajectory deviate in direction of this option."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In other words, the degree of curvature represents the spa- tial attraction towards the non-chosen option (Freeman & Ambady, 2010; Spivey & Dale, 2006), which can be taken as a proxy of the overall degree of cognitive conflict."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An early experiment by Spivey, Grosjean, and Knoblich (2005) validates this interpretation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Participants were re- peatedly asked via headphones to click on one of two im- ages displayed on the screen (e.g., \"Click the candy.\")."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The requested object (\"candy\") was paired with a distrac- tor that was either phonologically similar (e.g., \"candle\") or phonologically dissimilar (e.g., \"jacket\")."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0018__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "As expected, response trajectories were more curved towards the dis- tractor if the distractor was phonologically similar, sug- gesting that the increased curvature was caused by the increasing attraction of the distractor in this condition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "More recently, a validation study of the response dynam- ics paradigm was also provided for the area of preferential choice (Koop & Johnson, 2013, Experiment 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In a series of trials, participants had to indicate which of two images they preferred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Importantly, images were selected from a well-normed set of stimuli (International Affective Pic- ture System; Lang, Bradley & Cuthbert, 2008), and the a priori difference in pleasantness of the pictures in a pair was varied continuously."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As expected, the curvature of the response trajectories increased with increasing similarity in pleasantness, validating the interpretation that curvature reveals the competition between choice options for the do- main of preferential choice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Both behavioral and neurophysiological evidence has corroborated the assumptions behind the response dynam- ics approach (Spivey, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Following the pioneering work by Spivey et al. ( 2005), the paradigm has been suc- cessfully applied to a variety of cognitive domains, includ- ing language, social cognition, and learning (see Freeman et al., 2011, for a review)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More recently, response dy- namics have also been used to study judgment and de- cision making processes (Dshemuchadse, Scherbaum & Goschke, 2013; Koop, 2013; Koop & Johnson, 2011, 2013)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has considered response dynamics as process indicators in social dilemma decision making."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The experiment reported below takes advantage of the response dynamics paradigm to test a hypothesis derived from the theoretical framework by Rand et al. ( 2012) that considers cooperation as the spontaneous response in so- cial dilemmas."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Building on the previously outlined theo- retical and empirical arguments, we expect a main effect of decision (cooperation vs. defection) on cognitive con- flict (as indicated by the curvature of mouse trajectories) in social dilemmas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More specifically, defection should entail more cognitive conflict (greater curvature) than co- operation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their studies, Rand et al. ( 2012) observed that the no- tion of intuitive cooperation appears to hold for some indi- viduals, whereas both intuition and reflection lead to little cooperation for other individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Consequently, Rand et al. have stressed the importance of identifying individual difference factors that might moderate the effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Indeed, it has been emphasized that one should not only test for effects on the aggregate but also consider to what extent an effect holds per individual-both in judgment and de- cision making research and experimental psychology in general (Baron, 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Optimally, then, such interindivid- https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500006392 Published online by Cambridge University Press 513 ual variation in the effect could also be explained by some moderating factor."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Therefore, an additional goal was to investigate whether there are between-participant differ- ences in the hypothesized relation between decision and cognitive conflict, and if so, to explain these through mod- erating factors."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding the relationship of intuition and coopera- tion, two moderating factors have been uncovered so far, namely (a) the cooperativeness of interaction partners in daily life and (b) prior experience with laboratory exper- iments."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Faster responses were found to be positively re- lated to cooperation only for individuals who reported having many cooperative daily-life interaction partners (Rand et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Besides, time pressure increased co- operation only for individuals who had little prior expe- rience with laboratory experiments (Rand, Peysakhovich et al., 2014) and were thus arguably less often exposed to situations in which defection is positively reinforced."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An additional study that assessed both factors in combi- nation even showed evidence for an interaction, namely, that time pressure increased cooperation only when par- ticipants both had little prior experience with economic games and reported to have mainly cooperative interaction partners (Rand & Kraft-Todd, 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although these specific factors fit nicely with the rea- soning of Rand, Peysakhovich et al. ( 2014), they refer more to prior experiences than to individual differences in the sense of basic, dispositional tendencies such as person- ality traits."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, it is straightforward to predict that personality traits reflecting cooperativeness and pro-social tendencies should explain the difference in cognitive con- flict when people defect versus cooperate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Disposition- ally cooperative individuals should be particularly inclined to cooperate spontaneously and their decisions should be characterized by particularly strong conflict whenever they defect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In other words, especially for highly cooperative individuals a large positive difference in cognitive conflict between defection and cooperation should be expected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In turn, the overall hypothesized effect (that cooperation yields less conflict) may diminish or even reverse for dis- positionally uncooperative individuals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One personality trait that specifically reflects disposi- tional cooperativeness is the Honesty-Humility (HH) fac- tor of the HEXACO personality model (Ashton & Lee, 2007; Ashton, Lee & de Vries, 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "HH is defined as the \"tendency to be fair and genuine in dealing with oth- ers, in the sense of cooperating with others even when one might exploit them without suffering retaliation\" (Ash- ton & Lee, 2007, p. 156)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In line with this definition, HH has been found to predict cooperation in a variety of paradigms from behavioral economics ranging from the dictator game (Hilbig & Zettler, 2009; Hilbig, Zettler, Leist & Heydasch, 2013) and social values (Ackermann, Fleiß & Murphy, in press; Hilbig, Glöckner & Zettler, Building on the theoretical definition of HH and corre- sponding empirical findings, HH should predict between- participant variation in the hypothesized effect of deci- sion on cognitive conflict, that is, function as a modera- tor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Specifically, individuals high in HH should be partic- ularly inclined to cooperate spontaneously and should find it more difficult to counteract this impulse when ultimately deciding to defect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In other words, the difference in con- flict between defection and cooperation decisions should be larger for individuals high in HH."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0025__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For their counterparts low in HH, this difference should be considerably smaller or it might even reverse."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The hypotheses outlined above were tested in a fully in- centivized lab experiment, where participants played sim- ple two-person social dilemma games with the two options cooperation and defection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Depending on the combina- tion of players' choices, the individual payoff varied fol- lowing a specific payoff structure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "( See Table 1 for the general structure.) If both players cooperated, both re- ceived the same payoff called reward (R)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, if both players defected, both received an inferior payoff called punishment (P)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If one player cooperated but the other de- fected, the cooperative player received the sucker's payoff (S) while the defecting player received the payoff called temptation (T)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "By modifying the order of the different payoffs, different types of social dilemmas were created such that different motivations for cooperation versus de- fection existed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To increase variation in cooperation rates, three differ- ent types of social dilemma games were implemented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the prisoner's dilemma game (PDG; Rapoport & Chammah, 1965) was used (T > R > P > S), in which https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500006392 Published online by Cambridge University Press 514 two mechanisms-temptation (T > R) and fear (P > S)- motivate defection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Second, the chicken game (Rapoport & Chammah, 1966) was employed (T > R > S > P), where temptation still motivates defection (T > R), but fear is no longer present (P < S)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Third, the stag hunt game (Gächter, 2004) was used (R > T = P > S), where fear motivates de- fection (P > S), but temptation is no longer present (T < R)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All three game types have in common the previously out- lined characteristics of a social dilemma (Van Lange et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "That is, in each game, there is a non-cooperative option that is (at least sometimes) more attractive for the individual than the cooperative option."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0027__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, if both individuals decide to pursue this non-cooperative option, they end up worse off than if they had both cooperated (R > P for all three game types)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For the experiment, we constructed five variants of each of the three previously described game types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Within each game type, the cooperation index (Rapoport & Chammah, 1965; Vlaev & Chater, 2006) was held constant and only the specific payoff values were varied, meaning that the relative attractiveness of cooperation versus defection did not differ across variants."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All payoff matrices used in the current experiment can be found in Appendix A."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Basic personality factors and the HH dimension in par- ticular were assessed using the German version (Mosha- gen, Hilbig & Zettler, 2014) of the 60-item HEXACO- Personality-Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-60; Ashton & Lee, 2009; for further information on the inventory and all items see http://hexaco.org)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To maintain the structure of the inventory, all 60 items-including those pertaining to personality factors not of interest here-were assessed and answered on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, in the analysis only the individual scores on the HH scale (i.e., individual means across the 10 items corresponding to this factor) were con- sidered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "3 The internal consistency and descriptive statis- tics of this scale (Cronbach's α = .78, M = 3.31, SD = 515 able responding (e.g., Moshagen, Hilbig & Musch, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Whether the cooperative choice option was presented left (as \"Option A\") or right (as \"Option B\") was counterbal- anced across participants to avoid presentation order ef- fects (Hehman, Stolier & Freeman, in press)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition to the choice and response time, the mouse trajectory (i.e., the x-, y-coordinates of the cursor) was recorded at a rate of 100 Hz (higher than or comparable to other mouse- tracking applications; Freeman & Ambady, 2010; Koop & Johnson, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Participants were not told that their mouse movements were recorded nor were they given spe- cial instructions regarding the movements of the mouse (Koop & Johnson, 2011, 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Participants were recruited from a local participant pool."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In total, 116 individuals participated in the experiment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Their age ranged from 18 to 36 years (M = 22.5, SD = 4.0), 79 were female, and 107 were students from various disciplines."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "On average, participants earned 2.56 C (ap- prox. 3.50 USD) in the social dilemma game which lasted for about fifteen minutes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The obtained sample size yields high statistical power (1−β = .94) to detect a small effect (d = 0.30) in a paired t-test given an α error probability of .05 (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang & Buchner, 2007)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To assess whether the variability in participants' coopera- tion/defection decisions was sufficient, we first computed the individual cooperation rate per participant across all games."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "On average, participants cooperated in 58% of their decisions (SD = 19%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Inspection of the individ- ual cooperation rates revealed that 115 participants (99% of participants) chose each option (cooperation and defec- tion) in at least one of the fifteen rounds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The remaining participant always cooperated and was excluded from all further analyses."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "6 In line with the notion that two mech- anisms foster defection in the PDG but only one mecha- nism does so in each of the other games, participants co- operated less in the PDG (25%) than in the other games, as confirmed by a generalized linear-mixed model using a binomial link function, 7 z = -18.63, p < .001."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition, the probability of cooperation was higher in the stag hunt game (86%) than in the chicken game (63%), z = 9.12, p < .001."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, we tested the first hypothesis that defection en- tails more cognitive conflict than cooperation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As a first descriptive indicator of conflict, we inspected the average response trajectories."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Following previous studies employ- 516 ), we mapped all trajectories to one side, time-normalized trajectories into 101 time bins, 8 and aggregated them first within and then across participants separately for the dif- ferent decisions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The resulting average trajectories for cooperation and defection are depicted in Figure 2."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In line with the hypothesis, trajectories of defection deci- sions were characterized by a greater curvature and thus greater attraction towards the non-chosen option (cooper- ation) than vice versa."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To statistically test this curvature pattern, we calculated the maximum deviation (MD, in pixels) for each single trajectory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The MD is defined as the maximum perpen- dicular deviation between the actual trajectory and its ide- alized trajectory, which is the straight line connecting the trajectory's starting point and end point (Freeman & Am- bady, 2010; McKinstry, Dale & Spivey, 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MD serves as an index of the maximum attraction towards the non- chosen option (Freeman & Ambady, 2010), and thus as an indicator of the maximum conflict during the decision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Whereas the following analyses use the MD towards the non-chosen option as dependent variable, Appendix B re- ports additional analyses based on other measures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the skewness of the MD distribution, we square root transformed the MD values and used these values for all following analyses (but replicated all results using the 8 Potential initial phases without mouse movements were removed be- fore time-normalization."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "0 5 10 15 20 cooperate defect Decision Square root (maximum deviation) untransformed MD values, see Appendix B)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Next, we av- eraged the MD per decision and participant (Wojnowicz, Ferguson, Dale & Spivey, 2009)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As can be seen in Figure 3, the mean MD was higher when participants defected (M = 15.14, Mdn = 14.33, SD = 6.03) than when they cooper- ated (M = 12.92, Mdn = 12.31, SD = 4.98)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This difference was statistically significant in a paired t-test, t(114) = 3.40, p < .001, d = 0.32, hence confirming statistically the ob- served differences in the average response trajectories."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "9 Furthermore, we examined whether the effect of deci- sion was robust across the different game types."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "For each game type, the qualitative pattern was as expected, as the mean MD was higher for defection than cooperation (see Table 2, 428.30) = 0.16, p = .85."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, defection decisions entailed more conflict than cooperation decisions regardless of the game type and thereby regardless of differences in the specific structure of the payoff matrix."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, it is noteworthy that even in the game encompassing the lowest coopera- tion rates (25% cooperation in PDG) the mean MD for de- fection was significantly higher than for cooperation, F(1, 89.31) = 6.54, p = .01."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Thus, even though defection was predominant on the choice level, cooperation still entailed less cognitive conflict than defection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To investigate between-participant differences in the ef- fect of decision on cognitive conflict, we computed the dif- ference of mean MD between defection and cooperation per participant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Directly replicating our previous analy- sis, the mean difference of 2.22 was significantly greater than zero, t(114) = 3.40, p < .001, d = 0.32."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, as indicated by a SD of 6.99, there was also considerable variation in the size of the effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Specifically, although the difference was positive for the majority of participants (63%), a substantial proportion of participants showed the reversed difference (37%)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To account for this variation across individuals we tested the hypothesized moderating factors as outlined above."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we examined whether the overall coop- erativeness of participants in the current study (as indi- cated by their individual proportion of cooperative choices across all trials) predicted the MD difference between co- operation and defection, and, as a more distal factor, we asked whether the individual HH scores predicted the MD difference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In line with expectations, both predictors sig- nificantly (positively) predicted the MD differences in sep- arate correlational analyses (r = .46, t(113) = 5.51, p < .001, for cooperativeness, and r = .20, t(113) = 2.18, p = Honesty-Humility (centered on mean) Square root (maximum deviation) cooperate defect .03, for HH)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As displayed in Figure 4, the relationship between mean MD and HH was as hypothesized: For in- dividuals high in HH, defection yielded more conflict than cooperation; for their counterparts low in HH there was no such difference or even a tendency for the reversed effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 7, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we asked whether the effect of HH was actually driven by the situational cooperativeness of participants in the current study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To this end, we conducted a mediation analysis following the steps proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As reported above, HH predicted the difference score, β = 0.20, t(113) = 2.18, p = .03."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, HH also predicted cooperativeness, β = 0.34, t(113) = 3.79, p < .001."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "When including both HH and cooperativeness in a regression to predict the difference score, only cooper- ativeness was a significant predictor, β = 0.44, t(112) = 4.98, p < .001, whereas HH was no longer significant, β = 0.05, t(112) = 0.58, p = .56-thus confirming a full medi- ation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Correspondingly, the indirect effect of HH was sta- tistically significant, Sobel's Z = 2.98, p = .003."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "11 That is, the situational cooperativeness of participants in the cur- rent study mediated the effect of HH on the difference in cognitive conflict between defection and cooperation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0044__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In summary, these analyses help explain the substantial vari- ation in the main effect across individuals."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the current experiment, we tested a hypothesis derived from the recently proposed assumption that cooperation is intuitive in social dilemmas, whereas defection requires effortful deliberation (Rand et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To this end, we presented a first application of the response dynam- ics paradigm (Koop & Johnson, 2011) to social dilem- mas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Specifically, given that intuition and reflection are inherently difficult to tease apart because they represent a rather vague dichotomy, we tested a more specific impli- cation: that defection should entail more cognitive con- flict than cooperation as indicated by participants' mouse movements during the decision process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In line with this hypothesis, response trajectories were more curved (to- wards the non-chosen option) when individuals defected than when they cooperated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In other words, the coopera- tive option exerted more \"pull\" on mouse movements in case of defection than the non-cooperative option (defec- tion) did in case of cooperation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This effect was robust across different types of social dilemmas and occurred even in the prisoner's dilemma where defection was pre- dominant on the choice level."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The effect of more con- flict in defection held for the majority of individuals, but there was also notable interindividual variation in the ef- fect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This interindividual variation could be accounted for by individuals' situational cooperativeness which, in turn, was driven by their dispositional cooperativeness in terms of the basic personality factor Honesty-Humility as speci- fied in the HEXACO model (Ashton & Lee, 2007)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The current experiment extends previous research that has primarily focused on response times to examine the relationship between intuition and cooperation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Specifi- cally, one main argument for the hypothesis that cooper- ation is intuitive stems from correlational studies demon- strating that shorter response times are associated with in- creased cooperation (Rand et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, such a negative relationship between response times and coop- eration has not been consistently found in the literature, and recently it was argued that response times should not be taken as a direct indicator of intuitive versus reflective processing (Evans et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The current experiment provides a solution for this problem by considering an al- ternative process variable-cognitive conflict-for which specific predictions can be derived based on the hypoth- esis that cooperation is the \"spontaneous\", \"initial\", \"ef- fortless\" response in social dilemmas while defection re- quires effortful deliberation (Rand et al., 2012)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Indeed, cooperation decisions entailed less conflict."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is also in line with growing evidence that prosocial behavior in general may stem from intuitive, reflexive, and automatic processes (see Zaki & Mitchell, 2013, for a short sum- mary)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, the current experiment further specifies ex- tant findings on interindividual variation in how much of a spontaneous, initial response cooperation tends to be (Rand, Peysakhovich et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While previous stud- ies have identified individual differences in terms of prior experiences as moderators (Rand et al., 2012; Rand & Kraft-Todd, 2014; Rand, Peysakhovich et al., 2014), we demonstrated the moderating influence of a basic person- ality trait."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The HH factor of the HEXACO personality model has recently been identified as the basic trait driving active cooperativeness in various domains (for overviews see Ashton et al., 2014; Hilbig et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Correspond- ingly, we found that particularly decisions of individuals high in HH were characterized by more cognitive conflict when defecting than when cooperating."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Furthermore, the effect of HH was mediated by the situational cooperative- ness of participants in the current study."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, the current experiment demonstrates the use- fulness of the response dynamics paradigm for investigat- ing complex decision making tasks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whereas earlier stud- ies used the response dynamics paradigm primarily to in- vestigate basic cognitive tasks with objectively correct re- sponse options, the paradigm has recently been extended to study complex decision making tasks that also include preferences (Koop & Johnson, 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In these studies, re- sponse dynamics have offered novel insights and availed tests for which existing response output data (i.e., choices and response times) were not sufficient-in areas such as risky decision making (Koop & Johnson, 2013, Experi- ment 2), moral decision making (Koop, 2013), and in- tertemporal choice (Dshemuchadse et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We add to this recent development and extend the application of response dynamics to social dilemma decision making."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nevertheless, the application of the response dynam- ics paradigm to more complex tasks without objectively correct response options also bears some methodological challenges."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous research with basic cognitive tasks usually involved a correct or desired response option and the primary comparison dimension of the response tra- jectories could be experimentally manipulated (e.g., the phonological similarity of the distractor in the experiment by Spivey et al., 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By contrast, the current experi- ment involved preferences, and the final choice (coopera- tion vs. defection) constituted the comparison dimension of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This implies a loss of experimental control over the comparison dimension, because the frequency of each response type depended entirely on the participant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This dependence could result in missing cells and other analytical challenges (Koop & Johnson, 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To address this problem, we decided to not only rely on the classic social dilemma, the PDG, in which cooperation rates are typically low, but to also implement two additional social dilemmas that should render cooperation more likely."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This modification was successful, as observations for both re- sponses were obtained for all participants but one."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Nev- https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500006392 Published online by Cambridge University Press 519 ertheless, the comparison dimension of the response tra- jectories in our experiment was an observed predictor, not under full experimental control."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The amount of information that people needed to take into account when making their decision was also consid- erably larger in the current experiment than in previous applications of response dynamics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, in line with previous applications of response dynamics we re- frained from instructing participants to move the mouse in a specific way (Koop & Johnson, 2011, 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a con- sequence, several response trajectories in our dataset con- tained analysis-irrelevant mouse movements (e.g., \"read- ing\" movements)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We accounted for this increased level of noise by performing the analyses both with the unfiltered dataset and after excluding trials with irrelevant mouse movements."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Importantly, the results remained stable re- gardless of the criterion used for excluding trials (see Ap- pendix B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Future studies could find procedural solutions to reduce the noise in the mouse movements, for exam- ple, by simplifying the task or by modifying the temporal order in which the task information is presented-similar to solutions used in other decision making applications of response dynamics (Dshemuchadse et al., 2013; Koop, 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, although the different curvatures of response trajectories for cooperation and defection decisions sup- port the idea that cooperation is the spontaneous and less conflicting response in social dilemmas, they do not nec- essarily imply that there are actually two distinct sys- tems (intuition and reflection)-as assumed by Rand et al. ( 2012)-that interact to produce decisions in social dilemmas (Horstmann et al., 2009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Instead, these re- sponse trajectory differences could also be explained by a single system assuming functional differences in the ev- idence accumulation process (see Dshemuchadse et al., 2013, for a similar argument in intertemporal choice)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Fu- ture studies should address this problem, following Koop and Johnson (2011, 2013), who emphasized the potential of response dynamics for distinguishing between different model classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A particularly promising approach is a re- cent study combining response dynamics and eye tracking that tested quantitative predictions derived from a simple evidence accumulation model for risky decision making (Koop & Johnson, 2013, Experiment 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__original__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Future studies could use a similar approach to discriminate between dif- ferent model classes and test their specific predictions for social dilemmas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4695__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) employ a mouse-tracking technique to measure decision conflict in social dilemmas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They report that defectors exhibit more conflict than do cooperators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They infer that cooperation thus is the reflexive, default behavior."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We argue, however, that their analysis fails to discriminate between reflexive versus cognitively controlled behavioral responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This is because cognitive conflict can emanate from resisting impulse successfully—or unsuccessfully."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) use mouse-tracking to measure cognitive conflict in three different economic games—the prisoner’s dilemma, the chicken game, and the stag hunt game—each characterized by a social dilemma."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They report that defection is associated with higher degrees of conflict than is cooperation, and they reason that this result is consistent with their prediction that the reflexive, “default” behavior is to cooperate [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We argue, however, that their specific result—and their paradigm, more generally—fails to discriminate between reflexive versus cognitively controlled behavioral responses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is because cognitive conflict can emanate from resisting impulse successfully—or unsuccessfully."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) base their prediction on results arising from a controversial research program by Rand and colleagues (see e.g., Rand et al., 2012; Rand et al., 2014) [2][3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The message in this program is succinctly conveyed in the title of the first paper, “Spontaneous giving and calculated greed” (Rand et al., 2012) [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, as Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) note, the empirical pattern is contested (e.g., Tinghög et al., 2013; Lohse et al., 2014; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014) [4][5][6], and a recent re-examination of Rand et al. ( 2012) and Rand et al. ( 2014) reveals that the data sets contain no meaningful evidence for the notion that giving is “spontaneous” and greed “calculated” (Myrseth & Wollbrant, 2015) [7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Efforts to shed further light on the cognitive processes behind the decision to defect or cooperate are thus well placed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Adopting the stated assumption that cooperation represents the reflexive, default behavior, Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) formulate the following prediction: cooperation should be associated with less cognitive conflict than should defection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their line of reasoning is predicated on two tacit assumptions: (1) efforts to resist behavioral impulse involve more conflict than would no such efforts; and (2) efforts to resist impulse are successful."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The former is unproblematic, but the latter is clearly not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sometimes individuals succeed at self-control; other times they fail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, cognitive conflict may emanate both from the successful and unsuccessful resistance to impulse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "If we knew that conflict associated with successful self-control were stronger than that associated with self-control failure, then we could derive the prediction put forth by Kieslich and Hilbig (2014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, we do not know this, and the alternative possibility—that unsuccessful resistance to impulse is associated with more conflict—seems equally plausible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In that event, and on the assumption that cooperation is the impulsive response, one might predict that cooperation is associated with more cognitive conflict [8]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0061__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The authors’ prediction, therefore, does not follow from their stated assumption; it might well be the opposite."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "That said, Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) add to the literature by applying a measure of cognitive conflict hitherto not introduced in the study of social dilemmas. And they find that those who defect exhibit more conflict than do those who cooperate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Might we work the other way, and deduce from this which behavioral response—to defect or to cooperate—represents the default? Unfortunately, we cannot."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Observing that defectors exhibit more conflict could mean (a) that cooperation is the default, and that successful self-control entails more conflict than does unsuccessful self-control, but it could also mean (b) that defection is the default, and self-control failure entails more conflict than does successful self-control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Neither possibility seems profoundly more plausible than the other."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A visualization of possible interpretations of differences in conflict might prove instructive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Myrseth and Fishbach (2009) present a two-stage model of self-control (see Figure 1 for an adaptation), which distinguishes between identification of self-control conflict, and the exercise of self-control [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This framework has recently been applied to the study of pro-social behavior in economic games (e.g., Martinsson et al., 2012; Kocher et al., 2013; Martinsson et al., 2014) [10][11][12], and it highlights when we would expect individuals to experience cognitive conflict."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Crucially, when individuals fail to identify a self-control conflict, they will experience none, and will follow their impulse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, they may also follow their impulse after having seen the conflict but failed in their efforts to resist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hence, an observed behavior could be the result of three distinct cognitive scenarios: (1) absence of conflict identification, accompanied by no experience of conflict; (2) conflict identification, conflict experience, and successful self-control; or, (3) conflict identification, conflict experience, and failed resistance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0063__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Merely observing, then, that one of two behaviors is associated with more conflict, does not allow us to determine which is driven by impulse."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One might also consider whether the conclusions drawn by Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) are justified by the moderator, the Honesty-Humility factor of the HEXACO personality model (Ashton & Lee, 2007; Ashton et al., 2014) [13][14]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Unfortunately, they are not. Again Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) base their reasoning on an unnecessarily restrictive assumption: “Dispositionally cooperative individuals should be particularly inclined to cooperate spontaneously and their decisions should be characterized by particularly strong conflict whenever they defect” (p. 513)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "How do we know that disposition here captures spontaneous inclination as opposed to deliberative goal pursuit? Might it not be equally plausible that dispositionally cooperative individuals are characterized by the same spontaneous inclinations as others, but differ in their deliberate pursuit of abstract goals? This second interpretation would also allow for the pattern observed by Kieslich and Hilbig, but it would change the meaning: we might observe among dispositionally cooperative individuals a stronger difference in cognitive conflict between defectors and cooperators because dispositionally cooperative individuals more likely would identify the self-control conflict between cooperation and defection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0064__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Higher observed levels of conflict associated with defection would then mean that self-control failure involves more conflict than does successful self-control."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although Kieslich and Hilbig fail to discriminate between default versus cognitively controlled behavioral responses, they do provide evidence against four out of a total of six possible cognitive scenarios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As illustrated in Table 1, there might have been no difference in conflict between cooperators and defectors, and cooperation could have been associated with more conflict; the latter possibility could have resulted from cooperation as the default and self-control failure yielding more conflict than successful self-control, or from defection as the default and successful self-control yielding more conflict than self-control failure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As for assigning merit to the two possibilities that both involve higher conflict associated with defection, we would have to determine how to interpret the moderator—whether it captures dispositional spontaneous inclination or deliberative goal-pursuit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If it captures the former, then we could conclude that the default is to cooperate (among the dispositionally cooperative) and that more conflict is associated with successful self-control in efforts to defect. But if it measures the latter, then we would conclude that the default is to defect, and that more conflict is associated with failed resistance to the impulse to defect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We conclude that the predictions formulated by Kieslich and Hilbig (2014) are premature, as is the inference that their empirical results “support the idea that cooperation is the spontaneous and less conflicting response in social dilemmas” (p. 519)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While their results indeed have narrowed the possibility set, they do not allow us to discriminate between the two possible reflexive, default behaviors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__critique__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Future research might clarify the meaning of cognitive conflict in economic games."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4695__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Myrseth and Wollbrant (2015) offer an alternative theoretical explanation for our finding that defection entails more cognitive conflict than cooperation [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although we completely agree that different theoretical explanations for a result are possible, we maintain that the theoretical approach we tested (Rand et al., 2014) is parsimonious and falsifiable, excluding certain plausible results a priori [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By comparison, the alternative framework proposed by Myrseth and Wollbrant requires several debatable assumptions to account for our findings, rendering it the more complex theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Besides, their framework as a whole could have accounted for any possible finding in our experiment, making it impossible to falsify it with our data."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We thus conclude that the notion by Rand et al.—that there is a spontaneous disposition to cooperate—has more empirical content while requiring fewer assumptions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their comment on our original article [1], Myrseth and Wollbrant (2015, M&W in what follows) raise an important general issue concerning the conclusiveness of empirical findings."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whereas their arguments do not question that the methodology and analyses presented in our article indeed test (and support) the hypothesis that defection entails more cognitive conflict than cooperation, M&W offer an alternative explanation for the empirical pattern based on their own theoretical framework."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "They argue that different assumptions within their framework—assumptions that run contrary to the theoretical assumptions underlying our hypothesis—could predict the same empirical pattern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0068__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Here we will very briefly reiterate our line of reasoning and then discuss M&W’s alternative theoretical framework."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From recent theoretical arguments by Rand and colleagues that cooperation is the effortless and spontaneous response in social dilemmas [3][2], we derived the prediction that defection should entail more cognitive conflict—as measured by the curvature of response trajectories—than cooperation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our findings mirrored the hypothesis, showing that the attraction of the non-chosen option was stronger when people defected—which held particularly for individuals with a stronger dispositional tendency to make cooperative choices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "More importantly, the theoretical framework by Rand et al. could not have accounted for the opposite pattern (more conflict for cooperative choices) or a null effect (equivalent conflict for defection and cooperation)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As such, the hypothesis derived from Rand et al. ’s framework is specific and was strictly tested in the sense that it could have been falsified."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, as is well known from the philosophy of science, the fact that empirical data are in line with a theory (even though it could have failed) is merely necessary but not sufficient for the “truth” of said theory [4]—simply because it is usually possible to generate various theoretical explanations for the same finding."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Note that we meant to imply this in the discussion of our original article in stating that “although the different curvatures of response trajectories for cooperation and defection decisions support the idea that cooperation is the spontaneous and less conflicting response in social dilemmas, they do not necessarily imply that there are actually two distinct systems (intuition and reflection)—as assumed by Rand et al. ( 2012)—that interact to produce decisions in social dilemmas” [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whereas M&W’s selective citation of part of this sentence lets our reasoning appear to be inductive, it was clearly not our intention to make conclusive inferences regarding the “truth” of the theoretical framework by Rand et al. We merely sought to test a specific prediction derived from it and found support (in that the empirical data was in line with—and hence did not falsify—the prediction)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nonetheless, other theoretical models may just as well allow for the observed empirical pattern to occur and thus be viable alternatives."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Consequently, there is nothing inherently worrisome (or indeed surprising) about M&W’s assertion that our findings could also be accounted for by a set of assumptions that are, in essence, incompatible with the theory we intended to test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "So, it seems worthwhile to consider the alternative account offered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As an alternative theory, M&W put forward a framework that conceptualizes decisions in social dilemmas as a self-control problem [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Specifically, decisions are assumed to be the outcome of a two-stage process (see Figure 1 in their comment): First, people may not identify a self-control conflict and follow their impulse (in M&W’s framework referred to as “reflexive, default behavior”)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If people do identify a self-control conflict, they may next try to resist their impulse."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "They may either fail to do so, thus following their impulse (i.e., choosing the default), or exercise successful self-control, thus following their deliberative goal instead."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0071__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Which behavior constitutes the default (cooperation vs. defection) is assumed to be context-dependent [5], but it remains entirely open which context would apply to our experiment."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0072", "paragraph_index": 72, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0072__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To derive predictions for cognitive conflict, M&W further make the following assumptions: Following the default because no self-control conflict was identified leads to a “no conflict experience”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0072__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Identifying a self-control conflict leads to a “conflict experience” in which case either self-control failure (sometimes also called unsuccessful resistance to impulse by M&W) or successful self-control may lead to a relatively higher degree of conflict (both cases are considered to be equally plausible in M&W’s theoretical framework)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0072__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "M&W argue that, according to their framework, six different scenarios are possible, and that two of these are compatible with the results of our experiment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0072__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As one of these scenarios assumes that cooperation is the majority default (which is compatible with the theory by Rand et al.) but the other presumes that defection is the default, M&W conclude that our findings do not allow for any inference whether cooperation or defection is the default behavior."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the scenario in which defection is the default option does require a number of additional assumptions in order to fit our results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, M&W assume that self-control failure (leading to defection) is associated with more cognitive conflict than successful self-control (leading to cooperation)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, M&W explicitly state that the opposite (more conflict for successful self-control than failed resistance) is equally plausible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, according to M&W’s framework a defection choice can be reached by two routes when assuming that defection is the default: People can either directly follow their impulse to defect (without identifying a self-control conflict) or they can identify a self-control conflict and fail to resist (and thus choose defection)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, when directly following the impulse, defection should be accompanied by a “no conflict experience” (see Figure 1 in M&W)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Yet, this would run contrary to the results in our study that M&W are trying to explain (more conflict for defection than cooperation)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To account for this, M&W additionally assume “that the difference in conflict [between self-control failure and successful self-control] more than offsets the low levels of conflict exhibited by those individuals who, without resisting (see Figure 1), act on the[ir] impulse” (Footnote 2 as referred to in M&W’s Table 1, squared brackets added)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "However, we believe that it is questionable to assume that the difference in conflict between self-control failure and successful self-control is so large that it offsets a “no conflict experience”—especially since M&W themselves consider a reversed pattern (more conflict for successful self-control than self-control failure) to be equally plausible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0074__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Importantly, even if one assumes that the amount of cognitive conflict for successful self-control and self-control failure is comparable, the additional impulsive choices for defection would lead to the prediction that cooperation is associated with more conflict than defection (i.e., the prediction would run contrary to the observed empirical pattern)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In other words, the proposed alternative account by M&W requires additional untested and, in our view, debatable assumptions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0075__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If, in line with Occam’s razor, the “goal of model selection is to choose the simplest (i.e., least complex) model that describes the data well (i.e., descriptive adequacy)” [6], it is our impression that M&W’s alternative theoretical explanation is more complex (i.e., less parsimonious) than the theory by Rand et al."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0076", "paragraph_index": 76, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0076__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Besides, M&W do not make any predictions as to the overall relative frequency of cases in which a conflict is identified or not—although this is clearly relevant for the predicted results pattern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0076__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Only when talking about our finding that individuals high in Honesty-Humility (HH) experience more conflict when defecting vs. cooperating than individuals low in HH, M&W assume that the likelihood of identifying a self-control conflict differs: M&W assume that individuals low in HH should have a low likelihood while individuals high in HH should have a high likelihood."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0076__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, based on this assumption people low in HH should show less conflict when defecting even when compared to individuals high in HH that cooperate (since no conflict identification should be accompanied by no conflict experience)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0076__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Yet, this is incompatible with the results we reported (see Figure 4; Kieslich & Hilbig, 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0077", "paragraph_index": 77, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0077__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, M&W argue that by altering the assumptions within their framework one can actually explain every possible empirical pattern in our experiment (more conflict for cooperation, more conflict for defection, and no difference between the two)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0077__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, M&W do not provide any theoretical prediction as to when which of their assumptions should hold."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0077__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As a consequence, there is no empirical pattern in our experiment that could falsify M&W’s theoretical framework."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0077__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It thus does not have sufficient empirical content [7] (see also Glöckner & Betsch, 2011) in the context of our study, at least not without further theoretical specification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0077__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "( See Postscript by Jonathan Baron who points out that more specific predictions for M&W’s framework can be derived, which are only partly supported by our data.)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4695", "paragraph_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078", "paragraph_index": 78, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In sum, we agree with M&W that other theoretical explanations for our result are possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nonetheless, we test a theoretical approach that is falsifiable, excluding certain plausible results a priori—as any useful theory should [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Consequently, its descriptive adequacy indeed speaks for the theory."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "By comparison, the alternative framework proposed by M&W requires several additional (and debatable) assumptions to account for the findings (especially when assuming that defection is the default behavior)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Moreover, it could have accounted for any finding in our experiment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We would of course welcome any suggestion for a critical experiment that can disentangle the different theoretical explanations and conclusively test them against each other."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4695__response__p0078__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "For the time being, we conclude that the approach of Rand et al. and the explanation assuming a spontaneous disposition to cooperate has more empirical content while requiring fewer assumptions, and, consequently, being more parsimonious than M&W’s alternative framework."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4695/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2286880410_W2212459470_W2233512727", "triad_name": "triad_4695", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4695__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "IX intensity was the only significant independent predictor of DSS."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These data implicate that intensity of CA IX expression seems to be a powerful independent prognostic factor, not confounded by the mode of treatment or other established prognostic factors (Giatromanolaki et al, 2001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study could not show a correlation between the expression of CA IX and other clinical or histopathological factors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most of the patients in this study had received RT with or without chemotherapy before operation, which may have an influence on tumour size, stage and grade, nodal status and consequently, CA IX staining in the operative sample."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To compensate this problem, CA IX expression was compared with the preoperative biopsies and respective surgical specimens."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, some of the available diagnostic biopsy samples were scarce, precluding adequate comparison of all sample pairs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Tumour oxygenation is known to have an effect on patient prognosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In advanced cancer of the uterine cervix, Hockel et al (1996) showed that low oxygen pressure was associated with larger tumours and more frequent parametrial spread as compared with tumours of the same stage and higher oxygen pressure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients with hypoxic tumours had poorer disease outcome (Hockel et al, 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Hypoxia induces CA IX, especially in or near necrotic regions (Wykoff et al, 2000) and in areas with high proliferation (Saarnio et al, 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Preoperative treatment can shrink the tumour and even complete remissions are seen (Ruo et al, 2002)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As the tumour shrinks, its oxygenation may improve."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Hence, preoperative therapy may reduce tumour hypoxia and thereby CA IX expression may be downregulated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In this study, there were two histologically complete responses after preoperative therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0004__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "One complete response was unexpectedly seen after short-course RT (Marijnen et al, 2001), which remains to be explained but may have been related to exceptional radiosensitivity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present data are in alignment with the results reported in other human malignancies, where CA IX expression has been shown to be a prognostic marker as well (Table 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This includes non-small-cell lung cancer (studied by Swinson et al (2003) and Giatromanolaki et al (2001)), bladder cancer (Hoskin et al, 2003), invasive breast cancer (Chia et al, 2001; Brennan et al, 2006) and oligodendroglioma (Järvelä et al, 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Interestingly, in renal cancer, low CA IX expression and absence of VHL mutation were related to a more advanced tumour and unfavourable outcome (Patard et al, 2008)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Currently, antibodies against CA IX are being studied in phase three trials in the treatment of renal cancer (Pastorekova et al, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Also, sulphonamides have been tested for therapeutic purposes against CA IX for several years (Pastorekova et al, 2007)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is possible that this strategy will also be evaluated in the treatment of other types of tumours."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the important prognostic significance of CA IX in rectal cancer."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This study shows that strong staining intensity of CA IX is an adverse prognostic factor in rectal cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Further studies are needed to evaluate its potential therapeutic implications."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Tumour regression grade was analysed after long-course RT in the HE-stained sections according to the modified Dworak and Rödel scales, using three categories: poor, moderate and excellent response (Dworak et al, 1997; Rödel et al, 2005)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The response was assessed as poor, if only minimal or no tumour regression was seen and there was a dominant tumour mass left (Dworak 0 - 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When only a few tumour cells or tumour cell groups were left in the primary tumour, lymph nodes or perirectal fat, the response was assessed as moderate (Dworak 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The response was defined as excellent, if there were only very few or no tumour cells left (Dworak 3 - 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In case of moderate and excellent response, a total of 2 - 8 separate histological slides were studied to confirm the regression grade."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX expression was analysed in all preoperative diagnostic biopsies (control group excluded) avail- able for the study, as well as in all tumour samples obtained at operation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In each case, the most representative blocks were selected, cut to 5 mm sections and subjected to immunohisto- chemical (IHC) staining with rabbit polyclonal antibody for CA IX (ab15086, Abcam, Cambridge, UK)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The slides were pre-treated in microwave oven twice for 7 min in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The antibody was diluted to a 1 : 8000 concentration in DAKO Antibody diluent-solution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0008__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The staining was carried out using the PowerVision þ Poly-HRP IHC-kit (Immunovision Technologies, Vision BioSystems, Norwell, MA, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0008__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The HE staining was performed according to the standard laboratory protocol."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The IHC stainings of the samples were evaluated by two observers (EK and JS), blinded to clinical and radiological information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Light microscopes with  4 and  10 objectives (EK) and  5 and  10 objectives (JS) were used for evaluation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX staining was graded using three approaches: (1) general grouping of the cases into positive or negative, (2) proportion of positive staining and (3) staining intensity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The slides were assessed as negative, if the proportion of positive carcinoma cells in the section was less than 10%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For positive cases, the proportion of positively stained carcinoma cells was analysed using four categories: (i) 10 - 25%, (ii) 26 - 50% and (iii) over 50%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The positive slides were further evaluated to determine the staining intensity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In grading the staining intensity, three categories were used: 0 for negative, 1 for weak and 2 - 3 for moderate to strong staining intensity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Renal cell carcinoma was used as a positive control for strong staining intensity and normal rectal mucosa as a negative control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In weak staining intensity, there was a faint positive staining in the cytoplasm and occasional staining in the cell membranes impossible to detect at a small magnification (objectives  4 to  5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The staining was assessed as moderate or strong, if the positive reaction in the cell membranes could easily be identified at a small magnification (objectives  4 to  5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "If there were areas of a variety of staining intensities, the predominant intensity was chosen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0011__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In preoperative biopsies, only positive/negative staining and staining intensity were assessed, but not the proportion of staining, because of the small size of the samples."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To support the IHC reaction of CA IX in this study, a small tissue material from CRC patients (n ¼ 4) was further studied for CA IX protein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "RNA from these tumours and corresponding normal colorectal mucosa had been previously isolated for cDNA microarray analysis, and CA9 was shown to be the most upregulated gene (Talvinen et al, 2006)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The protein from these samples was isolated to confirm CA IX expression in western blotting analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Total protein was quantified for each sample in duplicate by Bio-Rad Protein Assay Dye (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) and the quality was verified with Coomassie blue staining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For western blotting, equal amounts of denaturated protein samples were size fractioned using 10% SDS - PAGE and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membrane (Whatman Protran, Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Uniform loading and blotting was checked with Ponceau S staining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX primary antibody (ab15086, Abcam) was diluted 1 : 1000 for western detection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0012__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulins (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and Pierce ECL Western Blotting Substrate (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) were used according to the manufacturers' instructions for visualisation of the signal."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All statistical analyses were run using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and STATA (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) software packages (SPSS for Windows, version 16.0.2 and STATA/SE 10.1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Frequency tables were analysed using the w 2 -test, with the likelihood ratio (LR) or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Differences in the means of continuous variables were analysed using Mann - Whitney's test or Kruskal - Wallis's test for two and multiple independent samples, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Inter-observer reproducibility of the CA IX assessments was tested using regular (Cohen's) k and weighted k. To CA IX in rectal cancer E Korkeila et al 875 British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(6), 874 - 880 & 2009 Cancer Research UK Clinical Studies calculate the latter, the ICC (intra-class correlation coefficient) test was used, with parallel mode and two-way random model, using consistency assumption and average measures option to interpret the ICC (95% CI)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Concordance of CA IX expres- sion between preoperative biopsies and operative samples was analysed using non-parametric paired-samples test (Wilcoxon signed ranks test or McNemar test)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The inter-observer reproducibility of all CA IX assessments was almost perfect, with regular k having values k ¼ 0.988, k ¼ 0.931 and k ¼ 0.892, for CA IX þ /À, staining proportion and intensity, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Using weighted k (ICC), even higher values were obtained: ICC ¼ 0.994, 0.985 and 0.984, respectively."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This indicates that all three classifications of CA IX staining used in this study are highly reproducible."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Univariate survival analysis for DFS and DSS was based on the Kaplan-Meier method, where stratum-specific outcomes were compared using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) statistics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To adjust for covariates, Cox proportional hazards regression model was used, covariates being entered in stepwise backward manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All statistical tests were two-sided and declared significant at P-value o0.05 level."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX staining was positive in 49% of the diagnostic biopsies and 44% of the operative specimens."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Staining intensity was weak in 15% and moderate or strong in 29% of the operative samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The proportion of CA IX positive staining and staining intensity were directly related (Spearman R ¼ 0.917, P ¼ 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A low proportion of CA IX-positive staining (10 - 25%) was associated with weak staining intensity and vice versa."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Negative, weak, moderate and strong staining intensity of CA IX has been illustrated in Figure 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The results of IHC analysis were confirmed by the demonstration of CA IX protein in western blotting analysis (Figure 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Biopsy samples (B) stained for CA IX were compared with the respective operative samples (S)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using CA IX positive/negative ( þ /À) grading, 48 out of 78 (61%) B - S pairs were concordant and 30 out of 78 (39%) were discordant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of the discordant samples, positive CA IX expression in biopsies was downregulated in 18 out of 38 (48%) cases, and negative CA IX expression was upregulated in 12 out of 40 (30%) cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Using CA IX intensity evaluation 43 out of 78 (55%) B - S pairs were concordant and 35 out of 78 (45%) were discordant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In pairwise comparison (Wilcoxon), CA IX expression pattern in B - S pairs was not significantly different, P ¼ 0.268 and 1.000 for CA IX þ /À and CA IX intensity, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0017__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Results of staining intensity in the biopsy specimens are shown in Table 2."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In Table 3, the intensity of CA IX staining is compared with the traditional prognostic factors and survival."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "When the long-course RT group was divided into two treatment categories (with or without concomitant chemotherapy), there was a statistically significant difference in staining intensity (P ¼ 0.006) between the groups, showing more intense staining in the group that had not received concomitant chemotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Tumour regression grade was possible to be evaluated in 36 long-course RT group patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The staining was more intense in the poor response group than in the moderate/excellent response group (P ¼ 0.010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0018__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "On the other hand, CA IX expression pattern was not significantly associated with the size, nodal status or grade of the tumour, number of examined lymph nodes, resection type or its radicality, circum- ferential-, proximal- or distal margins, vessel invasion, tumour necrosis or patient gender."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In univariate survival (Kaplan - Meier) analysis, patients with negative or weak CA IX staining intensity had significantly longer DFS (P ¼ 0.001), as depicted in Figure 3A."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Also, DSS was significantly (P ¼ 0.009) longer among patients who had tumours with negative or weak CA IX staining intensity (Figure 3B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To analyse CA IX staining intensity as independent predictor of DFS and DSS, the following variables were entered in the multivariate (Cox) proportional hazards regression model: sex, age (young/old with median age as cutoff), treatment series (short-course RT, long-course RT and control group), preoperative tumour assess- ment (T), blood vessel invasion (yes/no), number of metastatic lymph nodes (LNN) (with four positive LNN as cutoff) and CA IX staining intensity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this multivariate model, only two variables were independent predictors of DFS: (1) number of metastatic"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this study, CA IX expression pattern was analysed from the samples of 166 patients, of whom 29 had received pre- operative chemoradiotherapy, 8 patients long-course RT without chemotherapy, 75 short-course RT and 54 patients had no therapy before surgery."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The intensity of CA IX expression was shown to be a significant prognostic factor in this study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When analysed with univariate (Kaplan - Meier) survival model, we found that the intensity of CA IX expression was significantly related to both DFS and DSS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients whose tumours were negative or weakly positive in CA IX staining had better prognosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The difference in DFS between patients with negative/weak staining intensity and those with moderate/strong staining intensity was evident from the early postoperative period, and the difference increased over time to about 50% at 3 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is important while considering potential interventions with adjuvant therapies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Similar data have not been previously reported in rectal cancer."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When examined in multivariate (Cox) proportional hazards regression model controlled for several covariates, CA IX intensity together with the number of metastatic lymph nodes were shown to be independent predictors of DFS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Carbonic anhydrase isozyme"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_591__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__critique__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have read with great interest the article by Korkeila et al (2009) 'Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX suggests poor outcome in rectal cancer' in a recent issue of the British Journal of Cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the authors rightly state, CA-IX has been found to be of clinical value in different tumour types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors, however, state that their study was 'designed to assess the prognostic and predictive value of CA-IX in rectal cancer treated by either short or long course of radiotherapy'."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although this might be the case, their data analysis does not support this statement."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_591__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__critique__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The prognostic value of CA-IX, if present, cannot be deduced from the applied patient cohort, as all patients received radio- and/or chemotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A pure prognostic factor can only be detected in an untreated patient population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "CA-IX is also known to be strongly induced by hypoxia through HIF1a upregulation [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The hypoxic phenotype that is represented by the high expression levels of CA-IX is very likely to cause a predictive value of CA-IX, predicting in this case resistance to radiotherapy and possibly also chemotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Earlier, we have found CA-IX to be predictive for different adjuvant treatments in breast cancer [3]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_591__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__critique__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the other hand, the authors also describe a control group that would seem to have received no neoadjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If these patients also did not receive adjuvant therapy, which is regrettably unclear from the paper, the authors should be able to determine whether the clinical value of CA-IX is similar in treated and untreated rectal cancer patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This could add valuable information to this subject and would warrant publication."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_591__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__critique__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__critique__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our opinion, the results shown so far only allow the statement 'Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX suggests poor response to therapy in rectal cancer'."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_591__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__response__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sir,"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_591__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__response__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our study, there were two index patient groups: (i) 75 patients who had received preoperative short-course radiotherapy and (ii) 37 patients who had received long-course radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The third group included 54 control patients, none of whom had received any preoperative treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In this group there were 34 patients who had not received any postoperative adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) either."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To test the effect of adjuvant treatment, we compared these 34 patients with all the other patients (n = 132)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.604) in disease-free survival, and the same was true with disease-specific survival (P = 0.111) in Kaplan – Meier analysis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_591__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__response__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To explore this issue further, we also analysed these 54 control group patients separately, i.e., 20 patients who had received and 34 who had not received any adjuvant chemotherapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among those 34 patients who had not received adjuvant therapy, 17 tumours were CA IX-positive and 17 CA IX-negative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Among those 20 who had been treated with adjuvant therapy, 11 tumours were CA IX-positive and 9 were CA IX-negative (P = 0.722)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Among the control group patients who had not received adjuvant therapy, 35% of the tumours had moderate or strong and 15% weak intensity in CA IX staining."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Among the patients who had been treated with adjuvant therapy, seven tumours had weak and four tumours had moderate or strong staining intensity (P = 0.225)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0028__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There were no statistically significant differences in DFS or DSS between the patients who had or had not received adjuvant therapy."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_591__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, a direct comparison between the groups might be biased by the fact that the patients who had received preoperative therapy had more advanced tumours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "According to our practice, adjuvant therapy is given whenever indicated due to a high recurrence risk (node-positive tumours, perforated tumours or tumours that have caused bowel obstruction, tumours with nerve or vessel invasion)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All these patients who had received adjuvant therapy had tumours with a higher risk of recurrence."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_591__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "591", "paragraph_id": "triad_591__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, we agree that 'Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX suggests poor response to therapy in rectal cancer' [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We were delighted to learn that our article 'Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX suggests poor outcome in rectal cancer' (Korkeila et al, 2009) had been read with great interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_591__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Span et al (2009) pointed out that the results presented in our study only allow the statement that 'Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX suggests poor response to therapy in rectal cancer', which we agree upon [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_591/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2089787007_W2068526899_W1990582896", "triad_name": "triad_591", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_591__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The world's tropical forests are essential places for environmental sustainability and the future of our planet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They combine high biodiversity and significant carbon storage with ecological services [1,2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since the 1980s, the world's tropical forests have undergone substantial change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Agricultural expansion worldwide happened at the expense of tropical forest areas [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In particular, the Brazilian Amazon rain forest has suffered significant deforestation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0001__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "According to Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), deforestation has reached 20% of the Amazon rain forest in the country [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Producing qualified assessments of land-use and land cover change in Amazonia is essential for evidence-based policies that can protect the forest [5,6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Earth observation data is the primary source of assessments of deforestation in Amazonia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since the late 1980s, INPE produces annual estimates of clear-cut areas of forest with the PRODES project and daily indications of deforestation alerts with the DETER initiative [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "PRODES and DETER are the authoritative sources of information that support Brazil's actions in protecting Amazonia [8,9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a companion to the monitoring of clear-cut areas, INPE and its partners also produce periodic maps of land-use change in deforested areas in Amazonia with the TerraClass project [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Universities and research groups complement INPE's work [11,12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0002__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Altogether, there is a substantial amount of land-use change information on the Brazilian Amazonia derived from remote sensing data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the widespread data availability, the complexity of land-use transitions in Amazonia requires continuous improvements in image classification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Law enforcement actions by the Brazilian federal government managed to reduce deforestation from 2.7 Mha (million hectares) in 2004 to an average of 0.6 Mha between 2009 and 2018."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Despite such reduction, deforestation in Amazonia is still at a relatively high level."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To understand the complex interplay between crop production, cattle ranching, and land speculation, ever more detailed data is required."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To improve monitoring of the Amazon forest from satellites, researchers are investigating the use of big data analytics [13,14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Such methods rely on the increase of data provided by the new generation of satellites such as Sentinel-2 [15]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, to use these large data sets in tropical forest areas, researchers need suitable methods of automated cloud detection in optical imagery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Traditional alternatives for dealing with cloud cover include combining information from various dates and selecting a \"best pixel\" for an extended period [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These methods lead to the loss of temporal information required to identify crop types [14,17] and pasture management [18,19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To capture temporal information, many researchers prefer methods that identify cloud-covered pixels and replace them with interpolated estimates [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "When different satellites are combined to produce a denser time series [21], replacing cloudy pixels by interpolated values becomes feasible."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For this reason, automated cloud detection algorithms are a necessary complement to big Earth observation data analytics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cloud detection algorithms are an active research field [20,22-25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each algorithm has specific characteristics and ad hoc techniques; thus, comparing them on a theoretical basis is hard."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In practice, performance assessment is done by selecting representative images and assessing how well each algorithm performs in each image."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As an example, Baetens et al. [ 26] compared three cloud detection methods (MAJA, Sen2Cor, and Fmask) using 32 images from 10 different locations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a reference for comparison, the authors use a machine learning method to identify clouds for Sentinel-2 images."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Given the different land cover, the diversity of sensors, and the advances in detection methods, such comparisons serve as general guidance only."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this paper, we approach the problem of comparing different cloud detection algorithms from a regional viewpoint."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given the importance of monitoring land change in Amazonia, we consider cloud detection methods for Sentinel-2 MSI images in this region."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We consider four cloud detection algorithms: Fmask 4 [25], MAJA [23], Sen2Cor 2.8 [22], and s2cloudless [27]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cloud formation in Amazonia is distinct from most continental areas [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The forest produces its own rain [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The rainforest generates the aerosols that make up the cloud condensation nucleus in the region [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0008__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The probabilities of cloud coverage in satellite imagery depend not only on the month of the year but also on the location inside Amazonia [31]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cloud types are heterogeneous in the Amazon biome; the southern region of the Amazonia has high aerosol concentration, whereas the northern and northwestern regions have low aerosol concentration and high precipitation [30,32]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These characteristics indicate different processes in cloud formation in subregions of the Amazon biome."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "During the wet season, the precipitating clouds in the Amazon basin are either low-level stratus type clouds (up to 2-5 km altitude) or high-level convective systems (more than 6 km altitude) [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The different land cover influences the amount and type of clouds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Deep clouds are commonly found over the forest while shallow clouds are frequent over deforested areas [33,34]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Water bodies absorb visible and near-infrared radiation diminishing the reflectivity of the thin clouds above [35]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The high reflectivity of artificial surfaces induces commission errors in cloud detection over urban areas [36]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Such differences pose a challenge for cloud detection algorithms in Amazonia; they need to consider many types of cloud formations and associated shadows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0010__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These singular characteristics suggest that it is useful to take images over Amazonia as a study case when comparing cloud detection methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The rest of this article is organized as follows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We first introduce the study area and the sample regions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Then we present the cloud detection algorithms and how we configured them."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Later we show how the classes resulting from each cloud detection algorithm compares to the others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finally, we introduce our results and then we discuss some implications of this work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Amazon forest covers half of Brazil (49.3%) and provides four-fifths of its groundwater (81%) with an average rainfall of approximately 2300 mm per year [37]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Persistent cloud cover in Amazonia is a significant limitation for deforestation monitoring by satellite."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Using the Landsat archive from 1984 to 1997, Asner [31] shows how the probability of cloud cover on Landsat images depends not only on the month of the year but also on its location inside Amazonia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "From June to August, the chance of finding one image with less than 30% cloud cover is 60-90% in southeastern Amazonia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the southwestern part, cloud cover is persistent all year round."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "While the recent availability of medium-resolution (10-100 m) sensors with higher temporal frequency than Landsat has improved the chances of obtaining cloud-free pixels, cloud cover in rain forests such as Amazonia will always be a challenge for optical remote sensing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This study uses images from the Sentinel-2A satellite, launched in 2015."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The satellite is part of the Copernicus Earth Observation program of the European Union, which is operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and managed by the European Commission."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It carries the Multispectral Instrument (MSI), which detects 13 bands of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning from the visible to the short infrared (SWIR) wavelengths at spatial resolutions of 10 m, 20 m, and 60 m, with a revisit period of 10 days [15] (see Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MSI's three bands at 60 m resolution are dedicated to atmospheric correction and cloud screening, leaving ten bands for land observation [38]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sentinel-2A data enables researchers to explore the changes on Earth's surface due to its open data access policy and its temporal, spatial, and spectral resolutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "To assess cloud detection algorithms over Amazonia, we chose five areas representative of its climate heterogeneity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0013__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We identify them using the tiling system of Sentinel-2:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "round and low deforestation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Tile T20NPH overlaps forest and natural savanna, where emerging mining activities are menacing indigenous territories (Figure 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The paper compares four algorithms: Fmask 4 [25], MAJA [23], Sen2Cor 2.8 [22], and S2cloudless [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fmask 4 and s2cloudless are specific for cloud detection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MAJA and Sen2Cor 2.8 are image processors; they generate cloud masks as part of image conversion from radiance at the top of the atmosphere to reflectance from ground targets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To process Landsat 8 data, USGS uses a version of the Fmask method that requires the thermal band [40]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fmask 4 is a version of Fmask that has been adjusted to be used with sensors without thermal bands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "ESA uses Sen2Cor to process Sentinel-2 images."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MAJA is developed by CNES and is used by applications such as Sen2Agri [41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The Sentinel Hub uses S2cloudless for the fast generation of cloud masks [27]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These methods represent the latest generation of cloud detection algorithms for optical remote sensing images."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fmask 4 [25] is the most recent version of Fmask [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Earlier versions of Fmask required a thermal band and worked only on Landsat images."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The latest version also works on Sentinel-2 images [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To distinguish between clouds and bright surfaces in Landsat 8 images, Fmask 4 uses the thermal band."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the case of Sentinel-2 images, it takes the view angle parallax of the NIR bands [24]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To reduce false positives resulting from snow and built-up areas, Fmask 4 uses spectral and contextual features."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To distinguish land from water, it relies on global surface water map [42]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fmask 4 matches clouds with their shadows based on similarity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It iterates cloud height from a minimum to a maximum level; for each possible height, it computes the similarity between cloud and cloud shadows [43]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When processing Sentinel-2 images, its cloud and cloud shadow masks have a 20 m resolution [25]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 6, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sen2Cor processes Sentinel-2 data to estimate Bottom-Of-Atmosphere (BOA) reflectances from Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) data [22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It takes Level-1C images and adjusts for atmospheric effects, generating Level-2A surface reflectance products [22,39]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It generates two types of results: (1) atmospheric correction products, such as aerosol optical thickness, surface reflectance, and water vapor maps; and (2) cloud screening and scene Classification (SCL), which assigns a class to each pixel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sen2Cor provides two quality indicators: A cloud confidence map and a snow confidence map with values ranging from 0 to 100%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The distinction between cloudy, clear and water pixels in the SCL and the output of the cloud confidence map are used to produce the cloud confidence information [39]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The current version of Sen2Cor (2.8) increases the accuracy of classification on water, urban, and bare areas while reducing false positives for snow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Other improvements include cirrus detection, false cloud detection due to permanent bright targets, classification of water pixels inside of cloud borders, and discrimination between topographic and cloud shadow pixels [44]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sentinel Hub's S2cloudless is a machine-learning-based cloud detector [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Its input is Level-1C top of atmosphere data from 10 Sentinel-2 bands (bands 1-5 and 8-12) combined with pairwise band differences and band ratios."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It uses the LightGBM algorithm [45] trained over multiple clouded and non-clouded samples over the world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As training data, is uses cloud masks provided by MAJA as a proxy for ground truth."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "S2cloudless trained its classification model with 15,000 Sentinel-2 tiles from 596 geographically unique areas in 77 different countries."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MAJA (MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm) combines two methods: (a) the Multi-sensor Atmospheric Correction and Cloud Screening (MACCS) and (b) the Atmospheric and Topographic Correction (ATCOR)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It builds on these methods by including time-series of images to improve detection of reflectance changes due to clouds [46]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The method assumes that surface reflectances without clouds are stable in time, while clouds or cloud shadows result in quick variations [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "MAJA uses multi-temporal images that contain the most recent cloud-free observation for each pixel."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "At each new image, the algorithm updates this composite with the newly-available cloud-free pixels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Thus, it processes the data for a given location in chronological order [26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The algorithm needs to be initialized to fix cases where a given pixel has no cloud-free observations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0022__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "To cover these specific cases, MAJA also uses a mono-temporal criterion based only on spectral information [23]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To run Fmask 4, MAJA 3.2.2, and Sen2Cor 2.8, we used Linux Docker containers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Fmask 4 implementation uses the MATLAB code available at GitHub (https://github.com/GERSL/Fmask)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For Sen2Cor 2.8, we installed the version provided by ESA (https://step.esa.int/main/third-party- plugins-2/sen2cor/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The MAJA implementation was obtained from CNES (https://logiciels.cnes.fr/ fr/content/maja)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We downloaded S2cloudless 1.4.0 from the Sentinel Hub (https://www.sentinel- hub.com/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Run-time parameters are described below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fmask 4: Dilation parameters for cloud, cloud shadows, and snow were set to 3, 3, and 0 pixels, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The cloud probability threshold was 20%, following Qiu et al. [ 47]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cloud probability threshold was set to 70%, using a four-pixel convolution for averaging cloud probabilities and dilation of two pixels, following the parameters set by Zupanc et al. [ 27]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sen2Cor 2.8: The tests used the same configuration as that of the Land Cover maps of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "MAJA: The evaluation used the same configuration as that of the Sen2Agri application (http://www.esa-sen2agri.org)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To validate the resulting cloud masks, we used sample points tagged by remote sensing experts through visual interpretation, following the work of Foga et al. and Zhu et al. [ 36,40]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We selected a set of random locations inside each Sentinel-2 tile."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since Sentinel-2 images at 10 m resolution have over 120 million pixels, standard statistical techniques indicate that using about 400 samples per image is enough to achieve a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error [48]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Five experts labeled those points in all 20 images."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The labels were \"cloud\", \"cloud shadow\", \"clear\", and \"other\"."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The \"other\" label is a placeholder for samples that the experts could not tag."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Since the areas of cloud shadow are small compared to other labels, we tried to ensure there were at least 50 samples of cloud shadows."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two different experts classified each point; only those where both experts agreed were selected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because of the need for agreement between experts, the final number of selected samples changes from image to image (see Table 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Since the algorithms tested use different labels, we recoded their results to match the labels in the validation sample set."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In particular, MAJA produces an 8-bit mask, so that many labels can be applied to a pixel, allowing combinations that are not available in the results of other algorithms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, MAJA's mask allows tagging a pixel as a shadow projected on top of a cloud from another cloud in a neighboring image."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To make MAJA's more detailed results compatible with the output of the other methods, we prioritize clouds over cloud shadows and cloud shadows over clear pixels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Table 3 shows how the original codes for each method were relabelled for compatibility."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To compare the results of the algorithms, we use the F1 score [49] and the user's, producer's, and overall accuracies [50]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The F1 score (Equation (1)) is the harmonic mean of the precision (Equation (2)) and recall rates (Equation (3))."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The producer's accuracy measures how well a certain label has been classified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It is computed by dividing the correctly classified pixels in each class by the total number of pixels of the corresponding class."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The user's accuracy indicates the probability that prediction represents reality."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is computed by dividing the correctly classified pixels in each label by the total number of pixels classified in that label."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The overall accuracy indicates the quality of the map classification."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It is calculated by dividing the total number of correctly classified pixels by the total number of reference pixels."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our experiments, Fmask 4 has the best overall accuracy, followed by Sen2Cor, MAJA, and S2cloudless (see Table 4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fmask 4 consistently outperforms the other algorithms in overall, user's and producer's accuracies for all classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It also has the best results considering individual tiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For cloud shadow detection, Fmask 4 has a better performance than Sen2Cor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Although MAJA has the ability to detect cloud shadows, in practice the methods extend its cloud mask to include shadows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "MAJA is a conservative method that uses dilation operators to improve the user's accuracy of the clear sky."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, no shadows are reported by MAJA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is observable in either the images themselves or Figure 2, in which MAJA consistently detects more cloud pixels than the other methods."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, Fmask 4 and Sen2Cor also distinguish cirrus clouds from clouds, as shown in Figure 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For accuracy assessment, we merged both types of clouds for computing the information in Tables 4 and 5 to be able to compare Fmask 4 and Sen2Cor with the other methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When comparing the overall accuracy of Sen2Cor with that of MAJA, their design choices stand out."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "MAJA has a better user's accuracy for clear sky pixels than Sen2Cor; for producer's accuracy of this class, Sen2Cor is superior."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conversely, MAJA has a better producer's accuracy than Sen2Cor for cloud pixels; for the user's accuracy, the situation is inverted."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This situation also holds in individual tiles (see Table 5)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The designers of MAJA have chosen to maximize the probability that pixels labeled as a clear sky are correct."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The behavior of S2cloudless is erratic; sometimes it produces results visually similar to those of Fmask 4 or Sen2Cor (see Figure 3), while in some other occasions it misclassifies clear pixels as clouds (see Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, for tile T21LXH on 28 March 2017 and tile T22MCA on 28 June 2018, S2cloudless has a particularly poor performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 4 shows tile T21LXH on 28 March 2017, a case where S2cloudless performs differently from the other methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These results showed that the four algorithms produce their best results on images with few well-defined (crisp) clouds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Except for s2cloudless, the algorithms agree on the shape and the number of areas classified as either cloud or clear."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, they cannot adequately approximate the shape of clouds and their shadows on thin semi-transparent cirrus or tightly packed clouds (see Figure 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The accurate detection of cloud shadows is challenging because dark surfaces, such as wetlands, burned areas, and terrain shadows can be easily confused with cloud shadows [25]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The pictures shown in Figure 4 confirm the results discussed above."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "While Fmask4 has the best performance, it is interesting to compare MAJA with Sen2Cor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "MAJA uses squircles (i.e., a shape between a circle and a rectangle) to fill in the cloud shape, ensuring the total coverage of each cloud in detriment of cloud shadows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, MAJA sometimes incorporates clear pixels in its cloud mask, as also reported by [26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "By contrast, Sen2Cor approximates the shape of the cloud from the inside, filling in the clouds' boundaries with saturated labels-particularly with thin cirrus clouds-which produces rough borders (see Figure 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, Sen2Cor cannot detect small clouds which are correctly identified by Fmask 4 and MAJA (e.g., see the small clouds at the center of Figure 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The shadow masks produced by Fmask 4 are displaced regarding to the shadows visible in the images."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is a consequence of the coarse spatial resolution of the digital elevation model used by the method."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "As for their shapes, Fmask 4 matches well the cloud shadows respect to the clouds producing them, while in Sen2Cor the cloud shadows have smoother and different boundaries than their clouds (see Figure 5)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our results confirm the work of Qiu et al. [ 25] and Baetens et al. [ 26], who report that Fmask 4 works better in detecting clouds and cloud shadows than Sen2Cor for Sentinel-2A images."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We could not compute the accuracies for cloud shadow detection for MAJA and S2cloudless."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is expected from s2cloudless but it comes as a surprise in the case of MAJA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An explanation is MAJA's greedy behavior regarding clouds; it tends to tag pixels as clouds in disregard of their shadows (see Figure 2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An alternative explanation is due to our interpretation of the MAJA's bit mask where we prioritized clouds over cloud shadows (see Section 2.6)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sen2Cor tags many pixels as saturated, defective, or unclassified which we labelled as other (see Table 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A visual inspection reveals most of the saturated pixels are the external border of clouds (see Figure 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the other hand, Sen2Cor in tile T21LXH for 08 March 2017 (see Figure 4) mistakenly displays cloud and cloud shadow pixels along the riverbank, almost perfectly profiling the whole river; this could be caused by suspended matter in the water."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Sen2Cor problems to detect cloud cover over water were also reported by [25,51]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As discussed above, the shapes of clouds in the Sen2Cor mask are rougher compared to the smoother results using the other algorithms."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Despite these issues, Sen2Cor is a reliable method for cloud detection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Its producer's accuracies for clear sky and clouds are respectively 89% and 88%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0041__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "If its errors in detecting cloud shadows can be tolerated by the user, its efficiency and ease of use may justify its choice for bulk processing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "S2cloudless erratically mixes land features and clouds, particularly on images with few clouds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It does not spot cloud shadows."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We could not confirm the claims made by the authors of this method [27] about the good performance of this algorithm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "One explanation is that the clouds in tropical forests such as Amazonia are not adequately included in the S2cloudless training set."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results of this study show that the Fmask 4 algorithm consistently performs better than the alternatives for Sentinel-2 images of the Amazon rain forest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fmask 4 had an overall accuracy of 90%, followed by Sen2Cor (79%), MAJA (69%) and s2cloudless (52%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our results are different from those of Baetens et al. [ 26] who concluded that MAJA and Fmask 4 perform similarly with an overall accuracy around 90%, while Sen2Cor had an overall accuracy of 84%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0043__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We now consider some hypothesis that could account for such significant differences."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As noted by Baetens et al. [ 26], for satellites without thermal bands cloud detection methods use thresholds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Different thresholds are set for the visible bands, the 1.38 µm band, and the Normalized Difference Snow Index."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These approximations address important challenges for cloud detection methods: distinguishing clouds from snow, mountain tops, bright deserts, and large built-up objects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Since each cloud detection method relies on different ad hoc hypotheses, its usefulness varies from scene to scene."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For this reason, no single study can provide definitive guidance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Studies that target specific regions, such as the current paper, provide valuable advice even though its results cannot be generalized to non-forest areas."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The comparison done by Baetens et al. [ 26] uses 10 different sites, including equatorial forests, deserts and semi-deserts, agricultural areas, mountains, and snowy areas."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Their results provide a balance between different targets that could be confused with clouds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By contrast, our study deals only with forest and agriculture areas; the images tested have no deserts, mountains or snow."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "By focusing on the Amazon biome, our results are intended as guidance for experts interested in measuring land change in the region."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Given its focus, these results cannot be generalized to non-forest regions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A further consideration that could explain part of the differences between our work and that of Baetens et al. [ 26] is the choice of training data sets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "While we use random sampling, those authors preferred to rely on active learning."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An active learning model uses a few good quality samples instead of a large ensemble of random points."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These good quality samples are used to train a machine learning model (random forest) whose output provides labels to a large set point for classification."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In theory, this method has the advantage of being able to provide a larger number of points to test the algorithm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Machine learning models have a tendency to overfit their training data, which could cause wrong predictions [52]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The alternative is to use random samples, which rely on standard statistical assumptions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, random samples can miss some cloud properties."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Clouds come in different shapes, sizes, and transparencies; it is often hard to distinguish overlapping clouds at different heights from images."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Random samples can also misrepresent minority labels such as cloud shadows."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Therefore, both random sampling and active learning have their advantages and shortcomings for evaluating cloud detection algorithms."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Further testing and comparison are required to evaluate these approaches."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another source of divergence between our result and that of Baetens et al. [ 26] is due to class relabeling."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cloud detection algorithms codify their results using different levels of detail."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To enable comparisons, we had to recode them to the same set of labels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This process implies a loss of information, in particular for MAJA, which provides the most detailed data about its detection process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Thus, our recoding process could have had a negative impact on our evaluation of MAJA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the differences discussed above, there are points of convergence between our work and earlier papers such as Baetens et al. [ 26] and Qiu et al. [ 25] related to Fmask 4 performance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The overall user's and producer's accuracy values for Fmask 4 are broadly consistent in the three studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Qiu et al. [ 25] report producer's accuracies for clouds, shadows and clear pixels to be 93%, 70%, and 97%, while our results are 96%, 75%, and 90%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, we consider that Fmask 4 to be a reliable method that we recommend to be used for cloud detection in Sentinel-2 images of the Amazon rain forest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this work, we compared four cloud detection algorithms on Sentinel-2A images of the Amazon tropical forest, and we found that Fmask 4 performs the best."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We tested four cloud detection algorithms-FMask 4, Sen2Cor, MAJA, and S2cloudless-on 20 images with a different amount of cloud coverage, spread over five regions of Amazonia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We validated the results of the cloud detection algorithms using the criteria of experts on remote sensing who classified approximately 400 random points on each image."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To determine the best algorithm, we computed the F1 score and the overall, user, and producer accuracies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We found that FMask 4 has an overall accuracy of 90% to detect clouds, while Sen2Cor's OA is 79%, MAJA's OA is 69%, and S2cloudless's OA is 52%."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0060__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Based on these results, we recommend the use of Fmask 4 for cloud detection of Sentinel-2 images of the Amazon region."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The choice of method depends on the intended use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, users should consider the benefits of each method before making their choices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Since MAJA reduces the number of false positives by design, users that aim to improve the producer's accuracy should consider its use."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These characteristics could make MAJA suitable, for example, to build cloud-free monthly mosaics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Despite the poor performance of S2cloudless in our study, we consider that the use of machine learning methods for cloud detection is a promising way forward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "As more good quality samples become available, its performance will improve."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Finally, Sen2Cor is an efficient method to detect clouds in Sentinel-2 images."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0061__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Despite not having the best performance, its ease of use may appeal to those that need fast processing of large data sets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We expect our work to impact on the building of data cubes of analysis-ready data from satellite imagery, like those currently under construction by the Brazil Data Cube project. ( Brazil Data Cube project http://brazildatacube.org/) Another application is for improving the time series analysis of Land Use and Land Cover change of deforested areas, which is particularly hard because of cloud coverage."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Given the performance of FMask 4, space agencies and committees such as CEOS should consider the value of working together to develop a standardized best quality cloud detection methods that could be shared and used for remote sensing optical imagery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__original__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__original__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The R and Python scripts used to compare the performance of cloud detection algorithms are available on GitHub: https://github.com/brazil-data-cube/compare-cloud-masks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4835__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their recent study, Sanchez et al. compared various cloud detection methods applied to Sentinel-2, specifically on images acquired over the Amazonian region, known for its frequent cloud cover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Comparison of cloud screening methods for optical satellite images is a complex task, which must take several parameters into account, such as the definition of a cloud, which can differ according to the methods, the different coding of the cloud and shadow masks, the possible dilation of masks, and also the way the method must be used to perform in nominal conditions."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We found that the otherwise serious and useful comparison of cloud masks by Sanchez et al. is not fair to the real performances of MAJA cloud detection, for two reasons: (i) two thirds of the images used in the comparison were acquired before the launch of Sentinel-2B satellite, when the revisit of the Sentinel-2 mission was 20 days instead of five days for the nominal conditions of the mission, and (ii) there is an error in the understanding of how MAJA cloud masks are coded which also probably artificially degraded the results of MAJA as compared to the other methods."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4835__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their study over Amazonia, Sanchez et al. [ 1] found that the performances of MAJA cloud screening software are not as good as those obtained in a similar study by Baetens et al [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A large part of the discussion in the article was dedicated to explaining the differences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It concluded that they are probably related to the specificities of cloud cover and surface reflectances in Amazonia."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The authors also noticed that MAJA (MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm) was surprisingly not able to detect cloud shadows in Amazonia."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "While most cloud detection methods process successive images independently, our method for cloud detection and atmospheric correction, MAJA, uses the generally slow variations of surface reflectances as a function of time to better detect the clouds and their shadows [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0065__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Our cloud detection method uses time series of images as input, processes the images in chronological order, and the quality of its results improves when the interval between successive observations of the land surface is reduced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4835__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their study, Sanchez et al. used twenty manually classified images taken over five tiles scattered in the Amazonia (Table 2 of their paper)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thirteen of these images were acquired by Sentinel-2A, before Sentinel-2B was put in operation in July 2017."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, until November 2017, the revisit of each Sentinel-2 satellites was 10 days in Europe and Africa, and 20 days on the other continents."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As an example, Table 1 shows the number of images acquired by Sentinel-2A or Sentinel-2B over an Amazonian tile used in the Sanchez et al. study, for the same three-month period from 2016 to 2020."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "MAJA has been designed to perform optimally in the nominal conditions of Sentinel-2, with a revisit of five days from the same path."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For most images in the time series used by Sanchez et al., the revisit was 20 days."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Given the frequent cloud cover in Amazonia, MAJA does not always have sufficient cloud free observations of the surface, and works with a fallback mono-temporal method to detect the clouds and shadows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Sanchez et al. do not provide validation statistics per image, but Table 5 of Sanchez et al. provides results per tiles, accumulating the four available dates for each tile."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0066__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The two tiles which have only dates in 2016 and 2017 (T20NPH and T22NCG) exhibit the worst performances for MAJA, which shows that MAJA’s performance should be much better for the nominal configuration of Sentinel-2 with a revisit of five days."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4835__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Moreover, we found that the authors wrongly interpreted MAJA’s cloud mask."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For each pixel, MAJA not only provides a binary valid/invalid mask, but the mask is expressed as bit mask which tells which of MAJA’s tests declared a pixel invalid."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Such a representation is a little complex but has the advantage to provide a complete information on a small volume (one byte per pixel)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table 3 of the original paper provides a conversion table for MAJA cloud mask which is partly false, for instance, only the value 0 in MAJA cloud masks correspond to a cloud free/shadow free pixel while Table 3 lists 0 and 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Two figures of the Sanchez et al. paper (the graphical abstract and Figure 3) show that the shadows detected by FMASK are also classified as invalid in MAJA, but the authors wrongly indicated that MAJA classifies them as clouds instead of shadows."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For the sake of comparison, we provide in Figure 1 the MAJA cloud mask for the same tile and date as the Figure 3 in Sanchez et al. with the correct representation of the cloud bit-mask."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We understood that, in Sanchez et al., the classification performances have been computed for three classes (clear, cloud, shadow), and, in that case, the wrong interpretation of MAJA mask values must also have a large impact on the performances."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In addition, we are not sure it is optimal to separate cloud and cloud shadows in distinct classes for validation purposes, as shadows on other clouds and mask dilation process lead to mixed classes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0067__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "End-users usually expect a mask to discriminate between valid and invalid pixels with the highest possible accuracy, whether invalid ones are clouds or cloud shadows should remain a second order performance criterion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4835__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0068", "paragraph_index": 68, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0068__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study of Sanchez et al. is a very interesting initiative, since the Amazonian regions pose specific challenges to cloud masking, as the cloud cover is usually high and the surface reflectances are low."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0068__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In such regions, the multi-temporal method, which is a corner stone of MAJA, partly loses its advantages as the surface is seldom visible and reflectances can significantly evolve from one cloud free observation to the next."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__critique__p0068__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Even if Amazonia is not a use case where MAJA will obtain its best results, we think that the two shortcomings detailed above have resulted in performances for MAJA that are not the nominal ones for Sentinel-2, even over Amazonia."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4835__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069", "paragraph_index": 69, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their comments about our paper, the authors remark on two issues regarding our results relating to the MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm (MAJA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first relates to the sub-optimal performance of this algorithm under the conditions of our tests, while the second corresponds to an error in our interpretation of MAJA’s bit mask."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To answer the first issue, we acknowledge MAJA’s capacity to improve its performance as the number of images increases with time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, in our paper, we used the images we had available at the time we wrote our paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Regarding the second issue, we misread the MAJA’s bit mask and mistakenly labelled shadows as clouds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We regret our error and here we present the updated tables and images."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We corrected our estimation and, consequently, there is an increment in MAJA’s accuracy in the detection of clouds and cloud shadows."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0069__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, these increments are not enough to change the conclusion of our original paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4835__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__response__p0070", "paragraph_index": 70, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0070__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our paper [1], we compare four cloud detection algorithms for the Amazon forest using Sentinel images from October 2016 to November 2018."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0070__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Three of the algorithms (Fmask4, s2cloudless, and Sen2Cor) identify clouds using only spacial features."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0070__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the other hand, MACCS-ATCOR Joint Algorithm (MAJA) uses time series of images for this purpose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0070__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We compared the results of the four algorithms using points collected and classified by experts on remote sensing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4835__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__response__p0071", "paragraph_index": 71, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0071__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In their comments, Hagolle and Colin [2] pointed to two issues in the method reported in our paper [1], both related to MAJA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0071__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The first issue is related to the sub-optimal performance due to the interval between successive observations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0071__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The second issue indicates a misinterpretation of MAJA’s bit mask."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4835__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073", "paragraph_index": 73, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Regarding the second issue, we misread the MAJA’s bit mask."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We mistakenly took shadows for clouds."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We apologise for our error."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To fix this error, the MAJA column in Table 3 of our paper must be ignored and instead one should use Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To correctly interpret MAJA’s cloud mask, please use Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0073__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This is because of the bit structure used by MAJA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4835__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__response__p0074", "paragraph_index": 74, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0074__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because of the misinterpretation of MAJA’s bit mask, MAJA’s accuracy in identifying clouds and cloud shadows needs to be updated, while the accuracy of clear observation was not affected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0074__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We updated the accuracy reported on Tables 4 and 5 of our paper and now they are presented here in Tables 3 and 4, respectively."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4835__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4835", "paragraph_id": "triad_4835__response__p0075", "paragraph_index": 75, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4835__response__p0075__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, these updates do not change the conclusion in our original paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4835/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3016537533_W3135417792_W3135502480", "triad_name": "triad_4835", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4835__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "How- ever, by supplementing interphase extracts with baculo- virus-purified hCdh1 protein, we were able to reconsti- tute Cdh1-dependent degradation (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "hCdc20 and the amino-terminal fragment of Xenopus cyclin B are both stable in interphase extracts in which APC, presumably, is inactive because of the absence of a bound activator."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both proteins become unstable upon the addition of Cdh1 to the interphase extracts (Fig. 1A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When ⌬90 cyclin B is added to an interphase extract, the extract enters mitosis, in which the active form of APC is the form associated with Cdc20."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "hCdc20 remains stable, but amino-terminal Xenopus cyclin B degrades rapidly."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This demonstrates a clear difference in specific- ity between the Cdc20- and Cdh1-activated forms of APC in the complete extract system."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The direct recognition of hCdc20 by Cdh1-APC can be studied by generating ubiquitin conjugates in a purified system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this system, APC is immunopurifed from in- terphase extracts with anti-Cdc27 antibody coupled to beads and activated with baculovirus-expressed hCdh1 or hCdc20 protein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The subsequent addition of purified E1, Ubcx, ubiquitin, and an energy-regenerating system results in ubiquitination of [ 35 S]-methionine-labeled in vitro translation products of APC substrates (Fang et al. 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "As substrates become conjugated to ubiquitin, the signal corresponding to the unmodified substrate disap- pears and higher molecular weight species are produced."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the purified system there is always some very low level of ubiquitin conjugation of APC substrates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hence, it is the quantitative loss of the unmodified protein and its conversion of the input peptide into high molecular weight conjugates that we consider evidence for signifi- cant activity on a given substrate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Few conjugates of ubiquitin to hCdc20 or the amino terminus of xcyclin B occur with control beads (beads incubated with extract, but lacking Cdc27 antibodies), or with unactivated interphase APC on beads (Fig. 1B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In the presence of Cdc20-APC, the pattern of conjugation to hCdc20 and to xcyclin B is strikingly different."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Except for a few monoubiquitinated species, there is no evi- dence of conjugation of Cdc20 to ubiquitin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In contrast, the cyclin B signal is converted completely to conjugated species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "With Cdh1-activated APC, there is conjugation of ubiquitin to both substrates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The difference in speci- ficity between Cdc20-APC and Cdh1-APC for degrada- tion, therefore, is preserved in the purified system for ubiquitination and does not require additional elements from the extract."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In the presence of unactivated inter- phase APC, there is a small background of monoubiqui- tination, but little quantitative conversion of the un- modified substrate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The budding yeast homolog of Cdc20 contains two de- struction boxes (shown schematically in Fig. 2A), but the vertebrate homologs lack any motif similar to the R-L-N of the D box."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, previous work (Fang et al. 1998; Gieffers et al. 1999) reports the ability of Cdh1- APC in the purified system to recognize the amino ter- minus of Xenopus cyclin B with the D box deleted."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To determine how Cdh1-APC recognizes substrates lacking a D box, whereas apparently both WD-repeat-containing proteins confer on APC the capacity to recognize D box- containing substrates, we first tested the less interesting possibility that Cdh1-APC simply shows little substrate selectivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous work (Fang et al. 1998) had indi- cated that Cdh1 was not completely permissive in the purified system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0008__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the Cdh1-APC ubiquitination assay on a random sampling of in vitro-translated individual proteins as well as in vitro-translation products from cDNA pools, they showed that Cdh1did not recognize any of the proteins chosen."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We performed a similar ran- dom sampling of 10 cDNA pools from a Xenopus-dorsal- ized gastrula library containing ∼30 clones each."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We tested the in-vitro translation products of each pool in the purified system Cdh1-APC ubiquitination assay as well as the degradation assay of Cdh1-supplemented in- terphase extracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Of the 300 clones assayed in both sys- tems, we found only 2 positives."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The positives were iso- lated from the pools, sequenced, and identified to be xcy- clin B1 and xcyclin B3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0009__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because the only two clones to respond positively in these assays are well-documented"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the absence of an obvious D box in vertebrate Cdc20, we systematically deleted sequences from the amino and carboxyl termini of human Cdc20 (repre- sented schematically in Fig. 2A) and assayed ubiquitina- tion using Cdh1-activated APC (results summarized to the right of the schematic)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Deletion of the amino-ter- minal 96 amino acids did not alter the ubiquitination profile in terms of amount of full-length protein con- verted to polyubiquitinated species, or the average num- ber of ubiquitins added per molecule, but deletion of the amino-terminal 100 amino acids blocked ubiquitination almost completely."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A few conjugates formed, but most of the original protein remained unconjugated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Those conjugates that did form were probably monoubiquiti- nated on, at most three sites."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The amino-terminal 120 amino acids showed a wild-type ubiquitination profile, and the amino-terminal 100 and 105 amino acids were each sufficient for a ubiquitin laddering of up to nine ubiquitins added per molecule, even though we did not observe the smearing associated with branched polyu- biquitinated chains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The amino-terminal 90 amino acids remained largely unconjugated or formed only mono- ubiquitinated species."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the lower stoichiometry of ubiquitination, the 100 and 105 amino acid amino-terminal fragments formed conjugates with almost complete modification of the initial input peptide."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The reduced level of conjuga- tion as compared with that of the amino-terminal 120 amino acid fragment might have been due to the pres- ence of additional lysines and not specific sequence ele- ments involved in recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "To test this idea, we tagged the amino-terminal 105 mutant with four addi- tional lysines at its carboxyl terminus."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This restored the branched polyubiquitin smearing seen with the 120 amino acid mutant, confirming that the smearing profile resulted from availability of lysines, not from specific sequence recognition elements."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the identification of the region between amino acids 97-105 as required for ubiquitination, we created a series of alanine substitutions in this region within the ⌬96 construct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Substitution of four amino acids pro- duced a marked drop in ubiquitination (Fig. 2B) com- pared with the ⌬96 construct."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The K97, E98, N99, and N103 alanine substitutions showed a collapse from the polyubiquitin smearing to a monoubiquitin laddering."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because we had seen significant ubiquitination of an amino-terminal 100 amino acid fragment, we were puzzled by the effect of alanine substitution at position N103, outside of the amino-terminal domain."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To study the role of the N103 position, we created a ⌬96 mutant containing an internal deletion of amino acids 101-105."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This mutant formed polyubiquitinated chains of signifi- cantly greater average length than the ⌬96 mutant (Fig. 2B)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "N103, in the context of the amino-terminal frag- ment of Cdc20, therefore, is not required for recognition, but it might contribute to recognition, partially in the context of surrounding residues."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "PEST sequences are sequences enriched for the amino acids proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine and have been shown previously to contribute to protein in- stability (Rogers et al. 1986)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Amino acids 97-108 of Cdc20 qualify as a PEST sequence (http://www.at.emb- net.org/embnet/tools/bio/PESTfind/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Changing S101, E102, S104, T106, or P107 to alanine should reduce ubiq- uitination of Cdc20 if recognition depends on this se- quence serving as a PEST sequence."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, these point mutants within the ⌬96 context did not reduce recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The average length of the polyubiquitin chains formed actually increased following substitution of alanine for the PEST residues S101, E102, and S104."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The human, rat, and Xenopus homologs of Cdc20 in this region (Fig. 2C) are conserved for the required K-E-N residues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The fourth position, shown to contribute to recognition, although not being required, is an aspara- gine in the human sequence, and an aspartic acid in the other vertebrate homologs shown."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Replacement of N103 in the ⌬96 context with aspartic acid has no effect on the ubiquitination profile (data not shown), confirming that a similar structure that carries a negative charge is ac- ceptable at this position."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To confirm the importance of the K-E-N-X-X-X-N se- quence for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Cdc20, we constructed a mutant in which all four resi- dues shown to be important by alanine scanning (K97, E98, N99, and N103) were changed to alanine within the full-length protein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This mutant (hCdc20KENN-A) showed decreased ubiquitination compared with wild- type Cdc20, both in terms of the extent and rate of con- jugation (Fig. 3A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, hCdc20KENN-A was much more stable than wild-type protein in Cdh1- supplemented extracts (Fig. 3B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To rule out gross mis- folding of the mutant protein, we compared the ability of hCdc20KENN-A with wild-type hCdc20 to activate APC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Mutant protein showed similar activity to wild- type protein in stimulating cyclin ubiquitination in the purified system (Fig. 3C)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous work showed that Cdh1-APC can promote the ubiquitination of an amino-terminal fragment of Xeno- pus cyclin B lacking the D box at position 36-44 (Fang et al. 1998; Gieffers et al. 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although there were no KEN-box sequences in this fragment, we did find another R-L-N motif at the extreme amino terminus, positions 7-15 that had been overlooked previously (Fig. 4A)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This Pfleger and Kirschner 658 GENES & DEVELOPMENT Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on September 23, 2025 - Published by Downloaded from potential D box is present only in Xenopus cyclin B, and is not found in other species."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because deletion of the conserved 36-44 D box blocks degradation in mitotic extracts (King et al. 1996), the 7-15 D box of cyclin B cannot in itself promote mitotic degradation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To test whether this additional R-L-N motif was responsible for the recognition of cyclin ⌬D box by Cdh1 in the purified system, we constructed mutants of the amino-terminal fragment that lacked this second D box or double mu- tants lacking both D boxes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ubiquitination assays re- vealed that deletion of the 7-15 D box alone resulted in a slight drop in ubiquitination by Cdh1 as compared with wild type."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, deletion of both D boxes elimi- nates ubiquitination completely (summarized quantita- Both in degradation assays and in ubiquitination as- says, we have found quantitative differences in target sequence recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For example, in Figure 4b, Cdh1- APC recognizes the standard D-box deletion (⌬36-44), by promoting nearly 30% of the original protein into poly- ubiquitinated species; wild type show nearly 100% con- version."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Even though there is some ubiquitination of this deletion in the purified system, that particular deletion is completely inactive for degradation in the Cdh1- supplemented extracts (Fig. 4C)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, both the wild-type and ⌬7-15 constructs were rapidly degraded under similar conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The difference between ubiq- uitination with purified components and degradation in extracts may be due to the optimized conditions for ubiquitination in the purified system, in which there is no isopeptidase activity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alternatively, certain crucial components may be limiting or be subject to competi- tion in the cell and in extracts, so that recognition occurs only for optimal substrates."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To restore artificially some of the selectivity to the purified system, we reduced the concentration of ubiq- uitin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At a ubiquitin concentration of 20% of the original amount, selectivity at the level of ubiquitination was much more apparent (Fig. 4D)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conjugation of the ⌬36- 44 D-box mutant was reduced to monoubiquitination with no higher molecular weight conjugates, whereas the ⌬7-15 mutant was ultimately fully conjugated to ubiquitin, although there was a significant decrease in the rate and extent of conjugation compared with wild type."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, under less optimal conditions, substrate se- lectivity was enhanced and different D boxes were dif- ferentially active."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The amino-terminal peptides of Xenopus cyclin B (Mc- Garry and Kirschner 1998; Zou et al. 1999) and sea ur- chin cyclin B (Holloway et al. 1993) containing the con- served D box, have been well characterized as competi- tive substrates for Cdc20-APC degradation in mitotic extracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because Cdh1-APC recognizes D-box sub- strates, we asked whether the amino-terminal peptide of cyclin B can compete for Cdh1-dependent degradation."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We find that the amino-terminal cyclin B peptide com- peted for hCdc20 degradation in Cdh1-supplemented, whereas the corresponding deletion mutant of the D box did not compete (Fig. 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because the amino-terminal 120 amino acids of hCdc20 is an excellent Cdh1 substrate, we tested the ability of this peptide also to inhibit Cdh1- dependent degradation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As shown in Figure 5, wild-type amino-terminal Cdc20 blocked degradation of full- length hCdc20 5 µM. The KEN-box mutant amino-ter- minal peptide shows partial inhibition at 10 µM and none at 5 µM. At 5 µM, the mutant caused no increase in in- hibition over a buffer control, whereas 5 µM of wild-type KEN-box peptide stabilized initial substrate protein to >75%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A key property of the cyclin B D box is that the degra- dation signal is transposable."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fusion of a small region containing the cyclin B D box with the immunoglobulin binding region of protein A (a protein stable in mitotic extracts, therefore not recognized by Cdc20-APC) re- sulted in rapid degradation of the fusion protein in mi- totic extracts (Glotzer et al. 1991; King et al. 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The immunoglobulin-binding region of protein A is not rec- ognized by Cdh1-APC in ubiquitination or degradation assays."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We constructed a series of fusions of the region containing 97-103 to protein A and assayed these fusion proteins for recognition by Cdh1-APC using both the ubiquitination and degradation assays."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fusion of the amino-terminal 103 amino acids, or even the amino-ter- minal 100 amino acids (containing KENQ, but lacking the second asparagine residue shown to contribute to recognition in the point mutant analysis) to protein A resulted in a ubiquitination profile similar to full-length wild-type Cdc20 protein (not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Smaller fusions re- duced the ubiquitination profile but still yielded visible ubiquitin conjugates, whereas protein A alone was not recognized at all."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 1, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These fusion proteins were stable in interphase extracts supplemented with buffer, but de- graded in the presence of Cdh1 (Fig. 6)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fusion of the KEN box alone did not result in ubiquitination or degra- dation (not shown), but fusion of the 28 amino acid re- gion from 75-103 was sufficient to allow ubiquitination and degradation, although the degradation occurred somewhat more slowly than full-length hCdc20 or the larger fusion proteins."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because the KEN box directs the ubiquitination of Cdc20 by Cdh1 and can be transferred to another protein, we investigated to see whether this sequence serves a gen- eral targeting signal or is specific to Cdc20."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Database searching for other KEN-box-containing proteins re- vealed that the serine-threonine kinase Nek2, a NimA related kinase, contains a region extremely similar to the recognition signal in Cdc20 (Fig. 7A)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "NimA has been identified recently as an APC substrate in Aspergillis nidulans (for review, see Zachariae and Nasmyth 1999) making Nek2 a likely Cdh1-APC candidate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further- more, Nek2 has been reported to vary with the cell cycle, peaking in protein expression level and activity in S and G 2 and disappearing during mitosis and G 1 (Schultz et al. 1994)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0025__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The sequence of B99, a p53-inducible gene that peaks in expression during G 2 (Utera et al. 1998), also contains a putative KEN box (Fig. 7A)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the purified system, both Nek2 and B99 show sig- nificant ubiquitin conjugation by Cdh1-APC (not shown) but not with antibody control beads."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nek2, but not B99, shows some degree of recognition by unacti- vated interphase APC, but conjugation is still not as great as that achieved by Cdh1-APC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nek2, in particu- lar, forms significant branched chains of varying lengths that extend over a much broader range than for other substrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because the conjugates are more spread out as they run on a gel, we do not visualize the dark smear commonly seen for hCdc20."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nek2 is degraded in interphase extracts with a half-life of 50-60 min (not shown)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Addition of Cdh1 to these extracts results in complete degradation of Nek2 by 10 min (Fig. 7B), a 12-fold increase in rate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Alanine substi- tution of the KEN box in Nek2 significantly stabilizes the protein against both ubiquitination in the purified system (not shown) as well as degradation in extracts (Fig. 7B)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "B99 is completely stable in interphase extracts but is degraded with a half-life of 25-30 min when the extracts are supplemented with Cdh1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Alanine substitu- tion of the B99 KEN box completely stabilizes the pro- tein to degradation (Fig. 7C)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Genetic and biochemical studies suggest that the WD repeat proteins, Cdc20 and Cdh1, sequentially activate the ubiquitin ligase APC during mitosis to achieve a temporal order of substrate degradation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cdc20 itself is a substrate for APC when APC is activated by Cdh1, and therefore, Cdc20 is no longer present at the end of mito- sis; Cdh1 is a stable protein present throughout the cell cycle, whose interaction with APC is most likely regu- lated by phosphorylation (Kotani et al. 1999)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although it has been suggested that Cdc20 and Cdh1 might confer different substrate specificities on APC, the nature of substrate recognition is still unclear."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the SCF com- plex, the corresponding WD proteins such as HOS or ␤TrCP (Margottin et al. 1998; Yaron et al. 1998; Fuchs et al. 1999) bind directly to the substrate, whereas the af- finity of Cdc20 and Cdh1 with potential substrates has not been shown, possibly because it is too low to mea- sure."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Mutagenesis experiments in many species defines a target sequence recognized by APC that has been acti- vated by Cdc20."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This sequence, which includes the de- struction box plus some nonconserved lysine containing sequences, has been identified on all species of cyclin B plus several other proteins degraded at metaphase or soon after, such as Geminin, Pds1 (securin), Ase1, and others."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The targeting sequence to APC activated by Cdh1 has, up to now, been undetermined."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Its character- ization, the subject of this work, would allow a better understanding of specificity and temporal order of pro- tein degradation during mitosis and in G 1 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have used Cdc20 itself as a substrate for Cdh1- APC to define recognition sequences within Cdh1-APC substrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cdc20 has been shown to be degraded late in mitosis (Weinstein 1997) in an APC-dependent manner (Prinz et al. 1998; Shirayama et al. 1998) and to be a"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "GENES & DEVELOPMENT 661 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on September 23, 2025 - Published by Downloaded from substrate of Cdh1-APC in vitro."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using ubiquitination assays in a completely defined system and degradation assays in complete extracts, we have examined mutants of Cdc20 to learn the requirements for ubiquitination and degradation by Cdh1-APC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Deletion mutagenesis narrowed down the recognition region to amino acids 97-105, and point mutants in this region identified four residues that decreased recognition when changed to ala- nine, K-E-N-X-X-X-N, (in which aspartic acid in the final position supported similar polyubiquitination as the as- paragine)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, within a truncated fragment of Cdc20, deletion of residues 101-105, containing the sec- ond crucial asparagine, showed a greater than wild-type response."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This indicates to us that the second asparagine is not required for recognition overall, but that it may be required within the context of the surrounding residues, perhaps modulating a negative regulatory region."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Sequence alignment between the vertebrate Cdc20 se- quences and the Cdc20 sequence of S. cerevisiae show no KEN-similar motif in the same region of the protein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there is a potential KEN box at position 586 near the carboxyl terminus of S. cerevisiae Cdc20 (pro- tein YGL116w), K-E-N-X-X-X-N (pointed out to us by E. Hildebrant and A. Hoyt, pers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "comm.)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The carboxy-ter- minal KEN boxes of hNek2 and mB99 support ubiquiti- nation and degradation, suggesting the possibility that the KEN box in any part of the protein could be func- tional."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We do not know if recognition of the KEN box extends to the yeast system or is limited to vertebrate systems, or whether there are undiscovered Cdh1-APC recognition signals in other proteins."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous reports already suggested that Cdh1-APC dif- fered from Cdc20-APC in that it could mediate the ubiq- uitination of substrates like hCdc20 that lack a D box and substrates like amino-terminal xcyclin B from which the conserved D box had been deleted (deletion of residues 36-44)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A possible interpretation of these results is that Cdh1-APC is promiscuous in substrate recogni- tion, particularly since there were no known conserved sequence elements in the amino-terminus of cyclin B other than the D box that could serve as a targeting se- quence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Yet, countering this conclusion is the lack of activity of Cdh1-APC against 300 random substrates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "By mutagenesis of Cdc20 and Xenopus cyclin B, we could demonstrate that Cdh1-APC shows specificity for two classes of sequences, those that contain the R-L-N motif of the D box and those that show a new targeting se- quence, the KEN box."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The paradoxical observation that Cdh1-APC recognizes a cyclin fragment lacking both a D box and a KEN box was explained when an additional D box sequence in Xenopus cyclin B was found upstream of the conserved D box."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Deletion of this second, noncon- served motif blocks polyubiquitination completely."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are notable quantitative differences between ubiquitination in the purified system and degradation in extracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, there is significant polyubiquiti- nation of cyclin B from which the conserved D box has been deleted (⌬36-44 N), whereas the protein is very stable in Cdh1-supplemented extracts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The degree and rate of ubiquitination must be a very complex function of many factors in extracts and in living cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It may depend on competition among substrates, the activity of isopeptidases, and other factors that could modify any of the several steps in the process."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the purified in vitro system, ubiquitination, is optimized and inhibitory fac- tors are absent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Dilution of ubiquitin reduced the effi- ciency of ubiquitination, but most importantly, it also elicited a difference between the behavior of the two D boxes in Xenopus cyclin B in the purified system, a dif- ference reflected in the aggregate rates of degradation in extracts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Like the D box, the KEN-box domain was transposable to other proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A fusion of only 28 amino acids around the KEN-box sequence (residues 75-103 of hCdc20) to protein A resulted in ubiquitination in the purified sys- tem and degradation in the extract system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Degradation was slower than larger fusion constructs and wild-type protein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fusion of the KEN box alone did not confer deg- radation, suggesting that there may be additional struc- tural elements required for recognition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Alternatively, there could be separate signals mediating recognition and degradation, as suggested by work with cyclin pro- tein A fusions (Klotzbü cher et al. 1996)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There also may be a minimum size for proper degradation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the initial mutagenesis studies of KEN box, we found unexpectedly that alanine substitution of the two serines and one of the glutamic acids in a region carboxy- terminal to the KEN sequence noticeably increased polyubiquitination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A similar increase in the average chain length of the polyubiquitin chain was seen upon deletion of five amino acids including the previously mentioned serines and glutamate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This increased activ- ity in the mutants suggested that negative charge in that region could inhibit ubiquitination and that phosphory- lation might be used physiologically to regulate the pro- cess."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It may be significant that there is a conserved Cdc2 site just carboxy-terminal to the KEN box, making it a likely target for cell cycle regulated phosphorylation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Al- though phosphorylation has been postulated to control the ubiquitination machinery in APC-dependent pro- cesses, it has not yet been implicated in controlling sub- strate selectivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For the SCF complex the situation is reversed, phosphorylation regulates substrate selectivity positively, although there is no known regulation of the ubiquitination machinery."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These mutagenesis results suggest that it would be useful to examine APC sub- strates for phosphorylation regulation, which might fur- ther specify the timing of protein degradation at the end of mitosis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The explanation for the partially overlapping specifici- ties of Cdc20-APC and Cdh1-APC for substrates will ultimately require studies at an atomic level resolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The amino-terminal peptide of cyclin B containing the D box shows no regular structure in solution by NMR (H. Yu and M. Kirschner, unpubl.), so there is little hope that the structure of the peptide independent of APC would be informative."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "One way of thinking of the structural basis for the overlap in specificity mediated by Cdc20 and Cdh1 is a bump and hole model (assuming binding of both sequences to the same site)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this model, the KEN Pfleger and Kirschner 662 GENES & DEVELOPMENT Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on September 23, 2025 - Published by Downloaded from box peptide contains a bump that is accommodated by a hole in Cdh1 when bound to APC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "It would not be ac- commodated by Cdc20; hence, KEN peptides would not be able to bind to Cdc20-APC."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The D-box sequence would not have this feature and would bind to both Cdc20-APC and Cdh1-APC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Knowledge of the respective roles of the D box and KEN box has provided us with a new understanding of how APC manages to achieve temporal, spatial, and sub- strate specificity throughout the cell cycle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In addition, it has given us new predictive tools to identify Cdh1 sub- strates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the low stringency of the KEN sequence, each candidate substrate needs to be validated by other means."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, using this information, we were able to identify two new substrates, Nek2 and B99, which show a pattern of abundance in vivo expected for a Cdh1 sub- strate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Both have functional KEN boxes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In addition, the Aurora kinase family all have the conserved KEN resi- dues (for review, see Bischoff and Plowman 1999), mak- ing them likely candidates to test for KEN-box-depen- dent degradation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recently, we carried out an unbiased screen by in vitro expression cloning for Cdh1-APC sub- strates and identified two novel proteins, which on se- quencing, have KEN sequences which, by mutagenesis, are essential for degradation (S. Rankin, N. Ayad, and C. Pfleger, unpubl.)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because Cdh1-APC activity is found to be high in nondividing cell populations, such as brain (Gieffers et al. 1999), we anticipate finding substrates that are involved in cellular processes beyond cell cycle events."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Extracts were prepared as described previously (Murray 1991; Fang et al. 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In brief, eggs from HCG-injected PMSG- primed frogs were collected and washed in 1XMMR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Eggs were dejellied with 2% cysteine and activated by calcium ionophore, and then washed into XB and XB containing protease inhibitors."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A 1-min packing spin at 1000 rpm was performed, followed by a crushing spin at 10,000 rpm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The cytoplasmic layer was col- lected and subjected to a clarifying spin also at 10,000 rpm."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The clarified cytoplasmic layer was collected."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0041__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "After addition of an energy-regenerating system, protease inhibitors, cytochalasin B, and glycerol to 4%, extracts were frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Mutants were generated by PCR with primers designed for the desired mutations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Construction of deletion mutants was achieved by designing primers with a restriction site, a start ATG (for amino-terminal deletions) or stop codon (for carboxy- terminal deletions) and sequence for at least five amino acids at the position of the desired deletion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Point mutations within the 96 amino acid deletion mutant were achieved using an amino- terminal primer encoding the altered codon for the desired amino acid change."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Insertion of an alanine cassette in place of the KEN box in the full-length Cdc20 was achieved by designing both up and down primers introducing a NotI restriction site and sequence for amino acids on either side of the deletion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Two separate fragments were PCRed, digested with NotI, and ligated together and into a pCS2 + based vector, in position for in vitro translation with the Sp6 primer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For more information on primer sequences used for construction of mutants of Cdc20 and other proteins used in this study, please contact C. Pfleger or M. Kirschner."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Insertion of a StuI site at the beginning of the IgG-binding region of protein A allowed ligation to small regions of Cdc20 PCRed with a carboxy-terminal primer lacking a stop site and contain- ing a StuI site in the same frame."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Coding sequence for three additional lysines was added just amino-terminal to the StuI site to ensure the close proximity of lysines to the KEN box in the fusion protein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Inserts were cloned into a pCS2 + vector for in vitro translation with the Sp6 primer."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "His-tagged hCdc20 and hCdh1 were expressed in insect cells by the baculovirus system (virus obtained from G. Fang, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Sf9 cells were infected with the appropriate virus, and harvested 2 days later."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Protein was puri- fied over a nickel column and eluted with high imidazole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The resulting eluate was run over a sizing column with PBS and containing 1 mM DTT."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The appropriate fractions were collected and reconcentrated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0044__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Glycerol was added to 10%, then protein was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Amino-terminal Cdc20 peptides corresponding to the first 120 amino acids of either human wild-type sequence or KENN-A mutant were cloned into a pET 28 bacterial expression vector tagging them with an amino-terminal His tag."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Protein was ex- pressed in bacteria and purified on nickel beads."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Previously de- scribed Xenopus cyclin B amino-terminal peptides (amino acids 1-102) containing or lacking the ⌬36-44 D box (Fang et al. 1998) were expressed in bacteria, purified on nickel columns, and eluted with high imidazole."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Peptides were dialyzed into XB- sucrose containing 1 mM DTT, reconcentrated, and glycerol was added to 10%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Peptides were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ubiquitination assays were described previously (Fang et al. 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In brief, interphase APC (iAPC) was immunopurified from interphase extract with anti-Cdc27 antibodies covalently coupled to protein A beads and washed 5 times with XB (minus sucrose) containing 500 mM NaCl and 0.5% NP-40 detergent and two times with XB (minus sucrose)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "iAPC beads were incu- bated for 1 hr with baculovirus-expressed and purified Cdc20 or Cdh1, unless otherwise stated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0046__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Activator-bound APC on beads was then washed three times with XB (minus sucrose) followed by addition of 50 µg/ml Ubcx, 1.25 mg/ml ubiquitin, 200 µg/ml recombinant E1, 0.1 mg/ml cycloheximide, 1-5 µM ubiquitin aldehyde, and one-fifth the volume of 35 S-labeled in vitro-trans- lated substrate (typically, 2 µl of beads would be added to a 5-µl reaction)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0046__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Ubiquitination assays were scored either visually, by observing the decrease in original signal with the appearance of polyubiquitinated (greater than three ubiquitins added per mol- ecule) conjugates, or quantitated with NIH Image 1.61."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In vitro degradation assays were performed in the presence of increasing amounts of bacterially expressed his-tagged peptides of amino-terminal Cdc20 wild-type or KEN-box mutant or amino-terminal cyclin B wild type or ⌬D box."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nek2 was cloned by PCR using the marathon cDNA library and the advantage polymerase from Clontech."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "B99 was obtained from L. Collavin in Claudio Schneider's laboratory (Trieste) and cloned into a pCS2 + vector."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Mutants of Nek2 were made by PCR by introducing an alanine cassette containing a NotI site in the manner described for the Cdc20 KENN-A mutant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The B99 mu- tant was also made by PCR, using a carboxy-terminal primer encoding the alanine substitution."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2951__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [9, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The precise order of molecular events during cell cycle progression depends upon ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of cell cycle regulators."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We demonstrated previously that Hsl1p, a protein kinase that inhibits the Swe1p protein kinase in a bud morphogenesis checkpoint, is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated turnover by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Here, we investigate regions of Hsl1p that are critical both for binding to the APC machinery and for APC-mediated degradation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We demonstrate that Hsl1p contains both a destruction box (D box) and a KEN box motif that are necessary for Hsl1p turnover with either APCCdc20 or APCCdh1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In coimmunoprecipitation studies, the D box of full-length Hsl1p was critical for association with Cdc20p, whereas the KEN box was important for association with Cdh1p."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Fusion of a 206-amino-acid fragment of Hsl1p containing these motifs to a heterologous protein resulted in APC-dependent degradation of the fusion protein that required intact D box and KEN box motifs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Finally, this bacterially expressed Hsl1p fusion protein interacted with Cdc20p and Cdh1p either translated in vitro or expressed in and purified from insect cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Binding to Cdc20p and Cdh1p was disrupted completely by a D box/KEN box double mutant."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0049__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "These results indicate that D box and KEN box motifs are important for direct binding to the APC machinery, leading to ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation is necessary for the linear progression of molecular events during the cell cycle."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Protein ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome is required for the initiation of DNA replication, the onset of anaphase, and for mitotic exit [2][3][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ubiquitin pathway is a multi-step process in which the 76-amino-acid ubiquitin molecule is activated by an E1 enzyme, transferred to an E2 enzyme, and then attached covalently to the protein substrate either directly or in conjunction with an E3 enzyme (ubiquitin ligase) [5][6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Proteins destined to be degraded are subject to multiple rounds of ubiquitin attachment (polyubiquitination) and are then proteolyzed by the 26S proteasome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The E3 or ubiquitin ligase is involved in protein substrate recognition and thereby confers specificity to the ubiquitination reaction [5][6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The SCF (Skp1p–cullin–F-box) ubiquitin ligases are a family of multi-subunit E3s that are responsible for ubiquitination of cell cycle regulators at the G1–S phase transition [2][7][8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "SCF complexes have common Skp1 and cullin subunits, but distinct F-box protein subunits that contain either a WD40 domain or a leucine-rich repeat domain that binds directly to phosphorylated SCF substrates [8][9][10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the G1-cyclins, Cln1p and Cln2p, bind SCFGrr1 [11][12], whereas the Cdc28p kinase inhibitor, Sic1p, has been shown to bind SCFCdc4 [13][14][15], where Grr1p and Cdc4p are the F-box components of these SCFs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or cyclosome, another multi-subunit E3, is responsible for the ubiquitination of cell regulators at the metaphase–anaphase and mitosis–G1 transitions [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The APC is comprised of a core complex of proteins and two WD40-containing proteins, Cdh1 (called Cdh1p or Hct1p in S. cerevisiae) and Cdc20, that bind to, and have been proposed to activate, the APC [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Cdc20 binds the APC (APCCdc20) during mitosis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "APCCdc20 is required for the degradation of the anaphase inhibitors known as the securins (Pds1p in S. cerevisiae and Cut2p in Schizosaccharomyces pombe), thereby triggering sister chromatid separation [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Cdh1 binds to the APC (APCCdh1) in late mitosis and G1 and is responsible for ubiquitination of the mitotic cyclins (Clb1–4p in S. cerevisiae) during these cell cycle phases [16][17][19][22][30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "APCCdh1 is also responsible for the degradation of Cdc20, thereby restricting APCCdc20 activity to a narrow window from G2 when Cdc20 is synthesized to late mitosis when Cdc20 is degraded by APCCdh1 [18][31][32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0052__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In contrast, Cdh1 levels remain relatively constant during the cell cycle, but phosphorylation of Cdh1 by the mitotic kinase Cdc2 (Cdc28p in S. cerevisiae) blocks Cdh1 binding to the APC, thereby preventing APCCdh1 activity during S, G2, and M phases when Cdc2/Cdc28p activity is high [22][30][33][34][35]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Two degradation motifs have been identified in APC substrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The destruction box (D box), with the consensus sequence R-x-x-L-x-x-x-x-N/D/E, is important for the degradation of most APC substrates [36][4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Recently, human Cdc20 (hCDC20), which lacks a D box, was found to contain a new degradation signal called a ‘KEN box’ with the consensus sequence K-E-N-x-x-x-D/N that was critical for its degradation by APCCdh1 [37]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Subsequently, a few other APC substrates containing both KEN box and D box motifs have been identified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These APC substrates are human CDC6, a protein required for DNA replication, human securin, and the mitotic cyclin A in Drosophila melanogaster [38][39][29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Functional KEN boxes in yeast proteins have not yet been reported."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because direct interactions between Cdc20 or Cdh1 with APC substrates have not been demonstrated, generally these proteins are believed to activate the APC, possibly by inducing allosteric changes in core APC subunits leading to specific substrate binding and ubiquitination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, indirect evidence for substrate binding has led others to suggest, by analogy to the F-box proteins of the SCFs, that Cdc20 and Cdh1 may bind and target protein substrates to the APC [16][17][32][1][40][41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We found previously that Hsl1p, a 170-kD budding yeast protein kinase that negatively regulates the Swe1p protein kinase in a bud morphogenesis checkpoint pathway [42][43][44][45], is degraded via the APC [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Like most APC-substrates, Hsl1p contains a D box that is important for its degradation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Hsl1p associates with both Cdc20p and Cdh1p based on both two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation from yeast extracts, indicating that it might interact directly with these proteins [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Given these findings, we believed that Hsl1p might serve as a useful model substrate for understanding how proteins destined for degradation are recognized by the APC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this study we set out to understand which domains of Hsl1p are important for both recognition and turnover by the APC machinery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We noticed that Hsl1p contains a potential KEN box and were interested in addressing the following questions using Hsl1p as a model APC substrate: 1) Do KEN boxes serve as degradation signals in yeast? 2) Can Hsl1p bind directly to Cdc20p and/or Cdh1p? 3) What is the role of the D box and/or KEN box in APC recognition?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__critique__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We discuss a model for substrate recognition by the APC machinery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2951__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The specificity of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation with regards to the selection of substrates to be polyubiquitinated has only been determined rather recently."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Substrate targeting by the N-end rule and HECT (homology to E6AP carboxyl terminus) domain ubiquitin ligases occurs through substrate-specific binding domains."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In contrast, the SCF complex recruits substrates through a substrate adaptor protein, the F-box subunit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Despite evidence showing that Cdc20 and Cdh1 bind and activate the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in a substrate-specific manner, there is no evidence that the activating protein and substrate interact directly; hence, no clear model exists for the mechanism of APC activation or recruitment of substrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We show here that the activators Cdc20 and Cdh1 can associate with substrates via their N termini."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In the absence of APC, Cdc20 and Cdh1 bind substrates reflecting Cdc20–APC and Cdh1–APC specificity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The N termini of Cdc20 and Cdh1 provide specificity functionally, as demonstrated by the generation of active chimeras that display the specificity corresponding to their N termini."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0056__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thus, Cdc20 and Cdh1 act as both substrate recognition and activating modules for APC."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2951__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 30, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [30, 30, 30], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2951", "paragraph_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation regulates important cellular processes from cell cycle progression to Wnt signaling [1][2][3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Attachment of a polyubiquitin chain to a protein targets that protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome [4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ubiquitin becomes covalently attached to a substrate by interaction with a cascade of enzymes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The last in the series, a ubiquitin protein ligase (E3), transfers the ubiquitin to a lysine on the substrate protein [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the N-end rule pathway, extending from bacteria to humans, a destabilizing residue at the N terminus directs proteins for ubiquitination via the E3 N-recognin/Ubr1p (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or E3α (in mammals)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Direct binding of substrates to N-recognin/E3α is observed [7][8][9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Similarly, HECT domain E3s are highly conserved from yeast to vertebrates."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "They share homology in their C termini to E6AP and contain a conserved C-terminal cysteine residue that forms a thioester with ubiquitin; they bind substrates via their N termini [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "E6AP targets the src kinases [11], HHR23A and HHR23B [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The HECT domain RSP5 in yeast targets Gap1 and Fur4 by interaction with its N-terminal WW domains [13][14][15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The fission yeast pub1 targets Cdc25 [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Xsmurf1 binds and targets Smad1 for degradation [17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Two ubiquitin protein ligases play a role in the cell cycle: the SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) complex and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) [1][2][3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Both complexes contain a protein with cullin homology (Cul1/Cdc53 in the SCF complex, APC2 in the APC) [18][19][20] and a RING-H2 finger protein, (Rbx1 in the SCF complex and APC11 in the APC) [19][21][22][23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "Recruitment of substrates to the SCF complex occurs via the F-box subunit."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "F-box proteins interact with the Skp1 subunit of the SCF complex via the F-box motif [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "F-box proteins fall into three categories, those with WD repeats (Fbw), leucine-rich repeats (Fbl), or other domains (Fbx) [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "Binding to substrates requires substrate phosphorylation and is thought to occur in the non-F-box domains [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0019", "sentence_n": 19, "text": "Substrate binding has been shown to occur for Cdc4 via its WD domain [25], for Grr1 via its leucine rich repeats [26][27], and for Skp2 via its other domain [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0020", "sentence_n": 20, "text": "In some cases, however, the F-box protein may not be sufficient for substrate interaction; homo- or heterodimerization of the F-box or another factor may be required [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0021", "sentence_n": 21, "text": "The APC contains several additional subunits without a defined role; substrate interaction could occur through one of these proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0022", "sentence_n": 22, "text": "APC activation requires its binding to the WD repeat containing proteins Cdc20 or Cdh1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0023", "sentence_n": 23, "text": "The Cdc20- and Cdh1-bound forms of the APC demonstrate different substrate specificities [29][30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0024", "sentence_n": 24, "text": "Cdc20–APC recognizes destruction box (D box) containing proteins [31][32][29], and Cdh1–APC recognizes proteins containing either a D box or a KEN box [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0025", "sentence_n": 25, "text": "No direct binding of activating protein to substrate has been demonstrated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0026", "sentence_n": 26, "text": "In one case, the APC substrate Hsl1p, a Swe1p inhibitor, was identified through a two-hybrid interaction screen with Cdc20, but without addressing direct interaction [33]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0027", "sentence_n": 27, "text": "In another case, the putative substrate cyclin D was shown to bind to other APC subunits by αCdc27 immuno-precipitation analysis [34]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0028", "sentence_n": 28, "text": "More recently, the interaction between cyclin A–Cdk2 with the WD repeats of Cdc20 [35] or Cdh1 [36] has been reported for the recognition of Cdc20 and Cdh1 as substrates of cyclin A–Cdk2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0029", "sentence_n": 29, "text": "Recruitment of substrate to the APC might occur through activating protein, through binding to one of the other subunits of APC, or through a combination of both."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0030", "sentence_n": 30, "text": "In this report we present evidence that Cdc20 and Cdh1, the substrate-specific adaptors of the APC, interact with substrates in an APC-independent manner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0031", "sentence_n": 31, "text": "We show that this interaction occurs through their N termini and does not require the WD repeats."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0032", "sentence_n": 32, "text": "We show that this binding does not require APC and can occur directly between purified proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0033", "sentence_n": 33, "text": "Specificity is retained by the N terminus, as demonstrated by active chimeras between Cdc20 and Cdh1 when their N termini and WD repeats are swapped."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2951__response__p0057__s0034", "sentence_n": 34, "text": "N-terminal fragments of the activators are potent APC inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo, and we introduce a binding assay that could be used to identify additional APC targets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2951/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2114070867_W2127895252_W2151759271", "triad_name": "triad_2951", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2951__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Brown dwarfs, gravitationally condensed objects whose masses are too low for equilibrium hydrogen burning, occupy the mass range between the lowest mass stars (∼ 0.07 M ⊙ ; Burrows et al. 1997) and the giant extrasolar planets (∼ 0.01 M ⊙ ; Marcy & Butler 1998)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The lowest mass stars and brown dwarfs only slightly cooler than M dwarfs are classified as spectral type \"L\" (Kirkpatrick et al. 1999, Martín et al. 1997) and have T ef f in the range ∼1500-2000 K. Deter- mining if L-type objects are brown dwarfs is difficult, because the luminosities and effective temperatures of brown dwarfs are a function of both age and mass (e.g. Burrows et al. 1997)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The first unambiguous brown dwarf, Gl 229B, was discovered as a compan- ion to a nearby M dwarf by Nakajima et al. ( 1995)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This object is cooler than any L dwarf and has CH 4 in its atmosphere implying T eff <1300 K (e.g. Fegley & Lodders 1996) and a sub-stellar nature."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The re- cent discoveries of methane dwarfs (tentatively given a \"T\" spectral clasification) in the field by Strauss et al. ( 1999), Burgasser et al. ( 1999, 2000), Cuby et al. ( 1999) and Tsvetanov et al. ( 2000) demonstrate that objects like Gl 229B can form singly."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A striking characteristic of known T dwarfs is the similarity of their spectra, which resemble those of the gaseous solar system planets and are very differ- ent from even the coolest L dwarfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The L dwarf spec- tra are characterized by the disappearance of the TiO and VO bands (which are strong in M dwarf spectra), the presence of atomic alkali lines and CO bands, and increasing depth of the H 2 O bands as T ef f decreases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The T dwarfs are characterized by very deep H 2 O and CH 4 bands in the 1-3 µm region."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Alkali metal fea- tures are present between the bands, but the 2.3µm CO bands are absent, due to reduced CO abundance and the overwhelming strength of the CH 4 absorp- tion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A large remaining gap in the stellar to gas giant planet spectral sequence lies between the previously observed types L and T. In this paper, we report pho- tometry and 0.8-2.5 µm spectroscopy of three very red, faint objects identified in the imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and observed at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) and the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These ob- jects have spectra intermediate between those of the previously known L and T dwarfs, showing the on- set of CH 4 absorption at 1.6 and 2.2 µm, while still retaining observable CO absorption at 2.3 µm."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We propose that they represent the warm end of the \"T\" spectral sequence, yet to be defined in detail."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The three objects described here were selected from SDSS photometric data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SDSS photometry is ob- tained with a CCD camera at Apache Point Obser- vatory (APO) which images the sky almost simulta- neously in five filters: u ′ , g ′ , r ′ , i ′ , and z ′ (the data presented here use a preliminary calibration; while we denote the bands by u ′ etc, the magnitudes are de- noted by u * etc.)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The details of the data acquisition and the photometric and astrometric calibration are described by Gunn et al. ( 1998), York et al. ( 2000) and Lupton et al. ( 2000)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SDSS photometry is in the AB ν system (Fukugita et al. 1996) and the magni- tude scale is modified to deal with low signal-to-noise ratios (Lupton et al. 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The L and T dwarfs identified in the SDSS (e.g. Strauss et al. 1999, Fan et al. 2000) are undetected in the u ′ and g ′ bands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The L dwarfs have i * − z * > 1.6 while the T dwarfs have i * − z * > 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We prepared a candidate L and T dwarf list for follow-up obser- vations by searching the SDSS data for point sources with i * − z * > 1.6."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because of their extremely red colors, some very red, faint objects are detected only in the z ′ band and a search for them can be contam- inated by defects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Therefore, additional constraints were imposed: (1) all objects blended with neighbors, or affected by data defects, were removed; (2) an ob- ject was required to be detected at ≥3σ twice: in both i ′ and z ′ , in two observations of that region of sky, or detected in the 2MASS database; (3) a z ′ -band- only single detection was required to have z ′ <19.0."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The three objects discussed in this paper were selected from a total sky area of 225 deg 2 , giving an approxi- mate and very preliminary surface density similar to the 1 per 75 deg 2 for SDSS T dwarfs found by Tsve- tanov et al. ( 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Table 1 gives, for the three new objects, the J2000 position (accurate to 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "′′ 2) and AB magnitudes at i ′ and z ′ ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Table 1 also lists photometry obtained for the L dwarf SDSS 0539 (Fan et al. 2000)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Here- after we identify the objects by the first four digits of their Right Ascension."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "SDSS 0837 was found in two SDSS runs, 1999 March 21 and 2000 February 8; the z * values agree to 0.1 mag and the positions to 0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "′′ 3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "SDSS 1021 is a z ′ -only detection in data from 2000 February 12 and is also in the 2MASS database."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The brightest object, SDSS 1254, has z * =18.0 and was found in data taken on 2000 February 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Finding charts for the new objects are shown in Figure 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "J, H and K photometry was obtained using UKIRT's near-infrared camera, UFTI, for SDSS 0837 and SDSS 1254 on 2000 March 2 and for SDSS 0539 and SDSS 1021 on March 14."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both nights were photometric with seeing ∼0."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "′′ 8."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0013__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The results are given in Table 1 in the UKIRT (not AB) system - we give JHK on the UFTI system as well as colors on the established IRCAM system for comparison to earlier work."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fig- ure 2 shows a composite color-color plot containing the data from Table 1 and, for comparison, a sample of late M and L dwarfs as well as the SDSS T dwarfs SDSS 1624 and SDSS 1346 (Strauss et al. 1999; Tsve- tanov et al. 2000), whose spectra closely resemble that of Gl 229B."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Lower limits are shown for i * − z * for the z ′ -only detections."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The late M and L dwarfs show a steady progression towards redder J−K and i * − z * colors with later spectral type, however the T dwarfs have redder i * −z * colors and bluer J−K colors due to the strong absorption by CH 4 in the H and K bands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The J−K colors of the new objects lie between those of the previously known L and T dwarfs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A red spectrum of SDSS 1254 was obtained on 2000 February 29 with the Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS; Hill et al. 1998a,b, Schneider et al. 2000) at the prime focus of the of the HET (Ramsey et al. 1998)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The spectrum covers the wavelength range 5100-9800Å at a resolution of ∼ 20Å, but no flux is detected below ∼6500Å."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Spectra of the objects in Table 1 were obtained in the J, H and K bands at UKIRT on 2000 February 28 - March 1 and March 13-15 using the facility spectrograph CGS4 (Mountain et al. 1990) at R∼400."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Integration times were 30-60 minutes per band."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Tel- luric absorption was removed and the broad-band spectral shapes corrected by comparison with spectra of bright F stars (with photospheric lines removed) taken immediately before and/or after each observa- tion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The spectra in each band were scaled to match the UKIRT magnitudes using the UFTI filter profiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "UKIRT z-band spectra were also obtained for SDSS 1254 and SDSS 0539."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "For SDSS 1254 the HET spec- trum is used for λ < 0.84µm, and for SDSS 0539 the red APO spectrum (Fan et al. 2000) is used for λ < 0.89µm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The final flux-calibrated spectra are shown in Fig- ures 3 and 4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Figure 3 shows the spectrum of SDSS 1254 split into four panels, with the main absorption features marked."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 4 compares the spectra of the new objects with those of the L5 dwarf SDSS 0539 (Fan et al. 2000) and the T dwarf SDSS 1624 (Strauss et al. 1999)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The spectra show: increasingly red col- ors at λ < 1 µm, probably due to pressure broadened Na I and K I absorption (Burrows et al. 2000) com- bined with decreasing T ef f ; increasing absorption in the H 2 O bands at 1.15 µm, 1.4 µm and 1.9 µm; in- creasing absorption at 1.6-1.7 µm and longward of 2.2 µm by CH 4 combination and overtone bands; de- creasing absorption in the CO 2.3µm band."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In par- ticular, the absorption maxima of the CH 4 2ν 2 +ν 3 , 2ν 2 , and ν 2 +ν 3 bands at 1.63, 1.67, and 2.20 µm be- come progressively deeper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The CO 2-0 bandhead at 2.294 µm is seen in the new objects, but the 3-1 band- head at 2.323 µm is absent; it is considerably weaker at these temperatures and also is overwhelmed by the strong CH 4 ν 3 + ν 4 absorption at 2.315 µm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The spectra in Figure 4 reveal a clear spectral sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus SDSS 0837, SDSS 1254 and SDSS 1021 are examples of the sought after \"L/T transi- tion\" objects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, as suggested by Figure 4, they might more properly be regarded as examples of early T dwarfs, where the \"T\" spectral type is de- fined by the presence of CH 4 absorption in the H and K bands."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The strongest short wavelength infrared band of CH 4 is the ν 2 band, centered at 3.3 µm, and objects in which this band is present but the shorter wavelength bands reported here are absent must ex- ist over a narrow temperature range."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, mea- surements at 3.3 µm are considerably more difficult from the ground than are H and K band measure- ments, and objects which show only the 3.3 µm CH 4 band perhaps should be classified as L rather than T (Kirkpatrick et al. ( 1999) suggest that the T class be defined by the presence of CH 4 absorption in the K band)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the three objects presented here are at the CO/CH 4 transition temperature they are likely to have T ef f ≈ 1300 K (Fegley & Lodders 1996) and therefore masses of 20-70 M Jupiter for ages in the range 0.3-5 Gyr (Burrows et al. 1997)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 2 shows that SDSS easily identifies T dwarfs by their extremely red i * − z * color, including the early T dwarfs identified in the present paper."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the other hand, the J−K colors are similar to those of the common M dwarfs and these early T objects are thus very difficult to select on the basis of the near- infrared colors alone (although the later T dwarfs are blue and can be selected this way)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many more L and T dwarfs will be found in the SDSS imaging data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The SDSS is a joint project of the University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Par- ticipation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Max-Planck- Institute for Astronomy, Princeton University, United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The site, Apache Point Observatory, is operated by the Astrophys- ical Research Consortium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Funding has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the member institutions, NASA, NSF, the U.S. DoE, and Monbusho Japan."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The SDSS Web site is at http://www.sdss.org/."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "UKIRT is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We thank Tim Carroll for his expert and cheerful help with the UKIRT observations, and M.-C. Liang for assistance during the 28 Feb - March 1 run."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Hobby-Eberly Telescope is a joint project of the Univer- sity of Texas at Austin, Pennsylvania State University, Stan- ford University, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The HET princi- pal benefactors are William P. Hobby and Robert E. Eberly."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We thank Phillip MacQueen, Grant Hill, Matthew Sheltrone, and Marsha Wolf for help with the HET data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "XF and MAS ac- knowledge support from the Research Corporation, NSF grant AST96-16901, the Princeton University Research Board, and a Porter O. Jacobus Fellowship."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "GRK is grateful for support from Princeton University and from NASA via grant NAG- 6734."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "DPS thanks the NSF for support via grant AST99-00703."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_495__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__critique__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We present near-infrared spectra for a sample of T dwarfs, including 11 new discoveries made using the 2 Micron All Sky Survey."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These objects are distinguished from warmer (L-type) brown dwarfs by the presence of methane absorption bands in the 1–2.5 km spectral region."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A first attempt at a near-infrared classification scheme for T dwarfs is made, based on the strengths of bands and the shapes of the 1.25, 1.6, and 2.1 km flux peaks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Subtypes T1 V–T8 V are defined, and spectral indices useful for classification are presented."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_495__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__critique__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The subclasses appear to follow a decreasing scale, based on bands and the properties of L and T dwarfs with known distances."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, we speculate that this scale is not linear with spectral type for cool dwarfs, due to the settling of dust layers below the photosphere and subsequent rapid evolution of spectral morphology around T K. Similarities in near-infrared colors and continuity of spectral features suggest that the gap between the latest L dwarfs and earliest T dwarfs has been nearly bridged."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This argument is strengthened by the possible role of as a minor absorber, shaping the K-band spectra of the latest L dwarfs."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_495__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__critique__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Finally, we discuss one peculiar T dwarf, 2MASS 0937–2931, which has very blue near-infrared colors due to suppression of the 2.1 km peak."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__critique__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The feature is likely caused by enhanced collision-induced absorption in a high-pressure or low-metallicity photosphere."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_495__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__response__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We present 0.6–2.5 µm, R >∼ 400 spectra of twenty-seven cool, low luminosity stars and substellar objects."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Based on these and previously published spectra we develop a preliminary spectral classification system for L and T dwarfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "For late L and T types the classification system is based entirely on four spectral indices in the 1-2.5 µm interval."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Two of these indices are derived from water absorption bands at 1.15 µm and 1.4 µm, the latter of which shows a smooth increase in depth through the L and T sequences and can be used to classify both spectral types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The other two indices make use of methane absorption features in the H and K bands, with the K band index also applicable to mid to late L dwarfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Continuum indices shortward of 1 µm used by previous authors to classify L dwarfs are found to be useful only through mid L subclasses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We employ the 1.5 µm water index and the 2.2 µm methane index to complete the L classification through L9.5 and to link the new system with a modified version of the 2MASS “Color-d” index."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "By correlating the depths of the methane and water absorption features, we establish a T spectral sequence from types T0 to T8, based on all four indices, which is a smooth continuation of the L sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We reclassify two 2MASS L8 dwarfs as L9 and L9.5 and identify one SDSS object as L9."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In the proposed system methane absorption appears in the K band approximately at L8, two subclasses earlier than its appearance in the H band."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0029__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The L and T spectral classes are distinguished by the absence and presence, respectively, of H band methane absorption."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_495__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 10, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [10, 10, 10], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__response__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the last six years, brown dwarfs, objects of mass too low to sustain equilibrium hydrogen burning, have gone from being a theoretical concept with no observed examples to being observationally ubiquitous [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Young brown dwarfs have been discovered in large numbers in star-forming regions [2][3][4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Objects with masses ranging from just substellar to those of the Solar System’s giant planets have been found directly or indirectly as companions to nearby stars [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, large numbers of isolated brown dwarfs have been found in the solar neighborhood [13][14][15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These observations have led to controversy regarding the distinction between brown dwarfs and planets, with some suggesting that the lower mass limit for brown dwarfs be defined by the ability to burn deuterium (mass greater than ∼13 MJ, [16]), and others preferring the definition that a brown dwarf is any substellar object that forms via the same process as a star (i.e. not from a protoplanetary disk)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Brown dwarfs are of interest in their own right. They have compact structures, low temperatures, and atmospheric constituents that are markedly different from low mass stars."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The lowest mass brown dwarfs more closely resemble the gas giant planets than stars, and as such provide insight into the physical and chemical properties of extrasolar giant planets that are at present inaccessible for direct study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "After an initial period of deuterium-burning and, for the more massive brown dwarfs, hydrogen-burning, there is no internal energy source and a brown dwarf evolves without reaching thermal equilibrium."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "This leads to age- and mass-dependent spectral types, in contrast to main sequence stars, and indeed eventually to effective temperatures lower than that of any stellar photosphere."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "It is generally agreed that the very coolest stars and the warmer brown dwarfs (1300 K <∼ Tef f <∼ 2200 K) require a new spectral class, commonly known as ‘L’ [17][18] and currently known cooler brown dwarfs (Tef f <∼ 1300 K), require the addition of an additional class, ‘T’ [18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The L dwarf sequence is characterized by the disappearance of the red TiO and VO bands from the optical (0.6–1.0 µm) spectrum, the increasing dominance at those wavelengths by broad absorption resonance lines of Na I and K I, and strong H2O absorption bands and persistent CO overtone bands in the 1-2.5 µm region [19][18][20][21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0030__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "In T dwarfs the CO bands are replaced by stronger and more extensive absorptions of CH4 in the H and K bands, and there is further strengthening of the water bands [8][22][23][24][25][26]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_495__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__response__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The range of L spectral types has been characterized using optical spectroscopy of objects from the Deep Near-Infrared Survey, DENIS [27] and the Two Micron All Sky Survey, 2MASS [28], while first attempts to describe the range of the ‘T’ spectral sequence are given by [29][30][31], whose sample is drawn from the imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The SDSS imaging data allow the discovery of T dwarfs covering a fairly wide range of spectral characteristics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In pure infrared surveys such as 2MASS, the degeneracy of the colors of T dwarfs with those of stars (see [31]) permits only the latest T dwarfs to be selected readily (without the use of optical photometry)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This paper presents optical (0.6–1.0 µm) and infrared (1.0–2.5 µm) R >∼ 400 spectroscopy of new L and T dwarfs selected from the SDSS together with new observations of some previously known M, L, and T dwarfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Following the discovery of transition objects with properties between those of the then known L and T classes [31], our goal has been to obtain sufficient spectra of L and T types over the entire 0.6-2.5 µm range and at sufficiently high resolution to allow the continuous characterization of the L and T dwarf spectral sequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Until now the L sequence has been described only on the basis of optical spectra, and hence it has not been not clear if its full extent has been observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In addition there are significant differences in the assignments of L subclasses for the latest objects [18][19]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Using new and previously published spectra, we have devised a set of infrared flux indices from which we have defined a complete L spectral sequence, a T spectral sequence extending to the coolest known brown dwarfs, and a distinct boundary between the L and T sequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "One of the new infrared indices provides a firm link between our L sequence and those proposed by [19] and [18] on the basis of optical spectral indices."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The L and T sequences we have created are purely empirical and the ranges of spectral indices describing them are defined so that they progress smoothly through the known L and T dwarfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "We have made no attempt to model the spectra or to derive physical quantities such as temperature or mass."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0031__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Some observational gaps remain in the T sequence, and it is quite likely that the sequence will eventually extend to one or more later subclasses as lower temperature objects are found."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_495__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "495", "paragraph_id": "triad_495__response__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The next two sections describe the selection of objects and the observations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In Section 4 we discuss various indices for spectral typing and present the classification system."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Section 5 discusses the results, with emphasis on the definition of the L//T boundary and the link between infrared and optical classification of L dwarfs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The conclusions are given in Section 6."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In an adjoining paper, [30] present an independently derived spectral sequence for T dwarfs, which bears many similarities to the one proposed herein."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_495__response__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a companion paper by [21] we provide ZJHKL′M′ photometry of many of objects presented herein and we discuss the behavior of broad-band colors as a function of spectral class."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_495/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1999610012_W3101965178_W2008971983", "triad_name": "triad_495", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_495__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Nine morbidly obese (BMI=46.2± 7.7 kg/m 2 [mean±SD] and fat-free mass [FFM]=84.6± 16.6 kg) type 2 diabetic patients and six sex- and age- matched healthy volunteers (BMI=24.4±1.1 kg/m 2 ) were studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The patients were all characterised as having type 2 diabetes according to the criteria established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) [24]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "HbA 1c was 6.0-9.5%."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All individuals were randomly assigned to the 24 h metabolic study or to the OGTT either at baseline and 7-9 days after bariatric surgery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The two tests were performed at an interval of 24-48 h."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the time of the baseline study, all individuals were on a diet with the following average composition: 60% carbo- hydrate, 30% fat and 10% protein (≥1 g/kg body weight)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This dietary regimen was maintained for 1 week before the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All patients received the same parenteral nutrition regimen (about 7,100 kJ/day) during the first 6 days after surgery, then they were on free diet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For the basal study, each individual spent 24 h (starting at 08:00 hours) on the metabolic ward."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Four meals were administered in the calorimetric chamber for a total energy intake of 104.5 kJ (25 kcal)/kg FFM: 16.4% at breakfast at 09:00 hours, 36% at lunch between 12:00 and 13:00 hours, 13.4% at an afternoon snack at 16:00 hours and 34.2% at dinner at 20:00 hours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Diet composition was 16.7% protein, 9.8% fat and 73.5% carbohydrate at breakfast; 18.8% protein, 51.2% fat and 30% carbohydrate at lunch; 13.4% protein, 27.7% fat and 58.9% carbohydrate at snack time; and 18.9% protein, 49.8% fat and 31.3% carbohydrate at dinner."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The average diet composition was 16.9% protein, 34.6% fat and 48.5% carbohydrate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0003__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Hourly blood samples were drawn from a central venous catheter for the measurement of glucose, C-peptide and NEFA concentrations."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "OGTT A standard 75 g OGTT was performed in each patient at baseline and after surgery as well as in each volunteer, with blood sampling at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Insulin sensitivity was computed by the OGTT minimal model [25]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Body composition was evalu- ated, on a separate day, by the determination of total body water (TBW) using 0.19 Bq 3 H 2 O in 5 ml of saline administered as an intravenous bolus injection [26]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Blood samples were drawn before and 3 h after the injection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Radioactivity was determined in duplicate on 0.5 ml of plasma in a beta scintillation counter (Model 1600TR; Canberra-Packard, Meriden, CT, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Corrections were Diabetologia (2008) 51:1276-1284 1277 made for non-aqueous hydrogen exchange [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Water density at body temperature was assumed to be 0.99371 kg/l."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "TBW (kg) was computed as 3 H 2 O dilution space (litres)× 0.95×0.99371."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "FFM was obtained by dividing TBW by 0.732 [28]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0005__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Fat mass was obtained as the difference between body weight and FFM."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All procedures and measurements described for the basal study were repeated in the obese individuals at the follow-up."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This malabsorptive surgical procedure [29] consists of an approximately 60% distal gastric resection with stapled closure of the duodenal stump."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The residual volume of the stomach is about 300 ml."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The small bowel is transected at 2.5 m from the ileo-caecal valve, and its distal end is anastomosed to the remaining stomach."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The proximal end of the ileum, comprising the remaining small bowel (involved in carrying bilio-pancreatic juice but excluded from food transit), is anastomosed in an end-to- side fashion to the bowel, 50 cm proximal to the ileo- caecal valve."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consequently, the total length of absorbing bowel is reduced to 250 cm, the final 50 cm of which, the so-called common channel, represents the site where ingested food and bilio-pancreatic juices mix."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Catholic University of Rome."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The nature and purpose of the study were carefully explained to all indi- viduals before they provided their written consent to participate."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Plasma glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase technique on a Beckman Glucose Analyzer (Beckman, Fullerton, CA, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "C-peptide was assayed by RIA (MYRIA; Technogenetics, Milan, Italy)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Serum NEFA was measured spectrophotometrically."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The 24 h ISR was estimated by using a previously proposed mathematical model of glucose-NEFA comodulation [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Model equations are reported and briefly explained in the appendix."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The model allows the computation of the ISR from the time-course of glucose and NEFA plasma concentrations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "To analyse the C-peptide data, the ISR model was complemented by the equations for the whole body C-peptide kinetics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We have used the validated two- compartment model [30, 31], calculating the standard parameters of C-peptide kinetics for each individual as proposed by van Cauter et al. [ 31]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The ISR model parameters were estimated for each individual by weighted least-squares fitting of plasma C-peptide concentration data [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The least-squares index was minimised by means of a constrained Levenberg- Marquardt routine of the MATLAB library and the SDs of the estimates of individual parameters were evaluated by the Jackknife method [19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "From the parameter esti- mates, the 24 h individual ISR profile was derived."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For comparison, the ISR profile was also reconstructed from the plasma C-peptide concentration by the deconvolution method, according to van Cauter et al. [ 31]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The β-oxidation rate was computed for each individual by means of Eq. 3 in the appendix."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All data are expressed as means±SE, unless otherwise specified."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Wilcoxon paired-sample test and the ANOVA test for repeated measurements, followed by a Tukey test were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons, respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Two-sided p<0.05 was considered significant."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The duration (ranging from 6 months to 10 years before the operation) and the degree of compensation of diabetes (HbA 1c ) were used as covariates in a multiple regression analysis where the dependent variable was the change in beta cell glucose sensitivity after BPD."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A non-significant weight loss (6.7±3.3 kg [mean±SD]) was observed 1 week after BPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The FFM after BPD was 80.9± 15.7 kg and was not significantly different from FFM before BPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The 24 h average concentrations of glucose before and after BPD (13.6±5.6 vs 7.8±2.6 mmol/l) were significantly different (p<0.01), and the glucose concentration after BPD was not significantly different from that found in controls (5.2±1.0 mmol/l)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The 24 h average concentration of C-peptide after BPD (1.2±0.7 nmol/l) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that before BPD (1.7±0.9 nmol/l) and did not differ significantly from the average concentration in controls (0.7±0.3 nmol/l)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0014__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The 24 h average concen- trations of NEFA before and after BPD (0.64±0.08 vs 0.65±0.30 mmol/l) were not significantly different and were larger than in controls (0.31±0.08 mmol/l, p<0.05)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0014__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The time-course of NEFA plasma level over 24 h before and after BPD is reported in Fig. 1."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The estimates of model parameters are reported in Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For all individuals, the SD of the individual parameter estimates was consistently <20%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The parameter p 1 , which represents the 24 h average beta cell sensitivity to both glucose and NEFA, was doubled 1 week following BPD (p<0.01)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nevertheless, this parameter did not reach the values observed in healthy controls."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The parameter p 2 , which is related to the rate of long-chain acyl-CoA (LC- CoA) use in the cytosol, recovered completely after BPD, being substantially equal to the values found in controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Also p 3 , which expresses the efficiency of LC-CoA transport into the mitochondria, where LC-CoAs are 1278 Diabetologia (2008) 51:1276-1284 β-oxidised, reverted to normality."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus the ratio p 3 /p 2 , which represents the balance between LC-CoA β-oxidation and its use in the cytosol [19], was fully normalised early after the operation."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The integral over 24 h of the insulin secretion rate (ISR; cumulative insulin secretion, AUC ISR ) decreased from 277.1±144.4 to 198.0±107.6 nmol/m 2 (p< 0.02) and did not differ from that found in controls (135.0± 30.0 nmol/m 2 )."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The amplitude δ and the initial phase ϕ of the ISR circadian rhythm did not change significantly after BPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Whereas the amplitude was significantly higher in controls (p<0.001), the phase was not statistically different from before/after BPD."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The rate of β-oxidation in the beta cell was found to be completely normalised after the operation, from 0.032±0.012×10 −12 to 0.103±0.031× 10 −12 mmol/min per cell, having assumed a beta cell volume of 1.376×10 −12 l [32]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For the controls we found 0.098±0.052×10 −12 mmol/min per cell."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 2a-c shows the model fitting of the 24 h C-peptide plasma concentration before and after the opera- tion in a representative diabetic patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The time-course of the ISR, estimated both by the model and by the deconvo- lution method, is also reported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The cumulative 24 h insulin secretion attained the same value when computed by the mathematical model or by the deconvolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The peaks corresponding to the meals were reduced after the operation, shifting towards the values observed in controls (Fig. 2d,e)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The relationship between the static component of the ISR (denoted as S, see Eq. 1 in Appendix) and NEFA concentration is shown in Fig. 3a for controls and type 2 diabetic patients before and after BPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The curves are plotted at the glucose level (G) indicated, using the parameters p 1 , p 2 and p 3 of Table 1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The points mark the 24 h average NEFA/ISR value with the average glucose concentration found in each group of individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The variability of the curve with glucose level is shown only for controls."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Figure 3b shows the rate of β-oxidation per cell (B) as a function of plasma glucose concentration, computed by the model (Eq. 3 in appendix) in diabetic patients before and after BPD and in controls."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "At least to our knowledge, no data are available in the literature on fatty acid oxidation in islets from obese diabetic humans or in healthy individuals."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore we plotted in Fig. 3b, as a reference, the values of palmitate oxidation in Zucker lean rat islets, as deduced by the data reported in Nolan et al. [ 23] assuming that the average beta cellular protein content is 200 fg."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The time-courses of glucose and insulin concentration during the OGTT of diabetic patients and controls are shown in Fig. 4."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Both the fasting glucose and insulin plasma levels and their values at 120 min were dramatically reduced after BPD."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ADA criteria to define diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/l or an OGTT with the 2 h postload value ≥11.1 mmol/l) were no longer fulfilled after the operation, as shown in Fig. 4, so the"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The major results of the present study may be stated as follows:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In diabetic patients who underwent malabsorptive bariatric surgery, the beta cell glucose/NEFA sensitivity was doubled early after the operation, before a significant weight loss was achieved."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "2."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The shorter the time interval between diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and bariatric operation and the lower the severity of diabetes, the better was the recovery of beta cell function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "3."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Fatty acid oxidation in the beta cell, as calculated by the mathematical model, was fully normalised after BPD, suggesting that the impairment of pancreatic fatty acid β-oxidation is a reversible phenomenon."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "4. Insulin secretion was reduced mainly as a consequence of the normalisation of insulin sensitivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Circulating NEFA was indeed slightly, although not significantly, increased after BPD, probably as a consequence of the increased fat mobilisation by hormone-sensitive lipase, which is activated when the circulating insulin level drops."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The lack of a significant increase in NEFA concentration may be attributable to a higher insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue, which attenuates the potential rise in NEFA."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Points 1-4 are discussed in detail in the following."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "One of the first pieces of evidence of diabetes resolution after bariatric surgery was reported by Pories et al. [ 33]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although the surgical technique used in that study was the gastric bypass, whereas BPD was used in the present study, in our series also diabetes was reversed early after the operation when body weight was quite unchanged."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 1, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Insulin sensitivity exerts a modulating effect on the beta cell function, so that beta cells are initially able to compensate for insulin resistance, thus maintaining glucose homeostasis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, insulin sensitivity and beta cell function are inversely related, whereby the product of these two parameters is a constant referred to as the disposition index [34]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "But insulin hypersecretion is no longer able to fully compensate for increasing insulin resistance when beta cell function is impaired, so that type 2 diabetes mellitus develops [35-40]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and overt type 2 diabetes are character- ised by moderate to severe insulin resistance [40, 41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For instance, Haffner et al. [ 42] reported that insulin resistance was present in >85% of a cohort of diabetic individuals."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "It is interesting to note that Ferrannini et al. [ 41] have shown that a halving of beta cell glucose sensitivity or a halving of insulin sensitivity predicts a similar rise in the 2 h glycaemia after glucose challenge as well as in the fasting plasma glucose levels, suggesting that either the beta cell glucose sensitivity or the insulin resistance can equally contribute to hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our series, a reduction of insulin secretion was found after BPD in all individuals whereas the insulin sensitivity was significantly increased, suggesting that the improvement of insulin sensitivity may induce a corresponding improvement in beta cell glucose/NEFA sensitivity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The effect of bariatric surgery in terms of recovery of beta cell function (Δp 1 ) was maximal in those individuals whose diabetes was diagnosed shortly before the operation, while the effect decreased linearly with the increase of diabetes duration."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The UKPDS data [43] clearly indicate that there is a progressive deterioration of pancreatic beta cell function as type 2 diabetes progresses."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, type 2 diabetic patients at diagnosis had about 50% reduction in pancreatic beta cell function and were insulin resistant, whereas over time there was a reduction (about 4%/year) in the beta cell function regardless of treatment, without change in insulin resistance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In agreement with our results Schauer et al. [ 44] found, in a cohort of 1,160 patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, that the factors that negatively correlated with type 2 diabetes mellitus resolution included the preoperative duration of diabetes, high levels of HbA 1c and insulin therapy, which are all measures of diabetes severity."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast, the weight loss was positively associated with diabetes resolution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Our data are not affected by the weight loss variable, since our patients were studied very early after the operation when no significant weight loss was attained."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the basis of the present observations, it may be hypothesised that in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes the defects in beta cell mass predominate, whereas the patients with a short duration of diabetes primarily exhibit an impairment in beta cell function."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Beta cell fatty acid oxidation A β-oxidation impairment in the beta cells has been described by Frigerio et al. [ 45]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The anti-epileptic drug topiramate exerts a protective effect against INS-1E beta cell lipotoxicity induced by prolonged exposure to high levels of fatty acids, by enhancing the cellular capacity of lipid clearance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, this drug enhances the β-oxidation rate, suggesting that a protective mechanism against lipotoxicity could be the inhibition of lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm through increased fatty acid oxidation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, fa/fa rat islets, a useful replica of the human phenotype of adipogenic type 2 diabetes, exhibit a markedly increased lipogenic capacity and a decreased oxidative capacity [46]; unused NEFA in islets are esterified and over time an excessive quantity of triacygly- cerol is deposited [46]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our observation that fatty acid oxidation rate in beta cells is normalised a few days after BPD suggests that the impairment of fatty acid oxidation is reversible and that it is not related to the fatty acid overloading of beta cells."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In fact, circulating NEFA levels were not statisti- cally changed from before BPD, when their oxidation rate was calculated to be three times lower than in healthy controls."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At least to our knowledge this is the first evidence of a defect in beta cell fatty acid oxidation in type 2 diabetes in humans."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This defect is completely reversed shortly after BPD even before complete normalisation of beta cell glucose sensitivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It is likely that this prompt reversibility might depend on the removal of some competitive inhibitory action exerted on carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has been reported that in type 2 diabetic patients the insulin pulses related to meals are decreased in amplitude and disorganised in their temporal pattern [47, 48] and that, in most diabetic patients, these abnormal patterns did not improve with weight loss [49]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our post-BPD patients, although insulin secretion was reduced, it was still sufficient to provide a normalisation of the insulin-dependent glucose disposal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This effect occurred in spite of the non-significant reduction in circulating NEFA levels, suggesting that other mechanisms should intervene."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In particular we hypothesise that insulin sensi- tivity normalisation may be the first to occur and that, secondarily, the need for insulin secretion diminishes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Malabsorptive bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetic patients restores β-oxidation in pancreatic beta cells, doubles the glucose-NEFA sensitivity and reverts to normality the diabetic condition."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since circulating NEFA levels (which together with glucose concentration determine the ISR) do not decrease significantly, it is likely that it is the normal- isation of insulin sensitivity that causes the reduction of insulin secretion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A fivefold increase of insulin sensitivity, as was observed in our study population, is much higher than that usually obtained by insulin sensitising agents, and it is independent of weight changes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, it is conceivable that the altered intestinal physiology produced by the surgical operation could be the causative factor of these findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In particular, the exclusion of part of the small bowel from food transit might act to avoid local production of factor(s) worsening insulin sensitivity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We stress that the results of the present study cannot be extended to all type 2 diabetic patients since they derive from a specific category of patients where the insulin secretion is still high enough in spite of frank diabetes mellitus."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors declare that there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We describe here in a synthetic form the mathematical model of NEFA-glucose comodulation of beta cell insulin secretion [19]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As in other mathematical models of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion [20, 50], the ISR is given by the sum of a static and a dynamic component."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The static component is modelled here according to the view that a dual signalling pathway that involves both glucose and LC-CoA regulates the stimulation of insulin secretion [22] (see Fig. 5)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The kinetics of LC-CoA formation from exogenous NEFA is represented by a single rate constant k. Cytosolic LC-CoA has two possible fates: bind to CPT-1 and be transported into mitochondria to undergo β-oxidation, or be enrolled in diacylglycerol (DAG) synthesis and enhance the ISR, possibly via activation of protein kinase C. A key aspect of the model is that it describes in a very simplified way the inhibitory action of glucose (via malonyl-CoA) on the binding of LC-CoA to CPT-1 and thus on the rate of LC- CoA transport into mitochondria."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The following equation for the static ISR component S (expressed in nmol/min) has been obtained [19]:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where G and F are the glucose and NEFA concentration respectively, the coefficient p 1 is the beta cell sensitivity to both glucose and NEFA, p 2 is related to the rate of LC-CoA use in the cytosol, and p 3 expresses the efficiency of LC- CoA transport into mitochondria where LC-CoAs are β-oxidised."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The term in square brackets in Eq. 1 is a sort of 'potentiation factor' that accounts for the action of fatty acids on insulin secretion and the influence of glucose on fatty acid metabolism."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "By adding the dynamic component to the static component, we obtain the expression for the ISR:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Because the parameter p 1 was found to change with the time during the 24 h meal test [19], we have added to p 1 a circadian oscillation [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus the glucose/NEFA sensitiv- ity coefficient is expressed as p 1 +δ sin(2πt/T+ϕ), where p 1 is the average value over the 24 h, δ is the amplitude of the oscillation, T is the period equal to 24 h, and ϕ is the phase at the initial time (t=0 taken at 08:00 hours)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0046__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The ISR model has the following unknown parameters: k, p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , δ, ϕ, k d , to be estimated from the data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the hypothesis that the LC-CoA transported into the mitochondria is completely β-oxidised, the rate of β-oxidation B (expressed as mmol/min per cell) can be determined as the difference between the NEFA influx into the beta cell and the rate of LC-CoA use in the cytosol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This leads to the expression:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "where V is the volume of the beta cell."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It may be seen that B decreases with the increase of the glucose concen- tration G."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_715__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the Editor: In a recent paper, Salinari and colleagues reported normalisation of glucose metabolism associated with improved pancreatic beta cell sensitivity to nutrients derived from a mixed meal, 1 week after malabsorptive bariatric surgery (bilio-pancreatic diversion), in morbidly obese patients with type 2 diabetes [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This was observed before the patients had lost a significant amount of weight."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the basis of timed serum insulin, C-peptide, NEFA and plasma glucose measurements, they calculated the effects of NEFA and glucose on the insulin secretion rate (ISR)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The plasma glucose level was decreased to within the normal range after the surgery, but the serum NEFA level was unchanged."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Using a mathematical model, the authors concluded that the improved ISR after bariatric surgery was due to the restoration of normal NEFA oxidation in the beta cell, which enhanced ISR despite the significant decrease in the plasma glucose level."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This study is of great interest to us because we consider the malonyl-CoA pathway and the resultant NEFA augmentation of insulin exocytosis to be vital for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), especially for the replenishment of the readily releasable pool of insulin granules during second-phase secretion [2, 3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Prior to the visual demonstration and molecular elucidation of intracellular granule trafficking, this process was known conceptually as ‘potentiation’ [4], ‘augmentation’ [5] or ‘amplification’ [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_715__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The paper makes no mention of factors other than glucose and NEFA that are also involved in meal-induced insulin secretion, such as incretins [7], parasympathetic input and amino acids, to name but a few."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Of note, an increase in the serum level of the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is documented 1 week after bilio-pancreatic diversion, and this is thought to be responsible for long-term effective weight reduction through satiety [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "GLP-1 acts on the beta cells to increase the level of cyclic AMP, leading to replenishment of the readily releasable pool of insulin granules during GSIS."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This is an ATP-sensitive K+ channel-independent insulinotropic action [8]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Interestingly, NEFA also augments GSIS via a mechanism that does not involve this channel [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Salinari et al. use a mathematical model of glucose–NEFA comodulation to estimate the ISR [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, given the lowered basal glucose, lowered glucose excursion after the meal, unchanged NEFA and increased ISR, they will naturally conclude that the effect of NEFA has been enhanced/amplified."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, in our opinion, the increased beta cell potentiation [8], achieved through the GLP-1–cyclic AMP pathway after surgery, is expected in their patients, in line with previous findings in patients who underwent the same operation, at the same postoperative time-point [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "A different conclusion might have been reached if the incretin effect had been taken into account."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0050__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The inclusion of the positive effect of the incretin pathway would have at least reduced, and at most cancelled out, the calculated effect of restored β-oxidation on ISR after surgery [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_715__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__critique__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In conclusion, by not considering factors other than glucose and NEFA in meal-induced insulin secretion, Salinari et al. [ 1] may have overestimated the effect of restored NEFA oxidation on ISR after bariatric surgery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The data itself are very important and have considerably expanded our understanding of the physiology of bariatric surgery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__critique__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, a more comprehensive analysis of the ISR, one that at least takes account of the incretin effect, would be desirable."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_715__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To the Editor: In response to the letter of Komatsu and Aizawa [1] concerning our recent paper in Diabetologia [2], we wish to make the following points."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Because of space constraints we were not able to clarify the roles of the different parameters included in our model in detail."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although, as noted by Komatsu and Aizawa, glucose and NEFA are the only inputs used to obtain the insulin secretion rate (ISR), the model response is also determined by the values of the parameters p1, p2 and p3."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These parameters are estimated by fitting the model to the C-peptide experimental data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The equation for estimating ISR contains a function that includes both glucose and NEFA levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This function contains the parameters p2 and p3, which are related to beta cell fatty acid oxidation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The parameter p1 acts as a multiplier of this function, and represents a further factor involved in the potentiation of the ISR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Incretin action, in particular, is implicitly accounted for by the parameter p1 of the model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0052__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The value of p1 in a given experimental setting is thus related to factors other than NEFA and glucose that determine the ISR."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_715__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We have found that the parameters p2 and p3 markedly change after bariatric surgery (BPD), becoming very close to control values (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It therefore appears that defective β-oxidation is reversed after BPD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, we do not imply that this is the major factor responsible for the improvement in ISR."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, after BPD, the NEFA level is unchanged whereas the glucose concentration is decreased, probably because of the increase in insulin sensitivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Parameter p1 is doubled after BPD, but does not reach the value found in controls."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We interpret this fact as evidence that an incretin-dependent increase in beta cell sensitivity to glucose–NEFA has occurred."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The incretin effect implicitly resides in the value of parameter p1."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0053__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Figure 3a of our paper [2] shows the effects of BPD on the model response."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_715__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "715", "paragraph_id": "triad_715__response__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a previous article we applied this model to data from healthy volunteers during a hyperglycaemic clamp after either water or butter ingestion [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "After the water load, the parameter p1 was half the average value observed using the 24 h multiple-meal test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Butter alone was able to double parameter p1, possibly via the incretin effect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In fact, in this paper we suggested that the potentiation of insulin secretion mediated by gastrointestinal hormones does not occur after water ingestion but can take place after a butter test meal [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We appreciate the suggestion made by Komatsu and Aizawa [1] regarding the effect of NEFA on the replenishment of the readily releasable pool of insulin granules during the second phase of insulin secretion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "We recently proposed a mathematical model of insulin granule trafficking in the beta cell [4] in which the dynamics of the various granule pools, including reserve, docked and primed, immediately releasable and fused granules, are represented."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Unfortunately, the paper by Aizawa and Komatsu [5] escaped our attention."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_715__response__p0054__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Extension of the model to include the effect of NEFA would be of great interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_715/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1974355815_W2131187188_W1968947412", "triad_name": "triad_715", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_715__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Successful infection control is essential in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis and infected non-union."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Adequate sur- gical debridement remains key to achieving this goal (Fer- guson et al., 2017; Lew and Waldvogel, 2004)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Surgical debridement should be accompanied by systemic antibi- otic treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Problems include low antibiotic concentra- tions due to inadequate perfusion of the bone and the sur- rounding soft tissues (van Vugt et al., 2016; Romano et al., 2014; Geurts et al., 2011) as well as the development of an- tibiotic resistance and the formation of biofilms (van Ges- tel et al., 2015; Lindfors et al., 2017)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "High concentrations can be achieved with local treatment, e.g., with gentamicin- containing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Cur- rently, the gold standard in treating chronic osteomyelitis is a two-stage procedure that involves the use of antibiotic- containing PMMA beads in the first procedural stage (Geurts et al., 2011; Lindfors et al., 2017; van Vugt et al., 2019)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, the PMMA beads must be removed in a further operation (Ferguson et al., 2017; Geurts et al., 2011), and, after releasing the antibiotics, they can themselves act as a E. Steinhausen et al.: Bioactive glass vs. autologous bone graft foreign body, thereby creating a base for bacterial biofilms (Romano et al., 2014; Lindfors et al., 2017; Ferguson et al., 2014; Rahaman et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bone reconstruction is necessary after successful infection control."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Autologous bone graft is the gold standard and has osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties (Ferguson et al., 2017; Calori et al., 2011; De Long et al., 2007; Egol et al., 2015)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the volume that can be achieved is limited, and donor site morbidity is considerable (Pape et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Various bone substitutes have been developed in recent years to complement or even replace autologous bone graft- ing (Egol et al., 2015; Fillingham and Jacobs, 2016; Kurien et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "An ideal bone substitute should be osteoconduc- tive, osteoinductive, biodegradable, and biocompatible (van Vugt et al., 2016; Calori et al., 2011; Fillingham and Ja- cobs, 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bone substitutes loaded with antibiotics have been developed for the treatment of bone infections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They usually contain gentamicin (Romano et al., 2014; McNally et al., 2016; Fleiter et al., 2014; Lalidou et al., 2014), or al- ternatively tobramycin (Ferguson et al., 2014; McKee et al., 2010) or vancomycin (Luo et al., 2016), and make it possible to achieve high local antibiotic concentrations with low sys- temic levels without incurring the disadvantages of PMMA beads (Ferguson et al., 2017; Lindfors et al., 2017; Ferguson et al., 2014; McNally et al., 2016; Fleiter et al., 2014; McKee et al., 2010; Luo et al., 2016)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Clinical evidence in this area is still limited, however (Ferguson et al., 2017; Geurts et al., 2011)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bioactive glass S53P4 is an inorganic bone substitute with antibacterial, osteoconductive, osteostimulative, and angio- genic properties (Cunha et al., 2018; Coraca-Huber et al., 2014)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results of existing clinical studies of bioactive glass are promising (van Gestel et al., 2015; Lindfors et al., 2017; Ferrando et al., 2017; Lindfors et al., 2010; Auregan and Begue, 2015)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Here, we compare the outcome of bioactive glass S53P4 versus autologous bone grafts for filling defects in patients with chronic osteomyelitis and infected non-union."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bioactive glass (BAG) (Bioglass S53P4; BonAlive ® Bio- materials Ltd., Turku, Finland) is an inorganic bone sub- stitute containing SiO 2 , Na 2 O, CaO, and P 2 O 5 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Following implantation, sodium and basic ions are released, causing a rapid increase in pH and osmotic pressure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A silicon dioxide- rich layer is formed on the surface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Calcium and phosphate groups migrate to the surface to form a hydroxyl-apatite scaf- fold."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Osteoblasts migrate into this scaffold, proliferate, dif- ferentiate, and stimulate osteogenesis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0010__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These surface reac- tions not only stimulate the formation of new bone, but also have an antibacterial effect (Lindfors et al., 2017; Coraca- Huber et al., 2014; Lindfors et al., 2010)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, in vitro studies have shown an angiogenic effect with increased secretion of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Detsch et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated in our institution for chronic osteomyelitis and infected non- union who underwent filling of a bone defect with either autologous bone graft or BAG between July 2013 and Jan- uary 2017."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Inclusion criteria were age > 18 years, chronic os- teomyelitis and infected non-union (positive bacteriology and/or positive histology), filling of the bone defect with ei- ther autologous bone graft or BAG, and minimum follow-up of 12 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Exclusion criteria were aseptic non-unions and lack of follow-up (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Descriptive epidemiologic data and details of the pre-, peri-, and post-operative courses were compiled from the digital patient files and processed anonymously."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Follow-up was analyzed up to a January 2018 cut-off."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The primary endpoint was successful control of infec- tion during follow-up (no clinical, laboratory or radiological signs of infection, closed soft tissues)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Secondary endpoints were bone healing and functional outcome focusing on mo- bilization with full weight bearing."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Any complications were recorded."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Bone healing was quantified by evaluating X-ray or CT imaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Healing was defined as the presence of complete cortical bridging in three out of four cortices or with no evi- dence of the fracture line."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Multi-resistant pathogens were defined as pathogens re- sistant to most antibiotics or antibiotic groups (methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-resistant coagulase- negative Staphylococci, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and extended spectrum ß-lactamase bacteria)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All patients were treated exclusively by the specialized team of the septic surgery department."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Decisions regarding treat- ment method were taken individually for each patient based on surgeon preference."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In all cases, radical debridement was carried out prior to filling the defect."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The surgeons took care to completely fill the defect and to press the implanted BAG into the surround- ing bone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "New samples were taken intraoperatively from all patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All patients received antibiotic prophylaxis periopera- tively for previously detected pathogens."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If an unknown pathogen was present, the patients received cefazoline as the standard antibiotic used in our institution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Patients with an uncomplicated course and sterile samples did not re- ceive postoperative antibiotic treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Patients with a pro- J. Bone Joint Infect., 6, 73-83, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-6-73-2021 longed course with multiple previous revisions or with per- sistent detection of pathogens received postoperative antibi- otic treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Antibiotic treatment was chosen according to the pathogen and the antibiotic resistance pattern."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Antibiotics were given intravenously for 3 weeks and orally for an addi- tional 3 weeks."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Treatment groups were compared using Fisher's exact test for binary data and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically signifi- cant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Given the sample size of about 80 cases, the power of this study is limited, especially for even counts."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Significant differences for a theoretical prevalence rate of 20 % could be expected only if the prevalence was < 5 % or > 40 % in the other group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "For continuous measures, the detectable differ- ence was about half a standard deviation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 24, IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Multivariate analyses were conducted for com- plications, recurrence of infection, and osseous fusion."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Fifty-one patients received bioactive glass S53P4 (BAG), 32 patients autologous bone graft (AB), and 12 patients a com- bination of bioactive glass and autologous bone graft."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The outcomes for these 12 patients are described separately at the end of this section but are not analyzed statistically."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There- fore, the following results represent a total of 83 patients (Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The autologous bone graft and the bioactive glass group were comparable with respect to sex, localization and kind of fracture, and the number of previous operations and flaps (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the patients of the BAG group were significantly older and had undergone an unsuccess- ful prior attempt at defect filling significantly more often than those in the autologous bone graft group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Staphylococ- cus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most common pathogens involved in both groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Gram- positive pathogens were found significantly more often in the bioactive glass group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Gram-negative pathogens were de- tected in both groups without significant difference."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0023__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Multiple pathogens and multidrug-resistant pathogens also did not dif- fer significantly between the groups (Tables 1, 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 5, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the BAG group, an average of 11 cm 3 bioactive glass was implanted (minimum 5 cm 3 ; maximum 30 cm 3 )."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Intraopera- tive samples showed persistent bacteria in 17 patients of the BAG group and in 11 patients of the AB group, indicating no significant difference between the groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, pa- tients of the autologous bone graft group had undergone a change in pathogens significantly more often (BAG 3.9 %; AB 28.1 %; p = 0.001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Forty patients of the BAG group and 29 patients of the AB group received postoperative antibiotic treatment owing to a prolonged course or persistent detection of pathogens."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding postoperative antibiotic treatment (Table 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients of the autologous bone graft group had significantly longer follow-up than patients of the bioactive glass group (p < 0.001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Overall, major and minor complications were found in 22 patients of the BAG group and in 20 patients of the AB group, indicating no significant difference between the groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Re- currence of infection occurred in 15 patients of the BAG group and in 6 patients of the AB group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Statistical analy- sis also failed to show a significant difference between the groups with regard to recurrence of infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Two patients (6.3 %) suffered complications requiring revision surgery af- ter removal of autologous bone from the iliac crest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No com- plications associated with bioactive glass were observed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Forty-seven patients of the BAG group and 31 patients of the AB group achieved full weight bearing during follow- up, indicating no significant difference in this respect."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "How- ever, patients of the BAG group achieved full weight bear- ing significantly more rapidly (BAG 5.9 ± 4.1 months, me- dian 6 months; AB 10.7 ± 8.6 months, median 10 months; p = 0.018)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The results for bone healing were similar in both groups, with bone healing being seen in 39 patients of the BAG group and in 25 patients of the AB group by the end of follow- up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Again, patients in the BAG group accomplished bone healing more rapidly (BAG 9.5 ± 7.0 months, AB 10.8 ± 9.0 months)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Eleven patients of the AB group underwent another procedure to fill the defect, significantly more frequently than in the BAG group (BAG n = 8; p = 0.049)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addi- tion, patients of the autologous bone graft group underwent reoperations significantly more frequently (BAG n = 24; AB n = 24; p = 0.014)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The rate of below-knee amputation due to recurrent infection during follow-up was comparable be- tween the two groups (BAG n = 3; AB n = 2; p = 1.00) (Ta- ble 3)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Detection of multi-resistant pathogens was associated with a significantly higher rate of incomplete osseous fusion (p = 0.033) and was also associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of complications (odds ratio 3.091, 95 %-confidence in- terval 1.128-8.470)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Male patients had a significantly greater risk of recurrent infection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Finally, there was a 3.5-fold in- creased risk of recurrent infection after local or free tissue transfer (odds ratio 3.508, 95 %-confidence interval 1.155- 10.660)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Twelve patients had a defect filled with a combination of BAG and autologous bone graft."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Intraoperative samples re- vealed persistent bacteria in two patients (16.7 %)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Full weight bearing was reached after 4.8 months, on average."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Nine patients (75 %) achieved complete bone healing dur- ing follow-up after an average of 7.6 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Four patients (33.3 %) developed complications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0030__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Only one patient (8.3 %) had recurrent infection during follow-up."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The goals of osteomyelitis therapy are successful control of infection and the reconstruction of the bone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Bioactive glass S53P4 is an inorganic bone substitute with antibacterial, osteoconductive, and osteostimulative properties (Coraca- Huber et al., 2014; Heikkila et al., 1995)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our comparison of the outcomes of patients with chronic osteomyelitis and infected non-union who had a defect filled with either autologous bone graft or BAG revealed no sig- nificant differences between the groups with respect to re- currence of infection, bone healing, full weight bearing, or complications in general."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Some studies have investigated the use of BAG in patients with chronic osteomyelitis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, the number of cases in these studies was usually small, and most had no control group (Romano et al., 2014; Lindfors et al., 2017, 2010; Au- regan and Begue, 2015; McAndrew et al., 2013; Drago et al., 2013; Malat et al., 2018; Oosthuysen et al., 2020)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Ex- isting comparative studies compare BAG either with other bone substitutes (Table 4) or with PMMA beads (the gold standard for a two-stage procedure) and with the objective of investigating successful control of infection and dead space management of bone cavities, but not bone healing."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To our knowledge, ours is the first study to compare BAG with au- https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-6-73-2021 J. Bone Joint Infect., 6, 73-83, 2021 tologous bone graft in patients with an infected non-union that includes fracture healing as a secondary endpoint."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The reinfection rate of patients with chronic osteomyelitis is reportedly as high as 21.2 % (Walenkamp et al., 1998), and the overall reinfection rate after implantation of BAG is 0 %- 14 % according to the current literature (Romano et al., 2014; van Gestel et al., 2015; Lindfors et al., 2017, 2010; McAn- drew et al., 2013; Drago et al., 2013; Malat et al., 2018; Tan- war and Ferreira, 2020)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We saw higher reinfections rates, especially in the BAG group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the number of pa- tients treated with BAG in published studies is usually small."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Moreover, the definition of reinfection or persistence of in- fection used by other authors is less strict than ours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Romano et al. ( 2014) defined a \"fair\" outcome as a wound with pro- longed drainage or serum leakage of up to 6 weeks and a \"poor\" outcome as no wound healing for more than 6 weeks or one requiring surgical intervention."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Lindfors et al. ( 2017) defined the outcomes of their patients in a similar way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These findings would be interpreted as persistent infection in our assessment."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These differences in definition may explain the increased infection rate in our BAG group."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On the other hand, the infection rate of our autologous bone graft group cor- relates with that reported in other studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most common pathogens involved in both groups."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The presence of multi-resistant pathogens was associated with an increased risk of complications regardless of treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These results agree with those in other publications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "An additional risk factor for recurrent infection in both groups was a previous local or free tissue transfer, as also reported by Lindfors et al. ( 2017)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All factors considered, we could not establish an advan- tage of BAG compared to AB with regard to infection con- trol."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There were no significant differences between our two groups in other respects; that is, we found no clear disadvan- tage for BAG."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our rate of complete osseous fusion is 77.1 % without signif- icant difference between the groups at latest follow-up."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Pub- lished studies do not report comparable rates (Romano et al., 2014; van Gestel et al., 2015; Lindfors et al., 2017; Ferrando et al., 2017; Lindfors et al., 2010; McAndrew et al., 2013; Drago et al., 2013)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This is unsurprising because these stud- ies investigated the use of BAG only as a bone void filler in chronic osteomyelitis."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "However, they describe progressive incorporation of BAG, and radiographs therein show partial incorporation at latest follow-up, although the biomaterial re- mained visible (Romano et al., 2014)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition, they de- scribe the formation of a thickened cortex (van Gestel et al., 2015)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "BAG was not fully incorporated in our patients, ei- ther, and we observed the phenomenon of a thickened cortex (Fig. 2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Ninety-four percent of our patients reached full weight bearing."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, we assume that, although osseous fusion re- mained incomplete on some radiographs, bone consolidation was adequate to ensure stability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Basically, these patients re- gained a working extremity."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We observed high complication rates in both groups."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0046__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The ac- tual rate of reinfection was higher in the BAG group, but patients of the AB group needed significantly more reoper- ations and significantly more additional defect fillings."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our rate of complications from harvesting autologous bone grafts from the iliac crest is comparable with that reported in other studies (Dimitriou et al., 2011)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, only complications requiring revision surgery are mentioned in our study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Pain after removal of autologous bone graft from the iliac crest and the resulting delay in mobilization are not recorded, al- though nearly all patients suffer these complications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Last but not least, harvesting an autologous bone graft from the ante- rior or posterior iliac crest requires prolonged surgery."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These drawbacks do not apply to the use of bone substitutes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our study, bioactive glass was not associated with adverse effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This matches the experience in the other published studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "So far, there has been no report of BAG-associated compli- cations or formation of bacterial resistance (Romano et al., 2014; van Gestel et al., 2015; Drago et al., 2013)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The toler- ability of BAG is even described as superior when compared to other bone substitutes (Ferguson et al., 2014; McNally et al., 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Van Gestel et al. ( 2015) referred to bioactive glass S53P4 as a potential new gold standard."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Lindfors et al. ( 2017) analyzed the largest series of patients (n = 116) with chronic osteomyelitis to date, but without a control group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "BAG was used in a one-stage procedure in most of the cases, with excellent results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors high- light the possibility of one-stage use due to the antibacte- rial effect as the key advantage of BAG."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Other authors agree and underscore its angiogenetic and antibacterial effects (van Gestel et al., 2015; McAndrew et al., 2013; Drago et al., 2013), although radical debridement remains indispensable (Lew and Waldvogel, 2004; Lindfors et al., 2017; Simpson et al., 2001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Geurts et al. ( 2011) compared various antibiotic-loaded bone graft substitutes in active or suspected infection with PMMA beads."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The authors argue that PMMA beads remain the gold standard even if they require a two-stage procedure."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Hence, new biomaterials show great potential, but the level of available evidence is still limited."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In contrast to autologous bone graft, BAG has antibacterial and angiogenetic effects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These effects are especially advan- tageous in often poorly vascularized bone."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Previous studies show that bacterial biofilms can cause the infecting organism to be resistant to systemic antibiotic concentrations of up to 1000 times greater than normal therapeutic levels (McKee et al., 2010)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Such concentrations cannot be achieved with sys- temic application."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Recently, Ferrando et al. ( 2017) compared bioactive glass S53P4 (n = 12) with calcium sulfate antibiotic beads (n = 13)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "They did not find significant differences with regard to complication rates and recurrence of infection, but the num- ber of patients was small."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors conclude that BAG without adjunctive use of local antibiotics is as effective as calcium sulfate antibiotic beads."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Van Vugt et al. ( 2016) evaluated the use of various bone graft substitutes (Osteoset T, BAG, PerOssal, Herafill-G) in a systematic review (n = 15 studies)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In general, they criti- cize weak study design, small number of patients, low levels of evidence (LoE 2b-3b), and a high risk of bias."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Interest- ingly, the reinfection rate (primary outcome) was higher in high-quality studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "No significant differences were found between the different bone graft substitutes."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The authors con- clude that the results are inconclusive."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To our knowledge, no study to date compares or proves the superiority of BAG over autologous bone graft with respect to its antibacterial effect."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054", "paragraph_index": 54, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We combined bioactive glass S53P4 with autologous bone graft in treating large bone defects (n = 12) (Fig. 3)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The cur- rent literature contains no comparable in vivo studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "An in vitro study has analyzed and verified the antibacterial activ- ity of BAG as a bone graft extender in combination with AB (Bortolin et al., 2018)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, to date there is no evidence to indicate which mixing ratio of bioactive glass and autolo- gous bone graft is optimal."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The optimal technique - in layers versus mixed - also remains to be determined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Yet our results in a small number of cases are excellent with respect to our primary and secondary endpoints."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Therefore, we prefer the combination of BAG and AB for the treatment of large bone defects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0054__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "However, further evidence in favor of this approach is needed."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0055", "paragraph_index": 55, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0055__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Our study has some limitations."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0055__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, it is a retrospective observational study - although with a control group."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0055__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The groups are of different sizes, and patients in the BAG group are significantly older."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0055__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The level of evidence is weak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0055__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The maximum follow-up differs between the groups, with signif-"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056", "paragraph_index": 56, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the use of BAG and AB in patients with chronic osteomyeli- tis and infected non-union."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The results are promising."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "BAG seems to be an appropriate bone substitute, not only for fill- ing bone defects in patients with chronic osteomyelitis, but also for achieving fracture healing in cases of infected non- union."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In our study, BAG was neither superior nor inferior to autologous bone graft with regard to our primary and sec- ondary endpoints."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Prospective randomized studies - as rec- ommended by many authors - would be desirable but are not truly feasible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__original__p0056__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "An analysis with matched pairs may be an al- ternative."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_5030__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0057", "paragraph_index": 57, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0057__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "I read with interest the recent paper by Steinhausen et al. ( 2021) [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0057__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This paper reports the outcome of a retrospective review of bioactive glass compared to autologous bone graft (ABG) in a staged surgical protocol for treating established bone infection."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0057__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors claim that bioglass is equally effective as ABG in eradicating infection but acknowledge that their evidence is weak."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0058", "paragraph_index": 58, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0058__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The surgical treatment of chronic bone infection has been reported for well over a century."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0058__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In 1931, Jacob Kulowski published his classical series of 130 cases of osteomyelitis, treated by Orr’s method (Kulowski, 1931) [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0058__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "His surgical debridement technique was similar to that described by Steinhausen et al. ( 2021) [1], and he achieved a recurrence rate of 24% (mean follow-up: 19 months), in the pre-antibiotic era, with no defect fillers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0058__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In this new series of 83 patients, the recurrence rate with bioglass was 29% and 19% for ABG."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0058__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Clearly the addition of bioglass or bone graft has not improved outcome."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0059", "paragraph_index": 59, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0059__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors state that the longer follow-up period for the ABG group is not a source of bias because “most complications occurred within 12 months”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0059__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This same group previously published 50 of their 51 bioglass cases (Malat et al., 2018) [3] with a mean follow-up of 12.3 months and a recurrence rate of 14%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0059__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This has increased to 29% with a longer follow-up (mean 20.5 months)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0059__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It would appear that the recurrence rate doubled in the 8 months after the first year."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0060", "paragraph_index": 60, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0060__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are no large randomized trials directly comparing the use of bioglass with other options, and the authors correctly report that outcomes of small studies are inconclusive."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0060__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, there are two high-quality animal studies (Xie et al., 2009; Boot et al., 2020) [4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0060__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In a rabbit model of MRSA osteomyelitis, Xie et al. ( 2009) [4] reported that bioglass was no more effective than debridement alone (success rate 36% for debridement and 18% for debridement and bioglass) but the addition of local antibiotics to calcium sulfate or bioglass increased success to 73% and 81% respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0060__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Boot et al. ( 2020) [5] studied the effect of hydrogel and bioglass in an infected tibial nail model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0060__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "They showed that bioglass or hydrogel without antibiotics produced no reduction in infection, but vancomycin-loaded hydrogel could eradicate established infection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061", "paragraph_index": 61, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It has been widely claimed that bioglass has the advantage of reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This paper shows that cases treated with bioglass required significant additional systemic antimicrobial therapy after repeated surgery or recurrence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It has been shown that repeated surgery promotes change in bacterial cultures (Rupp et al., 2020) [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Recurrent, and often suboptimal, systemic therapy drives selection pressure and multi-drug resistance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "There is no evidence that local antimicrobial therapy contributes to this."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The recent study of Bidossi et al. ( 2020) [7] demonstrated that prolonged exposure to high-dose local antibiotics in a ceramic carrier was not associated with any adaptations in bacteria producing antimicrobial resistance."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0061__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "In contrast to bioglass, the use of local antimicrobials may allow reduced systemic therapy and better antibiotic stewardship (Masrouha et al., 2018; Dudareva et al., 2019) [8][9]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 2, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0062", "paragraph_index": 62, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0062__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Steinhausen et al. ( 2021) [1] also claim that “The tolerability of BAG is even described as superior when compared to other bone substitutes”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0062__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We cannot find any evidence for this statement in their paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0062__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "When comparing to the paper they quote as evidence (McNally et al., 2016) [10], the claim is not supported. If we compare recurrence rate, reoperation rate, failure of bone healing and amputation rate between the two papers, they report 29%, 47%, 23% and 6% respectively."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0062__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In our study of 100 cases, the figures were 4%, 3%, 13% and 0%."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0062__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We believe these outcomes would be more tolerable for patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0063", "paragraph_index": 63, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0063__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Perhaps the most important conclusion from this paper is that serial debridement, followed by defect filling without local antimicrobials, is not a very effective treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0063__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We would not recommend use of a hip or knee prosthesis with a 29% failure rate within 2 years."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0063__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This problem was identified in the 1970s and prompted the use of antibiotic-loaded PMMA beads by Klemm and Buchholz (Klemm, 1993) [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__critique__p0063__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "There is now encouraging evidence around the use of single-stage surgery, facilitated by modern local antibiotic carriers, with few complications and high infection eradication rates, even in the most complex cases (Masrouha et al., 2018; McNally et al., 2016; Ferguson et al., 2014; Lam et al., 2019; Pincher et al., 2019; Lorentzen et al., 2020; Drampalos et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2020; Pesch et al., 2020; Hutting et al., 2021; Mifsud et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2021) [8][10][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_5030__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 16, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [16, 18, 16], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064", "paragraph_index": 64, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read Martin McNally’s Letter-to-the-Editor [1] with great interest and are pleased to make precise the presentation of our results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, we will describe the differences between the patient collectives of the Zeitschrift für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (ZOU) paper [2] and the current Journal of Bone and Joint Infection (JBJI) paper [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The inclusion criteria, the enrolment period and the follow-up period of the studies were different."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Fifty patients were treated in the ZOU paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Of these, 46 patients were treated with bioactive glass (BAG) and 4 patients with BAG in combination with autologous bone graft."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Ninety-five patients were treated in the JBJI paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Of these, 51 patients were treated with BAG, 12 patients with BAG in combination with autologous bone graft and 32 patients with autologous bone graft only."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Thirty of 50 patients (ZOU paper) were excluded for the JBJI paper because they did not meet the additional inclusion criterion “follow-up of at least 12 months” in the JBJI paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Therefore, 20 single individuals are published in both the JBJI and ZOU papers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "In these 20 patients, the follow-up data of 14 patients differ in the two publications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The patients in the JBJI paper have a longer follow-up due to the 18-month longer follow-up period (until January 2018 instead of June 2016)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Six patients did not show up for further follow-up."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "The first study (ZOU) is to be regarded as a study with preliminary results."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "All patients in whom we implanted bioactive glass up to February 2016 were analyzed, even if they only had a follow-up of 2 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "This is also listed as limitations in the ZOU paper."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0016", "sentence_n": 16, "text": "We assumed the two studies to be independent of each other, with a new data set in the JBJI paper: preliminary results in the ZOU paper, longer follow-up in the JBJI paper, no control group in the ZOU paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0017", "sentence_n": 17, "text": "Therefore, we presented the results of the ZOU study in Table 4 in the JBJI paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0064__s0018", "sentence_n": 18, "text": "However, we agree that the ZOU paper should have been referenced in the methods section and in Table 4, given the connection between the two publications."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5030__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 12, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065", "paragraph_index": 65, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In order to be able to compare complication rates, the patient collectives must be comparable on the one hand, and the definitions must match on the other hand."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A well-known problem of the diagnosis “osteomyelitis” is the extreme heterogeneity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Reinfection rates of 0 % up to 32.8 % are reported in the literature, depending on the definition and the treatment algorithm [4][5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In the JBJI study, there is a higher number of patients with complex and therapy-refractory courses compared to the ZOU paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In particular, patients of the JBJI study had a longer – unsuccessful – course of disease with an average of 33.8 months from accident to defect filling with bioactive glass, while patients of the ZOU study had an average of 21.5 months."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "There may be a negative bias due to our retrospective study design: patients without complications or reinfection may not have visited during our consultation hours any more."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Thus, patients without reinfection have more frequently a follow-up of < 12 months and therefore could not be included in the current JBJI study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In addition, the definition of reinfection or persistence of infection used by other authors is less strict than ours."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Other authors [6][7] define a “fair” outcome as a wound with prolonged drainage or serum leakage of up to 6 weeks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "These findings would be interpreted as persistent infection/reinfection in our assessment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "The differences in definition as well as in the patient collective may explain the increased complication and reinfection rate in the JBJI study."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0065__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Overall, the comparability of our two studies is limited, just like the comparability of complication rates with other studies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5030__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, 11, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066", "paragraph_index": 66, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As Martin McNally and we state, there are no large randomized trials directly comparing the use of bioactive glass."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In our opinion, results of animal or in vitro studies – even if they are of high quality – are not sufficient to compare with the results of in vivo studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, there are studies that prove the antibacterial effect of BAG without addition of local antibiotics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Van Vugt et al. [ 8] evaluated the use of various bone graft substitutes in a systematic review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "No significant differences were found between the different bone graft substitutes (with and without adjunctive use of local antibiotics)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "According to our standard at that time, we used the synergy of the local antimicrobial effect of bioactive glass and systemic antibiotics according to the antibiotic resistance pattern to achieve optimal efficacy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A change in pathogens was seen in only 2 % of our BAG patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Independent of the effectiveness, some authors describe the tolerability of BAG as excellent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "To our knowledge, there have been no reports of bioactive glass-associated complications."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "This corresponds to our experiences."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Therefore, we consider the tolerability of BAG to be excellent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "This statement in our discussion section does not refer to the patient’s outcome (recurrence rate, failure of bone healing, amputation rate)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "In contrast to the excellent tolerability of BAG, our – unpublished – individual experiences with an absorbable gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite biocomposite were different."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Its use resulted in long-lasting drainage of white fluid like the liquefied bone substitute in most of our patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0066__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "This phenomenon of increased drainage of white fluid is also described by other authors using this bone substitute [9][10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5030__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 1, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "5030", "paragraph_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067", "paragraph_index": 67, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Lastly, Martin McNally concludes that serial debridement followed by defect filling without local antibiotics is not an effective treatment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We discussed the one-stage versus two-stage procedure in our JBJI paper."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, several authors highlight the possibility of the one-stage use of BAG as well as of other bone graft substitutes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "However, our standard was a two-stage procedure during the inclusion period of the JBJI study (July 2013 to January 2017)."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition, our influence of the increased number of previous operations is limited."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Most of our patients had already been treated in other hospitals before, and many of the previous operations were required due to large soft tissue defects."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Data availability."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_5030__response__p0067__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The data sets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_5030/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W3118467443_W3167424017_W3167304829", "triad_name": "triad_5030", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_5030__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository was established in 2000 (1) to host and freely disseminate high-throughput gene expression data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The database is built and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), located on the campus of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD, USA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The data are contributed by the research community, often in compliance with grant or journal directives that require data to be made publicly available, thus allowing others to access, evaluate and re-analyze results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The three principal objectives of this project are to:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(i) provide a robust, versatile database in which to effi- ciently store high-throughput functional genomic data; (ii) offer the simplest submission procedures and for- mats that support complete and well-annotated data deposits from the research community; and (iii) provide user-friendly mechanisms that allow users to query, locate, review and download experiments of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The fulfillment of these goals can be assessed in terms of database growth and usage."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Today the database holds over 10 000 experiments comprising 300 000 samples, 16 billion individual abundance measurements, for over 500 organisms, submitted by 5000 laboratories from around the world."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The database typically receives over 60 000 query hits and 10 000 bulk FTP downloads per day, and has been cited in over 5000 manuscripts."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In recent years, microarray technology has seen an explo- sion of applications that go far beyond analyzing gene expression levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Examples of such studies include those that examine genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variations (commonly called 'array comparative genomic hybridization', or aCGH), genome-protein binding surveys (commonly called 'chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip', or ChIP-chip), and various epigenomic factors such as nucleosomal posi- tioning and genome methylation status."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, non-array-based methodologies such as next-generation sequencing are increasingly being applied to such genome-wide investigations (2)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite the fact that GEO was initially set up to store gene expression data generated by microarrays and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), the flexible design of the database allows these non-expression or alternative high-through- put data types to be similarly hosted with little extra effort or overhead."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Thus, we have been accommodating to requests to accept such data and extended the minimal standards to fit these types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In fact, at the time of writing, over 15% of the data in GEO are non-expression data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Consequently, the name of the database, Gene Expression Omnibus, has become somewhat misleading and perhaps confusing to users."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All experi- ments in GEO and Omix have been newly assigned into broad experiment types, making it much easier for users to locate specific data or technology types."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "GEO recently began processing high-throughput sequence data submissions (5-7)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It can be expected that next- generation sequencing technologies will become widely used and have a considerable impact on genome-wide sur- veys (2)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0009__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "GEO accepts sequence data for studies that examine gene expression, gene regulation, epigenetics, or other studies where measuring sequence abundance is cen- tral to the experiment design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0009__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "GEO hosts the processed and analyzed sequence data, together with sample and experiment metadata; raw data files are brokered to NCBI's Short Read Archive sequence database, ensuring that these sequence data are integrated with NCBI's col- lection of sequence-specific resources (8)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
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{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A Series record defines a set of related Samples consid- ered to be part of a study, and describes the overall study aim and design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Each Series record is assigned a unique and stable GEO accession number with prefix GSE."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Series records may contain one or more summary tables and supplementary files."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The submitter-supplied objects described above are very heterogeneous with regards to the style, content and level of detail with which the experiments are described. But despite this diversity, all expression-based submissions share a common core set of elements: (iii) text describing the biological source and experiment aim."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Through a procedure that employs both automated data extraction and manual curation, these three categories of information are captured from the submitter-supplied records and organized into an upper-level object called a GEO DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A DataSet represents a collection of con- sistently processed experimentally related Sample records, summarized and categorized according to experimental variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Each DataSet is assigned a unique GEO acces- sion number with prefix GDS."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "DataSets are a means for transforming diverse styles of incoming data into a rela- tively standardized format upon which downstream data analysis and data display tools can be built."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "At this time, only expression-based DataSets are being generated."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "DataSets provide two distinct renderings of the data (Figure 1):"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(i) an experiment-centered representation that encapsu- lates the entire study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This information is presented as a DataSet record which comprises a synopsis of the experiment, a breakdown of the experimental vari- ables, access to auxiliary objects, several data display and analysis tools and download options; and (ii) a gene-centered representation that presents quantita- tive gene expression measurements for one gene across a DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This information is presented as a GEO Profile, and comprises gene identity annotation, DataSet title, links to auxiliary information and a chart depicting the expression level and rank of that gene across each Sample in the DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Gene Nucleic Acids Research, 2009, Vol. 37, Database issue D887 annotation is derived from querying sequence identi- fiers (e.g. GenBank accessions, clone IDs) with the latest Entrez Gene and UniGene databases, an impor- tant point given the dynamic nature of gene annota- tion (10)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Great emphasis has been placed on making data deposit procedures as simple as possible for submitters, while not compromising the level of experimental annotation required (11)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Four submission options are offered: web forms, spreadsheets, a plain text format and an XML format (Table 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All these formats are designed to capture all components of the MIAME checklist (4)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Deciding which method to use depends on the volume, type of data to be submitted and current data format."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "To further ease the submission process, native files are requested where possible (e.g. Affymetrix CHP and CEL files)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "No matter what deposit method is used, the final GEO records will look similar and contain equivalent information."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0020__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A skilled team of curators is on hand to assist researchers should any questions arise about submission procedures (email: geo@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "All data undergo syntactic validation upon upload."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A member of the curation team reviews each record to ensure that data are organized correctly and contain suffi- cient information to interpret the experiment."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "If content or structural problems are identified, or if critical MIAME components are missing, the curator works with the sub- mitter until the issue is resolved or explained."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Submissions are typically approved within 2-5 days, but expedited approval can be performed on request."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Researchers are provided the capability to update their records at any time."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Records may be kept private until a manuscript describing the data is published."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Submitters may generate a temporary reviewer URL that grants anonymous, con- fidential access to their private data, typically via a journal editor."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0021__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Guidelines for reviewers and editors regarding how to access and evaluate private data are provided at http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/geo/info/reviewer.html."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Given the wide scope of biological projects and organisms represented in GEO experiments, it is crucial to provide effective query tools so users can quickly locate, analyze and visualize data relevant to their specific interests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A summary of the main query features, and their location and purpose, is provided in Table 2."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Figure 2 depicts a schematic overview of the query workflow and how the various features and tools are interlinked."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "NCBI's powerful Entrez (PubMed-like) search and link- ing system serve as the basis for most queries; Entrez GEO DataSets contains experiment-centered data and Entrez GEO Profiles contains gene-centered expression data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Relevant material is located simply by typing in keywords or fielded Boolean (AND, OR and NOT) phrases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0023__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additionally, several auxiliary tools feed into Entrez, including the cluster heat maps and the 'Query group A versus B' tool."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A rich complement of Entrez links is generated to con- nect data to related information: inter-database links reci- procally connect GEO to other NCBI resources such as PubMed, GenBank and Gene; intra-database links con- nect genes related by expression pattern, chromosomal position or sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Entrez search retrievals can be sorted and filtered by various flags and criteria, and down- loaded by various mechanisms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Advanced Entrez features allow generation of multipart fielded queries, or can join multiple queries to identify overlapping results."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "GEO provides several graphical renderings that greatly facilitate interpretation and visualization of expression data, including:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(i) interactive pre-calculated hierarchical and on-the-fly k-means/k-medians cluster heat map images that may hint at groups of coordinately regulated genes."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(ii) Expression profile charts that track the activity of one gene across all Samples in a DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A break- down of the experimental design is provided along the bottom of the chart, helping the user to quickly assess whether expression levels are shifting with experimental variables."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "NCBI's GEO public archive stores massive volumes of published high-throughput functional genomic data gen- erated by the international research community."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In addition to archiving data, tools are provided to assist users of all levels of expertise to quickly search, query, analyze, visualize and download these data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These features employ classic data reduction and filtering meth- ods, succinct displays designed for human scanning, and extensive linking with disparate but related data sources."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Looking at the literature, it is apparent that GEO is used routinely as a primary data resource by the research community."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Hundreds of third-party publications cite GEO data as evidence to support or complement indepen- dent studies, or use GEO data as the basis of statistical or analytical hypotheses or tools (http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/projects/geo/info/ucitations.html)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As high-throughput technologies advance, large-scale functional genomic datasets are becoming easier and cheaper to generate."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "However, a major challenge remains in translating diverse sets of functional genomic data into context, i.e. integrating these datasets with each other and, ultimately, making correlations with observable pheno- types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Collecting and archiving comprehensive 'omic data- sets in common formats at one public location like GEO is The GEO database and tools continue to undergo intensive development and modification aimed at enhan- cing the experiences of both data submitters and data consumers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The submission pipeline and data transfer mechanisms will continue to be upgraded, and we plan to develop additional data retrieval and mining features, particularly for the novice user."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_2463__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Epigenomics database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is a new resource that has been created to serve as a comprehensive public resource for whole-genome epigenetic data sets [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Epigenetics is the study of stable and heritable changes in gene expression that occur independently of the primary DNA sequence [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Epigenetic mechanisms include post-translational modifications of histones, DNA methylation, chromatin conformation and non-coding RNAs [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "It has been observed that misregulation of epigenetic processes has been associated with human disease [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We have constructed the new resource by selecting the subset of epigenetics-specific data from general-purpose archives, such as the Gene Expression Omnibus, and Sequence Read Archives, and then subjecting them to further review, annotation and reorganization [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Raw data is processed and mapped to genomic coordinates to generate ‘tracks’ that are a visual representation of the data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "These data tracks can be viewed using popular genome browsers or downloaded for local analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The Epigenomics resource also provides the user with a unique interface that allows for intuitive browsing and searching of data sets based on biological attributes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0032__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Currently, there are 69 studies, 337 samples and over 1100 data tracks from five well-studied species that are viewable and downloadable in Epigenomics [6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 11, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [11, null, 11], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Interest in the field of epigenetics has exploded over the previous decade."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Epigenetics, strictly defined, refers to the study of stable and heritable changes in gene expression that are not mediated by the primary DNA sequence [1,2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Epigenetic mechanisms participate in processes such as regulating gene expression, homologous recombination and DNA repair [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Individual epigenetic features are often called ‘marks’ because they are stably tied to specific genomic locations and may be propagated through many rounds of cell division, yet have the ability to be ‘erased’ later as cells undergo differentiation or are exposed to extra-cellular stimuli and environmental cues [4,5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Several types of epigenetic marks have been identified and intensely studied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These include post-translational modifications of histone proteins, DNA methylation, chromatin organization (DNase hypersensitivity) and non-coding regulatory RNA [3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Just as ordinary mutations are known to contribute to disease, so too can corruption of normal epigenetic states (‘epimutations’) [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Indeed, many cancers, degenerative diseases and metabolic disorders have been shown to be the result of mis-targeting of DNA methylation or deficiencies in pathways for histone modification [8,9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "We may consider the collection of epigenetic marks across the genome to constitute the cellular ‘epigenome’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The study of the epigenome, or epigenomics, refers to identifying what is literally ‘on’ the genome (the prefix epi- indicating above), and how these phenomena impact global gene expression, DNA mediated processes, and subsequently, development."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0033__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Studying epigenomes presents more of a challenge because each cell type may have a different configuration of features and, undoubtedly, additional epigenetic marks have yet to be discovered [10]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The development of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) as an experimental technique was a major breakthrough for the field of epigenetics [11,12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "ChIP allows for the genomic localization of chromatin associated proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Typically, growing cells are treated with formaldehyde to induce protein–DNA crosslinking, followed by lysis and physical/enzymatic disruption of the chromatin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Antibodies that specifically recognize epigenetic features are used to immunoprecipitate the protein–DNA complexes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "These antibodies can be specific to modified histones, histone modifying enzymes, transcription factors, or even modified nucleotides."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Following the immunoprecipitation, the DNA is isolated from the protein–DNA complexes for analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "If a particular epigenetic feature is localized to a specific genomic region, DNA representing that region will be enriched in the immunoprecipitate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0034__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "In conjunction with microarray analysis (or more recently, next-gen sequencing), these genomic regions can be identified [13]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "It is common to represent epigenetic data as genome ‘tracks’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The output of a next-gen sequencing experiment is millions of short DNA sequences, which are then aligned to a genome sequence."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Sequences that are enriched in the experimental material (an immunoprecipitate, say) will occur multiple times and form visually discernable peaks when represented graphically in a genome viewer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A commonly used data structure for this type of track is the ‘wiggle’ format developed for use with the UCSC Genome Browser [14]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Because files in this format are usually given a .wig file extension, we will hereafter refer to them as ‘WIG files’."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0035__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Further advancement of these technologies has enabled genome-wide epigenetic analysis and as a result, massive amounts of data have been generated characterizing genomic localization of histone modifications, DNA methylation, smRNA and miRNA expression, and chromatin accessibility in numerous organisms and cell types [15]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 6, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [6, 6, 6], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "With the renewed interest in epigenetics and the methodological advances in whole-genome analysis, in 2007, the NIH launched the Roadmap Epigenomics Project [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among its aims are the development of reference epigenome maps from a variety of cell types and unraveling the relationships between the epigenomic landscape and human disease."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Complementary to this effort are the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia of DNA Elements) project and the corresponding modENCODE project for model organisms [17,18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although they are focused on identifying functional DNA elements in the genome, many of these sites may be epigenetically regulated or participate in epigenetic regulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition to these large projects, data from individual laboratory projects are incorporated on an ongoing basis."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The Epigenomics database is being created as public resource to provide access to these data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "It aims to provide both users familiar with the epigenetics field and novice users with a simple and intuitive interface to view, explore, analyze and manipulate these data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Content in the Epigenomics resource is derived primarily from data originally submitted to archival databases at the NCBI, specifically, the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) [5,19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although originally established to warehouse gene expression data, GEO has become a general-purpose database for molecular abundance data from wide variety of experiment types, including those aimed at epigenomics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In addition to the raw abundance data, extensive meta data may be provided with GEO submissions in order to fully describe the biological and experimental context."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In recent years, measurements of molecular abundance are increasingly being generated by the use of next-gen sequencing-based approaches."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "SRA serves as a repository for raw next-gen sequence data, together with detailed information on the sequencing instrument and other experimental variables [20]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In constructing the new Epigenomics database, we have identified the subset of GEO and SRA data that pertain to epigenomics, subjected them to additional review, and reorganized them in a fashion that is more useful for epigenomics researchers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In many cases, data producers provide WIG files as part of their GEO submissions, which allows them to be directly leveraged in the Epigenomics resource."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, because some submissions either lack WIG files or have files based on older genome assemblies, we have developed a pipeline for generating epigenetic tracks that primarily uses the processed output from the Bowtie aligner [21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The Epigenomics database currently has data tracks for epigenetic features, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and expression of small non-coding RNAs."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Data is also available for several chromatin associated factors such as histone modifying enzymes, transcription factors, and components of the core transcriptional machinery."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "More of these data type will be included as they become available."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0038__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Furthermore, gene expression data for relevant biological samples will also be included in Epigenomics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The two fundamental types of database records are ‘studies’ and ‘samples’, both of which are assigned unique accession numbers (with prefixes ESS and ESM, respectively)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A study refers to one or more experiments with a common set of scientific aims."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Most often an epigenomic study will correspond to a publication or to a publicly available data set."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "For each study, there is a brief summary of the scientific design, together with a listing of the biological samples that were studied and the epigenetic features examined."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Full data source information is provided, including the submitter’s institution, links to the original data submissions in GEO and SRA, links to literature citations in PubMed and (where available) links to the full-text articles in PubMed Central."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Each study is associated with a collection of samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0039__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "A sample corresponds to the biological material that was examined and includes detailed biological source attributes with values drawn from controlled vocabularies."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In order to unify and consistently assign biological attributes, extensive manual curation is performed using submitted meta data as a foundation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This process may include examining primary literature and researching on-line repositories of cell lines, mouse strains, and tissues."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There are over 20 biological attribute fields available, including strain, ecotype, cultivar, individual, gender, age, developmental stage, cell line, cell type, tissue type, health status and many others."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Epigenomics database was first released in June of 2010."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As of this writing, it contains 69 studies, 337 samples and over 1100 data tracks from five well-studied species."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Currently, data tracks for global expression of micro and small RNAs (194 tracks), histone modifications (626 tracks), DNA methylation (128 tracks), chromatin accessibility (60 tracks) and various chromatin associated factors (including RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and various histone modifying enzymes) (140 tracks), are available among others."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The entry point for exploring these data is the Epigenomics home page (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics/)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In addition to basic database searching functionality, it includes links to a series of tutorial documents that explain how to use the database as well as scientific background documents that cover fundamental topics in epigenetics, such as an introduction to histone modifications."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Epigenomics database is part of the NCBI’s umbrella Entrez search system, which supports both free-text and fielded queries, together with a uniform system for representing links between related records in different databases [22]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "To simplify browsing of the database contents, we have developed a unique Sample Browser tool, which lists samples in a tabular (spreadsheet-like) display."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The user-configurable columns correspond to various biological and experimental attributes while the rows are the epigenomic samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The table may be sorted on any column and the entire table may be exported in a spreadsheet-compatible format (comma-separated values)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Pre-set filters provide easy browsing by species, cell type and submitting institution, while a free-text filtering feature allows for fine control of the displayed samples."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Sets of samples may be stored temporarily using a clipboard feature or saved permanently (with a free NCBI login) in named collections."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0042__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The Sample Browser also serves as a hub for connecting to other tools that act on sets of samples, specifically, graphical rendering and bulk downloading."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 4, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The Epigenomics database at NCBI has been established to serve as a comprehensive public resource for epigenetic and epigenomic data sets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Data are being collected from several large scale projects, including the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics project, ENCODE and modENCODE projects as well as from smaller single laboratory studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0044__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "With interest in the field of epigenomics expanding and the amount of data increasing dramatically, it is important that this information be readily available and easily accessed by all members of the scientific community."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0044__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Epigenomics introduces the Sample Browser, a new and unique tool at NCBI, which provides an intuitive interface to the database."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__critique__p0044__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We hope to provide users with all levels of knowledge and expertise in the field of epigenetics the ability to examine and analyze these data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_2463__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 7, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 7, 7], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A decade ago, the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was established at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The original objective of GEO was to serve as a public repository for high-throughput gene expression data generated mostly by microarray technology."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "However, the research community quickly applied microarrays to studies, including examination of genome copy number variation and genome-wide profiling of DNA-binding proteins."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Because the GEO database was designed with a flexible structure, it was possible to quickly adapt the repository to store these data types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "More recently, as the microarray community switches to next-generation sequencing technologies, GEO has again adapted to host these data sets. Today, GEO stores over 20,000 functional genomics studies, and continues to handle the majority of direct high-throughput data submissions from the research community."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Multiple mechanisms are provided to help users effectively search, browse, download and visualize the data at the level of individual genes or entire studies."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "This paper describes recent database enhancements, including new search and data representation tools, as well as a brief review of how the community uses GEO data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "GEO is freely accessible at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In 2000, the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was established by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine [1]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0045__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "GEO was originally built to archive the burgeoning volumes of high-throughput gene expression data beginning to be produced by the research community at that time."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The overarching design and organization of GEO remains largely unchanged from previous descriptions [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Platform, Sample and Series records continue to be the core submitter-supplied objects, while DataSet records represent curated studies that form the basis of GEO’s advanced data display and analysis tools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Information describing the objects, their content and relationships is provided at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/overview.html."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A Platform record is composed of a summary description of the array or sequencer and, for array-based Platforms, a data table defining the array template."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "A Sample record is composed of a description of the biological material, the experimental protocols to which it was subjected and a data table containing abundance measurements for each feature on the corresponding Platform table."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A Series record defines a set of related Samples considered to be part of a study and describes the overall study aim and design."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "We continue to take advantage of the flexible nature of the primary database which facilitates capture of a wide variety of rapidly developing heterogeneous data types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The tabular data from original submissions are not fully normalized in the database but rather are stored as plain text tab-delimited tables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "While these tables can in principle contain any number of rows and columns, a suite of validation checks performed at the time of upload ensures that they meet basic format and content requirements, which in turn facilitates extraction of core elements to the secondary database."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The validation rules can be easily modified to quickly accommodate novel data types and evolving curation standards."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Corresponding raw data files are linked from each record and stored on FTP servers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Series summaries, biological sample descriptions, treatments and protocol metadata are stored in specified fields within database tables and have appropriate relations and restrictions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0047__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Unique and stable accession numbers are assigned to each record."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048", "paragraph_index": 48, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Although the submitter-supplied objects in the primary database are very heterogeneous with regards to content, style and level of metadata detail, the array-based expression data generally share a common set of elements that can be extracted and further processed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These include: (i) sequence identity tracking information of each feature on the Platform, (ii) normalized expression measurements and (iii) text describing the biological source and experimental aim."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This information is extracted from the submitter-supplied records and organized into an upper-level object called a GEO DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A DataSet represents a summarized collection of consistently processed experimentally related Sample records categorized according to experimental variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "GEO Profiles are derived from GEO DataSets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A GEO Profile consists of the expression measurements for an individual gene across all Samples in a DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Genes in GEO Profiles are periodically re-annotated according to the latest information in Entrez Gene and UniGene, an important consideration given the dynamic nature of gene annotations."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0048__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "DataSets and Profiles are a means for transforming diverse styles of incoming data into a relatively standardized format upon which downstream data analysis and data display tools are built."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049", "paragraph_index": 49, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Much effort continues to be invested into making the deposit process as simple as possible for submitters, while not compromising the quality of the information supplied."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A spreadsheet-based format called GEOarchive has emerged as GEO’s most popular deposit method for both array and next-generation sequence submissions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "GEOarchive spreadsheets are easy to assemble, and enable rapid batch deposit of both large and small studies."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Generic GEOarchive templates are provided, as well as templates tailored for specific data types."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Web-based submission forms are also supported, as are plain text and XML formats."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "All these submission methods can capture all components of the MIAME checklist."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "The GEO curation team is available to support submitters deposit their data should the need arise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "All submissions are syntactically validated for correct document structure, organization and provision of basic MIAME elements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Curators also review the content of each submission, aiming to ensure that sufficient information has been supplied to allow general interpretation of the study."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "When any problems are identified, such as corrupt files or missing components, a curator will work with the submitter until the issues are resolved."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Despite these checks, it should be noted that submitters have ultimate responsibility for the content and accuracy of their records."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "If submitters notice errors or want to make adjustments to their records, they are free to do so at any time using online update tools."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Submitters can keep their records in private status until a manuscript describing the data is published."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Submitters are invited to create a reviewer URL and include it with their manuscript when they send it to journals for review."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0049__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "This URL allows anonymous, confidential access to the private GEO records cited in the paper, enabling reviewers to download and critically evaluate the data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050", "paragraph_index": 50, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "GEO accepts next-generation sequence data for studies that examine gene expression, genome–protein interactions, genome methylation and gene regulation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Submissions are organized similarly to array-based submissions and all standard GEO administrative procedures are applied, full details are provided at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/seq.html."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "GEO hosts the processed and analyzed sequence data, together with sample and study metadata; raw data files are brokered to and linked with NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database [6], ensuring that these sequence data are integrated with NCBI’s collection of sequence-specific resources."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Given the huge volumes and wide scope of experiment types represented in GEO, it is crucial to provide robust tools that allow users to easily locate and access information relevant to their interests."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Queries may be performed at the GEO DataSets and GEO Profiles search interfaces (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geoprofiles, respectively)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "A simple keyword search is often sufficient to locate relevant data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "However, GEO data are extensively indexed under many separate fields, meaning that users can refine their search by constructing fielded queries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Advanced Search pages have recently been developed for the GEO DataSets and GEO Profiles databases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "These pages greatly assist users to construct complex multi-part fielded search statements."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Alternatively, users can write and execute their own search statements directly in the search boxes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "A full listing of all indexed fields, with examples and tips, is provided at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/qqtutorial.html."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0050__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Examples of indexed fields include DataSet Type, Gene Symbol, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, Chromosome and Base Position."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051", "paragraph_index": 51, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The search fields are not restricted to descriptive metadata, they can also be used to locate genes flagged as having interesting gene expression patterns."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "For example, to find genes that exhibit differential expression with respect to age or development stage in mouse, users could query GEO Profiles with: (age[Flag Information] OR development stage[Flag Information]) AND mouse[Organism]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Additional query approaches are provided on GEO DataSet records to help users locate genes of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These include a tool that allows the user to perform t-tests with varying levels of significance on selected sets of Samples, as well as pre-computed cluster heatmap images that may be queried for specific genes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Sequence-based queries may be performed using the GEO BLAST interface."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The DataSet Browser is located at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/GDSbrowser."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Complete GEO records and raw data files are freely available for bulk download from the GEO FTP site."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "High-throughput file transfer through Aspera Connect is also supported."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Data are available in multiple formats including tab-delimited tables, plain text and XML."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Raw data files are provided in native format where possible."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Additional mechanisms are provided to enable download of more focused sets of data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "For example, URLs can be constructed to retrieve metadata files for specific records and annotated gene expression values can be downloaded from GEO Profiles results pages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Download options are detailed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "Programmatic access to metadata is supported through a suite of NCBI programs called the Entrez Programming Utilities."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0051__s0015", "sentence_n": 15, "text": "These tools allow users to develop pipelines that locate and download data of interest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052", "paragraph_index": 52, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Various graphical renderings are provided to help users identify data of interest."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "GEO Profile charts portray the expression behavior of one gene across all Samples in a DataSet."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The charts present several categories of information including expression measurement values, expression measurement rankings and an outline of the experimental design and variables."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "A user can look at a chart and quickly assess whether gene activity is shifting according to experimental conditions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Display of entire DataSets is facilitated through several types of precomputed cluster heatmaps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "These clusters are interactive in that the user can search for specific genes, or highlight specific areas using a moveable selector box, and then download those regions as a text file or link to corresponding GEO Profiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Next-generation sequence data presents new challenges for data display."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Hundreds of GEO ChIP-seq and RNA-seq Samples have been selected for re-processing by NCBI’s new Epigenomics resource [7] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Once migrated to the Epigenomics resource, these data undergo advanced curation and are made available for review as precomputed tracks on genome browsers."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Extensive internal and external links are applied to GEO data."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Internal links help the user discover related gene expression Profiles."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "For example, Profile Neighbor links retrieve genes that show a similar gene expression pattern to the chosen Profile within a DataSet, Chromosome Neighbor links connect genes that are physically close to each other on the chromosome to help investigate gene expression neighborhoods, and Sequence Neighbor links gather Profiles from across all DataSets that are related by nucleotide sequence similarity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0052__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Inter-database links provide reciprocal connections to corresponding information in other NCBI databases including Gene, PubMed and GenBank [8]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "2463", "paragraph_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053", "paragraph_index": 53, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As the number of GEO data sets increases, so does the opportunity to aggregate and use the data in a much broader context than that for which it was originally intended."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "GEO typically receives over 40,000 web hits and 10,000 bulk FTP downloads per day."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A review of the literature reveals over 1000 publications in which researchers describe how they applied data they found in GEO to their own studies, see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/ucitations.html."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Many of these publications report how GEO data were used to verify gene expression signatures of individual genes in specific cell types or under specific conditions, providing evidence to support conclusions in the authors’ own study [9]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Other authors incorporate GEO data into their own analyses, such as using GEO data as controls or training sets within their own study [10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "The huge volumes of data present bioinformaticians with a wealth of test material for developing new statistical algorithms [11] or analysis strategies, including modeling gene networks, predicting gene function and regulation [12] and identifying disease and toxicity predictors [13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Others have attempted to define systems-wide relationships and maps between GEO expression data and other data types such as gene pathways [14,15] and ontologies [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Many subject-specific and/or added-value databases have been created using GEO data, targeting specific audiences, or presenting the data in alternative formats [17–19]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Despite the heterogeneity of data types and experimental designs, many users have been able to perform powerful meta-analyses across thousands of independently-submitted GEO Samples [20,21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_2463__response__p0053__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "It can be anticipated that as public high-throughput functional genomic data sets continue to accumulate, third-party users will exploit these data in ever-more innovative ways."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_2463/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2168546553_W2090127207_W2094678200", "triad_name": "triad_2463", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_2463__response"}
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{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The response to antiplatelet therapy is probably affected by the ability of young platelets to produce proteins including the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and alpha-granule proteins, such as fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor [5,14,15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, the increase in platelet turnover indicated by the presence of immature platelets may be important per se, as platelets unaffected by drugs are introduced into the blood stream possibly causing the overall platelet inhibition to be insufficient [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
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{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the present study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between platelet aggregation, platelet activation and platelet turnover in a population of stable CAD patients including a high proportion of diabetics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As previously described, a total of 177 patients with stable CAD were recruited from the Western Denmark Heart Registry from November 2007 to April 2008 [17,18]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Among 727 invited patients, 423 did not want to participate and 127 were either not eligible or were excluded according to the criteria given below."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In this observational study, patients were eligible for inclusion if they were above 18 years of age and had significant CAD verified by coronary angiography."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Our aim was to provide a study population of stable CAD patients with a relatively high-risk profile."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0007__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The study population included about 50% diabetics and a high prevalence of patients with previous myocardial infarction."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0007__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "All diabetic patients had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and were treated with oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0007__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In the remaining patients, fasting glucose was measured to exclude undiagnosed diabetes (glucose ‡ 7 mM) or impaired glucose tolerance."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Patients were excluded if they had had any ischemic event or revasculariza- tion procedure within the previous 12 months, if their platelet count was < 120 · 10 9 L )1 or if they took warfarin or any drug known to affect platelet function [e.g. clopidogrel, non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ticlopidin, dipy- ridamol]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0008__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All patients were taking 75 mg of plain aspirin daily."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The study was conducted in agreement with the Helsinki-II- declaration and was approved by The Central Denmark Region Committees on Biomedical Research Ethics (M- 20070180)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All participants gave written informed consent."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "To optimize compliance and uniform pharmacokinetics all patients received a pill-dispensing box with seven tablets of 75- mg non-enteric coated aspirin (Hjerdyl Ò ; Sandoz, Copenhagen, Denmark) in separate compartments for each day of the week."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Compliance was further optimized by face-to-face interviews and pill counting and was confirmed by measurements of serum thromboxane B 2 ."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Standardized blood sampling was performed 1 h after aspirin intake."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Samples were collected using a large bore needle (19-G) and a minimum of stasis with patients in the supine position after 30 min of rest in sitting position."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The first milliliters of blood were collected in tubes without anticoagulant for separation of serum."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Samples for analyzes of platelet aggregation and platelet characteristics were collected in tubes containing 3.2% citrate and EDTA, respectively (Terumo, Leuven, Belgium)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "These variables were all measured using a XE-2100 hematology analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) allowing flow cytometric detection of immature platelets as previously described [12,16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Briefly, platelet RNA was stained with fluorescent dyes (polymethine and oxazine) before stained cells were passed through a semiconductor diode laser beam."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The resulting fluorescence intensity (RNA content) and forward light scatter (cell volume) were measured, and a preset gate (XE IPF Master software) (Sysmex) discriminated between mature and imma- ture platelets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Absolute immature platelet counts (IPC) were obtained and the immature platelet fraction (IPF) was calculated as the ratio of immature platelets to the total platelet count and is given in percent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The method for platelet count determination has previously been described [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Platelet size parameters were derived from the platelet size distribution."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Mean platelet volume (MPV) was calculated by dividing the platelet crit by platelet impedance count."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "Platelet distribution width (PDW), a measure of platelet anisocytosis, is the width of the size distribution curve in femtoliters (fL) at the 20% level of the peak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "The platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) is the number of cells falling above the 12-fL threshold divided by platelet count."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0012__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Samples from all study participants were measured on the same Sysmex XE-2100 apparatus and were analyzed within 90 min of collection."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Platelet aggregation was evaluated according to manufacturerÕs instructions using two different point-of-care tests; multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) and the VerifyNow Ò (Accu- metrics, San Diego, CA, USA) Aspirin test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "All analyzes were performed within 2 h of sampling."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Platelet aggregation assessed by MEA was performed using an impedance aggregometer (Multiplate Ò ; Dynabyte, Mu¨nich, Germany)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Aggregation was induced by final agonist concen- trations of arachidonic acid (AA) 1.0 mM (Medinova Scientific, Glostrup, Denmark), ADP 10 lM (Sigma-Aldrich, Broendby, Denmark) and collagen 1.0 lg mL )1 (Collagen Reagent Horm; Nycomed, Linz, Austria)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Aggregation was recorded for 6 min and reported as the area under the curve (AUC, Aggregation Units · minutes) [19]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The VerifyNow Ò Aspirin system (Accumetrics) is based on turbidimetric optical detection of platelet aggregation in whole blood using AA as agonist [20]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The instrument measures light transmittance, reported as Aspirin Reaction Units."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Platelet activation was determined by analysis of soluble P- selectin (sP-selectin) and thrombopoietin, the main regulator of platelet production from the bone marrow, was measured to investigate determinants of platelet turnover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Whole blood was allowed to clot for 30 min at room temperature, before serum was separated by centrifugation at 1000 · g for 15 min and stored at )80°C until analysis."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Soluble P-selectin and throm- bopoietin concentrations were determined by ELISA kits according to the manufacturerÕs instructions (R&D Systems Europe, Abingdon UK)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Measurements of serum thromboxane B 2 were performed according to Patrono et al. [ 19] with the modifications that serum was collected from whole blood by centrifugation (10 min at 2600 · g) after 1 h of clotting at 37°C, and an ELISA was used (Cayman chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "All samples were measured in duplicate and in two dilutions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0016__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Samples with results outside the standard curve were re-assayed with appropriate dilutions."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD if normally distributed and as median (25th, 75th percentile) if not."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Distributions of categorical variables were compared with the v 2 -test and presented as absolute counts and percentages."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "All variables were tested for normality using the DÕAgostino- Pearson normality test."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0017__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Continuous variables were analyzed as appropriate using an unpaired t-tests or the Mann-Whitney U-test, except that the Kruskal-Wallis test was used, when more than two groups were compared."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0017__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Correlations were calculated using SpearmanÕs rank correlation coefficient."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As no standardized definition of residual platelet reactivity (RPR) exists, we defined RPR as the upper tertile of platelet aggregation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify determinants of immature platelet levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0018__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Two-sided P- values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0018__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Figures and statistics were performed using STATA Ò version 10.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) and GRAPHPAD PRISM 5 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Clinical characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We included a population of stable CAD patients with a relatively high-risk profile."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, only patients without any cardiovascular events or revascularization procedures within the previous year were included, and there was a high prevalence of type 2 diabetics (48%), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (92%), myocardial infarction (66%), coronary artery bypass grafting (23%) and stroke (10%)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0019__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Pill counting and face-to-face interviews did not reveal any non-compliant patients, and optimal compliance was confirmed by serum thromboxane B 2 levels < 7.2 ng mL )1 in all patients [21]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Table 2, no significant correlations were observed between platelet aggregation and the IPF, whereas absolute IPC correlated with platelet aggregometry measured by MEA (r = 0.31-0.35, all P-values < 0.0001), but not with Verify- Now Ò results (r = 0.12, P = 0.104)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0020__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "IPC (but not IPF) correlated with the platelet activation marker sP-selectin (r = 0.19, P = 0.014, Fig. 1)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Whole blood platelet aggregometry results obtained using MEA significantly correlated with platelet count (r = 0.45- 0.68, all P-values < 0.0001), whereas only a trend was seen with the VerifyNow Ò Aspirin test (r = 0.14, P = 0.066)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Similarly, the VerifyNow Ò analyzes were not affected by MPV (r = 0.02, P = 0.755), whereas results obtained using MEA correlated with MPV (r = 0.17-0.23, P-values < 0.05), except when aggregometry was induced by ADP (r = 0.01, P = 0.906)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As expected, there was a negative correlation between platelet count and MPV (r = )0.30, P < 0.0001) and between platelet count and IPF (r = )0.32, P < 0.0001)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Platelet count also correlated with PDW (r = )0.30, P < 0.0001), P-LCR ()0.29, P < 0.001) and IPC (r = 0.13, P = 0.08, Fig. 1)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Significant positive correlations were seen between PDW and MPV, IPF and IPC (r = 0.64-0.95, P-values < 0.0001) as well as between P-LCR and MPV, IPF and IPC (r = 0.63- 0.99, P-values < 0.0001)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "As shown in Table 3, platelet characteristics differed between patients with and without residual platelet reactivity defined as the upper tertile of platelet aggregation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Most strikingly, platelet counts (MEA: P < 0.0001, VerifyNow Ò : P = 0.055)"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Despite treatment with the same dose of aspirin, CAD patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 had significantly higher levels of serum thromboxane B 2 (1.03 [0.5;2.2] vs. 0.58 [0.35;0.92] ng mL )1 , P < 0.0001) and higher levels of residual AA- induced platelet aggregation (159 [91;232] vs. 121 [68;180] aggregation units · min, P = 0.009)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, sP-selectin (77.8 ± 25 vs. 66.3 ± 28 ng mL )1 , P = 0.005) and throm- bopoietin levels (36 [19;56] vs. 24 [12;35], P < 0.001) were significantly higher in diabetics."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Independent determinants of platelet turnover were investi- gated using multivariate regression analyzes including platelet count, age, gender, body mass index, previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, smoking and thrombopoietin levels."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Ana- lyzes were performed to identify determinants of the relative (IPF) and absolute (IPC) number of immature platelets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The IPF was affected by platelet count (P < 0.001), whereas this"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present study provides novel insight into the relation between platelet turnover and platelet aggregation in aspirin- treated patients with CAD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Previous studies have primarily evaluated the relative fraction of immature platelets, but our study showed that the absolute number of immature platelets (i) has a stronger correlation with platelet aggregation, (ii) is not significantly affected by the total platelet count, (iii) signifi- cantly correlates with the platelet activation marker sP-selectin and (iv) is stronger associated with the presence of residual platelet reactivity."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Furthermore, we showed that commonly used platelet function tests seem to differ in their dependence on platelet count."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Contrary to MEA, the VerifyNow Ò Aspirin test is not significantly affected by variations in platelet count and other platelet parameters."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Importantly, this is the largest study employing measurements of thrombopoietin and imma- ture platelets to investigate platelet production and turnover in a population of aspirin-treated stable CAD patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0026__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a multivariate regression analysis, smoking, diabetes and throm- bopoietin levels were identified as significant determinants of platelet turnover."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "No previous studies have evaluated platelet turnover in stable CAD patients on chronic, low-dose aspirin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0027__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We specifically aimed to investigate this population in order to strengthen the external validity of our results."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0027__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We have demonstrated that aspirin-treated CAD patients with a high platelet turnover have a reduced antiplatelet effect of aspirin."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0027__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Our findings are consistent with recent reports of reduced antiplatelet efficacy in individuals with high levels of immature, reticulated platelets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0027__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This has been demonstrated in healthy volunteers after a single-dose administration of aspirin [5] and in CAD patients on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopi- dogrel [6,7]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "There are several possible explanations for these findings."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "First, the response to antiplatelet therapy is probaly affected by the ability of newly formed RNA-containing platelets to produce glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, COX-2 and alpha-granule proteins, such as fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor [5,14,15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The fact that newly formed platelets express more COX-2 is likely to be particularly important, as COX-2 is not blocked by low-dose aspirin, thus resulting in an increased thromboxane production [5,15]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0028__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Additionally, an increased platelet turnover may be important per se, as platelets unaffected by aspirin are introduced into the blood stream possibly causing the overall platelet inhibition to be insufficient, especially during the last hours of the dosing interval."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0028__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Owing to the irreversible inhibition of the platelet COX-1 enzyme, once- daily dosing of low-dose aspirin is sufficient in patients with a normal platelet turnover, whereas this may not be the case in individuals with an increased platelet turnover [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "A high frequency of residual platelet reactivity according to MEA was found in patients with high platelet counts, large MPV and high levels of immature platelets."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, residual platelet reactivity was associated with higher levels of sP-selectin and serum thromboxane B 2 , suggesting a lower aspirin-induced COX-inhibition in these patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "These find- ings are in accordance with previous studies showing that complete inhibition of COX is necessary to achieve sufficient inhibition of platelet aggregation [4,22]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "When residual platelet reactivity was defined according to the VerifyNow Ò Aspirin test, no significant association was observed with platelet parameters, indicating that this assay is less dependent on platelet parameters compared with MEA."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0030__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These results extend our recent findings of a very high reproducibility of the VerifyNow Ò assay compared with MEA and other platelet function tests [23]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0030__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, a very recent study on 20 healthy volunteers reported that results"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Large platelets are known to be more reactive than small platelets [8-10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this population of aspirin-treated patients with CAD, MEA induced by collagen or AA significantly correlated with MPV, whereas test results obtained with the VerifyNow Ò Aspirin assay were not affected by MPV."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The finding of a significantly higher MPV in patients with residual platelet reactivity according to AA-induced MEA might be explained by an increased hemostatic potential of large platelets."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "These results are consistent with findings of a lower inhibitory effect of aspirin on large compared with small platelets [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Furthermore, even after indexing for surface area, large platelets have been shown to contain more dense granules and express more fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and sP-selectin in response to AA compared with small platelets [25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0031__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "An increased MPV has been reported in patients with myocardial infarction and as a risk factor of recurrent myocardial infarction in patients with CAD [26,27]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our population of CAD patients, highly significant correlations between platelet distribution width, platelet large cell ratio and platelet parameters were observed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0032__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although PDW and P-LCR have been reported to be elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes [28], further studies are needed to investigate the clinical importance of these platelet volume indices."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0032__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present study was not designed to identify determinants of platelet count, but a significant negative correlation was seen between MPV and platelet count, thus supporting the well-known phenomenon of a relatively stable platelet mass (platelet count · MPV)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in diabetics [29], who may have an insufficient cardiovascular protection from aspirin [30]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0033__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We observed a higher residual platelet reactivity in aspirin-treated type 2 diabetics with CAD com- pared with CAD patients without diabetes, thus confirming previous findings by DiChiara et al. [ 31]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0033__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The present study suggests that this may be explained by increased platelet activation as indicated by significantly higher levels of sP- selectin and less effective inhibition of COX-1 as indicated by significantly higher levels of serum thromboxane B 2 ."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0033__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Further- more, platelet turnover might be accelerated in diabetics [32], and this may result in an increased number of non-aspirinated platelets, especially during the last part of the 24-h dosing interval."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Using multivariate regression analysis, we identified type 2 diabetes, smoking and thrombopoietin levels as three indepen- dent determinants of platelet turnover, thus extending our findings in patients with acute coronary syndromes [16]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0034__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The accelerated platelet turnover in diabetics is in accordance with a previous study showing that CAD patients with diabetes have increased megakaryocyte ploidy, levels of inflammatory mark- ers and MPV [33]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a population of stable CAD patients with a large proportion of diabetics, we carefully optimized compliance, dose and timing between aspirin ingestion and blood sampling."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "How- ever, when interpreting the results, some limitations should be considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Off-aspirin measurements were considered uneth- ical in this population and were not performed."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0035__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Although statistically significant, many of the correlations observed were relatively weak."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0035__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Platelet turnover was evaluated by measure- ments of platelet parameters and thrombopoietin levels, but might have been even better explored by including measure- ments of, for example, interleukin-6."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "block", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The present study supports the hypothesis that an increased platelet turnover may render aspirin less effective in patients with CAD."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Accordingly, inter-individual differences in imma- ture platelet levels may partly explain previous findings of a variable response to antiplatelet therapy."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In particular, these data suggest that the reduced cardiovascular protection from aspirin observed in diabetics might be at least partly explained by an increased platelet turnover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Furthermore, we have shown that commonly used platelet function tests differ in their dependence on platelet parameters such as platelet count."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "We conclude that the antiplatelet effect of aspirin is reduced in CAD patients with an increased platelet turnover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__original__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Once-daily dosing of aspirin might not be sufficient to adequately inhibit platelet aggregation in patients with an increased platelet turnover."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4300__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, 2, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We read with great interest the recent report by Grove et al. [ 1] related to the effect of platelet turnover on platelet aggregation in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In their study [1], the authors investigated the relationship between platelet aggregation, platelet activation and platelet turnover in a population of subjects with stable CAD and demonstrated that aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease who have a high platelet turnover also have a reduced antiplatelet effect of aspirin [1]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4300__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In fact, platelets are quite heterogenous blood elements, diverging in terms of size, density and reactivity [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Platelet size has been shown to be related to platelet reactivity [3] and along with this finding, there is evidence that mean platelet volume (MPV) is an important biological variable, and immature platelets have larger MPV with higher thrombotic potential [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "In the recent study [1], a high frequency of residual platelet reactivity was reported in patients with high platelet counts, large MPV and high levels of immature platelets."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4300__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0039", "paragraph_index": 39, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0039__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In a study by Yilmaz et al. [ 5], the authors evaluated patients undergoing an exercise stress test and found that patients with a strongly positive exercise test, in whom presence of coronary artery disease was demonstrated by coronary angiography, had a significant increase in MPV values after exercise."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0039__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Platelet reactivity, as indicated by MPV values, which increases after exercise in patients with significant coronary artery disease, may be associated with fresh release of platelets from bone marrow, the spleen and other reservoirs representing immature platelets."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__critique__p0039__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Although the report by Grove et al. [ 1] showed a trend towards increased levels of immature platelets in patients with CAD and type 2 diabetes, the effect of exercise on MPV values in patients with occlusive CAD [5] should not be neglected."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4300__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "We appreciate the letter by Refiker et al. [ 1] in response to our recent article [2]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0040__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The main finding of our study was a reduced antiplatelet effect of aspirin among patients with coronary artery disease and an increased platelet turnover."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0040__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thrombopoiesis and the rate of platelet turnover are reflected by the amount of platelets newly released from the bone marrow."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0040__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "An accelerated platelet turnover causes faster renewal of unacetylated cyclooxygenase-1 and an increased number and fraction of immature, reticulated platelets with an increased hemostatic potential [2,3]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0040__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Quantification of this platelet subpopulation can be used as a proxy for platelet turnover [4]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4300__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In our study, whole blood aggregometry was performed, and immature platelets were identified by automated flow cytometry with fluorescent RNA-staining dyes."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Using the same methods, we have recently shown that patients with previous stent thrombosis have a reduced antiplatelet effect of aspirin, which might be explained by increased platelet turnover and the fact that the fraction of immature platelets is increased in acute coronary syndromes, especially in the acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [5,6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4300__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Refiker et al. [ 1] stress the importance of increased platelet volume, which has been shown to coexist with increased platelet aggregability [7]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0042__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "As the identification of immature platelets is partly based on cell size (forward light scatter), we believe that many previous findings on platelet volume reflect the importance of large, immature platelets, as also indicated by the relatively strong correlation between mean platelet volume and the immature platelet count (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001) in our study [2]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4300__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors suggest that, in patients with coronary ischemia, platelet volume increases after exercise and that this may be associated with the release of immature platelets from the bone marrow, spleen and other reservoirs [1]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Although this mechanism cannot be completely ruled out, we believe that our findings are valid and not affected as suggested."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4300__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "First, any platelet reservoir outside the bone marrow is unlikely to contain significant amounts of immature platelets, which are partly identified on the basis of their RNA content (fluorescence intensity) that degrades within approximately 24 h once platelets are released into the circulation [4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0044__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Furthermore, only stable patients without any cardiovascular events or revascularization procedures within the previous year were included, and blood sampling was performed with patients in the supine position after 30 min of rest."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4300__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4300", "paragraph_id": "triad_4300__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Previous studies have demonstrated considerable variation in the antiplatelet effect of aspirin [8], and our study provides evidence that the rate of platelet turnover contributes to this variation [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Importantly, interindividual differences in the efficacy of antiplatelet drugs have been shown to affect cardiovascular outcomes [8–10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, the importance of platelet turnover may have clinical relevance, as also suggested by studies showing a progressive reappearance of platelet aggregation with time after aspirin intake, even within the usual 24-h dosing interval [11,12]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4300__response__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Accordingly, the currently recommended once-daily dosing of aspirin may offer insufficient protection against cardiovascular events in patients with increased platelet turnover."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4300/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W1490597531_W2003713649_W1481503865", "triad_name": "triad_4300", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4300__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0001", "paragraph_index": 1, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0001__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Inappropriateness of medical imaging has been a trending topic in the last few years [1-4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0001__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The linear growth in the health care expenditures due to costs of imaging exams [5-7] along with new evidence that medical radiation may cause long-term cancer [8, 9] is contributing to the increased inter- est of the medical community and general population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0001__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Stud- ies demonstrate that imaging exams are responsible for a 45 % increase in health expenditures [5]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0001__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, it is estimated that up to one-third of all imaging exams are partially or totally inappropriate [3, 10]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0001__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As inappropriate- ness of imaging exams is seen as a potential cause of pa- tients' harm, the current ethical and legal forms and rules are being reviewed, as well as the informed consent process, which is one of the most important tools to protect patients and physicians."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0002", "paragraph_index": 2, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0002__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Clinical imaging has conferred undoubted benefits on modern medical practice."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0002__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "But this does not mitigate the fact that even with low ionising exposure every radiological or nuclear medicine examination may lead to a long-term risk The main aim of this article is to discuss the role and impact of the informed consent process in patients undergoing imaging exams containing ionising radiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0002__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The legal aspects of the informed consent process, risk communication and uncertainties within the consent process are also emphasised in this review."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [7, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003", "paragraph_index": 3, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Physicians must justify their decision to request an imaging exam using ionising radiation, and the decision is based on a trade-off between risks and benefits [11]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The benefits from diagnostic procedures utilising radiation must overcome the risks [12, 13]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The decision must consider the likelihood of immediate benefit as well as future damage to health [14-17]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In order to make a decision, clinicians must be familiar with the given radiation dose and the possible harmful effects of the radiation exposure [12]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Without solid knowledge of the radi- ation risk from imaging exams, physicians are unable to properly ponder the risks compared to potential benefits and may find it difficult to justify the exposure of patients to medical radiation [18-21]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Referral guidelines can partially replace the lack of deep knowledge [22-25]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0003__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Limited knowl- edge about radiation and an inadequate use of guidelines indicate a suboptimal justification of referrals [25]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0004", "paragraph_index": 4, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0004__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Many studies reveal important shortcomings in physi- cians', as well as in medical students', awareness and knowl- edge about radiation risk [18-21]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0004__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Since today's medical students are future medical practitioners, they will be unable to make appropriate informed clinical decisions unless they are taught principles of radiation protection."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0004__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "A white paper of the European Society of Radiology [26]-in line with the European MED Directive [27]-emphasises that undergrad- uate and graduate students need to acquire a broader and deeper understanding of the hazards of radiation, patients' protection, awareness of which tests deliver a larger absorbed radiation dose, the value of alternative investigations without the use of radiation, etc."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0004__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "In addition, undergraduate and grad- uate students need to comprehend the principle of informed consent and its impact on clinical imaging and interventional procedures [28]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0005", "paragraph_index": 5, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0005__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The doctrine underlines the ideal of using informed consent to improve patient autonomy and physician-patient communication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0005__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Nevertheless, some authors argue that informed consent itself often fails to achieve this goal [29-32]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0005__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Other authors describe the difference between the doctrine and the operational ap- plication of informed consent, which is still imperfect and requires improvement [33-36]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 8, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [8, 8, 8], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006", "paragraph_index": 6, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Following a representative then simplified perspective, there are basically two manners in which to implement the informed consent (see Table 1), and they are described by two models: the event- and the process-based model."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The event-based model, the one most often used [37-40], can be applied at a given moment and in any diagnostic path."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This procedure must, therefore, cover all the legal elements in that precise circumstance in which the template will be subjected to being signed by the patient [36, 41]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The event-based model impedes the patient from deciding freely and deliber- ately, as the patient remains unaware of possible biological consequences of radiological interventions."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Also, physicians are not fully protected under the event-based model, as-by using this ineffective communication approach-they can carry out unsuccessful clinical acts more frequently, with legal consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Research has shown that effective patient-physician communication can improve health out- comes [42-45]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "On the other hand, a lack of physician- patient communication also generates more recurrent medi- cal litigations [46-49]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0006__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "The event-based model is considered ineffective [37, 41, 50, 51], additionally contributing to inappropriateness, as only written information is provided and this does not necessarily imply that patients are truly informed about the risks and benefits of the examination and potential alternatives [52, 53]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [2, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0007", "paragraph_index": 7, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0007__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The process-based model, on the contrary, integrates the information process to the patients in an outgoing dialogue with the physicians as part of the diagnostic and treatment routine [36, 41]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0007__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Authors suggest that the process-based model shows many advantages compared to the event- based model, such as enhancing the physician-patient inter- action, thus the responsibility from both parts [36, 41]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0008", "paragraph_index": 8, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0008__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The arbitrary nature of the medical act is well known in Italian criminal law, which prosecutes illegal medical acts such as the lack of informed consent, providing inadequate or incomplete information, and communicative disclosure between the physician and patient."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0009", "paragraph_index": 9, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0009__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "After being fully informed by their physicians, patients should carefully read the consent form before agreeing with the medical act [54-57]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0009__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "If patients are unaware of the radiation risk from imaging exams, they will therefore not perceive the intrinsic danger; consequently, a signature on the consent form will not be legally valid."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0010", "paragraph_index": 10, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0010__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Physicians have an ethical and legal responsibility when requesting a patient to sign a consent form agreeing to a risky 648 Insights Imaging (2013) 4:647-653 medical act [58-60]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0010__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The possibility of a patient developing cancer as a result of ionising radiation is often omitted by the physician requesting or performing the imaging exam."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0010__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This is the result of several malfunctions such as poor interaction and/or communication between the physician and patient, lack of clinical appropriateness and lack of organisational appropriateness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0010__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "The latter is a cause of internal disecon- omies within clinical structures, where ionising imaging represents a large segment of clinical practice."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0010__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Specifically, these diseconomies include (1) an increased incidence of civil litigation; (2) increased insurance premiums for medical responsibility; (3) a consequent refusal by insurance compa- nies to assume the warranty of the clinical risks; (4) longer waiting lists; (5) more general and unsustainable waste in healthcare expenditures."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0011", "paragraph_index": 11, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0011__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The physicians must justify their own prescriptions, from a clinical and legal standpoint, as well as the carrying out the procedure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0011__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The Euratom Law states that an examination involving radiation exposure must be justified in advance before a patient is referred to a radiologist or nuclear medi- cine physician [27]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0011__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The justification integrates scientific and clinical elements with a certain type of ionising technology to be used."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0011__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, it is precisely in this correlation between the use of ionisation and the specific patient's dis- ease that the legal right to \"real\" informed consent is ac- knowledged [58-60]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0011__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "According to some authors, it is rea- sonable that the provision of risk information within the informed consent process should be mandatory only for procedures with a radiation dose higher than 1 mSv, such as CT, nuclear medicine exams, positron emission tomogra- phy (PET), PET/CT and fluoroscopic procedures [58, 61, 62]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0012", "paragraph_index": 12, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0012__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "An important problem linked to informed consent is the time factor, whether informed consent expressed immediate- ly before the execution of the radiological procedure is legally valid [59, 60]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0012__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In response to this question concerning the timing of informed consent, we should remember that information, dialogue and trust between the physician and patient should exist within a planned and active clinical implementation [61]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0012__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Thus, it is imperative an appropriate chronological separation between conveying the information to the patient and the implementation of the procedure utilising radiation [60]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0012__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Only in this way, can the communi- cative and legal intent be preserved in order to minimise any psychological coercion connected to the time factor influencing the willingness of the patient to provide informed consent."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0012__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "The decision-making autonomy of the patient-a fortiori and in this specific type of informed consent-cannot be constrained by the time factor, which even more strongly collides with the specific scientific and clinical significance of the radiological risk, as well as with complex problems related to effective communication [58-60]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0013", "paragraph_index": 13, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0013__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Results from a study showed that communication, time to talk and information are probably the most important features that patients desire from their physicians, including from radi- ologists [63]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0013__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "A study [64] demonstrated, that even in a busy practice driven by time constraints and financial pressure, 80 % of the patients were satisfied and were able to convey their problems to physicians in only 2 min of interaction [64]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0013__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Therefore, physicians should not blame their busy schedule to justify poor interaction with their patients or a lack of time to properly explain the risks and benefits of complementary exams to their patients."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0014", "paragraph_index": 14, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0014__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Risk communication is a projection of the legal duty of the physician."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0014__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This projection should be related to the patients' rights to have input concerning medical acts that could damage their health or expose them to a real middle- or long-term danger of death."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0014__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Failure to provide such informa- tion to the patient in the context of informed consent can subsequently (and in court) lead to the investigation and possible conviction of the professional who performed an arbitrary act of ionising imaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0014__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This occurs when the physician-prior to the exam-does not explain the risks and benefits connected to the diagnostic act to the patient, and the patient cannot exercise an explicit, free and con- scious choice (acceptance or rejection)."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 5, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0015", "paragraph_index": 15, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0015__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Another aspect of informed consent in ionising medical imaging regards the concept of population statistics and risks [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0015__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Many studies about risk communication have addressed the difficulty of conveying correct information to patients, and they have suggested interesting solutions [65-68], such as the use of visual displays [66, 68]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0015__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Visual displays include risk ladders, human and Chernoff faces, line graphs, dots and Xs in which the Xs represent those affected by the hazard, marbles, pie charts and histograms."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0015__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Evidence mostly suggests that combining visuals with numerical and written descriptions improves the perceived helpfulness of the information and the accuracy of perceived risk [68]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0015__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Another solution is pro- vided by consistent and robust literature showing that people better understand risk information (in terms of gross compar- ison and risk assessment tasks) if risks are presented in terms of frequencies (e.g., 5 out of 100 people) rather than in percentages (5 %) [66, 69]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0016", "paragraph_index": 16, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0016__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The role of the physician is arguable in certain situations, such as when the physicians have to share scientifically controversial data with their patients, even if the data are significant, such as the potential cancer risk of low levels of medical radiation [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0016__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These uncertainties are expressed in terms of scientific reliability from a clinical and legal stand- point, generating many consequences."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0016__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We refer in particular to managing these uncertainties in the context of risk com- munication, as an atypical legal duty inherent in informed consent in radiology and nuclear medicine."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0016__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Uncertainties in risk can jeopardise the fundamental right to patients' health and should not be omitted by the physicians."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0016__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Uncertainties can be determined and clarified via risk communication solutions and by providing a justification and consideration of risks and benefits, essential elements in obtaining in- formed consent for any medical act that may have potential risk [70]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0017", "paragraph_index": 17, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0017__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Some authors argue that informed consent cannot account for stochastic risk uncertainties [29]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0017__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "In this scenario, patients must be fully informed of what is known and what is un- known, but it is not advisable to establish a contract between a patient and the physician that reflects uncertainty [29]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0017__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "On the contrary, we claim that patients must be fully informed about the potential risks in order to provide their consent, even if the potential risks are based on controversial scien- tific data."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0018", "paragraph_index": 18, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0018__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The main dispute relating to discussing radiation risk with patients focusses on the certitude of radiation risk estimates [61] and the linear no-threshold risk model for assessing potential correlation between radiation and cancer."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0018__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is nec- essary to take into account several important factors, as proposed in the following points."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0019", "paragraph_index": 19, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0019__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(1) The linear no-threshold risk model is endorsed by all the major radiation regulatory boards, including the International Commission on Radiological Protection [11, 12], the National Academy of Sciences BEIR com- mittee [71], the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation [72] and the US Food and Drug Administration [73]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0019__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The BEIR VII summary claims that, at lower doses without a thresh- old, the cancer risk progresses in a linear fashion and that even the smallest dose can potentially provoke a slight increase in cancer risk to humans [71]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0019__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Low dose is defined by the BEIR VII committee as doses ranging from zero to 100 mSv."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0020", "paragraph_index": 20, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0020__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) Most published articles that examine medical radiation in a scientific fashion suggest a significant risk [9, 74-76]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0021", "paragraph_index": 21, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0021__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The tendency to justify a mild misperception of low risk has no scientific basis and is misleading from a legal stand- point."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0021__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "This is significant for radiologists or any physician who requests an imaging exam."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0021__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "We cannot ignore the scien- tifically proven fact that the different types of ionising radi- ation, artificial or natural, produce a cumulative effect of low-level chronic exposure and are related to adverse effects on human cells [4, 13, 22, 23]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0022", "paragraph_index": 22, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0022__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Efforts can be made to assess the relative importance of the several epidemiological uncertainties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0022__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "There are some approaches to quantifying uncertainties in lifetime attribut- able risk, like for instance that followed by the Monte Carlo method [77]."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0022__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nevertheless, the linear no-threshold model is still considered as the most robust model for medical decision-making about radiation exposure and cancer risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0022__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This model should be used in conjunction with general dose optimisation strategies [27] and increased use of protocols [27] and patient-individualised information [77]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0023", "paragraph_index": 23, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0023__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The attention to scientific uncertainty opens a reflection of alternative and non-ionising diagnostic procedures, justified by similarities of diagnostic information and management of clinical cases."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0023__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Accordingly, the Euratom Law establishes that a non-ionising technique must be used whenever it will provide information grossly comparable to that provided by an ionising radiation technique [27]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 3, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0024", "paragraph_index": 24, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0024__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "From this viewpoint, the problem focussed on should not be \"whether\" informed consent should be performed or not, but rather \"how\" this universal legal institution should deal with the ever-present scientific uncertainties [70]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0024__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "The real problem is how to communicate risk in a way that is under- standable to the patient."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0024__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Informed consent should include risk uncertainties [70]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0024__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "If this were not so, not only all informed consent forms (even those for issues other than ionising imaging), but also all drug leaflets (in which there is a contract subtended between a consumer and a pharma- ceutical company) would be eliminated."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0024__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In fact, all the risks that are normally described within informed consent deal with uncertainties and intrinsically have a stochastic nature."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0025", "paragraph_index": 25, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0025__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Information and clinical argumentation within the frame- work of informed consent in radiology and nuclear medicine have significant legal importance."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0025__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "One aspect is the degree of validity of scientific sources on which effective risk commu- nication about ionising radiation should be based."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0025__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "There should be particular focus on evidence-based medicine, which should be state of the art in every branch of medical research."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0025__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, the legal principles of diligence, prudence and expertise, which every physician must follow when carrying out a medical act, should be extended to the pre- ventive obligation of clinical information and communica- tion in the context of informed consent."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0026", "paragraph_index": 26, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0026__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The legal validity of informed consent for ionising imag- ing cannot allow omission of information dictated by scien- tific and clinical uncertainties."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0026__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "On the contrary, if well- communicated by the physician, uncertainty can pro- actively contribute to the formation of a conscious decision by the patient."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0027", "paragraph_index": 27, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0027__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "In the eyes of the law, two key aspects must be considered."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 2, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 2, 2], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0028", "paragraph_index": 28, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0028__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(1) The evaluation of the continuous training of radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians in relation to the technical- scientific sources to be used in the context of the overall informed consent process."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0028__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "These sources should be characterised by scientific rigor and the presence of scien- tific data-with consequent clinical information-that are worthy of note."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0028__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Currently, this can be provided accurately by means of evidence-based medicine."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 3, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [3, 1, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0029", "paragraph_index": 29, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0029__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "(2) The continuous training of radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians in the techniques and tools of physician-patient communication and risk communica- tion."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0029__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Physician must be able to discuss technical knowl- edge with the patient and to deal with patient's feeling of \"fear\" whenever patients are subjected to risky clin- ical activities such as ionising imaging."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0029__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Information and communication by the physician should be calibrated according to the specific pathological condition of the patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0029__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "This justifies both the correctness of the act of ionising imaging and the validity of the resulting con- sensus expressed by the patient."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0030", "paragraph_index": 30, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0030__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This perspective, founded on a process-based vision of informed consent and shared decision-making, deserves to be extended under both a clinical and legal profile, even to informed consent characterised by a \"contract\" matrix, typ- ically conceived and applied within the framework of the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 3, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0031", "paragraph_index": 31, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0031__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "On this basis, the subject of informed consent in ionising medical imaging, although addressed differently in legal profiles in the different worlds of Common Law and Civil Law, appears analogous if we focus on the information and communication process regarding radiation risk when implementing informed consent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0031__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "It is a unique methodolog- ical approach, applicable with respect to both the law as applied in the Western world and going beyond state borders."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0031__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This reinforces the idea that the concrete implementation of the informed consent process in ionising medical imaging is the only way to:"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0032", "paragraph_index": 32, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0032__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "& Protect the universal patient right to decide on their psycho-physical well-being in the context of \"risky\" acts of nuclear and radiological medicine."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0033", "paragraph_index": 33, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0033__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "& Allow physicians to develop greater communication skills and be legally protected, within a framework cur- rently characterised by major doubts, issues and aspects of inappropriateness, both operational and relational."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0034", "paragraph_index": 34, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0034__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Certainty regarding this topic must be ascribed to ethical and legal condemnation, in both Common Law and Civil Law jurisdictions, of all those attitudes and behaviours of defensive medicine or characterised by the lack of appropri- ate communication, at the levels of both the structures and the individual doctor-patient relationship."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__original__p0035", "paragraph_index": 35, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0035__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Following our analysis of the main problems linked to the controversy about scientific uncertainties, we concur with a series of authors that informed consent is still a distinctive process that defends patient health as well as both patient and physician dignity and autonomy in rule-of-law states [18, 61, 70, 78, 79]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0035__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "By means of an overall strategy and model of Insights Imaging (2013) 4:647-653 651 communication, shared decision-making and balanced legal protection, one will be able to implement the best possible informed consent, founded on a \"process-based\" vision."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__original__p0035__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "This can contribute significantly to patient autonomy, radiation pro- tection and appropriateness in ionising medical imaging."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/original_paper_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "original", "turn_id": "triad_4674__original"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 9, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [14, 9, 9], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036", "paragraph_index": 36, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "The authors of this article [1] have to be congratulated for their clear presentation of stepwise, process-based informed consent, including evidence-based justification, full patient information on benefits and risks, and interactive communication with enough time for the patient before taking the decision on whether to undergo an examination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recchia et al. are in line with the clinical consent process [2], and even some radiological articles head in the same direction [3, 4]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The authors will likely get unanimous approval for their approach whenever risky interventions or complex examinations with an elevated dose level are considered."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Non-invasive imaging examinations using low-dose levels, however, are not discussed differently by the authors, although this contrasts to the reality in radiology departments in Europe, the USA [5] and probably most countries."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In other words, the theory is not applied in a large segment of the real world, and this brings up several questions: referring physician [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Correct justification and full information of the patient in the latter scenario are the primary responsibility of the referrer whereas the radiologist acts on demand in the first phase and has the main responsibility in giving answers to questions of the patient, in verifying that the patient has understood the information and in documenting the consent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Whatever the solution, the changes in practice will have a substantial impact on the operational load in an imaging department [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "This may be the reason for US academic departments to delegate the duty of obtaining informed consent to radiological technologists [5], a solution that probably cannot fully satisfy all needs."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "In any case, both the referrer, the radiologist and any medical professional involved need adequate education and training in this task."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The new guidance document of the European Union for training and education in medical radiation protection, as currently developed in the EC MEDRAPET project, will cover this in detail (www.medrapet.eu)."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "Who is responsible for obtaining informed consent?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Recchia et al. do not specify this point; they seem to rely on a model where the physician—as a general practitioner—has repeated contacts to the patient, allowing for an ongoing interaction and a chronological separation of the different steps."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "Most diagnostic radiologists performing radiography, fluoroscopy and CT see their patients just once, for the examination."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0036__s0014", "sentence_n": 14, "text": "To achieve a correct informed consent procedure, they either have to offer an additional previous consultation or to share the task with another medical professional, such as the"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4674__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037", "paragraph_index": 37, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Is informed consent identical for all imaging examinations using ionising radiation? In their clear, interactive approach, Recchia et al. do not differentiate between paediatric whole-body PET-CT and two-plane radiography of a broken finger in an elderly patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Indeed, the risk of cancer induction may differ by a factor well above 1,000 between these two examples, and it seems logical that our efforts concentrate on those exposure situations with a significant risk."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "The widespread lack of qualified professional staff and economic constraints of the healthcare systems, due to the financial crisis, underline this point."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Thus, we might postulate an approach adapted to the cancer risk, i.e. based on organ doses, the age at exposure and gender."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "This would mean a careful, stepwise process including the parents in the case of children and an abbreviated procedure in the case of elderly patients."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "Furthermore, imaging in emergency situations has to respect the medical urgency, and situations where the patient is not able to give an informed consent require a modified approach, e.g. after loss of consciousness."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Is there a threshold for the need for risk information? Recchia et al. briefly mention authors discussing a minimal effective dose of 1 mSv for detailed risk information [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "To control the workload in a busy department, this might be an attractive pragmatic option: most radiographic examinations would pass below this threshold, and even modern low-dose CT protocols might fit, whereas most CT, fluoroscopic and interventional examinations would deserve the full process-based steps for getting informed consent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "For higher dose investigations, e.g. those above 10 mSv, Malone et al. suggest a more detailed informed consent procedure and forms specific for the examination [6]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "Scientific arguments would even favour a risk-based rather than dose-based threshold, e.g. to allow for different decisions for a baby girl and an adult, according to the BEIR VII data [7]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "When patient groups were asked about the information they wanted to receive prior to a medical act with potentially severe side effects, Barnett et al. [ 8] reported a 0.1 % risk to be critical for many; subjective needs for information varied widely and were greater in young than elderly people."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "Terry mentions that there is no formally recognised threshold of risk above which we ought to obtain informed consent but that an ethical guideline might be any risk greater than that which we might ordinarily encounter when carrying out normal daily activities [2]."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0037__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "This would correspond roughly to a risk of 1:2,000."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4674__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 12, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [12, 12, 12], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038", "paragraph_index": 38, "paragraphing_method": "openai", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "How do we communicate the risk and stochastic uncertainties? In a survey of physicians affiliated with tertiary hospitals, Karsli et al. [ 4] obtained the best support for the following two statements: (1) that X-rays are a known human carcinogen and that there is an epidemiological association between X rays and cancer; (2) that the risk of cancer from radiation exposure from a CT scan is much smaller than the high background risk of cancer in the population."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Recchia et al. [ 1] are right in suggesting a combination of visual displays and descriptions of the risk in order to help the patient understand the magnitude."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "It may be easier to perceive the approximate exposure of a specific examination if the dose is expressed by the corresponding number of chest radiographs rather than by the physical dose."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Similarly, patients are more likely to get an idea of the risk when this is expressed as “one patient out of x patients” rather than a percent number."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Regarding stochastic risk uncertainties, Recchia et al. clearly state that “patients must be fully informed of what is known and what is unknown”."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "This task is not as easy as they claim and rather time-consuming: while the mean risk to the population by a certain examination can usually be quantified, the individual risk of cancer induction depends on many factors, such as organ dose, sex and age; recent research has even shown that there is an important genetic variation in the sensitivity to ionising radiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Thus, even if we fully accept the linear no-threshold (LNT) model, it is not easy for experts and difficult for patients to understand the absolute risk to an individual person with its large statistical uncertainty."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0008", "sentence_n": 8, "text": "It may be preferable to justify that the benefits to the patient are well above the range of the risk and that the clinical question cannot be answered by an alternative diagnostic procedure."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0009", "sentence_n": 9, "text": "Arguing with these uncertainties and the difficulty of exactly defining the individual age- and gender-specific risk of an imaging examination, Image Gently and Image Wisely (www.imagegently.org; www.imagewisely.org) do not support a formal informed consent for diagnostic ionising radiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0010", "sentence_n": 10, "text": "The two campaigns for pragmatic radiation protection in the US advocate for providing every patient with educational material and for replacing informed consent by a standardised “radiation consent” form, similar to the form used before the injection of contrast media."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0011", "sentence_n": 11, "text": "In conclusion, there are no easy answers to these questions that do not provoke debates."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0012", "sentence_n": 12, "text": "We need to improve informed consent for radiation exposure in imaging."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__critique__p0038__s0013", "sentence_n": 13, "text": "In times of limited resources, concentrating on critical situations and adapting the process to the magnitude of the risk deserve consideration and might have a stronger impact on the practice of imaging than asking for a rigid full process."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/critique_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "critique", "turn_id": "triad_4674__critique"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0040", "paragraph_index": 40, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0040__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Who is responsible for obtaining informed consent?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 4, 3], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0041", "paragraph_index": 41, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0041__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "This question could be completely answered only if contextualised in each legal State taken into consideration, which is clearly beyond the scope of our article."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0041__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We agree, however, with Prof. Vock that in the informed consent process in medical imaging there is a range of factual situations in need to be optimised in terms of coordination between the referring and executing physicians."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0041__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Risk communication and informed consent do not represent an exclusive competence of the referrer, as ethically, legally and clinically attributable even to the radiologist."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0041__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Therefore, it seems unconceivable to rule out a direct communicative duty in informed consent, as well as the possibility of a refusal to perform the examination if deemed inappropriate."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0041__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "As a result, the education and training of professionals should focus not only on radiation protection but also on risk communication and informed consent [4, 5]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0042", "paragraph_index": 42, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0042__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Is informed consent identical for all imaging examinations using ionising radiation?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 1, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [1, 1, 1], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0043", "paragraph_index": 43, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0043__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At a level of abstraction, informed consent should be identical for all imaging examinations using ionising radiation."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0043__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "From a legal and ethical viewpoint, the patient’s will deserves to be expressed in full, with freedom and real awareness; and it is precisely in this regard that we find, in a nutshell, the essence of informed consent."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0043__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Nonetheless, we are in line with Prof. Vock that in front of this mandatory statement it is necessary to develop a consistent fine-tuning of the ideal model, accordingly with the different peculiarities of the real clinical practice."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0044", "paragraph_index": 44, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0044__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "Is there a threshold for the need of risk information?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 5, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [5, 5, 5], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045", "paragraph_index": 45, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "At the level of risk acceptability, we have to put together too many variables only to determine the cases in which informed consent is necessary."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "We have to contemplate both the variables involved in the personalised risk (dose, age, sex, genetic variables, etc.) and the variables that determine the acceptability by the specific patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Moreover, if we consider that an average acceptable risk is 1:2,000, we assume that the patient has an average risk propensity, while we know that there are many variables that affect his willingness to take risks."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "Complicating this picture, even healthcare professionals have different levels of risk propensity that inevitably come into play in medical decision-making."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "Consequently, in order to decide whether to make an explicit and comprehensive informed consent, to ex ante consider individual acceptability may not be the right way."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In a sense, there would be once again too many filters to the final choice of the patient."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0045__s0007", "sentence_n": 7, "text": "Instead, if the filter is given only by the dose threshold (and perhaps age), the patient can, based on his subjective characteristics, decide freely and consciously if his personalised risk is acceptable and whether or not to undergo the imaging exam, even considering the proposed alternatives [5, 6]."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": null, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [null, null, null], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0046", "paragraph_index": 46, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0046__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "How do we communicate the risk and stochastic uncertainties?"}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}
{"claim_sentence_n": 4, "consensus_status": "", "label_choices": [4, 5, 4], "label_source": "majority_vote_3", "metadata_index": "4674", "paragraph_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047", "paragraph_index": 47, "paragraphing_method": "blank_lines", "sentences": [{"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047__s0001", "sentence_n": 1, "text": "If we deem it too difficult to communicate radiation risk in medical imaging, we should not communicate it at all."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047__s0002", "sentence_n": 2, "text": "Why would we only communicate the average population risk and omit the personalised risk?"}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047__s0003", "sentence_n": 3, "text": "Conversely, if we follow the logic that it is right to provide a patient with the most accurate information possible, then the patient can make the decision he or she believes to be the most acceptable."}, {"label": 1, "label_name": "claim", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047__s0004", "sentence_n": 4, "text": "We should strive to create conditions so that the needed information could be conveyed also through a personalised risk communication."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047__s0005", "sentence_n": 5, "text": "In this way, a real integrated process of informed consent would be merely the most natural, proper and routine approach to protect both physician and patient in decision-making."}, {"label": 0, "label_name": "premise", "sentence_id": "triad_4674__response__p0047__s0006", "sentence_n": 6, "text": "In this way, we believe that we all—as a scientific community—would be acting to find possible solutions to what looks like a new paradigm."}], "source_json": "00_data/training/triads/triad_4674/response_final.json", "split": "test", "triad_id": "W2130582222_W2115119725_W2142527573", "triad_name": "triad_4674", "turn": "response", "turn_id": "triad_4674__response"}