label_name: claim

text: Ample research demonstrates gender-based inequities in science, including a lack of visibility for female scientists’ work regardless of their career stage (1).

label_name: premise

text: It has been shown that women experience gender bias throughout the publishing process. For example, female authors need to meet higher standards to be published (2).

text: They are also impacted more by unprofessional peer reviews (3).

text: Once published, female-authored work has been shown to be less visible in terms of speaking engagements at elite universities (4) and less recognized through citations (5–7), revealing that women’s articles are 15 to 30% more likely to be omitted from reference lists than male-authored ones (8).

text: The rise of team-based research imposed additional challenges in terms of unequal credit allocation among team members.

text: Namely, men have been shown to be more likely to benefit from collaborative work (9), while in some areas the coauthorship was found to impact female scholars’ tenure applications negatively (10).

text: However, previous research also found that women are disadvantaged if they do not collaborate with men (8, 11), suggesting that women need to navigate a more complex environment to achieve success.

text: The disparities in success persist despite evidence regarding the benefits of gender-diverse scientific teams (12–15) and the costs associated with the lack of diversity, which range from not developing proper medical diagnoses and interventions for women (16) to not ensuring that technological innovations profit everyone equally (17).

text: Yet, closing the gender gap in science has proved to be extremely difficult (18, 19)


text: Science as an institution is highly stratified (1), and anecdotal evidence that scientific high achievers are often protégés of accomplished mentors supports the notion that scientific status is passed along through lineages of prominent scientists (2, 3).

text: While single-topic studies like the mathematical genealogy project document such bonds between renowned scientists (4), there is less quantitative understanding of the role of apprenticeship in scientific publishing and of how scientific excellence is passed along between generations (4, 5).

text: Here we quantify a key aspect of this “chaperone effect” by considering how inexperienced scientists transition into senior status given multiple publications within the same scientific journal.

text: We illustrate that the chaperone effect has a different magnitude for journals in different branches of science, the effect being more pronounced within medical and biological sciences and weaker for the natural sciences.

text: For high-impact multidisciplinary journals, a scientist is unlikely to appear as senior author if he or she has not previously published within the same journal.

text: Our findings shed light on the role played by scientific training to acquire the necessary experience, expertise, and skills to publish in venues characterized by a strong chaperone effect.


text: Waun Mawn is the third largest of Britain's great stone circles with diameters over 100m: Avebury outer circle (331m; Gillings & Pollard 2004), Stanton Drew (113m; Burl 1999: fig. 6), Long Meg and her Daughters (107m; Soffe & Clare 1988), the Ring of Brodgar (104m; Richards 2013: 90-118), and the north and south circles at Avebury (104m).

text: By comparison the inferred bluestone circle of monoliths that stood within the Aubrey Holes - Stonehenge Stage 1 - is only 97m in diameter.

text: Unlike that circle with its stoneholes spaced every c. 4.5m, Waun Mawn's stones appear to have been spaced more irregularly.

text: Gaps in its perimeter where no stones were ever erected, especially on the northwest side, may be interpreted in two different ways.

text: First, the absence of stones around the circuit may simply demonstrate non-completion.

text: Alternatively, the spacing and frequency of stones was strategic in providing enhanced imagery of the circle when viewed or encountered from particular directions, as has been noted at other stone circles (e.g. Na Dromannan [Calanais X] and the Ring of Brodgar; Richards 2013: 114-18, 251-3).

text: Under these circumstances, the change in architecture between Waun Mawn and the Aubrey Hole circle at Stonehenge testifies to an altered emphasis and perspective, the latter being one of regularity and homogeneity.


text: Despite the considerable interest in this approach, ex vivo engineering of autologous cells suffers from sev- eral major drawbacks.

text: Isolation of primary autologous cells that stably express high levels of the therapeutic gene is not only cumbersome and expensive, but also poorly reproducible.

text: Batch-to-batch variation of engi- neered cells complicates analysis of the biologic effects observed in each patient.

text: Furthermore, implantation of mouse tumor cells into syngenic hosts only imper- fectly mimics the biology of spontaneous human can- cers (13).

text: In fact, the therapeutic efficacy of cytokine gene-transduced tumor cells is low.

text: In most cases, only a minority of tumor-bearing mice can be cured by administration of cytokine gene transduced tumor cells, especially under conditions that mimic the way these agents would be used in the clinic.

text: The limited efficacy of these vaccines was completely lost if they were not administered in the first few days after implantation of tumor cells.

text: Therapeutic immuniza- tion has shown no consistent effect on growth of estab- lished tumors beyond the period of concomitant immunity.

text: The situation is slightly more encouraging in the case of micrometastases; a significant reduction in tumor metastasis has been documented with appli- cation of several cytokines. x

text: Once again, however, only a minority of the mice are cured.

text: A similar picture is emerging from phase I studies of vaccination of patients with cancer with transduced human tumor cells.

text: Even though the approach itself is safe, the avail- able results show that only about 10% of patients dis- played an objective response (14-16).


text: Conservation plans often seek to delineate geo- graphic or taxonomic units as distinct population segments to effectively monitor status and trends (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service 1996).

text: Defining such units relies upon a wide array of criteria that for migratory birds may include morphological or plumage characteris- tics, demographic patterns quantified by banding or radio-telemetry, molecular genetic data, or geograph- ic separation of population segments during the annual cycle.

text: However, focusing on only one type of data to define such units misdirects valuable research and conservation efforts (Zink et al. 2000) and tends to promote population structure as a binary condi- tion: populations are either structured or they are not (Crandall et al. 2000).

text: A larger set of direct and indirect markers are now available for assessing movement patterns (reviewed by Webster et al. 2002, Kendall and Nichols 2004), as well as novel analytical methods that estimate levels, directionality, and sources of variation in dispersal rather than simply testing dispersal as a binary condition (Pritchard et al. 2000, Hey and Nielsen 2004, Kendall and Nichols 2004).

text: Thus, we wish to stress that behavioral patterns among avian populations are intricate and idiosyncratic (Avise et al. 1992, Zink et al. 2003, Coltman 2004), and efforts should focus on the robust quantification of these multifaceted processes with as much information as possible.


text: To our knowledge, this is the first review of an anaesthetic publication that considers the influence of the first author's sex on the outcomes of all submissions (both accepted and rejected articles).

text: In our study, the overall proportion of female first authors for any submission was 37%.

text: This reflects the proportion of female anaesthetists currently working throughout the UK (32% consultants and 39% staff and associate specialist doctors are female) [2].

text: Comparing the proportion of female first authors between anaesthesia-specific journal publications, females represented a higher proportion of published first authors (42%) in Anaesthesia Cases than female first authors of original research papers in the British Journal of Anaesthesia for the year 2011 (30%) [5], or selected original articles published in the journals Anesthesiology and Anesthesia and Analgesia over a 15-year period (both 26%) [6].

text: Thus, in terms of sex bias, Anaesthesia Cases compares favourably with these other anaesthetic journals (Fig. 4).


text: If the mutagenized population is increased 10-fold (to 10 6 cells), then a somewhat lower mutation rate can explain 100 revertants, but 10% of the mutagenized Lac Ϫ cells survive and therefore the total nonrevertant population shows a 60-fold increase in associated muta- tion (much higher than actually observed).

text: The experi- mentally observed intensity of general mutagenesis (Ͻ100-fold the unselected rate) cannot explain forma- tion of even one Lac ϩ revertant assuming mutagenesis of 10 5 nongrowing cells.

text: At this low intensity of mutagen- esis, 100 revertants can be explained only by exposure of the entire plated population (10 8 cells).

text: With this low dose of mutagenesis, there is very little killing and therefore the entire viable population (both Lac ϩ and Lac Ϫ ) is predicted to show nearly a 100-fold increase in the frequency of associated mutations; that is, the appearance of directed mutation is lost.


text: In many circumstances, empathy can be counterproductive: if you want to take the Rolex off an old man's arm, empathizing with the man will not serve your greed.

text: Only if empathy is a spontaneous response, will you feel empathy in this circumstance, and reduce your violence (Miller and Eisenberg, 1988).

text: Accordingly, the lack of spontaneous vicarious activation we mea- sured in our observation experiment will have severe violence- disinhibiting consequences even in the face of a preserved delib- erate empathy.

text: For therapists requesting a scientific understanding of psychopathy to tailor their therapies (Salekin et al., 2010), our finding that instructions to empathize can reduce group differ- ences indicates that therapeutic efforts may actually not need to create a capacity for empathy, for such a capacity may already exist (at least in our sample of incarcerated psychopathic offen- ders).

text: Instead, therapies may need to focus on making the existing capacity more automatic, so that it will come into play even when inhibiting goal-directed behaviour.

text: Such therapies could harvest the patients' potential to normalize vicarious activations through deliberately focusing attention on empathizing with others.

text: The fact that psychopathic individuals often display low motivation for change and comply less with therapy than other criminals (Salekin et al., 2010) will certainly represent an unfortunate challenge in such efforts.


text: Better results may be achieved by adjusting the rate of fluid administration, or by altering the dose of phenylephrine administered.

text: We have shown that this method appears safe and effective in the hands of junior anaesthetic staff in a resource-limited setting, and should be recommended in settings where syringe drivers are unavailable.

text: Further research is required to clarify the effectiveness of this method during emergency caesarean section.


text: One empirical fact is worth noting; the convection zone in the Sun is closer to being in a state of constant - 15 - angular velocity than a state of constant angular momentum.

text: Indeed, in the equatorial plane, the angular velocity actually increases with increasing radius, which motivated Kumar et al. (1995) to consider models with g > 1.

text: One of the two conditions, (i) and (ii), mentioned at the beginning of this section must be violated in the Sun.

text: One possibility is that the effective viscous α in the Sun is large enough to counter any inward transport of angular momentum by convection.

text: This is reasonable since the convective motions in the Sun are not very energetic, and α does not have to be very large to counter the effect of convection.

text: Alternatively, perhaps convection in the Sun behaves as in equation (6) and drives the system to near-zero dΩ/dR.

text: The Sun is certainly not a good comparison for an ADAF - a more rapidly rotating convective star would be closer.

text: Nevertheless, the fact that the Sun has achieved an equilibrium configuration that is very different from a constant specific angular momentum state must be treated as a possible clue as we grope towards a better understanding of advection-dominated flows.


text: Publication bias affects the results of systematic review.

text: We used funnel plots to analyze for any potential bias.

text: Funnel plots were symmetric, demonstrating no publica- tion bias, with regard to live birth, pregnancy and miscar- riage rates.


text: This detailed methodological evaluation of RCT found that mixed n-3/n-6 PUFA and n-6 specific PUFA diets have significantly different effects on risk of non-fatal MI þ CHD death. RCT that substituted mixed n-3/n-6 PUFA in place of TFA and SFA reduced CHD risk.

text: By contrast, n-6 specific PUFA interventions tended to increase CHD risk.

text: These increased CHD risks from n-6 specific PUFA diets may be underestimated as they replaced TFA and SFA; reductions of these potentially atherogenic fats would be expected to reduce CHD risk.

text: Consistent with this, we found that the sub- stitution of n-6 PUFA for TFA and SFA produced an increased risk of death from all causes that approached statisti- cal significance, when analysed independently or in compari- son to mixed n-3/n-6 PUFA diets. x

text: Among women, the only valid RCT that specifically increased n-6 PUFA found signifi- cant harm in the short term, and a signal toward harm with long-term consumption.

text: Inclusion of the ODHS, which deliv- ered several g of EPA and DHA per d and other mixed n-3/n-6 PUFA trials, and the exclusion of RCT that showed possible harm of n-6 PUFA, introduced significant confounds in the prior meta-analyses.

text: These prior analyses were thus not appro- priate for formulating advice specific to n-6 PUFA.

text: Based on this evaluation of the specific effects of n-6 PUFA in RCT, advice to maintain or increase n-6 PUFA should be reconsi- dered, because there is no indication of benefit, and there  is no indication of benefit, and there is a possibility of harm.

text: A clear distinction should be made between n-6 and n-3 PUFA in future meta-analyses, reviews, editorials and public health advisories


text: We observed in the current study that VR improved balance, generating positive effects on the patients' self- confidence, influencing their quality of life.

text: These results corroborate several studies already reported.

text: Virtual reality technology is an extremely important additional resource to add to the existing conventional ones.

text: Several possibilities for applying this technology are indicated for a diversified number of neurological diseases and physi- cal disabilities.


text: Census tracts and census clusters obviously do not match up exactly with the geographic areas respondents were asked to refer to in the survey (approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) around their homes).

text: Moreover, it is possible that participants re- sponded with regard to the area they intuitively thought of as their ''neighborhood,'' despite the survey instructions.

text: It is also unrealistic to think that the dimensions we measured vary significantly across the arbitrarily defined geographic barriers of census tracts or clusters.

text: Despite these complex- ities, our data show that an important part of the variability in neighborhood scores is between our arbitrarily defined ''neighborhoods,'' supporting the utility of our instrument in the measurement of true area-level constructs.

text: However, there is also evidence of variation in responses within neigh- borhoods.

text: Part of this may be due to the arbitrary geographic definition of ''neighborhoods'' that we used.

text: Other sources of within-neighborhood variability include variations in- duced by the necessarily subjective nature of the reports, as well as simple measurement error.

text: The presence of this within-neighborhood variability is an argument for aver- aging over respondents or raters in estimating the ''true'' neighborhood characteristic.

text: The relatively high neighbor- hood reliability estimates indicate that the mean is a reason- able estimate for the true neighborhood score, although there is still room for improvement, especially in areas with small sample sizes.


text: Whereas the Kalash have recently been reported to have European admixture, postulated to be related to Alexan- der's invasion of South Asia, 6 our results show no evidence of admixture.

text: Although several oral traditions claim that the Kalash are descendants of Alexander's soldiers, this was not supported by Y chromosomal analysis in which the Kalash had a high proportion of Y haplogroup L3a lineages, which are characterized by having the derived allele for the PK3 Y-SNP and are not found elsewhere. 7

text: They also have predominantly western Eurasian mitochon- drial lineages and no genetic affiliation with East Asians. 4

text: We observed that the Kalash share a substantial propor- tion of drift with a Paleolithic ancient Siberian hunter- gatherer, who has been suggested to represent a third northern Eurasian genetic ancestry component for pre- sent-day Europeans. 36,37

text: This is also supported by the shared drift observed between the Kalash and the Yam- naya, an ancient (2,000-1,800 BCE) Neolithic pastoralist culture that lived in the lower Volga and Don steppe lands of Russia and also shared ancestry with MA-1. 36,37

text: Thus, the Kalash could be considered a genetically drifted ancient northern Eurasian population, and this shared ancient component was probably misattributed to recent admixture with western Europeans


text: The mechanism for this observed association of warfarin on risk of end- stage OA as assessed by joint replacement is prob- ably related to warfarin's role as a vitamin K antagonist.

text: Warfa- rin's antagonism of vitamin K would be expected to recapitulate effects of insufficient vitamin K.

text: Because vitamin K confers func- tionality to Gla proteins through gamma- carboxylation, insuffi- cient vitamin K or inhibition of vitamin K's functioning through warfarin leads to undercarboxylation of vitamin K- dependent proteins, limiting their functionality.

text: An important vitamin K- dependent protein that has been specifically linked to abnor- malities in soft tissue mineralisation and OA is MGP.

text: Genetic deficiencies of MGP in humans, known as Keutel syndrome, and in transgenic mice result in cartilage calcification, highlighting the role of MGP as an inhibitor of mineralisation.


text: Most importantly, the anaesthetic community needs to aspire to improving the quality of SAD insertion: no longer should it be deemed acceptable to have patients breathing noisily, partially obstructed via a misplaced SAD, or SAD cuff inflation pressures that are dangerously high (or unmeasured) through long hours of surgery.

text: Poor fits should no longer be accepted.

text: Blind insertion results in poor fit, while direct vision improves placement with videolaryngoscopy facilitating functional and anatomical optimisation.


text: This review synthesises the evidence from SSA and shows that the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Black Africans differs from the traditional model based on stud- ies including participants of European ancestry and is mostly like that reported in diasporic Africans.

text: We propose a model that highlights hyperinsulinaemia as the preeminent factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Black Africans (Fig. 4).

text: However, there is a need for longitudinal and intervention studies to gain a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Black African men and women.

text: Dietary interventions that reduce hyperinsulinaemia and obesity are recommended to gain insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of type 2 diabetes in this population.


text: In conclusion, notwithstanding the caveats discussed above, our model supports the conclusion that ECS con traction during K + uptake by astrocytes after neuro- excitation, together with mild ECS expansion in AQP4 deficiency, can account for experimental observations on AQP4-dependent ECS K + /water dynamics.

text: Thus, K + /water coupling in the ECS is potentially explicable on the basis of physicochemical principles alone, with- out requiring assumptions about altered astrocyte K + permeability in AQP4 deficiency or NKCC-mediated water permeability.

text: Our modeling thus accounts for the P f sensitivity of K + accumulation into and uptake from the ECS with neuroex citation, and provides a potential ex- planation for observed effects of AQP4 deficiency on seizure dynamics, corti cal spreading depression, and neurosensory signaling.


text: The data presented here have a significant impact in the context of high-redshift obser- vations, in particular on observations of red and (apparently) dead galaxies interpreted as an indication of the dominance of passively evolving gas-free (or often simplistically referred to as \"dry\") mergers.

text: The LIRGs studied in this paper are Janus-like, that is, present two completely different faces depending on how they are observed.

text: In the I-band, the LIRGs behave photometrically and kinematically like old galaxies, with only their tidal features betraying their unusual nature.

text: Could LIRGs/ULIRGs be confused with old, red and dead galaxies if observed at the \"wrong\" wavelength?

text: Could massive, star-forming galaxies be misidentified as either red and dead (or under-weight) depending on what part of their SED is observed?

text: Two such examples demonstrate this.

text: In the first, Donovan et al. (2007) note the need for careful selection criteria in picking out \"red\" mergers.

text: Using the H I Rogues sample (Hibbard et al. 2001), a gallery of peculiar galaxies with H I gas, including merger remnants and ellipticals, they showed that color selection (in this case, (B − R) for z < 0.5) is insufficient for the selection of gas-free galaxies.

text: Using the same criteria as van Dokkum (2005), who concluded that gas-free merging is almost entirely responsible for the formation of all elliptical galaxies in the local universe, Donovan et al. (2007) found that 75% of their H I sample would be classified as \"red,\" gas-free mergers.


text: Selecting an appropriate time metric has been shown to be an important factor in accurately fitting survival models (39-42).

text: Attained age has been demonstrated to be a more meaningful survival metric than calendar time, especially when the outcome of interest pertains to health or mortality.

text: Much less attention, however, has been paid to the broader question of temporal dimensions of covariates' associations with the outcome of interest.

text: Yet both age at survey and cohort membership are confounded with attained age, and not controlling for these temporal dimensions may bias es- timates of covariates' age-varying associations with health outcomes.

text: Regarding the US obesity-mortality relationship, we find evidence that the association between obesity and individual mortality risk varies significantly with both age at survey and attained age, and also that cohort variation in mortality risk significantly confounds estimates of age- specific mortality hazards.

text: Consequently, researchers must be mindful of these multiple time dimensions and rethink the association between obesity, age, and mortality risk across the life course.

text: Heretofore, however, research has not ac- counted for these confounders, and as a result, the bulk of existing public health literature has suggested that the associ- ation between obesity status and mortality risk either is age- invariable or substantially weakens with increasing age.

text: Consequently, the public health threat of the US obesity epi- demic has been criticized by many researchers.

text: However, our results show that existing findings stem from survival models that incorrectly estimate the obesity-mortality rela- tionship in the United States.

text: Indeed, after accounting for age-related survey selection bias and cohort differences in mortality risk, the associations between grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 obesity and US men's and women's adult mor- tality risk grow substantively stronger with age.


text: Variations in smoking prevalence due to changing social norms can also be studied by means of this reconstruction method.

text: Given the important role of gender in smoking, know- ing the specific dynamics of tobacco use in women is of great preventive relevance (14).

text: Additional information on sociode- mographic and socioeconomic factors included in comprehen- sive health surveys can also help identify trends in vulnerable groups from a tobacco control perspective (such as adolescents or persons of low socioeconomic status).

text: Historical informa- tion on smoking prevalence and trends is a necessary tool that can assist policy-makers and public health authorities in tack- ling the tobacco epidemic


text: The risk of bleeding for hospitalized patients with cancer receiving thromboprophylaxis remains unknown because none of the included trials reported rates of major bleeding episodes among patients with cancer nor were we provided access to these data.

text: Therefore, it is currently impossible to accurately assess the riskebenefit ratio of thromboprophy- laxis in patients with cancer who were hospitalized for medical reasons.


text: Furthermore, our study does not allow any inference on the memory processes that might mediate the protecting effects of the identified variants.

text: Different memory aspects have been discussed to promote reduced risk of PTSD development [i.e., diminished fear conditioning and hence memorization of emo- tional memories (72), enhanced encoding of contextual autobio- graphical memories (12), enhanced extinction learning and fear inhibition (73), or better extinction memory recall (74)].

text: Future studies should investigate WWC1 alleles with respect to these different processes to gain further insight into the role of memory-related protein KIBRA in PTSD etiology.


text: Only HPV status and ECOG remained significant predictors in our RPA after stratification for surgical vs non-surgical treatment.

text: Treatment decision, which is either surgical or non-surgical in Germany and many other European countries, is based on tumour characteristics and comorbidity (indicated by differential distribu- tion of these factors in both treatment groups (Table 2)).

text: Therefore, these predictors might not appear in the RPA modelling in each subcohort.

text: In contrast, no significant difference is seen regarding risk factors with high impact on OS, such as HPV and smoking (Table 2), which are unconsidered for treatment decision today.

text: Although treatment was independent from the proposed risk groups, patients with beneficial OS were selected in all-risk groups by the surgical approach compared to non-surgical treatment, indicating an advantage of upfront surgery for certain patients (Figure 3).

text: This is supported by recent data showing that surgical resection is an effective therapy for early and intermediate OPSCC (Kass et al, 2016).

text: In HPV-related OPSCC, trends are heading towards treatment de-escalation.

text: Nevertheless, patient characteristics such as age and comorbidity should be considered in models destined for adjustment of treatment as they influence OS regardless of the tumour and its treatment


text: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder, often affecting the knee, hip and hand, and is a leading cause of pain and disability. 1

text: The WHO estimated that approximately 80% of patients with knee or hip OA have movement limitation and 25% are unable to perform their major daily- living activities. 2

text: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common thromboembolic condition and potentially fatal disorder.

text: Approximately 30% of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) die within the first year after PE diagnosis. 3 4

text: Strong risk factors for VTE include immobility and surgery. 3

text: Thus, one would expect that OA, especially knee or hip OA, may be associated with a high risk of VTE through immo- bility and knee or hip joint replacement, a common surgery for advanced OA disease.

text: Conversely, compared with knee and hip OA, hand OA is less likely to lead to immobility or lower- limb joint replacement; thus, individuals with hand OA may not experience a higher risk of VTE as those with knee or hip OA when compared with the general population.

text: Although OA is a common disease and VTE is a potentially fatal condition, to our knowl- edge, no study has specifically examined the associ- ation between OA and risk of VTE.