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diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/layout.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/layout.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6f5a153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/layout.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { ThirdPartyPush } from './third-party-push'
+
+export default function RootLayout({
+  children,
+}: {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}) {
+  return (
+    <html lang="en">
+      <body>
+        <ThirdPartyPush />
+        {children}
+      </body>
+    </html>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f0394ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function Home() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <h1 id="home">Home</h1>
+      <Link id="to-post" href="/post">
+        To post
+      </Link>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/post/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/post/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f900d106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/post/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function Post() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <h1 id="post">Post</h1>
+      <Link id="to-home" href="/">
+        To home
+      </Link>
+      <a id="hash-link" href="#section">
+        Jump to section
+      </a>
+      <div id="section">Section</div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/search/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/search/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb71d4df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/search/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+import { Suspense } from 'react'
+
+async function CurrentPage({
+  searchParams,
+}: {
+  searchParams: Promise<{ page?: string }>
+}) {
+  const { page = '1' } = await searchParams
+  return <h1 id="search">Page {page}</h1>
+}
+
+export default function Search({
+  searchParams,
+}: {
+  searchParams: Promise<{ page?: string }>
+}) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <Suspense fallback={null}>
+        <CurrentPage searchParams={searchParams} />
+      </Suspense>
+      <Link id="to-page-2" href="/search?page=2">
+        To page 2
+      </Link>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/layout.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/layout.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4323c9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/layout.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { Suspense } from 'react'
+
+export default function SuspenseLayout({
+  children,
+}: {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}) {
+  return <Suspense>{children}</Suspense>
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2641df90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function Home() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <h1 id="home">Home</h1>
+      <Link id="to-post" href="/suspense/post">
+        To post
+      </Link>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/post/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/post/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b6ab0d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/post/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function Post() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <h1 id="post">Post</h1>
+      <Link id="to-home" href="/suspense">
+        To home
+      </Link>
+      <a id="hash-link" href="#section">
+        Jump to section
+      </a>
+      <div id="section">Section</div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/search/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/search/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94a58b0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/suspense/search/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+import { Suspense } from 'react'
+
+async function CurrentPage({
+  searchParams,
+}: {
+  searchParams: Promise<{ page?: string }>
+}) {
+  const { page = '1' } = await searchParams
+  return <h1 id="search">Page {page}</h1>
+}
+
+export default function Search({
+  searchParams,
+}: {
+  searchParams: Promise<{ page?: string }>
+}) {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <Suspense fallback={null}>
+        <CurrentPage searchParams={searchParams} />
+      </Suspense>
+      <Link id="to-page-2" href="/suspense/search?page=2">
+        To page 2
+      </Link>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/third-party-push.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/third-party-push.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b40a2328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/app/third-party-push.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
+
+// Simulates a third-party script writing to history between the router's
+// traversal detection and its popstate replay: this component's effect runs
+// after all insertion effects but before the parent router's effects.
+export function ThirdPartyPush() {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if ((window as any).__injectThirdPartyPush) {
+      window.history.pushState(
+        { thirdParty: true },
+        '',
+        window.location.pathname + '?tp=1'
+      )
+    }
+  }, [])
+  return null
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/back-before-hydration.test.ts b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/back-before-hydration.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab9c8d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/back-before-hydration/back-before-hydration.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+import { nextTestSetup } from 'e2e-utils'
+import { retry } from 'next-test-utils'
+import type * as Playwright from 'playwright'
+
+// Reproduces a URL/content desync when the browser's Back button is pressed
+// while a reloaded page has committed but not yet hydrated.
+//
+// Setup: navigate client-side so both history entries are same-document
+// entries created via pushState, then reload. Chrome preserves the
+// same-document association across a reload, so a Back traversal that happens
+// before the new document hydrates is an *instant same-document* traversal:
+// the URL bar changes and popstate fires, but no router is attached yet, so
+// the rendered content stays on the reloaded page. When hydration then
+// completes, the router assumes the current URL matches its payload and calls
+// replaceState() with the payload tree onto the traversed entry. From that
+// point the URL bar and the content permanently disagree, and subsequent
+// Back/Forward traversals update the URL bar without ever changing what is
+// rendered.
+//
+// In manual testing this is easiest to hit with a hard reload (shift+cmd+R)
+// because the widened commit-to-hydration window makes the race human-sized;
+// here we make it deterministic by stalling the static scripts instead.
+//
+// Every scenario runs twice: against pages with no Suspense boundary above
+// them, and against pages below a Suspense-wrapped layout. These exercise
+// different recovery codepaths: without a boundary, a suspended traversal
+// holds the transition until its data is ready; with one, it can commit the
+// boundary's fallback and then depends on React retrying when the data
+// resolves. Under cacheComponents the boundary variant regressed into a
+// permanently blank page (#95848) while the boundary-less variant recovered.
+describe('back navigation before hydration after reload', () => {
+  const { next } = nextTestSetup({ files: __dirname })
+
+  // Stalls every static script on the page so a committed document cannot
+  // start hydrating until released. (Routing a pattern also disables the
+  // browser HTTP cache for it, so cached scripts are stalled too.)
+  async function stallScripts(page: Playwright.Page) {
+    let stalling = true
+    const stalled: Array<() => void> = []
+    await page.route('**/_next/static/**', async (route) => {
+      if (stalling && route.request().resourceType() === 'script') {
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => stalled.push(resolve))
+      }
+      await route.continue()
+    })
+    return function releaseScripts() {
+      stalling = false
+      for (const release of stalled) release()
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Navigates client-side (creating a same-document sibling entry), then
+  // reloads with scripts stalled, returning as soon as the new document
+  // commits. `window.__stayed` is set on the committed document so tests can
+  // assert that hydration did not cause a full reload.
+  //
+  // NOTE: while scripts are stalled, only the raw Playwright `page` may be
+  // used — most `browser.*` helpers wait for the `load` event, which the
+  // stalled scripts block.
+  async function clickThenReloadStalled(
+    startPath: string,
+    linkId: string,
+    headingAfterClick: string
+  ) {
+    let page: Playwright.Page
+    const browser = await next.browser(startPath, {
+      beforePageLoad(p: Playwright.Page) {
+        page = p
+      },
+    })
+
+    await browser.elementById(linkId).click()
+    await retry(async () => {
+      expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe(headingAfterClick)
+    })
+
+    const releaseScripts = await stallScripts(page)
+    await browser.refresh({ waitUntil: 'commit' })
+    await page.evaluate('window.__stayed = true')
+
+    return { browser, page, releaseScripts }
+  }
+
+  // Loads a path directly with scripts stalled from the start, so the
+  // initial document is parsed but not hydrated until released. Waits for
+  // `readySelector` since document events are blocked by the stalled scripts.
+  async function loadStalled(startPath: string, readySelector: string) {
+    let page: Playwright.Page
+    let releaseScripts: () => void
+    const browser = await next.browser(startPath, {
+      waitUntil: 'commit',
+      waitHydration: false,
+      async beforePageLoad(p: Playwright.Page) {
+        page = p
+        releaseScripts = await stallScripts(p)
+      },
+    })
+    await page.waitForSelector(readySelector)
+    await page.evaluate('window.__stayed = true')
+    return { browser, page, releaseScripts }
+  }
+
+  describe.each([
+    { label: 'no Suspense boundary above the page', prefix: '' },
+    { label: 'Suspense boundary above the page', prefix: '/suspense' },
+  ])('$label', ({ prefix }) => {
+    const homePath = prefix === '' ? '/' : prefix
+    const postPath = `${prefix}/post`
+    const searchPath = `${prefix}/search`
+
+    it('reconciles the URL with the rendered content once hydration completes', async () => {
+      const { browser, releaseScripts } = await clickThenReloadStalled(
+        homePath,
+        'to-post',
+        'Post'
+      )
+
+      // Back while the reloaded document is not hydrated: an instant
+      // same-document traversal handled by nobody.
+      await browser.back({ waitUntil: 'commit' })
+      expect(new URL(await browser.url()).pathname).toBe(homePath)
+
+      releaseScripts()
+
+      // We traversed back, so once the router is up it must render the home
+      // page (or otherwise bring URL and content back in sync).
+      await retry(async () => {
+        expect(new URL(await browser.url()).pathname).toBe(homePath)
+        expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Home')
+      })
+
+      // History traversal must still work after recovery.
+      await browser.forward()
+      await retry(async () => {
+        expect(new URL(await browser.url()).pathname).toBe(postPath)
+        expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+      })
+
+      await browser.back()
+      await retry(async () => {
+        expect(new URL(await browser.url()).pathname).toBe(homePath)
+        expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Home')
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('reconciles when the traversed entry differs only in search params', async () => {
+      const { browser, releaseScripts } = await clickThenReloadStalled(
+        `${searchPath}?page=1`,
+        'to-page-2',
+        'Page 2'
+      )
+
+      await browser.back({ waitUntil: 'commit' })
+      expect(new URL(await browser.url()).search).toBe('?page=1')
+
+      releaseScripts()
+
+      await retry(async () => {
+        expect(new URL(await browser.url()).search).toBe('?page=1')
+        expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Page 1')
+      })
+
+      await browser.forward()
+      await retry(async () => {
+        expect(new URL(await browser.url()).search).toBe('?page=2')
+        expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Page 2')
+      })
+    })
+
+    // History changes before hydration that are NOT missed traversals must
+    // not trigger any recovery: the router should adopt the current entry on
+    // its first history write, and in particular never cause a full reload.
+    describe('other history changes before hydration', () => {
+      it('adopts a third-party pushState', async () => {
+        const { browser, page, releaseScripts } = await loadStalled(
+          postPath,
+          '#post'
+        )
+
+        // e.g. analytics/consent tooling running before the framework.
+        await page.evaluate(
+          `window.history.pushState({ thirdParty: true }, '', '${postPath}?tp=1')`
+        )
+        releaseScripts()
+
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.eval('window.__stayed')).toBe(true)
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).search).toBe('?tp=1')
+        })
+
+        // The router still navigates.
+        await browser.elementById('to-home').click()
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Home')
+        })
+      })
+
+      it('keeps an in-page anchor jump on a fresh load', async () => {
+        const { browser, page, releaseScripts } = await loadStalled(
+          postPath,
+          '#post'
+        )
+
+        await page.click('#hash-link')
+        expect(new URL(page.url()).hash).toBe('#section')
+        releaseScripts()
+
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.eval('window.__stayed')).toBe(true)
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).hash).toBe('#section')
+        })
+
+        // Hash traversals keep behaving like same-page jumps.
+        await browser.back()
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).hash).toBe('')
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+        })
+        await browser.forward()
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).hash).toBe('#section')
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+        })
+      })
+
+      it('keeps an in-page anchor jump between a reload and hydration', async () => {
+        const { browser, page, releaseScripts } = await clickThenReloadStalled(
+          homePath,
+          'to-post',
+          'Post'
+        )
+
+        await page.click('#hash-link')
+        expect(new URL(page.url()).hash).toBe('#section')
+        releaseScripts()
+
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.eval('window.__stayed')).toBe(true)
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).hash).toBe('#section')
+        })
+
+        // Traversing over the hash entry and the pushState entry still works.
+        await browser.back() // -> post
+        await browser.back() // -> home
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).pathname).toBe(homePath)
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Home')
+        })
+      })
+
+      it('handles a pushState followed by back', async () => {
+        const { browser, page, releaseScripts } = await loadStalled(
+          postPath,
+          '#post'
+        )
+
+        await page.evaluate(
+          `window.history.pushState({ thirdParty: true }, '', '${postPath}?tp=1')`
+        )
+        await page.evaluate(`window.history.back()`)
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(new URL(page.url()).search).toBe('')
+        })
+        releaseScripts()
+
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.eval('window.__stayed')).toBe(true)
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+        })
+
+        await browser.elementById('to-home').click()
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Home')
+        })
+      })
+
+      it('leaves the traversal unhandled when a third-party write lands before the replay', async () => {
+        const { browser, page, releaseScripts } = await clickThenReloadStalled(
+          homePath,
+          'to-post',
+          'Post'
+        )
+
+        await browser.back({ waitUntil: 'commit' })
+        expect(new URL(await browser.url()).pathname).toBe(homePath)
+
+        // Arms an effect in the fixture that pushes a third-party history
+        // entry between the router's traversal detection and its replay.
+        await page.evaluate('window.__injectThirdPartyPush = true')
+        releaseScripts()
+
+        await retry(async () => {
+          // The traversal cannot be replayed onto the third-party entry. The
+          // content stays on the reloaded page, like before the fix — and in
+          // particular the router must not reload a page that just loaded.
+          expect(await browser.eval('window.__stayed')).toBe(true)
+          expect(new URL(await browser.url()).search).toBe('?tp=1')
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+        })
+
+        await browser.elementById('to-home').click()
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Home')
+        })
+      })
+
+      it('handles a traversal onto a third-party entry', async () => {
+        const { browser, page, releaseScripts } = await loadStalled(
+          postPath,
+          '#post'
+        )
+
+        await page.evaluate(
+          `window.history.pushState({ a: 1 }, '', '${postPath}?tp=1')`
+        )
+        await page.evaluate(
+          `window.history.pushState({ b: 2 }, '', '${postPath}?tp=2')`
+        )
+        await page.evaluate(`window.history.back()`)
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(new URL(page.url()).search).toBe('?tp=1')
+        })
+        releaseScripts()
+
+        await retry(async () => {
+          expect(await browser.eval('window.__stayed')).toBe(true)
+          expect(await browser.elementByCss('h1').text()).toBe('Post')
+        })
+      })
+    })
+  })
+})