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diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/dynamic/error.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/dynamic/error.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d696a30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/dynamic/error.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+'use client'
+
+export default function DynamicError() {
+  return <div id="dynamic-error">Failed to render dynamic content</div>
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/dynamic/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/dynamic/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..108ce3f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/dynamic/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { Suspense } from 'react'
+import { headers } from 'next/headers'
+import { connection } from 'next/server'
+
+export const instant = {
+  unstable_samples: [{ headers: [['host', 'test-host']] }],
+}
+export const prefetch = 'partial'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <main>
+      <p id="intro">This page gates its dynamic content on connection().</p>
+      <Suspense fallback={<div style={{ color: 'grey' }}>Loading 1...</div>}>
+        <RuntimePrefetchable />
+      </Suspense>
+    </main>
+  )
+}
+
+async function RuntimePrefetchable() {
+  const headersStore = await headers()
+  const headerValue = headersStore.get('host') === null ? 'missing' : 'present'
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <div id="header-value">{`Header: ${headerValue}`}</div>
+      <Suspense fallback={<div style={{ color: 'grey' }}>Loading 2...</div>}>
+        <Dynamic />
+      </Suspense>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+// A module-level cache keyed on the identity of the headers object (like
+// `dedupe()` from the Flags SDK, or any per-request memoization that treats
+// the headers object as "the request"), gating its data on `connection()` so
+// it only produces data during actual navigations, never during (runtime)
+// prefetches.
+//
+// A request can be rendered by multiple passes with different semantics for
+// `connection()`: the prospective and final prerenders of a runtime prefetch,
+// or a navigation's dynamic render and the runtime prerender that is spawned
+// from it to refresh the client's prefetch cache. In prerenders the
+// connection() promise hangs and is rejected when the pass is aborted; during
+// navigations it resolves. Each render pass resolves `await headers()` to a
+// distinct object, which scopes identity-keyed memoization like this cache to
+// a single pass: a promise created under one pass's semantics is never
+// consumed by another pass.
+const requestDataCache = new WeakMap<object, Promise<string>>()
+async function getRequestData(): Promise<string> {
+  const headersStore = await headers()
+  let dataPromise = requestDataCache.get(headersStore)
+  if (dataPromise === undefined) {
+    dataPromise = (async () => {
+      await connection()
+      return 'request data'
+    })()
+    requestDataCache.set(headersStore, dataPromise)
+  }
+  return dataPromise
+}
+
+async function Dynamic() {
+  const data = await getRequestData()
+  return <div id="dynamic-content">Dynamic content: {data}</div>
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/layout.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/layout.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c36226d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/layout.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <html>
+      <body style={{ fontFamily: 'monospace' }}>{children}</body>
+    </html>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff594c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/app/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { LinkAccordion } from '../components/link-accordion'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <main>
+      <h1>Index</h1>
+      <ul>
+        <li>
+          <LinkAccordion href="/dynamic">Dynamic page</LinkAccordion>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+    </main>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/components/link-accordion.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/components/link-accordion.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b57ffef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/components/link-accordion.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+'use client'
+
+import Link from 'next/link'
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+export function LinkAccordion({
+  href,
+  children,
+}: {
+  href: string
+  children: React.ReactNode
+}) {
+  const [isVisible, setIsVisible] = useState(false)
+  return (
+    <>
+      <input
+        type="checkbox"
+        checked={isVisible}
+        onChange={() => setIsVisible(!isVisible)}
+        data-link-accordion={href}
+      />
+      {isVisible ? (
+        <Link href={href} prefetch>
+          {children}
+        </Link>
+      ) : (
+        <>{children} (link is hidden)</>
+      )}
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/headers-keyed-caches.test.ts b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/headers-keyed-caches.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfffdd92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/headers-keyed-caches.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { nextTestSetup } from 'e2e-utils'
+import { retry } from 'next-test-utils'
+import type * as Playwright from 'playwright'
+import { createRouterAct } from 'router-act'
+
+describe('module-level caches keyed on the headers object', () => {
+  const { next, isNextDev } = nextTestSetup({
+    files: __dirname,
+  })
+
+  if (isNextDev) {
+    // Runtime prefetching only happens in production builds.
+    it('is skipped in dev', () => {})
+    return
+  }
+
+  it('renders dynamic content on navigation even when the spawned runtime prerender populated the cache first', async () => {
+    const cliOutputStart = next.cliOutput.length
+
+    let page: Playwright.Page
+    const browser = await next.browser('/', {
+      beforePageLoad(p: Playwright.Page) {
+        page = p
+      },
+    })
+    const act = createRouterAct(page)
+
+    // Reveal the link, triggering the runtime prefetch.
+    await act(
+      async () => {
+        const linkToggle = await browser.elementByCss(
+          'input[data-link-accordion="/dynamic"]'
+        )
+        await linkToggle.click()
+      },
+      { includes: 'Header:' }
+    )
+
+    // Navigate. The navigation request also spawns a runtime prerender to
+    // refresh the client's prefetch cache, which reaches the module-level
+    // cache before the stage-gated dynamic render of the navigation does.
+    // Because each render pass resolves `headers()` to a distinct object, the
+    // hanging connection() promise it memoizes is keyed to the prerender pass
+    // only: the navigation's dynamic render misses the cache, creates its own
+    // promise, and connection() resolves, so the dynamic content renders.
+    await browser.elementByCss('a[href="/dynamic"]').click()
+
+    await retry(async () => {
+      expect(await browser.elementById('dynamic-content').text()).toBe(
+        'Dynamic content: request data'
+      )
+    })
+    expect(await browser.hasElementByCssSelector('#dynamic-error')).toBe(false)
+
+    // The rejection of the prerender pass's hanging promise stays within the
+    // pass that created it, so nothing is reported to onRequestError either.
+    const cliOutput = next.cliOutput.slice(cliOutputStart)
+    expect(cliOutput).not.toContain('[instrumentation] onRequestError:')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/instrumentation.ts b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/instrumentation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4eaac62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/instrumentation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import { type Instrumentation } from 'next'
+
+export const onRequestError: Instrumentation.onRequestError = (err) => {
+  console.log(`[instrumentation] onRequestError:${(err as Error).message}`)
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/next.config.ts b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/next.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7ffd9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/segment-cache/headers-keyed-caches/next.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import type { NextConfig } from 'next'
+
+const nextConfig: NextConfig = {
+  cacheComponents: true,
+  experimental: {
+    cachedNavigations: true,
+  },
+}
+
+export default nextConfig