---
license: mit
task_categories:
- text-generation
- question-answering
- text-classification
language:
- en
tags:
- cryptography
- security
- cybersecurity
- security-protocols
- protocol-verification
- formal-methods
- spore
- clark-jacob-library
- avispa-library
- avantssar-library
pretty_name: Security Protocols Open Repository (SPORE)
size_categories:
- n<1K
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: "instruction.jsonl"
---

# Security Protocols Open Repository (SPORE) Dataset

This dataset contains security protocol specifications formatted for training large language models to understand and reason about cryptographic protocols.

## Dataset Description

The Security Protocols Open Repository is a comprehensive collection of security protocols that have been formally analyzed. Each protocol specification includes:

- Principal declarations (participants in the protocol)
- Cryptographic primitives (keys, nonces, timestamps, etc.)
- Message exchange sequences with cryptographic operations
- Clear notation for encryption, signing, and other security operations

## UPDATE

- **Oct-23-2025:** This dataset now includes additional protocols from the Clark-Jacob Library, the AVISPA Library and the AVANTSSAR Library not originally available in the SPORE dataset.

### Dataset Structure

The dataset is available in two flavours: *instruction* and *conversation*.

Each entry in the instruction dataset has the schema:

```json
{"text": "<Protocol Name>\n\n<Protocol Specifications>"}
```

Each entry in the conversation dataset has the schema:

```json
{
  "messages": [
    {"role": "system", "content": "You are an expert in formal verification of security protocols."},
    {"role": "user", "content": "Analyze the following protocol:\n\n<Protocol Name>\n\n<Protocol Specifications>"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": ""}
  ]
}
```

The protocol specifications use a standard notation:
- `A, B, S`: Principals (participants)
- `Na, Nb`: Nonces (random values)
- `Ka, Kb`: Cryptographic keys
- `{M}K`: Message M encrypted with key K
- `A -> B`: Message flow from A to B

## Use Cases

This dataset is designed for:

1. **Protocol Understanding**: Training LLMs to parse and comprehend security protocol specifications
2. **Protocol Analysis**: Learning to identify participants, message flows, and cryptographic operations
3. **Security Research**: Understanding historical protocols and their vulnerabilities
4. **Formal Methods**: Learning formal notation for security protocols

## Dataset Creation

### Source Data

All protocols are sourced from:
- The [Security Protocols Open REpository (SPORE)](http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore), maintained by the Laboratoire Spécification et Vérification (LSV) at ENS Paris-Saclay.
- The [Clark-Jacob Library with specifications in MSR 2.0](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~iliano/projects/MSR/cjl/index.shtml), maintained by Carnegie Mellon University Qatar.
- The [Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) Library](https://web.archive.org/web/20160606114053fw_/http://www.avispa-project.org/library/avispa-library.html#IETF), funded under the EU Framework Programme 7 (FP7), now discontinued.
- The [Automated VAlidatioN of Trust and Security of Service-oriented ARchitectures (AVANTSSAR) Library](https://web.archive.org/web/20170603130116/http://www.avantssar.eu/), funded under the EU Framework Programme 7 (FP7), now discontinued.

### Data Processing

The original protocol specifications have been:
- Cleaned of formatting artifacts
- Stripped of comments and metadata
- Standardized to a consistent text format
- Sorted in alphabetical order of the protocol names
- Converted to JSONL for easy loading

## Training Example

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("dassarthak18/spore-protocols", "instruction")

training_args = TrainingArguments(
    # your args
)

trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=dataset['train'],
    dataset_text_field="text",
)
```

## Dataset Statistics

- **Total Protocols**: 49 protocols from SPORE + 18 protocols from Clark-Jacob library + 16 protocols from AVISPA library + 6 protocols from AVANTSSAR library
- **Protocol Families**: Includes variations, fixes, and modified versions of classic protocols
- **Average Length**: Varies from simple 3-message protocols to complex multi-party protocols
- **Language**: Formal protocol specification language

## Limitations

- The dataset is relatively small (89 protocols)
- Protocols are represented in a specific formal notation
- Does not include natural language descriptions or security proofs

## Citation

```bibtex
@misc{spore,
  title = {Security Protocols Open Repository},
  author = {{LSV - ENS Paris-Saclay}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr/Software/spore/}},
  note = {Laboratoire Spécification et Vérification, ENS Paris-Saclay, France}
}

@techreport{wrro72494,
            note = {Query date: 14/01/2011},
            year = {1997},
           title = {A survey of authentication protocol literature: Version 1.0},
            type = {Report},
     institution = {ARRAY(0x557103a11320)},
       publisher = {Citeseer},
        keywords = {Authentication. ,Security Protocols},
             url = {https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/72494/},
          author = {Clark, John Andrew and Jacob, Jeremy Lawrence}
}

@inproceedings{Armando2005AVISPA,
  author    = {Armando, Alessandro and Basin, David and Boichut, Yohan and
               Chevalier, Yannick and Compagna, Luca and Cuellar, Juan and
               Hankes Drielsma, Peter and He{\'a}m, P.~C. and Kouchnarenko, O. and
               Mantovani, J. and M{\"o}dersheim, Sebastian and von Oheimb, D. and
               Rusinowitch, Michael and Santiago, J. and Turuani, M. and
               Vigan\`o, Luca and Vigneron, L.},
  title     = {The AVISPA Tool for the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Computer Aided Verification (CAV)},
  series    = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume    = {3576},
  pages     = {281--285},
  year      = {2005},
  publisher = {Springer},
  doi       = {10.1007/11513988\_27}
}

@inproceedings{AVANTSSAR2012,
  author    = {Armando, Alessandro and Carbone, Roberto and Compagna, Luca and
               Cuellar, Jorge and Pellegrino, Giancarlo and Sorniotti, Alessandro},
  title     = {From Multiple Credentials to Browser-Based Single Sign-On: Are We More Secure?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IFIP TC 11 27th International Information Security Conference (SEC)},
  series    = {IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
  volume    = {376},
  pages     = {68--79},
  year      = {2012},
  publisher = {Springer},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-642-30436-1\_6}
}
```