Premise: some time on the night of October 1st, the Copacabana Club was burnt to the ground. The police are treating the fire as suspicious. The only facts known at this stage are: The club was insured for more than its real value. The club belonged to John Hodges. Les Braithwaite was known to dislike John Hodges. Between October 1st and October 2nd, Les Braithwaite was away from home on a business trip. There were no fatalities. A plan of the club was found in Les Braithwaite's flat.

Hypothesis: If the insurance company pays out in full, John Hodges stands to profit from the fire.


Premise: This passage provides information on the subsidising of renewable energy and its effect on the usage of fossil fuels. The issue of subsidising sources of renewable energy came to the forefront of global politics as record emissions levels continue to be reached despite caps on carbon emissions being agreed up by several global powers. However, renewable energy sources tend more expensive than their fossil-fuel counter parts. In this way, renewable energy cannot be seen as a realistic alternative to fossil-fuel until it is at a price universally achievable. On the opposite side of the spectrum, commentators note that the average temperature is expected to rise by four degrees by the end of the decade. In order to prevent this, they suggest carbon emissions must be reduced by seventy per cent by 2050. Such commentators advocate government subsidised renewable energy forms as a way to achieve this target.

Hypothesis: Government subsidiary could reduce renewable energy cost


Hypothesis: Fossil-fuels are currently cheaper than forms of renewable energy.


Hypothesis: The average temperature in the UK is set to rise by 4% by 2050.


Premise: This year most of the shops and departmental stores are offering prizes and discounts on purchases to attract customers

Hypothesis: Lots of goods are available but the sale is not shooting up. There is no cheer for the customers.


Hypothesis: The shops and departmental stores have so far earned a lot of profit, so now they have started sharing it with the customers.


Premise: Thomas Young The Last True Know-It-All Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classicists) and substantial essays on Bridge, Chromatics, Egypt, Languages and Tides. Was someone who could write authoritatively about so many subjects a polymath, a genius or a dilettante? In an ambitious new biography, Andrew Robinson argues that Young is a good contender for the epitaph the last man who knew everything. Young has competition, however: The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warrens 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlens 2004 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), another polymath. Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Young explained the process of accommodation in the human eye on how the eye focuses properly on objects at varying distances. Young hypothesised that this was achieved by changes in the shape of the lens. Young also theorised that light traveled in waves and ho believed that, to account for the ability to see in color, there must be three receptors in the eye corresponding to the three principal colors to which the retina could respond: red, green, violet. All these hypotheses Were subsequently proved to be correct. Later in his life, when he was in his forties, Young was instrumental in cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, a tablet that was found in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone contains text in three alphabets: Greek, something unrecognisable and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The unrecognisable script is now known as demotic and, as Young deduced, is related directly to hieroglyphic. His initial work on this appeared in his Britannica entry on Egypt. In another entry, he coined the term Indo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India. These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who, unlike many remarkable children, did not disappear into oblivion as an adult. Bom in 1773 in Somerset in England, Young lived from an early age with his maternal grandfather, eventually leaving to attend boarding school. He had devoured books from the age of two, and through his own initiative he excelled at Latin, Greek, mathematics and natural philosophy. After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by his mothers uncle, Richard Brocklesby, a physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesbys lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London, following the medical circuit, and then moved on to more formal education in Edinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. After completing his medical training at the University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set up practice as a physician in London. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a few years later was appointed physician at St. Georges Hospital. Youngs skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. Earlier, in 1801, he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. These were published in two volumes in 1807. In 1804 Young had become secretary to the Royal Society, a post he would hold until his death. His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London and methods of ship construction. From 1819 he was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude. From 1824 to 1829 he was physician to and inspector of calculations for the Palladian Insurance Company. Between 1816 and 1825 he contributed his many and various entries to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous books, essays and papers. Young is a perfect subject for a biography perfect, but daunting. Few men contributed so much to so many technical fields. Robinsons aim is to introduce non-scientists to Youngs work and life. He succeeds, providing clear expositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptian hieroglyphs). Some readers of this book will, like Robinson, find Youngs accomplishments impressive; others will see him as some historians have as a dilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book, readers will not end up knowing Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society, attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition, he was an accomplished horseman. However, his personal life looks pale next to his vibrant career and studies. Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson, their marriage was a happy one and she appreciated his work, Almost all we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes about optics and that she worried about money when his medical career was slow to take off. Very little evidence survives about the complexities of Youngs relationships with his mother and father. Robinson does not credit them, or anyone else, with shaping Youngs extraordinary mind. Despite the lack of details concerning Youngs relationships, however, anyone interested in what it means to be a genius should read this book.

Hypothesis: All Youngs articles were published in Encyclopedia Britannica.


Hypothesis: The last man who knew everything has also been claimed to other people.


Hypothesis: Young suffered from a disease in his later years.


Hypothesis: Young took part in various social pastimes.


Hypothesis: Youngs advice was sought by people responsible for local and national issues.


Hypothesis: Youngs talent as a doctor surpassed his other skills.


Hypothesis: Like others, Young wasnt so brilliant when growing up.


Premise: Though no heavy rain has been received in the city and water is receding from most areas in Chennai and massive relief operations are underway, the city is staring at an outbreak of epidemics with tones of stinking garbage littering the streets as bright sunshine further eased the situation.

Hypothesis: Garbage in the city is the major concern of epidemics.


Hypothesis: Chennai needs proper planning to overcome heavy rains in the city.


Hypothesis: Improper drainage system in Chennai is the major cause of flood in the city.


Hypothesis: Massive rains are the major cause of epidemics in the cities.


Premise: Three athletes each receive a first, second and third prize for a different sporting event. Either Anne or Josie got the second prize for Tennis. Anne got the same prize for throwing the javelin as Josie got for swimming. Tanya got the first prize for swimming, and her prize for the javelin was the same as Josies for tennis and Annes for swimming.

Hypothesis: Anne got the first prize for tennis


Hypothesis: Josie was best with the javelin


Hypothesis: Anne got the second prize for swimming


Premise: Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.

Hypothesis: Pencils are more expensive than rulers.


Premise: Throughout Europe, the three most prevalent ways of punishing an individual for a drug possession offence are warning, fine and suspended prison sentence; with the exception of a few countries, community work orders are rarely used. Those convicted of supply offences are more likely to receive a prison sentence. Notwithstanding, certain offenders receive long sentences and these are often brought up in public debate. Considerable differences between countries exist regarding where to draw the line between users as individuals needing treatment, and traffickers needing criminal punishment as deterrence. Each countrys criminal justice system recognises some people as sick, and thus tries to divert them to treatment, while punishing others.

Hypothesis: Differentiation between drug criminals and people requiring treatment is made on a country-by-country basis.


Hypothesis: Most countries in Europe do not tend to punish individuals for drug offences; rather they recognise them as sick and send them for treatment.


Hypothesis: A person caught possessing drugs could face a warning, a fine, or a suspended prison sentence depending on the country where the arrest takes place.


Premise: Tickled pink In 1973, the Australian fruit breeder John Cripps created a new variety of apple tree by crossing a red Australian Lady Williams variety with a pale-green American Golden Delicious. The offspring first fruited in 1979 and combined the best features of its parents in an apple that had an attractive pink hue on a yellow undertone. The new, improved apple was named the Cripps Pink after its inventor. Today the Cripps Pink is one of the most popular varieties of apple and is grown extensively in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and in California and Washington in the USA. By switching from northern hemisphere fruit to southern hemisphere fruit the apple is available at its seasonal best all year round. The highest-quality apples are marketed worldwide under the trademark Pink LadyTM. To preserve the premium price and appeal of the Pink Lady, apples that fail to meet the highest standards are sold under the name Cripps PinkTM. These standards are based on colour and flavour, in particular, the extent of the pink coverage and the sugar/acid balance. Consumers who buy a Pink Lady apple are ensured a product that is of consistently high quality. To earn the name Pink Lady the skin of a Cripps Pink apple must be at least 40% pink. Strong sunlight increases the pink coloration and it may be necessary to remove the uppermost leaves of a tree to let the light through. The extra work required to cultivate Cripps Pink trees is offset by its advantages, which include: vigorous trees; fruit that has tolerance to sunburn; a thin skin that does not crack; flesh that is resistant to browning after being cut and exposed to air; a cold-storage life of up to six months and a retail shelf-life of about four weeks. However, the main advantage for apple growers is the premium price that the Pink Lady brand is able to command. The Cripps Red variety, also known as Cripps II, is related to the Pink Lady and was developed at the same time. The premium grade is marketed as the Sun downerTM. Unlike the genuinely pink Pink Lady, the SundownerTM is a classic bi- coloured apple, with a skin that is 45% red from Lady Williams and 55% green from Golden Delicious. Apples that fall outside of this colour ratio are rejected at the packing station and used for juice, whilst the smaller apples are retained for the home market. The Sundowner is harvested after Cripps Pink in late May or early June, and a few weeks before Lady Williams. It has better cold-storage properties than Cripps Pink and it retains an excellent shelf life. Cripps Red apples have a coarser texture than Cripps Pink, are less sweet and have a stronger flavour. Both apples are sweeter than Lady Williams but neither is as sweet as Golden Delicious. The advantage of the Pink LadyTM brand is that it is a trademark of a premium product, not just a Cripps Pink apple. This means that new and improved strains of the Cripps Pink can use the Pink Lady brand name as long as they meet the minimum quality requirement of being 40% pink. Three such strains are the Rosy Glow, The Ruby Pink and the Lady in Red. The Rosy Glow apple was discovered in an orchard of Cripps Pink trees that had been planted in South Australia in 1996. One limb of a Cripps Pink tree had red-coloured apples while the rest of the limbs bore mostly green fruit. A bud was taken from the mutated branch and grafted onto rootstock to produce the new variety. The fruit from the new Rosy Glow tree was the same colour over the entire tree and a patent for this unique apple was granted in 2003. The Rosy Glow apple benefits from a larger area of pink than the Pink Lady and it ripens earlier in the season in climates that have less hours of sunshine. As a consequence, the Cripps Pink is likely to be phased out in favour of the Rosy Glow, with the apples branded as Pink LadyTM if they have 40% or more pink coverage. Ruby Pink and Lady in Red are two mutations of the Cripps Pink that were dis covered in New Zealand. Like the Rosy Glow, these improved varieties develop a larger area of pink than the Cripps Pink, which allows more apples to meet the quality requirements of the Pink LadyTM brand. Planting of these trees may need to be controlled otherwise the supply of Pink Lady apples will exceed the demand, to then threaten the price premium. Overproduction apart, the future of what has become possibly the worlds best-known modern apple and fruit brand, looks secure.

Hypothesis: Colour is an important factor in the selection of both of the premium grades of Cripps apples referred to.


Hypothesis: One advantage of Cripps Pink trees is that they grow well.


Hypothesis: Pink Lady apples are the highest grade of Cripps Pink apples.


Hypothesis: Cripps Pink trees produce an abundance of fruit.


Hypothesis: Pink Lady apples are less expensive to buy than Cripps Pink apples.


Hypothesis: Lady Williams apples are sweeter than Golden Delicious.


Premise: Time and temperature Food poisoning is still prevalent in the UK, with more than 90,000 reported cases in 2007, though unreported cases could be as much as 10 times higher, because most people with mild symptoms fail to report the incident. Millions of bacteria are needed to produce food poisoning. Under favourable conditions, rapid multiplication takes place by binary fission every 10 to 20 minutes. Pathogenic bacteria can grow at temperatures as low as 5 C and as high as 63 C; food kept in this danger zone should never be reheated. Fridges and cold stores at 1 to 4 C stop the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria but not of food spoilage bacteria. The latter can continue to grow at temperatures as low as minus 18 C, below which they remain dormant. Bacteria are not destroyed by freezing and can multiply again after the food thaws out. Campylobacter is responsible for most of the food poisoning in the UK, with about four times as many cases as occur with Salmonella. Campylobacter is also referred to as a food-borne disease because it remains dormant at room temperature but multiplies rapidly at body temperature (37 C); it is destroyed at temperatures above 48 C. Most cases of Salmonella food poisoning are caused by storing prepared food at room temperature. Salmonella is quickly destroyed at temperatures above 74 C. Other food-borne pathogens include Listeria, E. coli and Clostridium perfringens, which is spore forming and can survive cooking. Both Campylobacter and Salmonella are associated with raw meat, poultry, eggs and unpasteurised milk. Examples of cross-contamination include kitchen staff failing to wash their hands when taking eggs out of the fridge, a drop of juice from a fresh chicken at the top of the fridge contaminating cooked foods below, and using the same chopping board to prepare meat and vegetables. Spread is not normally from person to person.

Hypothesis: A single cell of Campylobacter can multiply to more than 1,000 bacteria in less than two hours on food at room temperature.


Hypothesis: The ingestion of a small number of Campylobacter cells could make you ill.


Hypothesis: Heating food to 75 C will destroy most bacteria responsible for food poisoning in the UK.


Hypothesis: Pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria remain dormant below minus 18 C.


Premise: Time to cool it REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them. One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down. Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers. Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second. Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80C. At 85C, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight. One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it. The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10C. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip. The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.

Hypothesis: IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.


Hypothesis: Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.


Hypothesis: Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.


Hypothesis: Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.


Premise: Timekeeper 2 Invention of Marine Chronometer It was, as Dava Sobel has described a phenomenon: the greatest scientific problem of the age. The reality was that in the 18th century no one had ever made a clock that could suffer the great rolling and pitching of a ship and the large changes in temperature whilst still keeping time accurately enough to be of any use. Indeed, most of the scientific community thought such clock impossibility. Knowing one's position on the earth requires two very simple but essential coordinates; rather like using a street map where one thinks in terms of how far one is up/down and how far side to side. The longitude is a measure of how far around the world one has come from home and has no naturally occurring base line like the equator. The crew of a given ship was naturally only concerned with how far round they were from their own particular home base. Even when in the middle of the ocean, with no land in sight, knowing this longitude position is very simple in theory. The key to knowing how far around the world you are from home is to know, at that very moment, what time it is back home. A comparison with your local time (easily found by checking the position of the Sim) will then tell you the time difference between you and home, and thus how far round the Earth you are from home. Up until the middle of the 18th century, navigators hadbeen unable to determine their position at sea with accuracy and they faced the huge attendant risks of shipwreck or running out of supplies before reaching then destination. The angular position of Moon and other bright stars was recorded in three-hour intervals of Greenwich Time. In order to determine longitude, sailors had to measure the angle between Moon centre and a given star - lunar distance - together with height of both planets using the naval sextant. The sailors also had to calculate the Moons position if seen form the centre of Earth. Time corresponding to Greenwich Time was determined using the nautical almanac. Then the difference between the obtained time and local time served for calculation in longitude from Greenwich. The great flaw in this simple theory was - how does the sailor know time back home when he is in the middle of an ocean? The obvious and again simple answer is that he takes an accurate clock with him, which he sets to home time before leaving. All he has to do is keep it wound up and running, and he must never reset the hands throughout the voyage This clock then provides home time, so if, for example, it is midday on board your ship and your home time clock says that at that same moment it is midnight at home, you know immediately there is a twelve hour time-difference and you must be exactly round the other side of the world, 180 degrees of longitude from home. After 1714 when the British government offered the huge sum of 20,000 for a solution to the problem, with the prize to be administered by die splendidly titled Board of Longitude. The Government prize of 20,000 was the highest of three sums on offer for varying degrees of accuracy, the full prize only payable for a method that could find the longitude at sea within half a degree. If the solution was to be by timekeeper (and there were other methods since the prize was offered for any solution to the problem), then the timekeeping required to achieve this goal would have to be within 2.8 seconds a day, a performance considered impossible for any clock at sea and unthinkable for a watch, even under the very best conditions. It was this prize, worth about 2 million today, which inspired the self-taught Yorkshfre carpenter, John Harrison, to attempt a design for a practical marineclock. During the latter part of his early career, he worked with his younger brother James. Their first major project was a revolutionary turret clock for the stables at Brocklesby Park, seat of the Pelham family. The clock was revolutionary because it required no lubrication. 18th century clock oils were uniformly poor and one of the major causes of failure in clocks of the period. Rather than concentrating on improvements to the oil, Harrison designed a clock which didn't need it. In 1730 Harrison created a description and drawings for a proposed marine clock to compete for the Longitude Prize and went to London seeking financial assistance. He presented his ideas to Edmond Halley, the Astronomer Royal. Halley referred him to George Graham, the country's foremost clockmaker. He must have been impressed by Harrison, for Graham personally loaned Harrison money to build a model of his marine clock. It took Harrison five years to build Harrison Number One or HI. He demonstrated it to members of the Royal Society who spoke on his behalf to the Board of Longitude. The clock was the first proposal that the Board considered to be worthy of a sea trial. In 1736, After several attempts to design a betterment of HI, Harrison believed that the ' solution to the longitude problem lay in an entirely different design. H4 is completely different from the other three timekeepers. It looks like a very large pocket watch. Harrison's son William set sail for the West Indies, with H4, aboard the ship Deptford on 18 November 1761. It was a remarkable achievement but it would be some time before the Board of Longitude was sufficiently satisfied to award Harrison the prize. John Hadley, an English mathematician, developed sextant, who was a competitor of Harrison at that time for the luring prize. A sextant is an instrument used for measuring angles, for example between the sun and the horizon, so that the position of a ship or aeroplane can be calculated. Making this measurement is known as sighting the object, shooting the object, or taking a sight and it is an essential part of celestial navigation. The angle, and the time when it was measured, can be used to calculate a position line on a nautical or aeronautical chart. A sextant can also be used to measure the Lunar distance between the moon and another celestial object (e. g. , star, planet) in order to determine Greenwich time which is important because it can then be used to determine the longitude. The majority within this next generation of chronometer pioneers were English, but the story is by no means wholly that of English achievement. One French name, Pierre Le Roy of Paris, stands out as a major presence in the early history of the chronometer. Another great name in the story is that of theLancastrian, Thomas Eamshaw, a slightly younger contemporary of John Arnold's. It was Eamshaw who created the final form of chronometer escapement, the spring detent escapement, and finalized the format and the production system for the marine chronometer, making it truly an article of commerce, and a practical means of safer navigation at sea over the next century and half.

Hypothesis: In theory, by calculating the longitude degrees covered by a sail journey, the distance between the start and the end points can be obtained.


Hypothesis: To determine the longitude, a measurement of distance from moon to a given star is a must.


Hypothesis: It is with no great effort by sailors to calculate the position when in the center of the ocean theoretically.


Premise: Timekeeper: Invention of Marine Chronometer Up to the middle of the 18th century, the navigators were still unable to exactly identify the position at sea, so they might face a great number of risks such as the shipwreck or running out of supplies before arriving at the destination. Knowing ones position on the earth requires two simple but essential coordinates, one of which is the longitude. The longitude is a term that can be used to measure the distance that one has covered from ones home to another place around the world without the limitations of naturally occurring baseline like the equator. To determine longitude, navigators had no choice but to measure the angle with the naval sextant between Moon centre and a specific star lunar distancealong with the height of both heavenly bodies. Together with the nautical almanac, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was determined, which could be adopted to calculate longitude because one hour in GMT means 15-degree longitude. Unfortunately, this approach laid great reliance on the weather conditions, which brought great inconvenience to the crew members. Therefore, another method was proposed, that is, the time difference between the home time and the local time served for the measurement. Theoretically, knowing the longitude position was quite simple, even for the people in the middle of the sea with no land in sight. The key element for calculating the distance travelled was to know, at the very moment, the accurate home time. But the greatest problem is: how can a sailor know the home time at sea? The simple and again obvious answer is that one takes an accurate clock with him, which he sets to the home time before leaving. A comparison with the local time (easily identified by checking the position of the Sun) would indicate the time difference between the home time and the local time, and thus the distance from home was obtained. The truth was that nobody in the 18th century had ever managed to create a clock that could endure the violent shaking of a ship and the fluctuating temperature while still maintaining the accuracy of time for navigation. After 1714, as an attempt to find a solution to the problem, the British government offered a tremendous amount of 20,000, which were to be managed by the magnificently named Board of Longitude. If timekeeper was the answer (and there could be other proposed solutions, since the money wasnt only offered for timekeeper), then the error of the required timekeeping for achieving this goal needed to be within 2.8 seconds a day, which was considered impossible for any clock or watch at sea, even when they were in their finest conditions. This award, worth about 2 million today, inspired the self-taught Yorkshire carpenter John Harrison to attempt a design for a practical marine clock. In the later stage of his early career, he worked alongside his younger brother James. The first big project of theirs was to build a turret clock for the stables at Brockelsby Park, which was revolutionary because it required no lubrication. Harrison designed a marine clock in 1730, and he travelled to London in seek of financial aid. He explained his ideas to Edmond Halley, the Astronomer Royal, who then introduced him to George Graham, Britains first-class clockmaker. Graham provided him with financial aid for his early-stage work on sea clocks. It took Harrison five years to build Harrison Number One or HI. Later, he sought the improvement from alternate design and produced H4 with the giant clock appearance. Remarkable as it was, the Board of Longitude wouldnt grant him the prize for some time until it was adequately satisfied. Harrison had a principal contestant for the tempting prize at that time, an English mathematician called John Hadley, who developed the sextant. The sextant is the tool that people adopt to measure angles, such as the one between the Sun and the horizon, for a calculation of the location of ships or planes. In addition, his invention is significant since it can help determine longitude. Most chronometer forerunners of that particular generation were English, but that doesnt mean every achievement was made by them. One wonderful figure in the history is the Lancastrian Thomas Earnshaw, who created the ultimate form of chronometer escapementthe spring detent escapementand made the final decision on format and productions system for the marine chronometer, which turns it into a genuine modem commercial product, as well as a safe and pragmatic way of navigation at sea over the next century and half.

Hypothesis: Greenwich Mean Time was set up by the English navigators.


Hypothesis: To determine longitude, the measurement of the distance from the Moon to a given star is essential.


Hypothesis: In theory, sailors can easily calculate their longitude position at sea.


Premise: To determine whether interbreeding took place among Homo species before the populations that became modern humans left Africa, evolutionary biologists studied DNA from two African hunter-gatherer groups, the Biaka Pygmies and the San, and from a West African agricultural population, the Mandenka. Each of these groups is descended from populations thought to have remained in Africa, meaning they would have avoided the genetic bottleneck effect that usually occurs with migration. This means the groups show particularly high genetic diversity, which makes their genomes more likely to have retained evidence of ancient genetic mixing. The researchers looked at 61 non-coding DNA regions in all three groups. Because direct comparison to archaic specimens wasn't possible, the authors used computer models to simulate how infiltration from different populations might have affected patterns of variation within modern genomes. On chromosomes 4, 13 and 18 of the three African populations, the researchers found genetic regions that were more divergent on average than known modern sequences at the same locations, hinting at a different origin.

Hypothesis: When population groups migrate, they apparently do not breed much with different groups at first.


Hypothesis: Since the genetic diversity of the three African populations was high, while that of the indigenous population was low, researchers concluded that the three African populations had interbred.


Hypothesis: These African groups were selected for the study because they represent both the early hunter-gatherers as well as the later farmers.


Premise: To enjoy a comfortable retirement, many retired people recommend retiring on two- thirds of final salary and around 4 million workers have paid into pension schemes for the bulk of their working lives in order to realize this goal. Those who have contributed to a final salary pension scheme will reach that standard and in fact exceed it when the persons state pension is added to the equation. Those workers who have contributed to a pension scheme that lacks the final salary guarantee and instead depend on the investment value of their total contributions to purchase their pension on retirement are less fortunate. Even when their state pension is included the bulk of these people will retire on an income of around 40 per cent of their final salary. As for the remaining 11 million workers who have made little or no contri- bution to any other pension scheme than the compulsory state scheme, it is feared that they will find themselves dependent on means-tested benefits.

Hypothesis: Workers with pension schemes without the final salary guarantee will have to manage on a lot less than the amount thought to be needed for a secure retirement.


Hypothesis: The country to which the passage refers has a total population of 15 million.


Hypothesis: Four million workers will reach or exceed the standard where they retire on two-thirds of the final salary.


Premise: To get to his home at Tranton Park, Geoff takes the 17.45 train from Central Station. Rona avoids public transport whenever possible, but walks with him to the station, where she has left her car. Her drive to her home in Hampton takes 15 minutes, although it would have taken exactly the same time by train. Like Geoff, Sam takes the train, but avoids the rush by taking the 17.15 from Central Station. Bella, who works in the same office as the rest and who prefers the train, always makes the journey with Sam as far as Hampton, where she lives. Sam continues to Nately, which is his hometown, a journey that is three times as long as hers. Geoff arrives at Tranton Park an hour and a quarter after Bella gets to Hampton.

Hypothesis: Sam never travels by train


Hypothesis: Bella, apart from Geoff, is most likely to travel by train.


Hypothesis: Bella is most likely to arrive home first


Hypothesis: the journey time between Nately and Tranton Park is 15 minutes.


Hypothesis: Geoff probably has the longest journey.


Premise: To keep myself up to date, i always listen to 9:00 p. m. news on radio. ---- A candidate tells the interview board.

Hypothesis: Recent news are broadcast only on radio.


Hypothesis: The candidate does not read newspaper


Premise: To save the environment enforce total ban on illegal mining throughout the country.

Hypothesis: Mining is one of the factors responsible for environment degradation. Syndicate Bank (PO)


Hypothesis: Mining which is done legally does not cause any harm to the environment


Premise: To what extent does advertising a product at a sporting event increase sales? In light of the London Olympics, the relationship between sporting events and advertising is under greater scrutiny by British companies than ever before. Research suggests that in the year prior to the Games, twelve percent of adults talked about the Olympics on a typical day. With this in mind, it is estimated that more than one billion pounds have been invested in the Games in the form of sponsorship from companies. In return for their investment, the exposure gained by sponsors is now legally protected by statute to prevent non-official sponsors from profiting.

Hypothesis: As a result of the London Olympics sporting events and advertising is receiving more attention from adults.


Hypothesis: As a result of the London Olympics sporting events and advertising has been researched for the first time.


Hypothesis: As a result of the London Olympics sporting events and advertising is now protected by statute.


Hypothesis: As a result of the London Olympics sporting events and advertising is receiving more attention from companies


Premise: Toby, Rob and Frank all take a holiday by the sea, whilst Sam, Jo and Tony go hiking in the mountains. Frank, Sam and Jo travel by air. Jo, Rob and Tony do not enjoy their holiday.

Hypothesis: Tony does not travel by air and goes hiking


Hypothesis: Rob goes to the sea and does not enjoy the holiday


Premise: Today, the term surreal is used to denote a curious imaginative effect. The words provenance can be traced back to the revolutionary surrealism movement which grew out of Dadaism in the mid-1920s. Surrealism spread quite quickly across European arts and literature, particularly in France, between the two world wars. The movements founder French poet Andre Breton was influenced heavily by Freuds theories, as he reacted against reason and logic in order to free the imagination from the unconscious mind. Surrealist works, both visual and oral, juxtaposed seemingly unrelated everyday objects and placed these in dreamlike settings. Thus, the popularity of surrealist paintings, including Salvador Dalis, lies in the unconventional positioning of powerful images such as leaping tigers, melting watches and metronomes. Surrealist art is widely known today, unlike the less easily accessible works of the French surrealist writers who, ignoring the literal meanings of words, focused instead on word associations and implications. That said, the literary surrealist tradition still survives in modern-day proponents of experimental writing.

Hypothesis: Salvador Dalis work is more popular than Andre Bretons output.


Hypothesis: At one time Dadaism and Surrealism were closely affiliated.


Hypothesis: Some experimental writing is surreal.


Hypothesis: Surrealist painting is renowned for the arbitrary portrayal of everyday objects.


Hypothesis: Salvador Dali was a French surrealist painter.


Premise: Todays historians aim to construct a record of human activities and to use this record to achieve a more profound understanding of humanity. This conception of their task is quite recent, dating from the development from 18th and early 19th centuries of scientific history, and cultivated largely by professional historians who adopted the assumption that the study of natural, inevitable human activity. Before the late 18th century, history was taught in virtually no schools, and it did not attempt to provide an interpretation of human life as a whole. This is more appropriately the function of religion, of philosophy, or even perhaps of poetry.

Hypothesis: That which constitutes the study of history has changed over time.


Hypothesis: In the 17th century, history would not have been thought of as a way of understanding humanity.


Hypothesis: Professional historians did not exist before 18th century.


Premise: Tom puts on his socks before he puts on his shoes. He puts on his shirt before he puts on his jacket.

Hypothesis: Tom puts on his shoes before he puts on his shirt.


Premise: Total stocks of most minerals in the earths crust are still large in relation to the current rates of use, and a high proportion of the minerals that are consumed in the production process could, in principle, be recycled. The technological and financial constraints on recycling such concentrations of minerals are considerable, however, and there is no guarantee that these constraints could be overcome. Substitution of abundant for scarce resources would avoid the problem, but such substitution is not always technologically feasible.

Hypothesis: The technical constraints of recovering any mineral are considerable.


Hypothesis: It is wrong to assume that the substitution of abundant for scarce resources will create insurmountable technical problems on every occasion.


Hypothesis: Most of the minerals consumed in the production process can be economically recycled.


Premise: Tourism in Mexico They appear out of nowhere like a heat-addled mirage on the flat, straight, mangrove-fringed road. The first sign of humanity in 40 miles, the tourists have ripened to pink under the glare of the tropical sun, with their legs wrapped around shiny red all-terrain vehicles buzzing down the asphalt like one giant invasive insect. It's a strange sight, all right. But it's eclipsed moments later by an even stranger one. Looming on the Caribbean just beyond the end of the road is the world's largest cruise ship, the Independence of the Seas, harboring a bounty of 3,811 passengers. Thanks to cruise ships like this one, Mexico's Costa Maya (not to be confused with the Riviera Maya farther north), set along a once mostly deserted stretch of the Yucatan Peninsula, is becoming one of the most visited, albeit least known, tourist regions in the nation. In 2006, just five years after the opening of the cruise ship facility here, 850,000 passengers sailed into port. By then, the once tiny fishing village of Mahahual had exploded from 80 souls dependent on the sea, to 3,500 dependent on tourism. The region begins about 80 miles south of Cancun and stretches from the vast Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve almost to the Belize border. It encompasses huge swaths of protected jungle, a number of lesser-known Maya archaeological sites, indigenous villages, pristine lagoons and top-notch diving. Plans call for low-rise, low-density development emphasizing small, eco-friendly hotels that cater to adventure seekers and cultural travelers. South of Tulum, a lengthy stretch of almost uninterrupted resort development comes to an abrupt halt at the northern edge of the Sian Ka'an Reserve. The UNESCO World Heritage site (whose name is Maya for "where the sky is born") is a 1.3-million-acre haven of tropical forest and wetlands. It's alive with more than 300 bird species, pig-like peccaries, monkeys, puma and jaguar. It harbors turquoise lagoons where orchids and bromeliads cling to mangroves whose spiny roots grasp the earth like gnarled fingers. Save for a few fishing lodges, Sian Ka'an isn't set up for overnight visitors. But day trips are organized by a number of tour operators, including Community Tours of Sian Ka'an, a cooperative formed in an attempt to keep profits - and residents - in the small Maya town of Muyil.

Hypothesis: Costa Maya is still not well-known by tourists.


Hypothesis: The UNESCO site has a larger area of tropical forest than any other area of Mexico.


Hypothesis: It's difficult to find a hotel with vacancies in Sian Ka'an.


Hypothesis: The Independence of the Seas is currently the largest ship in the Caribbean.


Hypothesis: Costa Maya is a great place for tourists who enjoy diving.


Hypothesis: Mahahual now has a population of 3,500.


Premise: Tourism is big business. The annual profit and popularity of several top tourist attractions in the United Kingdom has been researched and presented by visitengland. com. Almost 30 million international visitors travel to London every year, marking the city as the most popular international travel destination in the world. In 2011, Londons most popular tourist attraction was the British Museum. The second most popular destination was Madame Tussauds. Outside of the capital, popular tourist destinations include Alton Towers and the Cadburys Factory. Tourist attractions contribute over two billion pounds to the UK economy and can be seen as one of the most profitable sectors. This information has not bypassed local authorities keen to bolster their income; some are spending hundreds of thousands of pounds on publicity drives. Whilst Essex County Council wont receive a penny from ticket sales, they are part-funding a new stadium in the hope that the increased spending by visitors will filter through to them in the form of business rates and local taxes.

Hypothesis: In 2011 the British Museum received the most visits of any tourist attraction in the UK.


Hypothesis: New York typically receives less than 30 million international visitors each year.


Hypothesis: Whilst tourism brings in lots of money, the industry is one of the least profitable.


Premise: Towns that have become commuter and second-home hotspots are valued for their housing stock, schools and unspoilt civic centres. It is now possible for working families to relocate away from cities without affecting their earning power. Commuting three days a week and working from home the rest has meant that many more people are willing to give up the city life and move to more rural areas to fulfil their dream of homes with gardens and cricket on the green. So many metropolitan dwellers have made the move that property prices in the more popular locations have become amongst the most expensive in the country.

Hypothesis: New technology is the reason why it is possible for working families to relocate without affecting their earning power.


Hypothesis: An idea of an unspoilt civic centre could include, along with cricket on the green, a traditional high street with local shops.


Hypothesis: The only reason for these locations becoming so popular is only due to commuting even if for just part of the week.


Premise: Trade and Early State Formation Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years; often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity, it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups. Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs, religious leaders, or kin groups. Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms. The change from redistribution to formal trade often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. In the 1970s, a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states. British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities. As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances, a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted. Eventually, this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities, systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces. As time went on, the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence. Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange, and perhaps even led to piracy. Thus, intensified trade and interaction, and the flowering of specialist crafts, in a complex process of positive feedback, led to much more complex societies based on palaces, which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization. Renfrew's model made some assumptions that are now discounted. For example, he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society. Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view, pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age. Trade, nevertheless, was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete. American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilization in Mesoamerica. He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources, among them obsidian, salt, stone for grinding maize, and many luxury materials. All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands, from the Valley of Mexico, and from other regions, if the necessary trading networks came into being. Such connections, and the trading expeditions to maintain them, could not be organized by individual villages. The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment, where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies. Thus, argued Rathje, long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders. In time, this organization became a state, and knowledge of its functioning was exportable, as were pottery, tropical bird feathers, specialized stone materials, and other local commodities. Rathje's hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation, but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands. It could be, too, that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land, and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states.

Hypothesis: The regulation of profits provided incentives for future trade.


Hypothesis: Some markets had clearly established trading routes.


Hypothesis: Political conditions were more important than demand for goods in the development of trade.


Hypothesis: The spread of trade was influenced by many variables, none of which was the main cause.


Premise: Traditional Farming System in Africa A. By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent. B. Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as in the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusine coracana). C. During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins (Telfiria occidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Phaseolus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a relay. D. Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is considered provocative towards one's neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men's province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacke by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done by the women. At the beginning of thecycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle. E. When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the roadside or in local markets. F. The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets. G. Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Sarotherodon machochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement. H. Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an easy come, easy go outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in such activities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one's money in the bars and have a good time! I. Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing to the prevalence of the tse-tse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples' ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples' diet. J. Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner. Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production offood, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.

Hypothesis: People rarely use animals to cultivate land.


Hypothesis: Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein.


Hypothesis: When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force.


Hypothesis: The local residents eat goats on a regular time.


Premise: Traditionally medicine was the science of curing illness with treatments. For thousands of years people would have used plants and would have turned to priests for cures. In more recent times illness has been attributed less to the intervention of gods or magic and instead to natural causes. Medicine today is as much concerned with prevention as cure. Doctors use treatments of many types, including radiation and vaccination, both of which were unknown until very recent times. Other treatments have been known about and practised for centuries. Muslim doctors were skilled surgeons and treated pain with opium. When Europeans first reached the Americas they found healers who used many plants to cure illnesses. The Europeans adopted many of these treatments and some are still effective and in use today.

Hypothesis: Vaccination is a relatively recent discovery.


Hypothesis: Practitioners of modern medicine make use of many techniques and technologies.


Hypothesis: The author of the passage believes that prevention is better than cure.


Hypothesis: Medicine is a science that owes its success to modern treatments.


Hypothesis: Modern medicine is the science of curing illness.


Premise: Traditionally uniforms were and for some industries still are manufactured to protect the worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense - those for the military, for example, were originally intended to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms denoted a hierarchy - chefs wore white because they worked with flour, but the main chef wore a black hat to show he supervised. The last 30 years, however, have seen an increasing emphasis on their role in projecting the image of an organisation and in uniting the workforce into a homogeneous unit particularly in customer facing" industries, and especially in financial services and retailing. From uniforms and workwear has emerged corporate clothing. "The people you employ are your ambassadors, " says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK. "What they say, how they look, and how they behave is terribly important. " The result is a new way of looking at corporate workwear. From being a simple means of identifying who is a member of staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication. Truly effective marketing through visual cues such as uniforms is a subtle art, however. Wittingly or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful subliminal messages to other people. Dark colours give an aura of authority while lighter pastel shades suggest approachability. Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism, others a sense of openness to new ideas. Neatness can suggest efficiency but, if it is overdone, it can spill over and indicate an obsession with power. "If the company is selling quality, then it must have quality uniforms. If it is selling style, its uniforms must be stylish. If it wants to appear innovative, everybody cant look exactly the same. Subliminally we see all these things, " says Lynn Elvy, a director of image consultants House of Colour. But translating corporate philosophies into the right mix of colour, style, degree of branding and uniformity can be a fraught process. And it is not always successful. According to Company Clothing magazine, there are 1000 companies supplying the workwear and corporate clothing market. Of these, 22 account for 85% of total sales - 380 million in 1994. A successful uniform needs to balance two key sets of needs. On the one hand, no uniform will work if staff feel uncomfortable or ugly. Giving the wearers a choice has become a key element in the way corporate clothing is introduced and managed. On the other, it is pointless if the look doesnt express the businesss marketing strategy. The greatest challenge in this respect is time. When it comes to human perceptions, first impressions count. Customers will size up the way staff look in just a few seconds, and that few seconds will colour their attitudes from then on. Those few seconds can beReading so important that big companies are prepared to invest years, and millions of pounds, getting them right. In addition, some uniform companies also offer rental services. "There will be an increasing specialisation in the marketplace, " predicts Mr Blyth, Customer Services Manager of a large UK bank. The past two or three years have seen consolidation. Increasingly, the big suppliers are becoming managing agents, which means they offer a total service to put together the whole complex operation of a companys corporate clothing package - which includes reliable sourcing, managing the inventory, budget control and distribution to either central locations or to each staff member individually. Huge investments have been made in new systems, information technology and amassing quality assurance accreditations. Corporate clothing does have potential for further growth. Some banks have yet to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a complete new look for the 21st century. And many employees now welcome a company wardrobe. A recent survey of staff found that 90 per cent welcomed having clothing which reflected the corporate identity.

Hypothesis: Clothing companies are planning to offer financial services in the future.


Hypothesis: Uniforms are best selected by marketing consultants.


Hypothesis: Most businesses that supply company clothing are successful.


Hypothesis: Being too smart could have a negative impact on customers.


Hypothesis: Uniforms were more carefully made in the past than they are today.


Hypothesis: Uniforms make employees feel part of a team.


Hypothesis: Using uniforms as a marketing tool requires great care.


Premise: Traffic jams on most of the roads in the city have become a regular feature during monsoon.

Hypothesis: Material used for road construction cannot withstand the fury of monsoon resulting into innumerable pot holes on the roads.


Hypothesis: Number of vehicles coming on the roads is much more in monsoon as compared to other seasons.


Premise: Traffic levels have fallen by 15% and congestion is down by a third. In August the Mayor of London announced a plan to extend the 5 charge for driving in central London during the working week westwards to Kensington and Chelsea. This was despite a consultative process in which almost 70,000 people and the vast majority of respondents said they did not want the scheme extended. However, the problem with the proposed extension is not only political. Extending the zone to a thickly populated area of London will mean that many people will qualify for the residents discount, allowing them to drive to the city without paying any extra. Extending the scheme therefore may mean that total revenues drop from the current 90 million a year.

Hypothesis: The extended scheme may face continued public opposition.


Hypothesis: Kensington and Chelsea have high residential populations.


Hypothesis: Whilst the majority of respondents voted against the extension it is possible that they welcomed the fall in traffic levels and lower congestion.


Hypothesis: People who live in Kensington currently do not have to pay 5 to drive to the city.


Premise: Training Facilities The International College of Hospitality Management has more than 120 professional lecturers and international-standard, training facilities. These include three public restaurants, ten commercial training kitchens, simulated front office training facilities, four computer suites, a fully operational winery, and a food science laboratory. The Learning Resource Centre collection is extensive. The student support services provide professional counselling in the areas of health, learning support, language skills, accommodation and welfare. Childcare facilities are also available on campus. International Home The International College of Hospitality Management has students enrolled from more than 20 countries, some of whom stay on campus in International House. Built in 1999, International House is accommodation comprising villa-style units. Each student has their own bedroom, sharing en suite facilities with another student. An adjoining kitchenette and lounge area is shared by the four students in the villa. All meals are served in the College dining room which is next to the student common room. Student privacy and security are priorities. A computer outlet in each bedroom enables student to connect into the College network, providing 24 hour-a-day access. The residence is a two-minute walk to the Colleges sporting and training facilities, and is on a regular bus service to the city centre 10 km away. International House is also being used to enhance on-campus training, from Monday to Friday, Year 1 students, supervised by 2nd Years, are assigned kitchen, waiting, housekeeping and receptionist duties. Simulated check-in/check-out exercises, receptionist duties and breakfast service to a limited number of rooms are also part of the program.

Hypothesis: The training facility has 10 kitchens


Hypothesis: All students in the program live at International House


Hypothesis: Four students share a unit in the residence


Hypothesis: The residence is used as part of the training program


Hypothesis: All meals in the residence are prepared by the students


Premise: Trans Fatty Acids A recent editorial in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), written by researchers from the University of Oxford, has called for food labels to list trans fats as well as cholesterol and saturated fat. Trans fats (or trans fatty acids) are a type of unsaturated fatty acid. They occur naturally in small amounts in foods produced from ruminant animals e. g. milk, beef and lamb. However, most of the trans fatty acids in the diet are produced during the process of partial hydrogenation (hardening) of vegetable oils into semi-solid fats. They are therefore found in hard margarines, partially hydrogenated cooking oils, and in some bakery products, fried foods, and other processed foods that are made using these. Trans fatty acids have an adverse effect on certain chemicals, known as lipids, which are found in the blood and have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease. They also increase LDL-cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) and decrease HDL-cholesterol (the good cholesterol). They may also have adverse effects on cardiovascular disease risk that are independent of an effect on blood lipids (Mozaffarian et al. 2006). In a recent review of prospective studies investigating the effects of trans fatty acids, a 2% increase in energy intake from trans fatty acids was associated with a 23% increase in the incidence of heart disease. The authors also reported that the adverse effects of trans fatty acids were observed even at very low intakes (3% of total daily energy intake, or about 2-7g per day) (Mozaffarian et al. 2006). However, in this recent review it is only trans fatty acids produced during the hardening of vegetable oils that are found to be harmful to health. The public health implications of consuming trans fatty acids from ruminant products are considered to be relatively limited. Over the last decade, population intakes of trans fatty acids in the UK fell and are now, on average, well below the recommended 2% of total energy set by the Department of Health in 1991, at 1.2% of energy (Henderson et al. 2003). This is not to say that intakes of trans fatty acids are not still a problem, and dietary advice states that those individuals who are in the top end of the distribution of intake should still make efforts to reduce their intakes. Currently, trans fatty acids in foods are labelled in the USA, but not in the UK and Europe. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) is in favour of the revision of the European directive that governs the content and format of food labels so that trans fatty acids are labelled. This should enable consumers to make better food choices with regard to heart health (Clarke & Lewington 2006). Recognising the adverse health effects of trans fatty acids, many food manufacturers and retailers have been systematically removing them from their products in recent years. For example, they have been absent for some time from major brands of margarine and other fat spreads, which are now manufactured using a different technique. Also, many companies now have guidelines in place that are resulting in reformulation and reduction or elimination of trans fatty acids in products where they have in the past been found, such as snack products, fried products and baked goods. Consequently, the vast majority of savoury biscuits and crisps produced in the UK do not contain partially hydrogenated oils. Similarly, changes are being made to the way bakery products are manufactured. For example, a leading European manufacturer of major brands of biscuits, cakes and snacks has recently announced that these are now made without partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, a transition that began in 2004. Alongside these changes, the manufacturer has also reported a cut in the amount of saturates. It is clear that a major technical challenge in achieving such changes is to avoid simply exchanging trans fatty acids for saturated fatty acids, which also have damaging health effects. Foods that are labelled as containing partially-hydrogenated oils or fats are a source of trans fatty acids (sometimes partially-hydrogenated fats are just labelled as hydrogenated fats). These foods include hard margarines, some fried products and some manufactured bakery products e. g. biscuits, pastries and cakes. It is important to note that intake may have changed in the light of reformulation of foods that has taken place over the past six years in the UK, as referred to earlier. Furthermore, the average intake of trans fatty acids is lower in the UK than in the USA (where legislation has now been introduced). However, this does not mean there is room for complacency, as the intake in some sectors of the population is known to be higher than recommended.

Hypothesis: The amount of saturated fats in processed meats is being reduced by some major producers.


Hypothesis: In Britain, the intake of trans fatty acids is continuing to decline.


Hypothesis: It is proving difficult to find a safe substitute for trans fatty acids.


Hypothesis: Trans fatty acids are found in all types of meat.


Hypothesis: Some people are still consuming larger quantities of trans fatty acids than the experts consider safe.


Hypothesis: Experts consider that the trans fatty acids contained in animal products are unlikely to be a serious health risk.


Hypothesis: Health problems can be caused by the consumption of small amounts of trans fatty acids.


Premise: Transgenic Plants Genes from virtually any organism, from viruses to humans, can now be inserted into plants, creating what are known as transgenic plants. Now used in agriculture, there are approximately 109 million acres of transgenic crops grown worldwide, 68 percent of which are in the United States. The most common transgenic crops are soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola. Most often, these plants either contain a gene making them resistant to the herbicide glyphosate or they contain an insect-resistant gene that produces a protein called Bt toxin. On the positive side, proponents of transgenic crops argue that these crops are environmentally friendly because they allow farmers to use fewer and less noxious chemicals for crop production. For example, a 21 percent reduction in the use of insecticide has been reported on Bt cotton (transgenic cotton that produces Bt toxin). In addition, when glyphosate is used to control weeds, other, more persistent herbicides do not need to be applied. On the negative side, opponents of transgenic crops suggest that there are many questions that need to be answered before transgenic crops are grown on a large scale. One question deals with the effects that Bt plants have on nontarget organisms such as beneficial insects, worms, and birds that consume the genetically engineered crop. For example, monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants near Bt cornfields will eat some corn pollen that has fallen on the milkweed leaves. Laboratory studies indicate that caterpillars can die from eating Bt pollen. However, field tests indicate that Bt corn is not likely to harm monarchs. Furthermore, the application of pesticides (the alternative to growing Bt plants) has been demonstrated to cause widespread harm to nontarget insects. Another unanswered question is whether herbicide-resistant genes will move into the populations of weeds. Crop plants are sometimes grown in areas where weedy relatives also live. If the crop plants hybridize and reproduce with weedy relatives, then this herbicide-resistant gene will be perpetuated in the offspring. In this way, the resistant gene can make its way into the weed population. If this happens, a farmer can no longer use glyphosate, for example, to kill those weeds. This scenario is not likely to occur in many instances because there are no weedy relatives growing near the crop plant. However, in some cases, it may become a serious problem. For example, canola readily hybridizes with mustard weed species and could transfer its herbicide-resistant genes to those weeds. We know that evolution will occur when transgenic plants are grown on a large scale over a period of time. Of special concern is the development of insect populations resistant to the Bt toxin. This pesticide has been applied to plants for decades without the development of insect-resistant populations. However, transgenic Bt plants express the toxin in all tissues throughout the growing season. Therefore, all insects carrying genes that make them susceptible to the toxin will die. That leaves only the genetically resistant insects alive to perpetuate the population. When these resistant insects mate, they will produce a high proportion of offspring capable of surviving in the presence of the Bt toxin. Farmers are attempting to slow the development of insect resistance in Bt crops by, for example, planting nontransgenic border rows to provide a refuge for susceptible insects. These insects may allow Bt susceptibility to remain in the population. Perhaps the most serious concern about the transgenic crop plants currently in use is that they encourage farmers to move farther away from sustainable agricultural farming practices, meaning ones that allow natural resources to continually regenerate over the long run. Transgenics, at least superficially, simplify farming by reducing the choices made by the manager. Planting a glyphosate-resistant crop commits a farmer to using that herbicide for the season, probably to the exclusion of all other herbicides and other weed-control practices. Farmers who use Bt transgenics may not feel that they need to follow through with integrated pest-management practices that use beneficial insects and timely applications of pesticides to control insect pests. A more sustainable approach would be to plant nontransgenic corn, monitor the fields throughout the growing season, and then apply a pesticide only if and when needed.

Hypothesis: Planting nontransgenic plants alongside Bt plants may help Bt-susceptible insects to remain part of the population.


Hypothesis: Because Bt plants are toxic at all times and in all tissues, they allow only Bt-resistant insects to survive and reproduce.


Hypothesis: Regular use of Bt pesticides has not created resistant insect populations, so the use of Bt plants is probably safe as well.


Hypothesis: The evolution of Bt-resistant insect populations will happen eventually if use of transgenic plants becomes widespread.


Premise: Translated novels written by female writers are a small subset. Translations make up a tiny fraction of the books published in the UK and US, and roughly a quarter of them are written by women. Various recent counts have found that about 26% of English translations are female-authored books (although the gender balance among the translators of this subgroup is roughly equal). That means that fewer than 100 foreign-language books authored by women make their way to the UK every year. But things may be changing. Two new publishing houses have been founded in the UK, whose mission is to publish only translations of books authored by women. There is still plenty of non-English writing waiting to be published.

Hypothesis: Many more books written by women will be translated in the future.


Hypothesis: Each year, at most 400 English-translated books are published in the UK


Hypothesis: About half of translators in the UK are women.


Premise: Trends in the Indian fashion and textile industries During the 1950s, the Indian fashion scene was exciting, stylish and very graceful. There were no celebrity designers or models, nor were there any labels that were widely recognised. The value of a garment was judged by its style and fabric rather than by who made it. It was regarded as perfectly acceptable, even for high-society women, to approach an unknown tailor who could make a garment for a few rupees, providing the perfect fit, finish and style. They were proud of getting a bargain, and of giving their own name to the end result. The 1960s was an era full of mischievousness and celebration in the arts, music and cinema. The period was characterised by freedom from restrictions and, in the fashion world, an acceptance of innovative types of material such as plastic and coated polyester. Tight-fitting kurtas and churidars and high coiffures were a trend among women. The following decade witnessed an increase in the export of traditional materials, and the arrival in India of international fashion. Synthetics became trendy, and the disco culture affected the fashion scene. It was in the early 80s when the first fashion store Ravissant opened in Mumbai. At that time garments were retailed for a four-figure price tag. American designers like Calvin Klein became popular. In India too, contours became more masculine, and even the salwar kameez was designed with shoulder pads. With the evolution of designer stores came the culture of designer fashion, along with its hefty price tags. Whatever a garment was like, consumers were convinced that a higher price tag signified elegant designer fashion, so garments were sold at unbelievable prices. Meanwhile, designers decided to get themselves noticed by making showy outfits and associating with the right celebrities. Soon, fashion shows became competitive, each designer attempting to out-do the other in theme, guest list and media coverage. In the last decade of the millennium, the market shrank and ethnic wear made a comeback. During the recession, there was a push to sell at any cost. With fierce competition the inevitable occurred: the once hefty price tags began their downward journey, and the fashion-show industry followed suit. However, the liveliness of the Indian fashion scene had not ended it had merely reached a stable level. At the beginning of the 21st century, with new designers and models, and more sensible designs, the fashion industry accelerated once again. As far as the global fashion industry is concerned, Indian ethnic designs and materials are currently in demand from fashion houses and garment manufacturers. India is the third largest producer of cotton, the second largest producer of silk, and the fifth largest producer of man-made fibres in the world. The Indian garment and fabric industries have many fundamental advantages, in terms of a cheaper, skilled work force, cost-effective production, raw materials, flexibility, and a wide range of designs with sequins, beadwork, and embroidery. In addition, that India provides garments to international fashion houses at competitive prices, with a shorter lead time, and an effective monopoly on certain designs, is accepted the whole world over. India has always been regarded as the default source in the embroidered garments segment, but changes in the rate of exchange between the rupee and the dollar has further depressed prices, thereby attracting more buyers. So the international fashion houses walk away with customised goods, and craftwork is sold at very low rates. As far as the fabric market is concerned, the range available in India can attract as well as confuse the buyer. Much of the production takes place in the small town of Chapa in the eastern state of Bihar, a name one might never have heard of. Here fabric-making is a family industry; the range and quality of raw silks churned out here belie the crude production methods and equipment. Surat in Gujarat, is the supplier of an amazing set of jacquards, moss crepes and georgette sheers all fabrics in high demand. Another Indian fabric design that has been adopted by the fashion industry is the Madras check, originally utilised for the universal lungi, a simple lower-body wrap worn in southern India. This design has now found its way on to bandannas, blouses, home furnishings and almost anything one can think of. Ethnic Indian designs with batik and hand-embroidered motifs have also become popular across the world. Decorative bead work is another product in demand in the international market. Beads are used to prepare accessory items like belts and bags, and beadwork is now available for haute couture evening wear too.

Hypothesis: At the start of the 21st century, key elements in the Indian fashion industry changed.


Hypothesis: India now exports more than half of the cotton it produces.


Hypothesis: Modern machinery accounts for the high quality of Chapas silk.


Hypothesis: Some types of Indian craftwork which are internationally popular had humble origins.


Hypothesis: Conditions in India are generally well suited to the manufacture of clothing.


Hypothesis: Indian clothing exports have suffered from changes in the value of its currency.


Premise: Trespassing occurs when a person enters a building without permission from the owner and (1) posted signs or verbal warnings prohibit the presence of unauthorized persons, or (2) the owner or other authorized person asks that person to leave.

Hypothesis: Frank is looking at new cars at a dealership after hours when a security guard tells him to leave, which he does immediately. This is the best example of Trespassing.


Hypothesis: A transient is sleeping in a vacant office building. Posted on the wall is a sign that reads No Trespassing. Private Property.


Hypothesis: Alonzo is hosting a party with his roommate, Manny, who gets angry and tells Alonzo to leave or he'll have him arrested for trespassing. This is the best example of Trespassing.


Hypothesis: Ben is walking home from school one afternoon, takes a shortcut through Mrs. Benson's front yard, and then hears her yelling at him that she is going to have him arrested for trespassing. This is the best example of Trespassing.


Premise: Twenty-four billion is invested in premium bonds and in the past 10 years the number of bonds in the draw has increased sevenfold. The chances of winning have recently changed from 27,500 to one to 24,000 to one. Record sales have meant that a new machine to select winning numbers randomly was required. The predecessor took five and a half hours to complete the draw, while the new machine can complete the task in half that time. Each month there are 1 million winners.

Hypothesis: The new machine takes 150 minutes to draw the 1 million winning numbers.


Hypothesis: The chances of winning a prize have increased and there are now more winners numbers.


Hypothesis: The new machine is a computer.


Premise: Twenty-seven-year-old Tom Smith is a very successful long distance runner. Because he is classified as an elite athlete he receives financial support. When he was at school Tom won the European Junior Cross-country Championship. As an adult Tom has repre- sented Great Britain on many occasions. His form has improved dramatically over the last two years. On the basis of coming third in the 10,000 metres at the European Championships and second in the marathon at the World Championships, he was selected to run in the 10,000 metres and the marathon at the Olympic Games. However, following random drug testing Tom was found to have taken a banned stimulant. It is also known that: Tom maintains his innocence and has appealed against the finding. Tom has been tested and found to be clean on several previous occasions. Tom has been using a nasal decongestant spray. Tom is coached by a former East German coach who had links with athletes who have been banned for using performance- enhancing drugs. Tom claims his performance has improved because he can now afford to train at altitude in the USA.

Hypothesis: Tom was third in the marathon at the World Championships.


Hypothesis: Tom was given an illegal stimulant by his coach.


Hypothesis: Tom had been the European Junior Cross-country champion.


Hypothesis: Tom had been taking medication.


Hypothesis: Tom depends entirely on his winnings for his income.


Premise: Twice as many people live till they are 100 in France as in Britain. Yet the two coun- tries have similar sized populations and have diets with similar amounts of fat. In fact life expectancy is considerably better in France from the age of 65 onwards and it seems that lifestyle and diet may have a lot to do with it. Leaving aside the fact that the French probably have the best national health service in the world, statistics suggest that the French remain active longer and consume more units of fruit and vegetables. They also enjoy considerably more glasses of red wine and it seems these differences give rise to far lower levels of death caused by heart disease and this allows significant numbers of people to live until their centenary.

Hypothesis: Four differences are attributed to the reason the French have a far lower level of death caused by heart disease: the best national health service, remaining active, consuming more fruit and vegetables and enjoying more red wine.


Hypothesis: Even if twice as many people in France see their centenary it may be that very few people live to see their 100th birthday in either country.


Premise: Two Wings and a Toolkit Betty and her mate Abel are captive crows in the care of Alex Kacelnik, an expert in animal behaviour at Oxford University. They belong to a forest-dwelling species of bird (Corvus rnoneduloides) confined to two islands in the South Pacific. New Caledonian crows are tenacious predators, and the only birds that habitually use a wide selection of self-made tools to find food. One of the wild crows cleverest tools is the crochet hook, made by detaching a side twig from a larger one, leaving enough of the larger twig to shape into a hook. Equally cunning is a tool crafted from the barbed vine-leaf, which consists of a central rib with paired leaflets each with a rose-like thorn at its base. They strip out a piece of this rib, removing the leaflets and all but one thorn at the top, which remains as a ready-made hook to prise out insects from awkward cracks. The crows also make an ingenious tool called a padanus probe from padanus tree leaves. The tool has a broad base, sharp tip, a row of tiny hooks along one edge, and a tapered shape created by the crow nipping and tearing to form a progression of three or four steps along the other edge of the leaf. What makes this tool special is that they manufacture it to a standard design, as if following a set of instructions. Although it is rare to catch a crow in the act of clipping out a padanus probe, we do have ample proof of their workmanship: the discarded leaves from which the tools are cut. The remarkable thing that these counterpart leaves tell us is that crows consistently produce the same design every time, with no in-between or trial versions. Its left the researchers wondering whether, like people, they envisage the tool before they start and perform the actions they know are needed to make it. Research has revealed that genetics plays a part in the less sophisticated toolmaking skills of finches in the Galapagos islands. No one knows if thats also the case for New Caledonian crows, but its highly unlikely that their toolmaking skills are hardwired into the brain. The picture so far points to a combination of cultural transmission from parent birds to their young and individual resourcefulness, says Kacelnik. In a test at Oxford, Kacelniks team offered Betty and Abel an original challenge food in a bucket at the bottom of a well. The only way to get the food was to hook the bucket out by its handle. Given a choice of tools a straight length of wire and one with a hooked end the birds immediately picked the hook, showing that they did indeed understand the functional properties of the tool. But do they also have the foresight and creativity to plan the construction of their tools? It appears they do. In one bucket-in-the-well test, Abel carried off the hook, leaving Betty with nothing but the straight wire. What happened next was absolutely amazing, says Kacelnik. She wedged the tip of the wire into a crack in a plastic dish and pulled the other end to fashion her own hook. Wild crows dont have access to pliable, bendable material that retains its shape, and Bettys only similar experience was a brief encounter with some pipe cleaners a year earlier. In nine out of ten further tests, she again made hooks and retrieved the bucket. The question of whats going on in a crows mind will take time and a lot more experiments to answer, but there could be a lesson in it for understanding our own evolution. Maybe our ancestors, who suddenly began to create symmetrical tools with carefully worked edges some 1.5 million years ago, didnt actually have the sophisticated mental abilities with which we credit them. Closer scrutiny of the brains of New Caledonian crows might provide a few pointers to the special attributes they would have needed. If were lucky we may find specific developments in the brain that set these animals apart, says Kacelnik. One of these might be a very strong degree of laterality the specialisation of one side of the brain to perform specific tasks. In people, the left side of the brain controls the processing of complex sequential tasks, and also language and speech. One of the consequences of this is thought to be right-handedness. Interestingly, biologists have noticed that most padanus probes are cut from the left side of the leaf, meaning that the birds clip them with the right side of their beaks the crow equivalent of right- handedness. The team thinks this reflects the fact that the left side of the crows brain is specialised to handle the sequential processing required to make complex tools. Under what conditions might this extraordinary talent have emerged in these two species? They are both social creatures, and wide-ranging in their feeding habits. These factors were probably important but, ironically, it may have been their shortcomings that triggered the evolution of toolmaking. Maybe the ancestors of crows and humans found themselves in a position where they couldnt make the physical adaptations required for survival so they had to change their behaviour instead. The stage was then set for the evolution of those rare cognitive skills that produce sophisticated tools. New Caledonian crows may tell us what those crucial skills are.

Hypothesis: Research into how the padanus probe is made has helped to explain the toolmaking skills of many other bird species.


Hypothesis: There appears to be a fixed pattern for the padanus probes construction.


Hypothesis: Crows seem to practise a number of times before making a usable padanus probe.


Hypothesis: The researchers suspect the crows have a mental image of the padanus probe before they create it.


Hypothesis: There is plenty of evidence to indicate how the crows manufacture the padanus probe.


Hypothesis: The researchers believe the ability to make the padanus probe is passed down to the crows in their genes.


Premise: Two charities have delivered a petition to the Prime Minister that has been signed by over 35,000 people. The petition, jointly organised by the 'Health Food Group (HFG) and 'Happy Heart and Mind is calling for a ban on junk food adverts before 9pm on any channel. The Government is also being urged to tighten advertising regulations and protect children in this regard more widely. The current regulations restrict junk food adverts from being showing during children's programming but there is nothing to stop them being shown during popular family slots, such as Saturday evenings when many children watch television with their families. Casey Stemp coordinated the petition and is a strong advocate of the proposed changes. 'By removing junk food adverts from television at any time before 99m, we would be seeing a simple, popular and effective move that would help parents to tackle the increasing desire of young people to consume such foods. ' The loopholes that junk food companies find mean that our younger generation are faced with a constant bombardment of junk food adverts. As future generations are becoming more and more obese, we have to look for opportunities to alleviate the temptations they are facing on a daily, if not hourly basis!

Hypothesis: Saturday evenings are a time when many families would be tempted to indulge in junk food.