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I P / Q B 1 0 SCIENTIFIC MEMORIES BY MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA. EDITED BY B. SIMPSON, Esq., M.D., SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. PART II. 1886. 1.—On the Effects sometimes following injection of Choleraic Comma-bacilli into the Subcutaneous Tissues in Guinea-pigs.—D. D. Cunningham. 2.—On the ...
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x SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS BY MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA. EDITED BY B. SIMPSON, EsQ., M.D., SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. PART II. 1886. 1.—On the Effects sometimes following injection of Choleraic Comma-bacilli into the Subcutaneous Tissues in Guinea-pigs.— D. D. Cunningham. 2.—On the Life History...
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75003661
On the Effects sometimes following injection of Choleraic Comma- bacilli into the Subcutaneous Tissues in Guinea-pigs. BY SURGEON-MAJOR D. D. CUNNINGHAM, M.B., SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. (With Plate I.) During the course of the past few weeks I have met with a series of...
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2 Scientific Memoirs by sisting of sterilised 0.8 % salt solution full of commas derived from a pure tube cultivation of commas of four days' standing. The site of the injection was the inner surface of the left thigh. Every precaution was taken to avoid any acci -dental contamination. The syringe which was employed ha...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 3 there was slight diminution in the relative weight of the liver, and increase in the weights of all the other organs and specially in that of the spleen. On removing the skin a large patch of sanguineous effusion became visible, thickest over the site of injection and spreading ...
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4 Scientific Memoirs by In such cases it was clearly evident that one was dealing with bodies parallel to those described by Drs. Klein and Gibbes in connection with the small straight bacilli which they have pointed out as a characteristic feature in choler- aic materials. The mucus from the large intestine also conta...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 5 The weights of the principal abdominal and thoracic organs were as follows :— Liver . . . . . . . 29.42 grammes. Splee . . . . . . 0.52 , , Right kidney . . . . . 2.6 ,, Left ,, . . . . . . 2 . 5 5 ,, Right lung . . . . . 3.52 , , Left „ . . . . . . 2.55 , , Heart . . . . . . . ...
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6 Scientific Memoirs by tion—appearances quite corresponding with the comparatively large numbers of detached elements present in the mucus. Experiment 3. A healthy guinea-pig weighing 650 grammes was subcutaneously inoculated with a drop of sterilised 0.8 salt solution full of commas belonging to a secondary tube cult...
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7 Medical Officers of the Army of India. Fresh preparations of the remains of subcutaneous effusion and of the perito- neal secretion and blood failed to show any commas, and tube cultivations of cardiac blood, of the subcutaneous effusion and the peritoneal secretion, did not produce any. Experiment 4. A healthy guine...
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8 Scientific Memoirs by intestinal contents. In not a single case could any growth of commas be detected among the comparatively limited number of colonies of any kind which were developed. Experiment 5. A small healthy guinea-pig weighing 300 grammes was inoculated with a b o u t 1 c . c . o f f l u i d c o n t a i n ...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 9 Immediate examinations were made of the subcutaneous effusion, the peri -toneal secretion, the cardiac blood, and the intestinal contents. The subcutane - o u s e f f u s i o n w a s f u l l o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o m m a s . T h e p e r i t o n e a l s e c r e t i o ...
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10 Scientific Memoirs by We have here five cases of the subcutaneous injection of choleraic commas in three of which fatal results ensued. There can, I believe, be no reasonable doubt that the commas exerted. a specific pathogenic influence in these cases. The general uniformity of the lesions present in all of them, t...
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75003691
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 11 blood. The condition of the serous surfaces of the peritoneal cavity was also so far similar to that present in cholera in that they were covered with a thin layer of peculiar adhesive secretion. On the other hand, this secretion is sharply defined from that normal to cases of ...
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12 Scientific Memoirs by All direct evidence of such a process of penetration is, however, wanting, for the most careful examination of numerous sections of the intestinal walls failed in every instance to show any evidence of special accumulations of commas in their thickness. It is, of course, possible that the perio...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 13 inoculated animals or to special conditions in the material which was introduced into their system. If the phenomenon were due to any subjective peculiarity in the animals there was, at all events, no direct evidence of its existence, unless we are to regard the fact that the e...
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14 Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India. The only phenomenon which was in any way noteworthy in reference to it is that, in all the cases in which pathogenic results presented themselves, the cultivations from which the materials for injection were obtained had very conspicuously passed on into t...
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75003703
On the Life History of a new Æcidium on Strobilanthes dalhousianus, Clarke. BY SURGEON-MAJOR A. BARCLAY; M.B., SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. ( With Plates II and III. ) I.—General characters of the Æcidium as it occurs on Strobilanthes dalhousianus, with description of exp...
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16 Scientific Memoirs by the season itself was unusually backward, so that a fresh spring vegetation had not yet sprung up to hide these spore-laden dry grass leaves. I placed some of these teleutospores on a few young leaves of one branch of a Strobilanthes plant I had gathered during the previous autumn, and which I ...
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75003709
Medical Officers of the Army of India. in a pot, was kept uncovered in my laboratory ; but on the 19th it was protected still further by being placed under a glass shade. On the 23rd April nine leaves in all displayed in the same paling in spots or patches. In most cases each leaf presented several paled areas, and min...
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75003712
Scientific Memoirs by . under surfaces, and upon those of the other (B) upon their upper surfaces, and they were then kept under a glass shade in my. laboratory. Unfortunately all the leaves of (A) died early without any sign of infection. On the 17th May, three of five leaves on one shoot of (B) and five of eight on t...
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75003715
Medical Officers of the. Army of India. 1 9 on 8th May, and of these three became affected, producing a number of sper- mogonia. But the leaves withered before the production of æcidia. Experiment VII.—Some seeds collected the previous autumn were sown in pots on 1st April. These produced a large number of seedlings, i...
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75003718
2 0 Scientific Memoirs by II.—General characters of the fungus as it occurs on Pollinia nuda, with description of experiments. Both uredo and teleutospore pustules occur almost exclusively on the under surfaces of the leaves. The pustules bearing uredo spores are generally smaller than those which produce teleutospores...
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75003721
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 21 Experiment X.—On the 10th June, some æcidiospores from Experiment IV A were placed upon the leaves of a few haulms, which were placed with their cut ends under water and kept in my laboratory under a glass shade. On the 27th a few pus- tules were found on the lower surfaces of ...
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75003724
2 2 Scientific Memoirs by same glass box, for the plants were protected from external influence. It might, however, be urged that my protection against-external influence was not sufficient to exclude Such minute bodies as sporidia. This is true, but as I have shown that newly-formed teleutospores germinate immediately...
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75003727
depth, the upper halves remaining in lateral contiguity. The mycelial filaments are colourless, measure 4 µ in diameter, and for the most part do not penetrate the mesophyll cells, though occasionally haustoria may be seen within the cells of the spongy tissue similar in character to those which exist more abundantly i...
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24 Scientific Memoirs by within the parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular bundles (bundle sheath ?). C.—The æcidial fructification.—The æcidia are of the usual characters (fig 9). One of average size in a leaf measured 0.315 m.m. in depth and 0.283 m.m. in width. When young and still deep in the tissues, they a...
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75003733
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 25 IV.—Microscopic characters of the fungus on Pollinia nuda. The mycelium is confined to very limited areas of the leaf tissue, extending but slightly beyond the limits of the spore beds. It requires no special descrip- tion, as it agrees in every respect with the usual character...
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75003736
26 Scientific Memoirs by promycelia. The terminal ends of the promycelia containing the granular colour- less matter divide into four compartments by four transverse septa (figs. 6 and 7), and from each compartment a sporidium is found at the end of a short pointed sterigma. Sometimes the sterigmata attained abnormally...
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75003739
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 27 irregularly round and usually faceted, 18 x 16 µ, smooth, pale orange-yellow. On Strobilanthes dalhousianus, Clarke. II.—Uredopustules, circular, oval or linear, pale brown, hypophyllous, on blades of leaves only. Spores round or pyriform, brown ; epispore beset with prominent ...
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75003756
Schum., var. Himalayense. BY SURGEON-MAJOR A. BARCLAY, M.B., SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. (With Plates II, IV, and V.) I was not aware, when during 1885 I traced the life history of the very strik- ing æcidium which occurs abundantly on the nettles about Simla (Western Hi...
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75003759
30 Scientific Memoirs by greatly that the whole leaf becomes extraordinarily deformed. When the veins are attacked in their continuity, they curve while swelling very greatly with their convexities usually downwards; but when the fungus attacks the branching point of smaller veins, the most irregular contortions arise,...
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75003762
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 31 places in the Sutlej Valley at elevations of 3,500 to 4.,000 ft., I found this fungus already in full æcidial fructification. Having given a brief description of the general characters of the æcidial stage of this fungus, I will now describe some of the experiments made to show...
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75003765
32 Scientific Memoirs by similar way on the same day, but instead of being, then kept in my room was removed to a glass house outside. On the 26th four leaves were found attacked, and on the 4th July five of the seedlings had each its pair of inocu- lated leaves attacked, whilst the remaining two seedlings showed each ...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 33 under a glass shade in my room. Only one of these plants became infected, and all withered early. In reviewing the results of these experiments, some explanation seems called for to account for the numerous cases in which infection did not follow inoculation in experiments made...
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34 Scientific Memoirs by I made a few attempts to produce uredo pustules on Carex leaves in my room by inoculating them with æcidiospores, but without success. The leaves withered quickly in the room. I succeeded, however, in producing very numerous pustules on tufts outside my house by dusting them with æcidiospores ;...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 35 tinguished from other elements of the tissue. by their crimson-red colour. They are also quickly soluble in water, for in sections cut in Water they are generally missed, whilst they are always very abundantly present in sections cut and examined in glycerine. These granules va...
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36 Scientific Memoirs by With chlor. zinc. iod., the upper riper spores become greenish brown, whilst the younger spores and basidia assume a pale-sherry colour. As many as 24 spores may be counted in a detached row. They have no intercalary cells. The spores are very pale yellowish-white by reflected light, and when d...
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75003780
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 37 placed in water in a growing cell, these teleutospores germinate quickly, each compartment throwing out a colourless germinal tube or promycelium, the upper one usually preceding (Figs. 12, 13, 16, and 17, Plate V). Teleutospores are generally formed about the beginning of Augu...
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75003783
38 Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India. parellel rows, but in the Indian variety they are isolated, small, circular beds. The teleutospores in both forms are of about equal total length; but whilst in the European form the lower cell is often-longer than the upper, the reverse is the case with t...
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75003786
On the Phenomenon of Gaseous Evolution from the Flowers of Ottelia alismoides. BY SURGEON-MAJOR. D. D. CUNNINGHAM, M.B., SPECIAL. ASSISTANT TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. (With Plates VI, VII, and VIII.) Ottelia alismoides is a plant very abundant in the tanks in and around Calcutta, and, al...
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75003789
40 Scientific Memoirs by corolla. Up to this time, too, the calyx is closed, the three sepals composing it adhering to one another marginally, so that the cavity of the flower is completely separated from the surrounding water by two continuous coverings—one bracteal and one calycine. During the course of the night, pr...
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75003792
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 41 for determination is whether any special evolution of gas takes place during periods of flowering in excess of that evolved at other times. Experiments of various kinds (vide note B) agree in indicating that no special evolution occurs. In the first place it can be shown that i...
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42 Scientific Memoirs by The germinating tubes push their way inwards through the hairy tissue of the edges of the stigmas, to reach their smooth central surfaces, and then pass vertically down these and the stylar canal which is continuous with them. The number of pollen grains which have germinated in situ within the...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 43 The process of gaseous evolution, in fact, plays the same part in the case of Ottelia as is attained in Vallisneria by the detachment and ascent of the un- expanded male flowers and the continuous upward growth of the female ones. In both cases means are provided to prevent the...
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75003801
ar 44 Scientific Memoirs by ordinary circumstances these are mainly represented in the delicate tissue of the inferior foliar epidermis, and the excess of gas is accordingly forced out between the delicate cells there. Under other circumstances, however, the point of least resistance may come to be situated elsewhere; ...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 45 NOTES. Note A.—Rate of Evolution of Bubbles of Gas from the Flowers of Ottelia. In plants in situ in tanks, bubbles are discharged from the flowers at rates which are principally deter- mined by exposure to sunshine, number, and vigour of the leaves, and number of flowers in bl...
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75003807
46 Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India. and here the tendency, of course, is to pollination of both edges of one of the stigmas of the styles, the other stigma being protected by its internal situation. This arrangement is comparatively rare. It is to be understood that the above statements are ...
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75003810
The Fertilization of Ficus hispida: A Problem in Vegetable Physiology. BY SURGEON-MAJOR G. KING, M.B., SUPERINTENDENT, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA. (With Plates IX and X.) The exact way in which the flowers of the genus Ficus are fertilized has long been a matter of uncertainty. Much of this uncertainty is no doubt ...
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75003813
48 Scientific Memoirs by meg, being of a depressed-spheroidal form something like that of an early Dutch turnip. Until quite ripe their colour is green, but as they approach maturity the colour changes to a pale dirty yellow. On their sides there are occasionally to be seen small pale warts and larger, brownish, scario...
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75003816
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 49 Each of these flowers (see Plate X, Fig. 5) consists of a simple perianth, con- sisting of three rounded, concave, hyaline pieces which surround a single stamen. The stamen consists of a broad two-celled anther, with a short filament. There is no trace in the male flower of any...
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75003819
50 Scientific. Memoirs by flowers is conferred on a set of females which, by reason of certain peculiarities in their structure, are incapable of receiving advantage from the companionship, and these pseudo-females produce insects: while the structurally perfect females are shut up in receptacles from which males are e...
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Medical Officers of the Army of India. 51 the walls of the ovaries of the gall flowers will be found to have become reduced to thin membranes which have ruptured and from which there have escaped a number of little insects. These insects are of two kinds,— one a species of Blastophaga; the other* an insect which was at...
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75003825
52 Scientific Memoirs b y Such are the structure and arrangement of the flowers in Ficus hispida, and this species is the type of a great number of the species of this large genus. There are, however, other modes of arrangement, as, for example, in the group to which the Peepul and Banyan belong, where the male, female...
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75003828
Note on Eggs of Distoma (Bilharzia) Hæmatobium found in transport cattle, Calcutta. BY SURGEON-MAJOR G. BOMFORD, M.D., BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE. (With Plate XI.) The eggs, which are the subject of this Note, were found on microscopical examination of the large intestines of two bullocks belonging to the Transport Departm...
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75003831
ty. 54 Scientific Memoirs by all is slightly so, but could never be described as lateral. In a group of several there is often one egg which appears to have no spine. The contained embryo is a mass of nucleated cells, granular matter and vacuoles, covered with a thin cuticle, and resembles the egg in general shape, bei...
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75003834
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 55 Sonsino's description, too, of the ileo-cæcal valve in cases of Bilharzia Bovis as being so congested and swollen that it formed a dark cushion-like ring, exatly corresponds with the condition of this valve in the Calcutta bullocks. Trans- port cattle, both at Calcutta and Dum-...
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75003843
Description of Plate. PLATE I. FIG. 1.—Section of the lleum of Guinea-pig No. 5, X 130. FIG. 2.—Section of the Cæcum, X 130. FIG. 3.—Masses of commas in the Iliac mucus of Guinea-pig No. 5, X 710. FIG. 4.—Various forms of commas in the peritoneal secretion of Guinea-pig No. 5.
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75003846
PLATE I. INTESTINAL TISSUES AND COMMA-BACILLI FROM THE BODY OF A GUINEA-PIG KILLED BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF COMMAS. Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886.
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003855
Description of Plate. PLATE II. FIG. 1.—Lower surface of an artificially inoculated leaf (Expt. V), showing several cidial patches. Natural size. FIG. 2.—Peridial cells, x 430. FIG. 3.—Spermatia, x 480. FIG. 4.—Teleutospore after lying a few hours in water, x 350. FIG. 5.—Teleutospore placed in growing cell in water on...
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1886
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75003858
PLATE II. Lithograpbed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886.
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II, 1886 - IP/QB.10
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003867
Description of Plate. PLATE III. FIG. 9.—Section through an æcidium on an affected stem (Expt. IV A.), x 220. FIG. 10.—Germinating æcidiospore, x 350. FIG. 11.—Mycelium among cortical cells of stem showing scalariform arrangement of Stipa hyphæ, x 350. FIG. 12.—Germinating uredospore obtained from an artificially inocu...
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1886
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73
75003870
PLATE III. Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886.
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1886
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II, 1886 - IP/QB.10
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003879
Description of Plate. PLATE IV. FIG. 1.—Showing stem with excrescence on side causing extreme bending. Natural size. FIG. 2.—Parenchyma cells filled with starch (?) grains, x 340. FIG. 3.—Compound starch (?) grains, x 580. FIG. 4.—Longitudinal section of stem: ( a ) an arborescent haustorium and ( b ) a simple tubular ...
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1886
IP/QB.10
74999718
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75003882
PLATE IV. Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886.
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1886
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II, 1886 - IP/QB.10
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003891
Description of Plate. PLATE V. FIG. 8.—Germinating æcidiospores after 24 hours in water cultivation: ( a ) x 340; ( b ) , x 200. FIG. 9.—Peridial cells showing external thickening, x 340. FIG. 10.—Uredospores: ( a ) from a bed of teleutospores, x 350; ( b ) , x 340. FIG. 11.—Teleutospores, x 340. FIG. 12.—Germinating t...
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1886
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75003894
PLATE V. Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886 .
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
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75003903
Description of Plate. PLATE VI. FIG. I.—Scape and flower-bud of Ottelia alismoides. Natural size. FIG. 2.—Superior foliar epidermis, x 130. FIG. 3.—Inferior foliar epidermis, x 130. FIG. 4.—Portion of stigmatic surface from an unopened bud with germinating pollen grains, x 130. FIG. 5.—Pollen grains, x 220: a. Both nuc...
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1886
IP/QB.10
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75003906
FLOWER, FOLIAR EPIDERMIS, AND GERMINATING POLLEN-GRAINS I Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886 .
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1886
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75003909
PLATE VI. FLOWER, FOLIAR EPIDERMIS, AND GERMINATING POLLEN-GRAINS IN OTTELIA ALISMOIDES. Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886 .
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1886
IP/QB.10
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75003915
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II, 1886 - IP/QB.10
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003918
Description of Plate. PLATE VII. FIG. 1.—Leaf of Ottelia from beneath, showing inferior epidermis and great inter- cellular spaces, x 130. FIG. 2.—Boundaries of intercellular spaces as seen from beneath, x 130. FIG. 3.—Vertical section of a portion of a leaf, x 130 : a.Intercellular spaces. b.A partition viewed from th...
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
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75003921
PLATE. VII. TISSUES OF LEAVES AND STEM IN OTTELIA ALISMOIDES. Lithographed at the Survey of India offices, Calcutta, August 1886.
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1886
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75003924
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1886
IP/QB.10
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75003927
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II, 1886 - IP/QB.10
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003930
Description of Plate. PLATE VIII.—(AFTER CHATIN.) FIG. I.—Transverse and longitudinal sections of root in Ottelia alismoides. FIG. 2.—Transverse and longitudinal sections of the base of the leaf. This shows petiolar, not laminar structure. FIG. 3.—Transverse and longitudinal sections of scape.
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1886
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75003933
PLATE. VIII. TISSUES OF OTTELIA ALISMOIDES, FROM CHATIN'S "ANATOMIE COMPARÉE DES VEGETAUX." Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886.
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1886
IP/QB.10
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75003939
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Scientific memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India - Part II,
1886
IP/QB.10
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75003942
Description of Plate. PLATE IX. Branch of Ficus hispida, Linn. fil., with axillary receptacles.
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1886
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75003945
PLATE IX. Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, January 1887 .
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1886
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