id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d85 | Middle_Ages | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | At what gathering was the First Crusade preached? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"the Council of Clermont"
]
} |
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d86 | Middle_Ages | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"1095"
]
} |
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d87 | Middle_Ages | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"Alexios I Komnenos"
]
} |
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d88 | Middle_Ages | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"1099"
]
} |
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d8e | Middle_Ages | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | What was the purpose of the Third Crusade? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"to regain Jerusalem"
]
} |
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d8f | Middle_Ages | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | Who took Jerusalem in 1187? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"Saladin"
]
} |
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d90 | Middle_Ages | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"1203"
]
} |
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d91 | Middle_Ages | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"Latin Empire of Constantinople"
]
} |
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d92 | Middle_Ages | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside? | {
"answer_start": [
804
],
"text": [
"Cyprus"
]
} |
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d98 | Middle_Ages | Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders ... | Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"southern France"
]
} |
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d99 | Middle_Ages | Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders ... | Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309? | {
"answer_start": [
896
],
"text": [
"Marienburg"
]
} |
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9a | Middle_Ages | Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders ... | What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades? | {
"answer_start": [
681
],
"text": [
"the Order of the Sword Brothers"
]
} |
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9b | Middle_Ages | Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders ... | In what century did the Northern Crusades begin? | {
"answer_start": [
611
],
"text": [
"12th"
]
} |
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9c | Middle_Ages | Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders ... | What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades? | {
"answer_start": [
619
],
"text": [
"14th"
]
} |
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd6489 | Middle_Ages | During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scho... | What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"realists"
]
} |
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648a | Middle_Ages | During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scho... | What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"Aristotle"
]
} |
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648b | Middle_Ages | During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scho... | When did Peter Lombard die? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"1164"
]
} |
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648c | Middle_Ages | During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scho... | What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy? | {
"answer_start": [
730
],
"text": [
"scholasticism"
]
} |
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648d | Middle_Ages | During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scho... | Who authored the Summa Theologica? | {
"answer_start": [
966
],
"text": [
"Thomas Aquinas"
]
} |
56fb80258ddada1400cd6493 | Middle_Ages | Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "... | What does chansons de geste mean in English? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"songs of great deeds"
]
} |
56fb80258ddada1400cd6494 | Middle_Ages | Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "... | Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste? | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"The Song of Hildebrand"
]
} |
56fb80258ddada1400cd6495 | Middle_Ages | Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "... | Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae? | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"Geoffrey of Monmouth"
]
} |
56fb80258ddada1400cd6496 | Middle_Ages | Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "... | What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae? | {
"answer_start": [
565
],
"text": [
"Arthur"
]
} |
56fb80258ddada1400cd6497 | Middle_Ages | Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "... | Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris? | {
"answer_start": [
701
],
"text": [
"Emperor Frederick Barbarossa"
]
} |
56fb80728ddada1400cd649d | Middle_Ages | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | What is another name for canon law? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"ecclesiastical law"
]
} |
56fb80728ddada1400cd649e | Middle_Ages | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | What is another name for Roman law? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"Secular law"
]
} |
56fb80728ddada1400cd649f | Middle_Ages | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | Where could one study Roman law in 1100? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"Bologna"
]
} |
56fb80728ddada1400cd64a0 | Middle_Ages | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"11th"
]
} |
56fb80728ddada1400cd64a1 | Middle_Ages | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | Who wrote the Decretum? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"Gratian"
]
} |
56fb81078ddada1400cd64a7 | Middle_Ages | Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek int... | What invention led to advances in mathematics? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"algebra"
]
} |
56fb81078ddada1400cd64a8 | Middle_Ages | Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek int... | What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"Almagest"
]
} |
56fb81078ddada1400cd64a9 | Middle_Ages | Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek int... | In what language was Almagest originally written? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
} |
56fb81078ddada1400cd64aa | Middle_Ages | Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek int... | In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"Salerno"
]
} |
56fb81078ddada1400cd64ab | Middle_Ages | Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek int... | Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"Latin"
]
} |
56fb815eb28b3419009f1da2 | Middle_Ages | In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by ... | Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"mechanical clocks"
]
} |
56fb815eb28b3419009f1da3 | Middle_Ages | In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by ... | What was invented in approximately 1286? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"Concave spectacles"
]
} |
56fb815eb28b3419009f1da4 | Middle_Ages | In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by ... | Near what city were concave spectacles invented? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"Pisa"
]
} |
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1da8 | Middle_Ages | The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more effi... | What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"one half"
]
} |
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1da9 | Middle_Ages | The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more effi... | What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"two-thirds"
]
} |
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1daa | Middle_Ages | The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more effi... | What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow? | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"the horse collar"
]
} |
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1dab | Middle_Ages | The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more effi... | What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"the heavy plough"
]
} |
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1dac | Middle_Ages | The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more effi... | In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"faster"
]
} |
56fb824db28b3419009f1db2 | Middle_Ages | The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and ten... | Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"houses"
]
} |
56fb824db28b3419009f1db3 | Middle_Ages | The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and ten... | What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"mortise and tenon"
]
} |
56fb824db28b3419009f1db4 | Middle_Ages | The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and ten... | What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"rib and plank"
]
} |
56fb824db28b3419009f1db5 | Middle_Ages | The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and ten... | What type of rudder was introduced during this period? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"stern-post"
]
} |
56fb824db28b3419009f1db6 | Middle_Ages | The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and ten... | What type of sails were first used during this era? | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"lateen"
]
} |
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbc | Middle_Ages | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"13th"
]
} |
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbd | Middle_Ages | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304? | {
"answer_start": [
609
],
"text": [
"the English"
]
} |
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbe | Middle_Ages | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304? | {
"answer_start": [
629
],
"text": [
"the Scots"
]
} |
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbf | Middle_Ages | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used? | {
"answer_start": [
754
],
"text": [
"1320s"
]
} |
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dc0 | Middle_Ages | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"The increasing use of crossbows"
]
} |
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc6 | Middle_Ages | In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as t... | In what century was Romanesque architecture first used? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"10th"
]
} |
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc7 | Middle_Ages | In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as t... | What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France? | {
"answer_start": [
637
],
"text": [
"arched stone vaults"
]
} |
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc8 | Middle_Ages | In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as t... | Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era? | {
"answer_start": [
905
],
"text": [
"C. R. Dodwell"
]
} |
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc9 | Middle_Ages | In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as t... | What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century? | {
"answer_start": [
1110
],
"text": [
"the castle"
]
} |
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dca | Middle_Ages | In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as t... | Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur? | {
"answer_start": [
433
],
"text": [
"1000"
]
} |
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd0 | Middle_Ages | Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Glo... | Who was a noted figure in Mosan art? | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"Nicholas of Verdun"
]
} |
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd1 | Middle_Ages | Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Glo... | What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"1205"
]
} |
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd2 | Middle_Ages | Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Glo... | On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted? | {
"answer_start": [
521
],
"text": [
"west"
]
} |
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd3 | Middle_Ages | Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Glo... | Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe? | {
"answer_start": [
677
],
"text": [
"on the barrel-vaulted roof"
]
} |
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd4 | Middle_Ages | Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Glo... | What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"Gloucester Candlestick"
]
} |
56fb847db28b3419009f1dda | Middle_Ages | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | In what century did the Gothic style first flourish? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"12th"
]
} |
56fb847db28b3419009f1ddb | Middle_Ages | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"16th"
]
} |
56fb847db28b3419009f1ddc | Middle_Ages | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"Chartres"
]
} |
56fb847db28b3419009f1ddd | Middle_Ages | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | What is a notable English Gothic cathedral? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Salisbury Cathedral"
]
} |
56fb847db28b3419009f1dde | Middle_Ages | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | Among which builders was the Gothic style first used? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"French"
]
} |
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de4 | Middle_Ages | During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious... | Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"Janetta Benton"
]
} |
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de5 | Middle_Ages | During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious... | What form of art had the most prestige in this era? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"Metalwork"
]
} |
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de6 | Middle_Ages | During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious... | When did Giotto die? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"1337"
]
} |
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de7 | Middle_Ages | During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious... | What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period? | {
"answer_start": [
723
],
"text": [
"ivory"
]
} |
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de8 | Middle_Ages | During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious... | Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"Cimabue"
]
} |
56fb853fb28b3419009f1dee | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform... | In what century was thought given to monastic reform? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"11th"
]
} |
56fb853fb28b3419009f1def | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform... | In what year was Cluny Abbey founded? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"909"
]
} |
56fb853fb28b3419009f1df0 | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform... | In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"Mâcon"
]
} |
56fb853fb28b3419009f1df1 | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform... | Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for? | {
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"austerity"
]
} |
56fb853fb28b3419009f1df2 | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform... | What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"Cluniac Reforms"
]
} |
56fb85aab28b3419009f1df8 | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"11th"
]
} |
56fb85aab28b3419009f1df9 | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"1049"
]
} |
56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfa | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"Pope Gregory VII"
]
} |
56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfb | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to? | {
"answer_start": [
790
],
"text": [
"1122"
]
} |
56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfc | Middle_Ages | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of? | {
"answer_start": [
1003
],
"text": [
"German princes"
]
} |
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b1 | Middle_Ages | The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the g... | What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"Cistercians"
]
} |
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b2 | Middle_Ages | The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the g... | When did Bernard of Clairvaux die? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"1153"
]
} |
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b3 | Middle_Ages | The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the g... | Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era? | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"Monte Gargano"
]
} |
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b4 | Middle_Ages | The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the g... | Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
758
],
"text": [
"Compostela"
]
} |
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b5 | Middle_Ages | The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the g... | Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"Carthusians"
]
} |
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bb | Middle_Ages | In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centu... | Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"Franciscans"
]
} |
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bc | Middle_Ages | In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centu... | What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"poverty"
]
} |
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bd | Middle_Ages | In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centu... | How did the mendicant orders make a living? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"begging"
]
} |
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64be | Middle_Ages | In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centu... | What was the crusade against the Cathars called? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"the Albigensian Crusade"
]
} |
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bf | Middle_Ages | In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centu... | Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"the Waldensians"
]
} |
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c5 | Middle_Ages | The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313–14 and 1317–... | In what years did the Great Famine occur? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"1315–17"
]
} |
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c6 | Middle_Ages | The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313–14 and 1317–... | What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"the Little Ice Age"
]
} |
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c7 | Middle_Ages | The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313–14 and 1317–... | What period preceded the Little Ice Age? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"the Medieval Warm Period"
]
} |
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c8 | Middle_Ages | The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313–14 and 1317–... | Along with 1317–21, what span saw extreme rains in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"1313–14"
]
} |
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c9 | Middle_Ages | The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313–14 and 1317–... | In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"14th"
]
} |
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64cf | Middle_Ages | These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of... | When did the Black Death start? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"1347"
]
} |
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d0 | Middle_Ages | These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of... | How many million people died from the Black Death? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"35"
]
} |
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d1 | Middle_Ages | These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of... | What popular uprising occurred in France during this period? | {
"answer_start": [
744
],
"text": [
"the jacquerie"
]
} |
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