id
stringlengths
24
24
title
stringclasses
442 values
context
stringlengths
151
3.71k
question
stringlengths
12
270
answers
dict
570806c390286e26004fc97e
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to ...
What are the seven great prophets known as?
{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "Nātıq" ] }
570806c390286e26004fc97f
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to ...
What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?
{ "answer_start": [ 101 ], "text": [ "disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam" ] }
570806c390286e26004fc980
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to ...
What is the great prophets assistant called?
{ "answer_start": [ 204 ], "text": [ "Sāmad (Silent) Imām" ] }
5708077a9e06ca38007e9511
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in n...
In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?
{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "the \"Shia\"" ] }
5708077a9e06ca38007e9512
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in n...
What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?
{ "answer_start": [ 159 ], "text": [ "Ismailis" ] }
5708077a9e06ca38007e9513
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in n...
What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?
{ "answer_start": [ 229 ], "text": [ "Bohras" ] }
5708077a9e06ca38007e9514
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in n...
Which tariqah no longer exists?
{ "answer_start": [ 485 ], "text": [ "The Shia Sevener" ] }
5708077a9e06ca38007e9515
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in n...
Which tariah is known as the Fivers?
{ "answer_start": [ 557 ], "text": [ "Zaidi Shias" ] }
5708085c9e06ca38007e951b
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their conce...
How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?
{ "answer_start": [ 117 ], "text": [ "via deputies" ] }
5708085c9e06ca38007e951c
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their conce...
How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?
{ "answer_start": [ 205 ], "text": [ "acted as agents between him and his followers" ] }
5708085c9e06ca38007e951d
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their conce...
What would believers do when they had a problem?
{ "answer_start": [ 303 ], "text": [ "write their concerns and send them to his deputy" ] }
5708085c9e06ca38007e951e
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their conce...
What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?
{ "answer_start": [ 413 ], "text": [ "seal and signature" ] }
5708085c9e06ca38007e951f
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their conce...
What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?
{ "answer_start": [ 499 ], "text": [ "zakat and khums" ] }
57080a949928a814004714b4
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die befor...
How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?
{ "answer_start": [ 51 ], "text": [ "living imams" ] }
57080a949928a814004714b5
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die befor...
Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?
{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "Isma'il ibn Jafar" ] }
57080a949928a814004714b6
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die befor...
Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?
{ "answer_start": [ 233 ], "text": [ "Ja'far al-Sadiq" ] }
57080a949928a814004714b7
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die befor...
What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?
{ "answer_start": [ 356 ], "text": [ "mantle of the imamate" ] }
57080bf29928a814004714bc
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-...
What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?
{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra" ] }
57080bf29928a814004714bd
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-...
What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?
{ "answer_start": [ 196 ], "text": [ "went into a Dawr-e-Satr" ] }
57080bf29928a814004714be
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-...
Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?
{ "answer_start": [ 316 ], "text": [ "Dai-al-Mutlaq" ] }
57080bf29928a814004714bf
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-...
What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?
{ "answer_start": [ 356 ], "text": [ "manages the affairs of the Imam" ] }
57080bf29928a814004714c0
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-...
Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?
{ "answer_start": [ 512 ], "text": [ "Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin" ] }
57080cbb9928a814004714c6
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirm...
Who do Muslims believe said "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?
{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "Muhammad" ] }
57080cbb9928a814004714c7
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirm...
How many books can this quote be found?
{ "answer_start": [ 180 ], "text": [ "45" ] }
57080cbb9928a814004714c8
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirm...
What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?
{ "answer_start": [ 486 ], "text": [ "the word 'Mawla'" ] }
57080cbb9928a814004714c9
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirm...
What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?
{ "answer_start": [ 1302 ], "text": [ "beloved" ] }
57080cbb9928a814004714ca
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirm...
What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?
{ "answer_start": [ 533 ], "text": [ "Lord and Master" ] }
57080ed1efce8f15003a7d90
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position...
By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?
{ "answer_start": [ 20 ], "text": [ "2:124" ] }
57080ed1efce8f15003a7d91
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position...
What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?
{ "answer_start": [ 234 ], "text": [ "no age can be without an Imam" ] }
57080ed1efce8f15003a7d92
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position...
Imamah is a position appointed by who?
{ "answer_start": [ 343 ], "text": [ "God" ] }
57080ed1efce8f15003a7d93
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position...
What is an Imam protected by?
{ "answer_start": [ 401 ], "text": [ "divine protection" ] }
57080ed1efce8f15003a7d94
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position...
Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?
{ "answer_start": [ 499 ], "text": [ "Imam" ] }
57080f77efce8f15003a7d9a
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Qurani...
Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?
{ "answer_start": [ 196 ], "text": [ "Hussayn ibn 'Alī" ] }
57080f77efce8f15003a7d9b
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Qurani...
Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?
{ "answer_start": [ 160 ], "text": [ "son" ] }
57080f77efce8f15003a7d9c
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Qurani...
What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?
{ "answer_start": [ 455 ], "text": [ "Genesis 17:19–20" ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7734
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
Where does migration mainly occur?
{ "answer_start": [ 317 ], "text": [ "the northern hemisphere" ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7735
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
Why do birds primarily migrate?
{ "answer_start": [ 275 ], "text": [ "availability of food" ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7736
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
Which birds migrate?
{ "answer_start": [ 127 ], "text": [ "Many species" ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7737
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
What is bird migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 18 ], "text": [ "the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds" ] }
5705e78f75f01819005e7738
Bird_migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the...
What is a cause of death to birds during migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 240 ], "text": [ "humans" ] }
5705e90375f01819005e7748
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
When was migration first recorded?
{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "3,000 years ago" ] }
5705e90375f01819005e7749
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
Who recorded the earliest records of migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job" ] }
5705e90375f01819005e774a
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
Where was Johannes Leche from?
{ "answer_start": [ 291 ], "text": [ "Finland" ] }
5705e90375f01819005e774b
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?
{ "answer_start": [ 169 ], "text": [ "storks, turtle doves, and swallows" ] }
5705e90375f01819005e774c
Bird_migration
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientif...
What is a major threat to migratory birds?
{ "answer_start": [ 442 ], "text": [ "habitat destruction" ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689692
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
Which birds migrate the furthest?
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The Arctic tern" ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689693
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
{ "answer_start": [ 79 ], "text": [ "between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic" ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689695
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
{ "answer_start": [ 324 ], "text": [ "between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean" ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689694
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
which bird migrates by circling the earth?
{ "answer_start": [ 194 ], "text": [ "albatrosses" ] }
5705e9bf52bb891400689696
Bird_migration
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 ...
What is an example of a shorter migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 429 ], "text": [ "altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas" ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7752
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
What causes the timing of migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 60 ], "text": [ "changes in day length" ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7753
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
How do migrating birds navigate?
{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "celestial cues from the sun and stars" ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7754
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
How else to migrating birds navigate?
{ "answer_start": [ 153 ], "text": [ "the earth's magnetic field" ] }
5705ea4175f01819005e7755
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
What might help migrating birds navigate?
{ "answer_start": [ 199 ], "text": [ "mental maps" ] }
5705eb3152bb89140068969d
Bird_migration
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah...
Who recorded early records of migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 70 ], "text": [ "Ancient Greek writers" ] }
5705eb3152bb89140068969e
Bird_migration
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah...
Where in the bible does it mention migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 171 ], "text": [ "the Book of Job (39:26)" ] }
5705eb3152bb89140068969f
Bird_migration
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah...
What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?
{ "answer_start": [ 255 ], "text": [ "hawk" ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896e8
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Aristotle" ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896e9
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
Who repeats Aristotle's observations?
{ "answer_start": [ 107 ], "text": [ "Pliny the Elder" ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896ea
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?
{ "answer_start": [ 124 ], "text": [ "in his Historia Naturalis" ] }
5705ef1452bb8914006896eb
Bird_migration
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.
What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?
{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "cranes" ] }
5705f22952bb891400689700
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?
{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "swallows" ] }
5705f22952bb891400689701
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?
{ "answer_start": [ 103 ], "text": [ "1878" ] }
5705f22952bb891400689702
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?
{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "Elliott Coues" ] }
5705f22952bb891400689703
Bird_migration
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb...
Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?
{ "answer_start": [ 243 ], "text": [ "Gilbert White" ] }
5705f31c52bb89140068970e
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
When was migration finally accepted?
{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "the end of the eighteenth century" ] }
5705f31c52bb89140068970f
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
Who wrote A History of British Birds?
{ "answer_start": [ 157 ], "text": [ "Thomas Bewick" ] }
5705f31c52bb891400689710
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?
{ "answer_start": [ 211 ], "text": [ "1797" ] }
5705f31c52bb891400689711
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
Where were Swallows seen flying?
{ "answer_start": [ 286 ], "text": [ "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca" ] }
5705f31c52bb891400689712
Bird_migration
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and...
Which directions were the Swallows flying?
{ "answer_start": [ 367 ], "text": [ "northward" ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c2
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
Who describes an experiment with swallows?
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Bewick" ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c3
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
Where did this experiment take place?
{ "answer_start": [ 81 ], "text": [ "Britain" ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c4
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
How did the experiment succeed?
{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "they remained warm and dry through the winters" ] }
5705f3a375f01819005e77c5
Bird_migration
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:
How long did the birds stay alive?
{ "answer_start": [ 93 ], "text": [ "several years" ] }
5705f53452bb891400689736
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
Why do birds migrate?
{ "answer_start": [ 141 ], "text": [ "response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather" ] }
5705f53452bb891400689737
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
What are non=migratory birds called?
{ "answer_start": [ 477 ], "text": [ "resident or sedentary" ] }
5705f53452bb891400689738
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
How many species of birds are there?
{ "answer_start": [ 534 ], "text": [ "10,000" ] }
5705f53452bb891400689739
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
How many bird species are long distance migrants?
{ "answer_start": [ 514 ], "text": [ "1800" ] }
5705f53452bb89140068973a
Bird_migration
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or ...
Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "north and south" ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77ca
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
Along where do many birds migrate?
{ "answer_start": [ 51 ], "text": [ "a flyway" ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77cc
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?
{ "answer_start": [ 238 ], "text": [ "south" ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77cb
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?
{ "answer_start": [ 94 ], "text": [ "flying north" ] }
5705f69d75f01819005e77cd
Bird_migration
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther...
Why do the birds fly north?
{ "answer_start": [ 121 ], "text": [ "to breed" ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e6
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
What is the primary motivation for migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 51 ], "text": [ "food" ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e7
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?
{ "answer_start": [ 75 ], "text": [ "hummingbirds" ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e8
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
When do the birds return to warmer regions?
{ "answer_start": [ 382 ], "text": [ "autumn" ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77e9
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?
{ "answer_start": [ 199 ], "text": [ "time for breeding birds to feed their young." ] }
5705f85275f01819005e77ea
Bird_migration
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migrato...
What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?
{ "answer_start": [ 280 ], "text": [ "larger clutches" ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77f8
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What is hightened during migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 100 ], "text": [ "Predation" ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77f9
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?
{ "answer_start": [ 197 ], "text": [ "Mediterranean islands" ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77fa
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?
{ "answer_start": [ 292 ], "text": [ "southbound passerine migrants" ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77fb
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?
{ "answer_start": [ 385 ], "text": [ "the greater noctule bat" ] }
5705f90475f01819005e77fc
Bird_migration
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant...
What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?
{ "answer_start": [ 459 ], "text": [ "higher concentrations of migrating birds" ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780c
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
What is partial migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "not all populations may be migratory" ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780d
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
Where is partial migration most common?
{ "answer_start": [ 129 ], "text": [ "the southern continents" ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780e
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "44%" ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e780f
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?
{ "answer_start": [ 199 ], "text": [ "32%" ] }
5705fa3075f01819005e7810
Bird_migration
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato...
What is leap frog migration?
{ "answer_start": [ 604 ], "text": [ "birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes" ] }
5705fae575f01819005e7816
Bird_migration
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
{ "answer_start": [ 117 ], "text": [ "Female" ] }
5705fae575f01819005e7817
Bird_migration
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
{ "answer_start": [ 157 ], "text": [ "Eastern Fennoscandia" ] }