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<h1 class="text-extra-large line-low mb-2">Storing CO₂ underground in Switzerland</h1> |
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by Deborah Kyburz, <a class="article-byline__link" href="http://www.ethz.ch/" target="_blank">ETH Zurich</a> |
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<div data-src="https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2025/storing-co8322-undergr.jpg" data-sub-html="a) Location and surface extent of selected areas for potential CO2 storage through in situ mineralization. b) Geological cross-section of the Tsaté nappe illustrating the complex structure and lack of stratigraphic continuity. Credit: <i>Swiss Journal of Geosciences</i> (2025). DOI: 10.1186/s00015-024-00473-4" data-thumb="https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/tmb/2025/storing-co8322-undergr.jpg"> |
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<img alt="Storing CO&#8322 underground in Switzerland" height="530" src="https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2025/storing-co8322-undergr.jpg" title="a) Location and surface extent of selected areas for potential CO2 storage through in situ mineralization. b) Geological cross-section of the Tsaté nappe illustrating the complex structure and lack of stratigraphic continuity. Credit: Swiss Journal of Geosciences (2025). DOI: 10.1186/s00015-024-00473-4" width="800"/> |
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<figcaption class="text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3"> |
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a) Location and surface extent of selected areas for potential CO2 storage through in situ mineralization. b) Geological cross-section of the Tsaté nappe illustrating the complex structure and lack of stratigraphic continuity. Credit: <i>Swiss Journal of Geosciences</i> (2025). DOI: 10.1186/s00015-024-00473-4 |
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</figcaption> </figure> |
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</div><p>To achieve its net zero climate target by 2050, Switzerland must press forward with the energy transition—whether in electricity, heating or mobility. The permanent storage of CO<sub>2</sub> is another important challenge. In particular, Switzerland must find a permanent solution for emissions that are difficult or impossible to avoid, such as those produced by waste incinerators.</p> |
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<p>Researchers at ETH Zurich have conducted the first ever study to investigate whether CO<sub>2</sub> can be permanently stored underground in Switzerland in the form of carbonate rock, and what criteria would need to be met for this to happen. They present their findings in a study that was recently <a href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s00015-024-00473-4" target="_blank">published</a> in the <i>Swiss Journal of Geosciences</i>.</p> |
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<h2>How rock can be used to store CO<sub>2</sub></h2> |
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<p>To begin with, ETH researchers want to find out whether there are any zones in Switzerland where CO<sub>2</sub> can be permanently stored in the rocky underground. Permanent <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/storage/" rel="tag">storage</a> of CO<sub>2</sub> underground requires that the rock be rich in calcium, magnesium and iron, while at the same time containing as little silicon dioxide as possible. Potential candidates include basalt, peridotite and serpentinite.</p> |
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<p>For ideal storage capacity, the rock in the subsurface must also be of a certain volume and located at a depth of at least 350 meters in order for the pressure to be high enough to keep the CO<sub>2</sub> in the water. An optimal temperature of between 90°C and 185°C, plus the age, alteration condition, porosity and permeability of the rock all play an important role as well.</p> |
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<p>"These are some of the criteria that have to be met before an area can even be considered as a reservoir," says Adrian Martin, whose master's thesis forms the basis for this study. He has since expanded on his work at the Energy Science Center at ETH Zurich under Marco Mazzotti, Professor Emeritus of Process Engineering.</p> |
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<p>To store the CO<sub>2</sub> underground, it is dissolved in water and pumped underground as <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/carbonic+acid/" rel="tag">carbonic acid</a>. The water used is initially acidic, i.e., it has a low pH value. It penetrates and dissolves the porous rock, releasing iron, magnesium and calcium ions.</p> |
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<p>This causes the pH of the injected water to increase, and at a certain point a reverse reaction occurs: the CO<sub>2</sub> combines with calcium and magnesium to form white carbonate rock, e.g., limestone. "This process is called in-situ mineralization," says Martin.</p> |
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<h2>Potential recognized, but feasibility questionable</h2> |
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<p>Thanushika Gunatilake, a former postdoc with Stefan Wiemer, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and head of the Swiss Seismological Service, also worked on the study. She is now an assistant professor at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and emphasizes that this nationwide search for suitable rock types is the first of its kind in Switzerland.</p> |
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<p>Martin has not only analyzed numerous scientific studies; he has also examined geological maps area by area and identified those locations that meet the criteria and could therefore be suitable for in-situ CO<sub>2</sub> mineralization. These areas include the Zermatt-Saas zone and the Tsaté nappe in Valais, as well as the Arosa zone in Graubünden.</p> |
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<p>The areas identified by Martin are not currently suitable for permanent underground storage of CO<sub>2</sub>. "Although we do have suitable rock types in Switzerland, we face major technical challenges," says Martin.</p> |
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<p>The <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/geological+structure/" rel="tag">geological structure</a> is very complex due to the heavily folded rock strata and tectonic faults. At the Tsaté nappe in Valais, the layers in suitable rocks in areas such as the one between Gouille and Mont des Ritses can have a thickness of over 500 meters, while at Les Diablons, thickness is only around 150 meters.</p> |
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<p>Other factors compound the issue: the rocks in the Zermatt-Saas zone, for example, were transformed in the past by high pressures and temperatures and now already contain many carbonate minerals, indicating that natural CO<sub>2</sub> absorption (i.e., previous mineralization) has already occurred. Furthermore, the Zermatt rocks are packed very close together underground and contain few open cavities or cracks into which the CO<sub>2</sub> could penetrate.</p> |
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<p>Additionally, the volume of water required for in-situ mineralization is enormous—close to 25 tons of water would be needed to store 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>. Martin adds, "On top of that, there are economic and societal hurdles: Who will bear the costs? How do you overcome the skepticism of local residents who are concerned about water pollution, for example? What would be the legal regulations?"</p> |
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<h2>Alternative methods of CO<sub>2</sub> storage</h2> |
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<p>The researchers conclude that permanent storage of CO<sub>2</sub> through in-situ mineralization in Switzerland is not feasible in the short term and appears unsuitable in the long term. They therefore recommend investigating alternative storage methods.</p> |
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<p>Gunatilake has recently published <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772656824001714?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">another study</a>, in <i>Carbon Capture Science & Technology</i>, this time focusing on storing CO<sub>2</sub> in saline aquifers. For this project, researchers used <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/numerical+simulations/" rel="tag">numerical simulations</a> to analyze data from the area around Triemli in Zurich.</p> |
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<p>They succeeded in injecting CO<sub>2</sub> into the geological unit, the lower Muschelkalk, to a depth of more than 2,000 meters without water. "This method of CO<sub>2</sub> storage is promising," emphasizes Gunatilake.</p> |
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<p>There are also projects that successfully demonstrate permanent storage of CO<sub>2</sub> underground. "One example is the DemoUpCARMA project, where CO<sub>2</sub> from Switzerland was transported to Iceland where it is now stored underground in the form of carbonate rock," says Martin.</p> |
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<p>It is important to raise public awareness of the issue and to dispel myths and rumors. "Many people think we're creating a bubble underground and that it could even explode at some point," explains Martin. "But the risk to the public from underground CO<sub>2</sub> storage is minimal and the methods are scientifically well proven."</p> |
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<div class="article-main__more p-4"> |
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<p><strong>More information:</strong> |
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Adrian Martin et al, Potential and challenges of underground CO<sub>2</sub> storage via in-situ mineralization in Switzerland, <i>Swiss Journal of Geosciences</i> (2025). <a data-doi="1" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s00015-024-00473-4" target="_blank">DOI: 10.1186/s00015-024-00473-4</a> |
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<p>Thanushika Gunatilake et al, Quantitative modeling and assessment of CO<sub>2</sub> storage in saline aquifers: A case study in Switzerland, <i>Carbon Capture Science & Technology</i> (2025). <a data-doi="1" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100360" target="_blank">DOI: 10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100360</a></p> |
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<strong>Citation</strong>: |
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Storing CO₂ underground in Switzerland (2025, February 19) |
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retrieved 19 February 2025 |
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